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3, , SPRINGS, CONTENTS :, Sl No. Name of lessons, , Authors, , 1, , Romeo and Juliet, , - William Shakespeare, , 2, , Too Dear!, , - Leo Tolstoy, , 3, , On Children, , - Kahlil Gibran, , 4, , A Sunny Morning, , - Serafin & Joaquin Alvarez Quinter, , 5, , When You Are Old, , - W B Yeats, , 6, , The Gardener, , - P Lankesh, , 7, , Heaven, If You Are Not On Earth, , - Kuvempu, , 8, , Japan and Brazil Through A Traveller’s Eye - George Mikes, , 9, , The Voter, , - Chinua Achebe, , 10, , Where There is A Wheel, , - P Sainath, , 11., , Everything I Need To Know I Learned, In the Forest, , - Vandana Shiva, , 12., , To the Foot from Its Child, , - Pablo Neruda, , 13., , I Believe That Books Will, , 14., , Page No., , Never Disappear, , - Interview with Jorge Luis Borges, , Water, , - Challapalli Swaroopa Rani

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5, , ROMEO AND JULIET, William Shakespeare, , About the author:, William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is an English poet and playwright, widely regarded, as the greatest writer in English language and world’s pre eminent dramatist. He is often, called as England’s National Poet and the “Bard of Avon”, , Glossary:, Doth (archaic), Ethiope, Yonder, Measure done, Thou (archaic), Rude, Garish, , :, :, :, :, :, :, :, , does, an African, over there, dance ended, you, roughly formed, lurid, extremely bright., , Summary, (Act-1, Scene-5), Romeo:, Old Lord Capulet hosts a grand supper. Romeo attends it in disguise to see Rosaline., There he sees Juliet on the dance floor. Her beauty fascinates him very much. He expresses, his implicit feeling for Juliet in his poetic style as follows. Romeo sees a glow on the face of, Juliet and he says that her beauty shines so brilliantly that the light emanating from her face, surpasses the brightness of the torches. In the dark night, Juliet shines as brilliant as a, precious jewel in an Ethiope’s ear. Romeo tries to define Juliet’s beauty in terms of value, and says that her beauty is too rich for the use of this world and too valuable to this earth.

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6, Thus, he sees a divinity her beauty. He thinks that her true beauty is beyond any calculation., At night on the dance floor, Juliet shines above the other ladies as a white dove trooping, with a flock of crows. He feels the spell of her divine beauty and waits impatiently for the, dance to come to an end. It is because Romeo wishes to go to the place where Juliet, stands. He wants to touch her hands to make his rude hands divine. (…..”I’ll watch her, place of stand, and, touching hers, make blessed my rude hand.”) Romeo falls in love with, Juliet truly and as a result he feels a new and a strange kind of experience in life. He asks, himself whether his heart has fallen in with love with anyone else until that night. Romeo tells, his eyes to deny that they have seen a true beauty till that night. Thus, Romeo feels that he is, truly in love with fair and beautiful Juliet., , (Act-III, Scene-II), Juliet:, Romeo marries Juliet at Friar Lawrence’s chamber and he promises her that he will, come to her chamber that night. So, Juliet impatiently waits for the night to come,. She, expresses her intense love for Romeo in her own ways. Juliet eagerly prays to night to fall, quickly because only the night makes it possible for them to meet each other freely. Juliet, says that in the company of Romeo, she could feel and experience the glow and brightness, of the day at night. (……. “Come night, come Romeo; come, thou day in night.”) Juliet, says that the glow and brightness that she feels in the company of Romeo is whiter than, new snow on a raven’s back. Juliet longs to see Romeo and humbly prays to the gentle and, black-browed night to fall quickly and give her Romeo. In her life, Romeo is a hero and she, wishes the entire world to consider it the same way. That is why, Juliet wishes Romeo to, become the little stars after his death. She tells the night that when Romeo dies take him and, cut him out and convert him into little stars. This would make the sky (the face of heaven), so fine that whole world will be in love with night. And thereafter people in the world will, prefer night to day forever. They will stop worshiping the Sun God and pay their reverence, to the night instead. Thus, Juliet wants to immortalize Romeo and her love for him. She, glorifies her love for Romeo as eternal and constant as the little stars.

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7, , Questions and answers:, One mark questions and answers, Answer the following in a word, a phrase or a sentence each:, 1. The phrase, ‘teach the torches to burn bright’ suggests..., a. Juliet’s glow is brighter than the light of the torch, b. Her beauty is capable of enabling the torches to burn bright., c. Her beauty surpasses the brightness of light., Ans: c. her beauty surpasses the brightness of light., 2. For earth too dear’ this phrase suggests that the lady’s beauty is, B. rare, C. expensive, A. divine, Ans: C. expensive, 3. ‘The measure done’, connotes the completion of, A. Romeo’s admiration of Juliet’s beauty., B. dance organized by Lord Capulet, C. glorification of Juliet’s charm, Ans: B. dance organized by Lord Capulet, 4. The line, ‘did my heart love till now?’ suggests, a. Romeo feels he has fallen in love, b. Romeo has been attracted before, c. Romeo feels this is true love, Ans: c. Romeo feels this is true love, 5. The phrase’ new snow’, suggests, a. Love as pure as snow, b. Description of Romeo’s charm, c. Juliet’s discreet love for Romeo, Ans: b. Description of Romeo’s charm, 6. What do you think the phrase; ‘face of heaven’ signifies?, Ans: Sky, 7. Name the two rival families of Verona mentioned in the play “Romeo and Juliet”, Ans: The Capulet and the Montagues.

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8, 8. Who hosted a grand supper?, Ans: Lord Capulet., 9. Who is Juliet’s father?, Ans: Lord Capulet., 10. Romeo attends the grand supper hosted by Lord Capulet to see_____, Ans: Rosaline., 11. How did Romeo attend the grand supper hosted by Lord Capulet?, Ans: In disguise., 12. Who does Romeo see on the dance floor?, Ans: Juliet., 13. Who, according to Romeo teaches the torches to burn bright?, Ans: Juliet, 14. Who will lie upon “the wings of night”?, Ans: Romeo., 15. Who is compared to a “rich jewel”?, Ans: Juliet., 16. Who can make night as bright as day?, Ans: Romeo., 17. Who is whiter than “new snow”?, Ans: Romeo., 18. How can Romeo’s rude hand be blessed?, Ans: By touching Juliet’s hand., 19. What does Juliet wish God to do to Romeo after his death?, Ans: Cut him into little stars., 20. What did Romeo see in Juliet at the grand supper?, Ans: Her true beauty., 21. Why does Juliet long for darkness?, Ans: To meet Romeo., 22. What does Juliet ask the loving, black -browed night to do?, Ans: To bring her Romeo to her.

