Page 1 :
(i), , Tournaments and types of tournaments., , (a), , The definition of ‘tournament’., , (b), , The types of tournaments: Fixtures, Knock-out, league matches (seeding and, byes)., , (c), , Merits and demerits of tournaments., , (d), , Objectives and importance of intramural and extramural competitions., , (e), , Names of the National and International Federations/Bodies controlling the, various tournaments/competitions., , (ii) Difference between Professional and Amateur Players
Page 2 :
The definition of ‘tournament’., •, , A tournament is a sports competition in which players who win a match continue to play, further matches in the competition until just one person or team is left., , •, , A sporting, competition inwhich contestants play a series of games to determine an overall winner, , •, , Total number of matches in the tournament = N – 1, where N is the number of teams, competing. For example, if N = 13 Total number of matches = 13 –1 =12, , •, , Drawing fixture for a certain number of teams competing is decided by the power of two,, viz. 2, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, … etc., i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, … respectively., , •, , Suppose 16 teams have entered for a tournament, there will be no byes i.e. 16 – 16 = 0., , •, , If the number of teams participating is not a power of 2, the byes will be given to a specific, number of teams in the first round., , •, , The number of ‘Byes’ to be given is decided by subtracting the number of teams from its, next higher number which is the power of two. For example, if 13 teams entered for a, competition, number of Byes = 16 – 13 = 3 and for 25 teams, number of Byes = 32 – 25 = 7
Page 3 :
•, , A single elimination tournament (also called an Olympic system tournament) or a knock-out, tournament is a type of elimination tournament where the loser of each bracket is immediately, eliminated from the tournament. In such tournaments, if the number of competitors or competing, teams are not a multiple of 2 (i.e. 4, 8, 16,..) then some teams may be given a ‘bye’ and some, teams are given ‘seeding’, , • Merits, (i) Tournament finishes in a short time., (ii) There will be economy of expenditure., (iii) The competition will be keen and intense due to the fear of elimination of a team from the, tournament, when defeated., , Demerits, (i) A team may be eliminated by chance and will not get another chance to play., (ii) If the fixture is drawn purely by lots, there is a possibility of matches between strong teams in the, earlier rounds, which would get eliminated, thus weaker teams reaching Semifinals or the Finals., (iii) Winner of a match/round may have to wait for the winner of another match to play the next round.
Page 4 :
League or Round Robin Tournament, Single League: In Single League tournaments, each team play once with every other team., Total no. of Matches in Single League = N(N-1) 2 , here N is number of teams. For example, if, 7 teams are competing, the total number of matches will be = 7(7-1) 2 = 21, Merits, (i) It decides the true winner., (ii) Teams play more number of matches., (iii) It helps in ranking the participating teams., (iv) The teams need not wait for the completion of other matches or rounds., Demerits, (i) It requires a lot of time and facilities., (ii) Teams that get defeated often will lose interest in the game., Double League: In double league, every team plays twice with every other team. Total, number of matches in Double League = N (N – 1), where N is the number of teams, participating in a tournament.
Page 5 :
Fixture, • Any tournament whether it is knock-out or league, is arranged, according to a set procedure which is known as fixture. For, knock-out tournament, the procedure to draw fixture is through, bye and seeding. For league tournaments, the procedure to draw, fixture is through staircase and cyclic method., • Fixture is the process of arranging the teams in systematic order, in various groups for competition in a physical activity. In other, words, it is the set-up of various teams for competitive matches, where they play in a systematic order as per the fixture, schedule. The success of a tournament depends upon planning, of suitable fixture. Tournaments are played in various forms of, fixtures.
Page 6 :
Fixtures in Knock-out Tournament, In a knock-out tournament, the fixtures are drawn by the following methods, , 1. Seeding Method, Seeding is a procedure by which good teams are placed in fixtures in such a way that stronger, teams do not meet each other at the very start of a tournament. It is done to overcoine the, drawbacks of a single knock-out tournament. Seeding can be done only if the standards of the, teams are known before the start of the tournament. The draw may result between the strong, competitors at early level competition, so they are ‘seeded’ to prefvent this., •, , Thus, the top competitors will not meet until the quarter final, semi final or final round. Seeding, is used to ensure that-players or teams of recognised outstanding abilltytlo not confront each, other in the early rounds. It represents the tournament committee’s subjective rating of the, various players, and chances of winning the tournament.