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9, 23. Why does Juliet call Romeo “day in night”?, Ans: Because his presence eliminates the darkness of night., 24. Who will come to Juliet gliding on the wings of night?, Ans: Romeo, 25. Who will make the face of heaven so fine in the play “Romeo and Juliet”?, Ans: Romeo., 26. How does Juliet want Romeo to be immortalized?, Ans: As little stars in heaven., 27. Whom does Romeo address as “yonder lady”?, Ans: Juliet., 28. Who in “Romeo and Juliet” is compared to a “snowy dove”?, Ans: Juliet, 29. When according to Juliet would the entire world be in love with night?, Ans: When Romeo is cut into little stars/ when Romeo makes the face of heaven so fine., 30. When according to Juliet would Romeo make the face of heaven so fine?, Ans: When Romeo would become star/ when Romeo will be cut out into little stars., 31. What does Romeo intend to do after the measure is done?, Ans: Watch Juliet’s place of stand/ to touch Juliet’s hand., 32. Why according to Juliet will the people stop paying attention to the sun?, Ans: Romeo will make the face of heaven so fine that, the world will stop paying attention, to the sun., 33. What had Romeo not seen until he met Juliet?, Ans: True beauty., , Don’t compare your life to others., There is no comparison between the sun and the moon, they shine when it’s their time.

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10, , TOO DEAR!, Leo Tolstoy, , About the writer:, Count Leo Tolstoy is a Russian writer. He primarily wrote novels and short stories., Tolstoy is a master of realistic fiction and is widely recognized as one of the world’s, greatest novelists. He is best known for two long novels, ‘War and Peace’ (1869) and, ‘Anna Karenina’ (1877)., The story is based on a petty incident in which a tiny kingdom finds it too expensive to, either hang a criminal or to keep in prison for long. The story is a parody that makes fun or, ridicules the modern ways of governance. It ridicules the ways of punishing criminals and, dispensing justice in Modern world., , Glossary:, Inhabitant, Poll-tax, Gambling, Forbid, Monopoly, Coronation, Roulette, Rakes, Levees, Franc, Kinglet, Domain, Peaceable, , :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, , resident, native, a kind of tax imposed on an individual., betting, staking, prohibit, disallow, ban, complete control over something, occasion of crowning, a gambling game, to earn or collect money, an official reception of guests or visitors in the morning, a unit of currency of France., the king of a very small country., land ruled by a king, not causing violence

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11, Spirits, Gaming house, Turnover, Hitch, Jurymen, , :, :, :, :, :, , Barristers, Guillotine, Dominions, Homely, Emigrate, Stake, Annuity, Frontier, Grudge, , :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, , strong alcoholic drinks, a place for gambling, the total amount of money, a problem that causes a short delay, persons who give decisions in a court or help the judge ., make decisions., lawyer in higher law-courts., a machine for beheading criminals, territories under the king, simple and plain, go to another country to live there., money used as bet, a fixed amount of money paid to someone every year, the border between two countries, do something unwillingly, , The story:, Monaco, ·, ·, ·, ·, ·, ·, ·, , A tiny little Kingdom, If it were divided there would not be an acre for each inhabitant., A toy kingdom, About seven thousand inhabitants., It has a real kinglet, The kinglet has a palace, courtiers, ministers, a bishop, generals and an army., There are sixty soldiers., , Its location: Near the borders of France and Italy, on the shore of Mediterranean Sea., Ø Monaco’s economy depends upon, · Taxes levied on the commodities, Tobacco, wine and spirits, a poll-tax as well., · A special source of revenue was introduced. That came gaming houses where people, played roulette. The income of earlier taxes was not sufficient to feed his courtiers and, to keep himself. So, he introduced the new source., , Ø

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12, ·, , The only gaming house left in Europe so the kinglet got a large sum of money from the, keeper. And he remained with a monopoly of the business. So he levies and rakes in, large sum of money from this dirty business., Ø German sovereigns:, These governments used to keep such gaming houses. They were stopped and, forbidden because they did so much harm. People would risk their money and lose it., In despair, they would drown or shoot themselves., , A Murder / an unusual thing, As inhabitants of Monaco kingdom were peaceable, such a thing had not happened before., Ø The first sentence / punishment, The criminal was condemned to have his head cut-off., Hitch/ problem, Ø They had neither a guillotine machine nor an executioner for cutting the head off., Decided to send enquiry letters to other governments, Ø The first enquiry:, The French Government (the republican government), The French government replied that, A machine and an expert could be supplied, and that would cost 16000 francs., Ø The second enquiry:, The Italian Government. (A brother monarch), The Italian government replied that they would supply both the machine and an expert., It would cost 12000 francs including travelling expense., Ø The king was looking for a cheaper way to punish the criminal., The Kinglet felt that both the amounts 16000 francs and 12000 francs were too expensive, to spend on the rascal who was not worth the money. The general was asked to find a, soldier who would cut the man’s head off., The soldiers refused to do task., The death sentence was altered to life imprisonment, Ø The commission, the committee and the sub-committee decided to change the, punishment so that they could do it in a cheaper way. They thought carrying out death, sentence was expensive.