Page 7 :
•, , Special Seeding, It is a method of seeding in which the players or teams directly participate in the, quarter final or semi-final matches thus avoiding their participation in the initial rounds., , •, , Bye Method, Bye means the avoiding of playing a match in the first round of the tournament. It is a, privilege given to a team which is decided generally by seeding it or by draw of lots., Some teams may get bye in first round, by which they get promoted to higher round, competition., This may be given as a reward for their some previous achievements. Byes can be, applied equally to single person competitions and team sports as well as to single game, eliminations and best of series elimination. Byes are given in 1st round only. The, number of byes that should be given in a tournament is decided by finding the, difference between the number of teams and the next power of two., Example : (N – 1) if 20 teams are participating, then 19 matches (20 – 1) =19 will be, played.
Page 8 :
• Intramurals, The word intramural is derived from the Latin words intra and muros, which means ‘within walls’. The, teams compete within the walls of the institution e.g. inter-class or inter-house tournament within an, institution., , •, •, •, •, •, , The objectives of intramurals are as follows, To provide incentive, motivation and opportunity to learn various skills., To develop sportsman spirit among students., To help in recreation of the students., To improve-social interaction among the students., Intramural competitions are conducted by the intramural committee of the institution., , •, •, •, •, •, , Importance of intramurals are as follows, It improves the sense of citizenship and adult living. ,, It helps in selection of teams for participation in extramural tournaments., It brings out the hidden talent of the students., It develops leadership qualities in students., It creates recreational atmosphere among the teachers and students.
Page 9 :
• Extramurals, This encloses the activities which are performed outside the walls of the institution or school. It means that, students of two or more schools participate in such competitions., , •, •, •, •, •, , •, •, •, •, •, , The objectives of extramurals are, To improve the standard of sports., To provide experience to students., To develop sportsmanship and fraternity., To broaden the base of sports., To provide the knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques., , Importance of extramurals are as follows, They provide recreational opportunities for the campus community. .., They give positive experiences, regardless of race, nationality, age and gender., They provide an opportunity to develop motor skills which will be beneficial throughout life., They develop important values and skills such as self-esteem, social skills, sportsmanship and selfmotivation., They give an opportunityfor relaxation from strenuous school work and the rapid pace of modern living.
Page 10 :
Names of the National and International, Federations/Bodies controlling the various, tournaments/competitions., Find Sports GK 1.2 : Federations/Abbreviations, In the Study Material part of the Teachmint App
Page 11 :
Difference between Professional and Amateur Players, Amateur sports or activities are done by people as a hobby and not as a job, In professional sports, as opposed to amateur sports, participants receive payment for their performance., Professionalism in sport has come to the fore through a combination of developments.., 1. Amateurs wait to feel inspired. Professionals stick to a schedule., •, , Amateurs only work and practice when they feel motivated to do so., , •, , They wait for inspiration, or permission from somebody else, to take action towards their goals—to, exercise, to write more and so on., , •, , Professionals don’t let their feelings dictate their actions., , •, , They intentionally create and stick to a schedule come rain or shine., , 2. Amateurs focus on goals. Professionals focus on habits., •, , Amateurs are obsessed with the outcome. They seek the instant gratification of quick results and look to, ‘sprint’ to success., , •, , They struggle with ‘resistance’ and procrastination because of their intense focus on the end result., , •, , Professionals treat success like a marathon and not a sprint. They focus on developing the habits that will, naturally help them to achieve their goals as a by-product.
Page 12 :
3. Amateurs strive to achieve. Professionals strive to improve., • Just like a recreational runner preparing for a marathon, Amateurs strive for the achievement of finishing the, marathon., • After the marathon, the recreational runner no longer strives to improve their running. The achievement has, now been reached, so the incentive to stay consistent with practice is very little., • The professional understands that an achievement is simply an indication of how much they’ve improved., • They are focused on continuous growth and seek to find new ways to improve themselves., 4. Amateurs stall after failure. Professionals grow after failure., • Amateurs try to avoid failure at all costs. They fear criticism and worry too much about what people would, think if they failed., • Amateurs give up when faced with adversity and tough challenges. They lack the mental toughness to push, forward and succeed., • Professionals understand that failure is an inevitable and necessary part of growth., • They treat failure and criticism like a scientist—discarding the irrelevant information and using the relevant, feedback to become better at what they do., 5. Amateurs live for opinions. Professionals live for the truth., • Amateurs are easily swayed by the opinions and ‘best practices’ of the majority of people in their field., • The basis of an Amateur’s decision-making is their belief that “I’m right because I believe I am.”, • Professionals actively question widely held assumptions about how things should be done., • A professional’s decision-making process is based on objectivity, not opinions. This type of thinking prevents, them from making bad decisions.