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13, Ø, , A small lock-up: The criminal was kept in a small lock-up temporarily., A guard was appointed to watch him and fetch his food from the palace kitchen., , A new item of Expenditure, Ø, , The criminal remained in the prison for a year. The kinglet, while looking over the, account, noticed a new item of expenditure. It was for keeping the criminal, and a, special guard to watch over him and also the man’s food. So, the new item of expenditure, was 600 francs. The worst thing was the criminal was still young and healthy., , The guard was dismissed, Ø, , Having noticed the new item of expenditure, the kinglet summoned his ministers. He, told them to find some cheaper way of dealing with the criminal. They reflected and, reconsidered the matter, and decided to dismiss the guard and let the criminal run away, from the prison. Though the guard was dismissed, the criminal had not run away. At, dinner time, he came out and went to the palace kitchen to fetch food and stayed inside, the prison., , The criminal was reluctant to run away from the prison., Ø, , The prisoner told the ministers that he had nowhere to go. He complaints that they had, ruined his character by sentencing him to death. People will turn their back on him. He, further told that having been confined to the prison, he had given up his habit of, working. He finally told that he would not agree to their proposal that he should run, away from the prison., The sum was fixed to get rid off, , Ø, , The criminal straight away told that he would not run away from the prison. The ministers, felt helpless. Once again, the issue was discussed in the council. They came to a, conclusion that the only way to get rid of him was by offering him a pension. The, ministers decided to pay him 600 francs as a pension. Finally, he received one third of, his pension and left the king’s domain., Criminal’s life after the release, , Ø, , The criminal received the one third of his annuity in advance and left the king’s domain., He emigrated and settled just across the frontier, lived comfortably. He bought a bit of, land and started market-gardening.

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14, , Questions and answers:, One-mark questions and answers:, 1. Where is the kingdom of Monaco situated?, Ans: Near the borders of France and Italy., 2. How many inhabitants are there in the kingdom of Monaco? (March, 2016), Ans: About seven thousand., 3. How much land would each inhabitant get when the kingdom of Monaco, divided?, Ans: Each would get less than an acre., 4. How many soldiers were there in the kingdom of Monaco in ‘Too Dear’?, (July,2015), Ans: There were sixty men in the army., 5. Name the commodities on which tax is levied in Monaco., Ans: Tobacco, wine, and spirits. The people also paid poll-tax., 6. Name the special source of revenue in the kingdom of Monaco in ‘Too Dear!’, Ans: The gaming house where people played roulette., 7. Why Monaco was called a ‘toy kingdom’?, Ans: There were only 7000 inhabitants., 8. The kinglet had to find a special source of revenue because, a. The income from the taxes was insufficient, b. His people drank and smoked less., c. The people of Monaco gambled a lot, Answer: The income from the taxes was insufficient., 9. Where was the only gambling house left in Europe in ‘Too Dear!’?, Ans: Monaco., 10. Who gains more from the gaming house in ‘Too Dear!’?, Ans: The Prince., 11. What business does the kinglet of Monaco monopolize?, Ans: The gaming house where people played roulette., 12. Which country in Europe stopped the gaming house as mentioned in ‘Too Dear!?, Ans: The German sovereigns.

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15, 13. What unusual crime was committed in Monaco?, Ans: A murder was committed., 14. Why did the Germans stop the gaming housed in their country?, : They did a great deal of harm., 15. What was the punishment given to the murderer initially?, Ans: Head cut off / death sentence., 16. Mention one of the reasons for altering the death sentence to life imprisonment, in ‘Too Dear!’., Ans: Monaco did not have either a guillotine machine or an executioner., 17. Whom did the ministers of Monaco write a letter asking for the machine and, execution?, Ans: The French government., 18. How much did the French government expect to send a machine and an, executioner?, Ans: 16000 francs., 19. Why does the French government have no proper respect for the kinglet?, Ans: because it’s a Republican government., 20. Who, according to the council, was a brother Monarch in ‘Too Dear!’?, Ans: The King of Italy., 21. How much did the Italian government expect to supply a guillotine and an, executioner?, Ans: 12000 francs., 22. What reason did the soldiers give for refusing to execute the criminal?, Ans: They said that they did not know how to do it and that was on thing that they had not, been taught., 23. Where was the prisoner’s food fetched from in ‘Too Dear!’?, Ans: From the palace kitchen., 24. Who brought food from the palace kitchen for the prisoner?, Ans: The guard was appointed to keep watch over the prisoner brought food for him from, the palace kitchen., 25. How long was the prisoner in the prison in ‘Too Dear!’?, Ans: For one year.

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16, 26. What was the new item of expenditure noticed by the kinglet of Monaco?, Ans: The money spent on keeping a guard to watch the criminal and to feed the criminal., 27. How did the ministers decide finally get rid of the prisoner in ‘Too Dear!’?, Ans: By offering him a pension 600 francs annually., 28. What was the fixed sum announced to the prisoner in ‘Too Dear!’?, Ans: 600 francs, 29. How much did the criminal receive as an advance of his annuity before, leaving Monaco?, Ans: One-third of his annuity., 30. The criminal in ‘Too Dear!’ agreed to go away from the prison after, a. He was offered a pension., b. He was allowed to emigrate, c. The guard was dismissed., Answer: he was offered a pension., 31. On what condition was the prisoner willing to leave the King’s domain?, Ans: As long as the ministers undertake to pay the pension regularly., 32. Where did the criminal settle after leaving the king’s domain?, Ans: Just across the frontier., 33. What did the criminal do to earn his living after his release?, Ans: The criminal bought a bit of land and started marker-gardening., 34. ————— was considered as a brother monarch by the council in ‘Too Dear!’, a. King of France, b. King of Italy, c. King of Germany, Answer: king of Italy., 35. The people of Monaco were ————, a. Sociable, b. Peaceable, c. Fashionable, Answer: peaceable.

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17, 36. Whom does the kinglet call as rascal in ‘Too Dear!’?, Ans: The criminal who committed a murder., Four marks questions and answers:, (a paragraph of 80-100 words each):, 1. Describe the toy kingdom with reference to ‘Too Dear!’., The narrator describes the tiny little kingdom in the story ‘Too Dear!’. The story is, written by Count Leo Tolstoy. The toy kingdom is named as Monaco. It situates near, the borders of France and Italy. It lies on the shore of Mediterranean Sea. There are, only seven thousand inhabitants. The kingdom is so small that if all the land were, divided among its inhabitants, there would not be even an acre of land for each inhabitant., But this tiny kingdom has a real kinglet. Like any other king, the petty king lives in a, palace with courtiers, ministers, a bishop, and generals. The kingdom also has an army, of sixty soldiers. The tax is levied on commodities such as tobacco, wine and spirit., There is also a poll-tax., 2. What made the king of Monaco retain the gaming houses though other countries, banned them in ‘Too Dear!’? OR, Though gambling is a dirty business, why does the king of Monaco resort to it?, In the lesson ‘Too Dear!’ written by Leo Tolstoy, the kinglet of Monaco retained the, gaming houses in his domain. The kingdom had only seven thousand inhabitants. He, managed his kingdom by collecting taxes from the people on tobacco, wine and spirit., As the revenue collected by these taxes was not sufficient to feed his ministers and to, keep himself. Despite knowing that collecting money from the gaming house is not a, good thing because it harmed common people, he kept running them. Because the, keeper of the gaming paid a large sum to the prince. Since it was the only gaming house, left in Europe, it fetched a lot of revenue to the king of Monaco. He was able to feed, himself and his people with this revenue. Thus, the kinglet retained the gaming house, business., 3. Why did the king of Monaco keep changing his mind in dealing with the criminal?, OR, Why did the king fail in executing the death sentence given to the murderer?

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18, OR, Why did the authorities in Monaco fail to carry out the death sentence of the, criminal?, The King ordered the death sentence to the criminal, but there was one hitch/problem in, the judgement. The toy kingdom had neither a guillotine machine for cutting heads off, nor an executioner. So, a letter was written to the French government and Italian, government to send a machine and an expert, but the cost was 16000 and 12000 francs., King felt the amount was too much and told the council to find a cheaper way in dealing, with the criminal. Next the general was asked to find a soldier to cut the criminal’s head,, but none came forward to take up the task. Even keeping the guard to look after him, was not cheaper. So finally, king decided to free him by giving 600 francs as pension., 4. Why was the criminal reluctant to go out of prison?, OR, Why was the criminal unwilling to run away from the prison?, OR, What were the arguments put forth by the prisoner for not going out of the, prison?, The criminal was reluctant go out of the prison in the story ‘Too Dear!’ written by Leo, Tolstoy. The Minister asked the criminal why he did not run way from the prison. The, prisoner said that he had nowhere to go as his character had been ruined and the people, would turn their back on him. They treated him badly. He also said that he had got out, of the way of working. Therefore, he refused to go away from the prison., 5. The criminal led a comfortable life after his release. Explain., OR, How did the criminal benefit from the pension he was offered? (March 2020), OR, How did the criminal lead his life after his release?, The criminal, in the lesson ‘Too Dear!’ written by Leo Tolstoy, leads a comfortable life, after his release. As it is described, the ministers could not execute the criminal. Because, there was neither a guillotine machine for cutting heads off nor an executioner in their, kingdom. And they found it too expensive to borrow them from other countries. But,, when the criminal was told to run way, he refused to that proposal. They finally, decided, to pay him a pension of 600 francs annually. The criminal received one-third of his

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19, annuity in advance and emigrated to another country just across the frontier. There he, bought a bit of land and started market-gardening. He visited the king’s domain at the, proper time to receive the pension. He lived a comfortably and peaceably., Six marks Questions and answers:, 1. “You can’t earn stone palaces by honest labour.” Justify with reference to the, story., The story ‘Too Dear!’ is a parody written by Leo Tolstoy. It ridicules the modern ways, of governance., In the story, the author relates the statement “You can’t earn stone palaces by honest, labour”. The revenue of Monaco kingdom depended upon the taxes levied on tobacco,, wine, and spirit. There was also a poll tax. This was all the sources of income. But the, revenue coming from all these sources was not sufficient. The kinglet was unable to, feed his courtiers, officials, and to meet his own expenses. He couldn’t live a king’s life, with the small income as the Prince of Monaco. Therefore, he quotes the proverb,, “You can’t earn stone palaces by honest labour.” It means that if he wants to live, beyond his means, honest labour alone cannot fetch him enough money for his luxurious, life. According to the Kinglet of Monaco one has to earn extra money by some dishonest, way. The king received a large sum of money regularly from a gaming housekeeper., The keeper paid the sum out of his profits earned from his gaming house. Although he, knew that raking in money by running a gaming house where people risked money at, the roulette table was a dirty business. Yet he allowed it to run because he needed more, money. Thus, he lives and reigns by collecting money by running gaming houses., , Self confidence is a super power, Once you start to believe in yourself, Magic start happening

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20, , ON CHILDREN, Kahlil Gibran, , About the Author:, Kahlil Gibran is the most popular poet, artist and writer from Lebanon., On children is a short poem addressed to parents where in, he says that they should, treat their children as if they are free, and independent souls. It teaches the parents a, lesson, not to impose their beliefs on their children. He deals with the spiritual idea that no, person belongs to another., , Glossary:, Prophet, House, Longing, Urges, Bosom, Tarry, Possessive, Regressive, Swiftly, Archer, Infinite, Gladness, Reverence, House hold Bodies, Grace, Stable, Eloquently, , :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, , sear, who is an interpreter of the will of god., Shelter., desiring., A strong restless desire., Chest., Stay at one place., Dominant., Backward, returning, Fastly., One who uses bow and arrow (here God)., Endless, Happiness, Respect., Giving protection., Blessing., Firm, constant., Fluently.

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21, , SUMMARY, ‘On Children’ by Kahlil Gibran is a piece of advice to the parents. He says that ‘your, children are not your children’. They are sons and daughters of life’s longing for itself., They come through the parents not from them. They are with them. But they don’t belong, to them. Parents can give them love but not thoughts. Because they have their own thoughts., Parents can house their bodies but not souls. Because their souls dwell in the houses of, tomorrow which the parents can’t visit even in their dreams. Parents can imitate their children, but children can’t imitate parents. Because life moves forward. It never turns back. Parents, are stable bows from which children are sent forth as living arrows. Archer God loves and, guides both., , QUESTION AND ANSWERS;, I. One Marks Questions and Answers:, 1) Who speaks ‘On Children’ in the poem?, Ans: The Prophet., 2) Whom does the prophet address?, Ans: A women who held a babe against her bosom., 3) What may parents give to their children?, Ans: Love., 4) “Speak to us of children” whom are these words addressed to?, Ans: The prophet., 5) Why can’t the parents protect the souls of their children? Or where do the souls, of children dwell according to poet?, Ans: The souls of children live in the house of tomorrow., 6) Why can’t parents impose their thoughts on the children?, Ans: Because the children have their own thoughts., 7) Who are the bows and the arrows as given in ‘On children’?, Ans: Parents are the bows, and children are the arrows., 8) Who is the ‘Archer’ according to the poet?, Ans: God, the creator., 9) Whom does God love according to the prophet?, Ans: God loves both the children (arrows) and the parents (bows).

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22, 10) Why does God bend the bow with his might?, Ans: Because his arrows may go swift and far., 11) What do the phrases “The arrow that flies” and “The bow that is stable” refers to?, Ans: A child that takes birth is ‘the arrow that flies’. And the parents that give birth to a, child are ‘the bow that is stable’., 12) In the poem ‘On children’, god loves the bow that _____., a)Doesn’t bend, b) breaks, c) is stable, Ans: c) is stable., 13) On children you may give them your love but not your _____., a)Dreams b) thoughts c) gladness., Ans: b) thoughts., 14) What brings children to the earth?, Ans: their own wish., 15) Who loves both the bow and the arrow in the poem?, Ans: ‘The God’., 16) According to the prophet, what do the children have their own?, Ans: Create their own future., 17) What does the god use as his bow to send his arrows to the earth?, Ans: Parents., 18) What does living arrows refer to in ‘On children’?, Ans: Children., 19) According to the poet life goes not _________., a)Forth, b) back, c) left, d) right, Ans: b) back, 20) Who sees the mark upon the path of infinite in the poem ‘On children’?, Ans: The God., II. Four Marks Question and Answers:, 1) How does the prophet defend his statement ‘Your children are not your children’?, Ans: The poem ‘On children begins with these lines as ‘Your children are not your children’., This is the explanation given to a woman of his country. The children of parents are not, their children. In real sense, they are the gifts of life, meaning that, they are the gifts of

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23, life. Though the children come through the parents, they are not from them. The, parents can’t claim any possessiveness over their own children. No doubt the parents, look after their children very much. They provide them with love whatever they can, offer. But the children have their own thoughts. Their bodies may be with their parents,, but their souls live elsewhere. They are the children of tomorrow, and parents can’t, visit them even in their dreams. The children are moulded differently. They will be, what they are and think to be. The children have their own identity and individuality to, develop their thoughts. They are the future generation with new thoughts and ideas., Considering all these reasons poet Kahlil Gibran tells the statement ‘Your children are, not your children’., 2) What attitudes should parents have towards their children, according to the, poet?, Ans: The Prophet gives his message to the parents in his short poem. He calls upon the, parents not to be too possessive of their children. They should be given freedom of, expression, of movement to stay. They are like the living arrows, which can go anywhere,, and everywhere. They can give their love to them but they can’t force their thoughts on, them. They have no control over their souls and minds. Life goes forward and can’t, move backwards. They belong to unborn tomorrows. They are the future. They walk, on the path of the infinite. The God who is the creator loves them. He blesses them, whole heartedly. So the poet says that the parents should be dispassionate about their, children, in treating them so, they will make them happy and contented., 3) In ‘On children’, ‘arrows’ refer to ‘children’ and ‘bows’ refer to ‘parents’ Explain., Ans: the prophet draws a metaphor of arrows and bows to convey the actual relationship, between children and parents., The poet places the parents, the children, and the God, the archer in the form of, triangle. This triangular relationship is the central image of the poem. Here ‘arrows’, refer to ‘children’ and ‘bows’ refer to ‘parents’ and the God is the creator or archer. It, suggests that the parents must bend for the happiness of children; only then arrows fly, fast which means children will be able to achieve their goals. The prophet advices, parent to allow children to grow freely and live according to their wish, as the archer, loves the bow that is stable., Thus the image of the archer, the bow and the arrow takes the poem to a philosophical, level.

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24, III. Six Marks Questions and Answers:, 1) The poem ‘On children’ does not focus merely on the lives of children, but also, talks about the responsibility of parents-explain., Ans: Kahlil Gibran is the most popular poet, artist and writer from Lebanon. ‘On children’, is a short poem from his best known work ‘The Prophet’., The poem is addressed to parents and offers a strong criticism about the usual, expectations of parents regarding their children and makes them to introspect., The prophet underlines the responsibilities of the parents towards their children. He, calls upon the parents to honour the visions of their children. The children belong to the, life. The parents should understand that the children have a separate identity of their, own. The moment the parents love their children and bring them up, the relationship, comes to a close. The parents should not try to make their children appear like them., They belong to the future. They are the living arrows ready to go in all directions. The, great archer controls both the parents and the children. The parents must know that, archer loves both the bow and arrow. The prophet wants the parents to understand this, metaphor of life. Here the comparison makes us understand the great responsibility of, the parents very well., 2) How does the poet describe the responsibility of parents in the poem ‘On, children’?, Ans: The speaker ‘On children’ speaks and advises parents not to be possessive in shaping, their children’s goals. The prophet tells that children’s are sons and daughters of life’s, longing for itself. They came through parents, but God is the original creator of children, and parents are merely actors who act on the wish of God. He says that though the, children live with parents, they do not belong to them. The prophet says parents can, give their love not thoughts. He clearly states that parents can only shelter their body,, not their soul. The generation gap is universal and life never goes back to the past but, moves forward into the future. So, the poet advises parents that not to pressurize their, wishes on their children., Children are not a distraction from more important works., They are the most important work., - C.S. Lewis.

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25, , A SUNNY MORNING, Serafin & Joaquin Alvarez Quinter, About the author :, Serafin and Joaquin Alvarez Quinter:, Serafin and Joaquin Alvarez Quinter were Spanish brothers, known as the ‘GoldenBoys of Madrid Theatre’. They were celebrated playwrights of the early Twentieth Century., Glossary:, Retired corner, Refined, Unimpaired, Parasol, Adios, Spryest, Rout, Threnody, Gouty, Providence, Trench, Grotesque, Madrid, Aravaca, Duel, Espronceda, Gallant, Don, Dona, Valencia, , -, , quite corner, cultured, not damaged or spoiled, colorful umbrella, farewell, lively, thrash, song of lamentation, suffering from inflammation of the joints, divine force, long deep hole, extremely ugly, The capital city of Spain, a neighbourhood of the city of Madrid., fight with weapons between the two people., Spanish writer, brave, Sir, Miss/Madam, The third largest city in Spain

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26, , Summary, One Act play A Sunny Morning, is a Comedy of Madrid written by Quintero brothers., It tells the story of Don Gonzalo and Dona Laura, who are passionate lovers at their young, age. But their love is not a successful one as they had to separate from each other in life., They meet each other in a park at Madrid during their old age. The play begins in a sunny, morning at a park. On a sunny morning Dona Laura was feeding pigeons in the park. She, was a graceful, white haired lady of about seventy., Don Gonzalo entered. He was a gentleman of seventy, gouty and impatient. The conversation, between Laura and Gonzalo began sarcastically. They started accusing each other for, encroaching their private space. Don Gonzalo complained that the priests had taken his, bench. So he sat on the bench with the old lady. A Pinch of Snuff made peace between, them. Then they began to talk in a friendly manner. They came to know that they were two, lost lovers. Throughout their conversation they tried to hide their identity. Don Gonzalo, remembered her as “The Silver Maiden”. She was in love with gallant young man, (Gonzalo).But her parents wanted to marry the merchant whom she disliked. One day there, was a quarrel between Gonzalo and the merchant. The merchant was badly wounded., Gonzalo fled from his home town to Seville and then to Madrid. There was no communication, between them. After three months, Gonzalo ran off to Paris with a ballet dancer. On the, other hand Laura got married after two years. They framed stories about their death. Laura, lied herself to be the friend of the real Laura and Gonzalo as the cousin of the dead Gonzalo., The play ends with the hope of their meeting next morning., , QUESTION AND ANSWERS:, I. One marks questions and answers:, 1. Where does the play take place?, Answer: In a corner of a park in Madrid, 2. How old is Dona Laura?, Answer: Seventy years old., 3. How old is Don Gonzalo?, Answer: Seventy years old., 4. What does Dona Laura carry in her free hand?, Answer: A Parasol. (A colourful umbrella), 5. Who is Dona Laura’s maid?, Answer: Petra.

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27, 6. How old is Petra?, Answer: Twenty years old., 7. According to Laura, with whom does Petra wish to talk with?, Answer: With her guard., 8. Who is Don Gonzalo’s servant?, Answer: Juanito., 9. What does Laura feed the pigeons with?, Answer: The Bread Crumbs., 10. What does Laura call Don Gonzalo?, Answer: An ill natured man., 11. Who were sitting on the bench usually occupied by Don Gonzalo?, Answer: Three Priests., 12. How does Don Gonzalo abuse Dona Laura?, Answer: Senile old lady., 13. What does Don Gonzalo use to brush the dust from his shoes?, Answer: His hand kerchief., 14. Where is Don Gonzalo’s estate?, Answer: Near Aravaca., 15. In which city was Gonzalo brought up?, Answer: In Valencia., 16. What has made peace between Dona Laura and Don Gonzalo?, Answer: The Pinch of Snuff., 17. What right does Dona Laura claim to have criticize Don Gonzalo?, Answer: A Neighbour’s right., 18. Name the villa in Valencia where Dona Laura had spent several seasons in her youth?, Answer: Maricela., 19. What was Laura Llorente known in her locality?, Answer: The Silver Maiden., 20. Who was called as The Silver Maiden?, Answer: Dona Laura.

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28, 21. What is the beautiful poem which Gonzalo refers?, Answer: “Twenty years pass, He returns”., 22. How old was Don Gonzalo when he went to America the first time?, Answer: Six years old., 23. Whom does Gonzalo meet first in America?, Answer: Zorrilla., 24. Where did Don Gonzalo meet Compoamor?, Answer: In Valencia., 25. Who is Compoamor?, Answer: A Spanish writer., 26. Who is Espronceda?, Answer: A famous Spanish writer., 27. What could Gonzalo show as evidence to prove his skill at hunting?, Answer: Wild boar’s head., 28. What did Gonzalo toss up to Laura?, Answer: A bouquet of flowers., 29. Whom did Laura’s parents want her to marry?, Answer: A Merchant., 30. Where did Gonzalo go after the duel?, Answer: To Seville., 31. Who was the gallant horseman in the play?, Answer: Don Gonzalo., 32. According to Gonzalo, how did his cousin meet a glorious death?, Answer: Grasping the flag of Spain and whispering the name of his beloved Laura., 33. Where did Laura write Gonzalo’s name?, Answer: On the sand., 34. With whom did Gonzalo run off?, Answer: With a ballet dancer.

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29, 35. Where did Gonzalo run off with a ballet dancer?, Answer: To Paris., 36. When did Laura marry?, Answer: Two years after Gonzalo’s duel with the merchant., 37. Why did Gonzalo and Laura spin stories about themselves?, Answer: To conceal each others identity., 38. What does Don Gonzalo expect a woman like Dona Laura to do sitting at home?, Answer: Knitting and counting beads., 39. Whose name, according to Gonzalo, was his cousin whispering at the time of, death?, Answer: Laura’s name., 40. How is Don Laura able to read the poem, without her sun glasses?, Answer: She knows every word by heart., , Four Marks Questions and Answers:, Answer the following in a paragraph of 80-100 each., 1. How do Don Gonzalo and Dona Laura accuse each other at the beginning of, the play ‘’A Sunny Morning’’?, Answer: The one act play, ‘’A Sunny Morning’’ written by Quintero brothers. Dona Laura, is a handsome, white haired old lady of about seventy. She comes to the park with, servant to enjoy sunny morning. She sits in a corner of a park in Madrid. She is feeding, a flock of pigeons with bread crumbs. Don Gonzalo, an old gentleman of seventy, enters the park with his servant. He is gouty and impatient. Three priests have occupied, Gonzalo’s usual bench in the park. So he and his servant walk towards the place where, the birds are feeding on the bread crumbs. Dona Laura complains that he has scared, away the birds. He tells her that it is a public park. Dona Laura calls him an ill natured, old man .He decides to sit on the bench with the old lady. She tells him that he should, have taken permission to sit on the bench. Don Gonzalo abuses her as senile old lady., She ought to be at home knitting and counting her beads. Don Gonzalo uses his, handkerchief to brush the dust from his shoes. He lacks manners. She expects him to, be polite. Thus they go on accusing each other.

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30, 2. How effectively does Gonzalo narrate the story of his cousin’s love for Laura’s, friend?, Answer: Don Gonzalo and Dona Laura loved each other when they were in Valencia., Gonzalo was the native of Valencia. Laura lived in Maricela. Narrating his story as his, cousin’s Don Gonzalo tells her that Laura Llorente was known as "The Silver Maiden", in her locality. She was fair as lily with her jet black eyes. She was in love with a gallant, horse man. The gallant horse man was Gonzalo’s cousin. But the gallant horse man, was Don Gonzalo. He used to pass by her house on horseback every morning. He, used to toss up a bouquet of flowers to her balcony which she caught. In the evening, he catches the bouquet of flowers she would toss to him. The parents of Laura wanted, to marry her to Merchant against her wish. There was a duel (fight) between the gallant, lover and the merchant. The merchant was seriously wounded .Fearing of the, consequences Gonzalo fled to Seville and then to Madrid. He joined the army in Africa., Gonzalo told her that the gallant lover met a glorious death grasping the flag of Spain, and whispering the name of his beloved, Laura., 3. Why do Dona Laura and Don Gonzalo spin fictitious stories about themselves?, Answer: "A Sunny Morning", one act play tells the love story of Dona Laura and Don, Gonzalo. The play begins in the Madrid Park. After many years old lovers meet each, other in a corner of a park in Madrid. Both were separated by fate. They tried to, conceal their identity. Laura lived in Maricela villa not far from Valencia. She was, popularly known as “The Silver Maiden”. Laura tells Gonzalo that her friend lived in, the villa and used to spend many hours at the window exchanging bouquets of flowers, thrown by gallant young horseman. Both the lovers were forced to separate each other, due to a duel. Laura tells him that she learnt about the love story through a friend., Gonzalo weaves his own story telling that the young lover was his cousin sought refuge, in his house. He tells her that he went to Africa after joining army died there in a trench., Laura knows it is a great lie. Laura also weaves a story that her friend mingled with the, sea waters remembering her lover. Moreover, both of them aware they are telling lies to, each other. Because they do not want to erase their past memories.

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31, , Six Marks Questions and Answers:, II. Answer the following in a paragraph of above 200 words each., 1. Do you think a blend of romance and comedy justifies the title of the play ‘’A, Sunny Morning’’?, Answer: Romantic comedy denotes a form of drama in which love is the main theme and, love leads to a happy ending. "A Sunny Morning" tells the story of two young lovers, Laura and Gonzalo of Maricela in Valencia. It is a blend of romance, comedy and irony., Dona Laura and Don Gonzalo are the main characters of the play. Petra and Juanito are, their servants. Dona Laura comes to the park with her servant to enjoy sunny morning., Don Gonzalo also comes to the park with his servant. Laura has brought the bread, crumbs to feed the birds in the park. Gonzalo is old and grotesque. He is unable to, walk so he drags his feet. The birds are scared away by his arrival. Laura is annoyed by, this. She calls him ‘ill-natured man’. Gonzalo considers her as a ‘quarrelsome woman’., The three priests have occupied his regular seat. So he had to sit on Laura’s bench. A, pinch of snuff makes peace between them. Slowly they begin to talk about their reading, and hobbies. Throughout their conversation they try to hide their identity. They identify, each other but pretend to be ignorant. Laura tells that the ‘Silver Maiden’ was her, friend. Gonzalo lies that the gallant lover of Laura was his cousin. Gonzalo was the, native of Valencia. Laura was the resident of a villa Maricela near the city. They loved, each other intensely. Gonzalo used to meet Laura with a bouquet of flowers. A rich, merchant came between them. In a due merchant was seriously wounded. He ran away, from that place fearing of the consequences. Within a short period of three months, Gonzalo ran away with a ballet dancer to Paris and forgot Laura. After two years Laura, also married somebody. At the age of seventy they meet each other unexpectedly., Though the time has taken away their youthful beauty and strength, their love for each, other is the same. The play ends with the hope of their meeting next meeting., 2. “The ways of providence are strange’’. How is this true in the case of Dona, Laura and Don Gonzalo in a Sunny Morning?, Answer: The play ‘A Sunny Morning’ tells the story of Dona Laura and Don Gonzalo., They loved each other in their young. They were separated by fate. After many years, they meet each other in Madrid Park. They recalled their youthful days. Don Gonzalo, was the native of Valencia. Laura was spending many seasons at Maricela in Valencia. A, romantic affair developed between the two. She used to wait at her window to have a

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32, glance at her young lover. Every day he passed by that window on a horse back. He, used to toss up a bouquet of flowers to her balcony which she caught. He collected the, flowers from her in the afternoon. But Laura’s parents wanted her to marry a merchant., A merchant came between them. He insulted Gonzalo and wanted to marry Laura., Gonzalo picked up a quarrel and wounded the merchant badly in a duel. He had to run, away from that place to escape from the consequences of the duel. Though the lovers, tried to contact each other through letters but failed in that attempt and they were, separated for ever. However the ways of fate being strange, both the lovers Laura and, Gonzalo meet accidently in Madrid park, in their seventy’s. Though initially they make, rude remarks about each other, they gradually discover that they were the same lovers, of their youth when they were living in Maricela in Valencia., , Education’s purpose is to replace, an empty mind with an open one., - Malcolm Forbes.

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33, , WHEN YOU ARE OLD, W B Yeats, About the poet:, William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) is an Irish poet and one of the foremost figures of, 20 century literature. His early poetry is part of the Irish Literary Revival and it uses the, history, myths and heroic figures of Ireland. Yeats was one of the founders of the Abbey, Theatre in Dublin. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1923. Later under the, influence of Ezra Pound he began to write modernist poetry. He is among the great love, poets of the world., th, , In this present poem, the speaker imagines his beloved in the future. She is old and, reading the book of poems he is now writing. Reading the book, she will remember the, past, her youthful beauty and the many who admired her. While the other admired her, physical beauty and grace, only he loved her soul and her soul’s search for something, meaningful. In the poem, love is personified in the last lines., Glossary:, The Pilgrim soul, The glowing bars, Nod, Murmur, Full of sleep, Moments of, Nodding, Pilgrim soul, , :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, , questing soul, the bars of the fire place full of glowing coal, move one’s head up and down repeatedly., a softy spoken or almost inaudible utterance., drowsy due to old age, the days of youth when she was graceful glad grace, feeling sleepy; a sign of sleepiness, a Biblical belief that every soul is a pilgrim, on the way to, salvation.

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34, , Summary:, “When You Are Old” is a beautiful love poem. The poem was composed in 1891,, when he was in love with Maud Gonne. His love was constantly rejected by the lady who, was Anglo-Irish and women activist., Through the present poem, the disappointed poet tries to prove his beloved that the, love based on external beauty does not last long. The love that is based on soul is perennial, and permanent., The poet uses a time frame in which the speaker addresses his beloved in the present., He takes her to an unreal condition in the future, and asks her to recall her past memories., He does so in order to persuade her or warn her not ignore him. The poet tells his beloved, there will come a day when she will lose all the physical grace and grow old. Her hair will go, grey. She will sit by the fire place and nod sleepily. Then he tells her to pick up the book, which he is writing now, and read it slowly. According to the poet, she will come to know, the real worth of his genuine love after reading the book of memories. In future, she would, recall her youthful days when she had sweet and gentle looks. There were many lovers who, loved her youth and beauty. But there was one man who loved her pilgrim soul and that is, the poet himself. He means that he did not love her physical beauty but her soul. His love is, spiritual. He not only loved the beauty of her youth but also the sorrows of her changing, face. His love is pure and perennial. It does not change with the time or changing face. He, imagines, one day she regrets for rejecting his genuine love bending down beside the glowing, bars. In a melancholic mood she will recall how love had disappeared into overhead mountains, and amid a crowd of stars., , QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, One marks questions and answers:, 1. The speaker in “When You Are Old” addresses, a. A young lady, b. An old lady, c. A little girl, Answer: a young lady (the poet has loved.)

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35, 2. What does the speaker want his beloved to do sitting by the fire?, : To read his book of love poems., 3. When does the poet want his lady love to read the book in “When You Are, Old”?, : when she was old., 4. Name the book that the poet wanted to be read in “When You Are Old”., : Book of love poems or memories., 5. The word ‘glad grace’ suggests, a. Her physical beauty, b. Her inner beauty, c. Her goodness, Answer: a. her physical beauty., 6. According to the speaker, how does the poets love differ from that of others in, “When You Are Old”?, : While many suitors loved her physical grace, he alone loved her pilgrim soul as well as, the changing face., 7. ‘Pilgrim soul’ means the soul, a. Which is immortal, b. That has gone on a pilgrimage, c. Which is in quest of true love, Answer: c. which is in quest of true love., 8. What look did the woman’s eye have once in “When You Are Old”?, : Soft look., 9. Who loved the sorrows and changing face of his beloved in “When You Are, Old”?, : The poet / Yeats., 10. Mention any one aspect that the speaker loved in his beloved in “When You Are, Old”., : Her inner beauty and her pilgrim soul., 11. What, according to the speaker, did many admire the lady for?, : Her beauty and elegance/physical grace.

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36, 12. What did the speaker love besides the pilgrim soul in “When You Are Old”?, : He loved the pilgrim soul as well as sorrows of her changing face., 13. Who, according to the speaker, fled and hid his face?, : love (personified ‘love’)., 14. Where, according to the speaker, did love pace upon in “When You Are Old”?, : Love paced upon the mountains and disappeared., 15. What, according to the speaker, did hide amid a crowd of stars?, : Love., 16. The speaker loved the ———— of his beloved’s changing face., a. Grace, b. Sorrows, c. Soft look, Answer: b. Sorrows., 17. ‘Love fled’ connotes, a. The death of the man who loved her, b. The fleeing of her lover to the mountains, c. The loss endured by her, Answer: b. the fleeing of her lover to the mountains., Four marks questions and answers:, 1. How is ‘one man’ different from the many others who loved the lady?, The speaker in the poem “When You Are Old” brings out the contrast between his love, and the love of other suitors for Maud Gonne., The speaker takes his lady into future where she has grown old and grey and sitting by, the fire. Then he tells her to take the book which he is writing now and read it. By, reading the book, she will be recalling her past. The poet says that she had a great many, suitors who admired her beauty and elegance. That love may be true or false. According, to him, he only loved her unconditionally., He says that he loved her inner beauty and the sorrows of her changing face. Here, we, can draw a contrast between the phrase ‘how many’ and the phrase ‘But one man’. He, proves that he alone loved her pilgrim soul as well as the sorrows of her changing face.

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37, 2. Does the poem bring out the transient nature of beauty as against permanence, of love?, The poem “When You Are Old” by W. B. Yeats brings out the transient nature of beauty as, against permanence of love. He also makes an attempt to persuade the young lady not, to ignore him or his love. He argues that all other suitors are merely attracted by her, youthful beauty and elegance, whereas he is attracted by her pilgrim soul., He claims that the love exhibited by her many other suitors may not last long and might, change as she grows old. Their love is not true which will change as her beauty withers, away. On the contrary, the poet’s love will remain constant and unconditional. He, would love her ‘pilgrim soul’ as well as the sorrows of her changing fac. Thus, the, poem suggests that ‘beauty’ is transient in nature whereas ‘love’ is permanent and, perennial., 3. How does the speaker express his longing for his beloved in “When You Are, Old”?, OR, Whose love is true and intense in “When You Are Old”?, The poem “When You Are Old” is a beautiful love poem. It throws light on how the, speaker sincerely express love for her beloved., The speaker in the poem believes that the other young men only love her physical, charm. They are not all sincere in their love towards her. It means their love disappear, once she loses her physical beauty. On the other hand, he says that he loves truly., According to him, true love is the love of the inner self and has a spiritual aspect in it,, unfortunately, the lady has not responded to his love., He tries to make her realize that only his love will be stable. If she ignores him and, makes a wrong a decision, she will regret it later. Thus, we can say that the speaker’s, love true and intense.

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38, , THE GARDENER, P. Lankesh, About the Author:, P. Lankesh (1935-2000) is an Indian writer and Journalist. He started the Lankesh, Patrike of his own in Kannada language and had written many novels and short stories in, Kannada language., , Glossary:, Rivalry, Impoverish, Encounter, Suffused, Petty, Perceptible, Lethargic, Apprehensive, Embankment, Guises, Adjacent, Invasion, Annihilate, Reputation, Raison-de-etre, Humiliation, Vengefulness, Agony, Flourishing, , –, –, –, –, –, –, –, –, –, –, –, –, –, –, –, –, –, –, –, , Competition, Make poor, weaken, Meet, Cover, Small, Total, Lazy, Fearful, Mound, Pretence, Lying near, Invading, Destroy, Famous, Causes of life, Insult, Mortification, Revenge, Distress, Success

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39, , Summary:, The narrator met an old man standing in coconut farm near Channarayapattana. The, old man was tall grey hair, a long beak like nose and strong arms. He had a spade to tend, coconut trees. He carried a news paper. The narrator saw in him a labourer, philosopher, and overseer. He knew all about agriculture. He maintained the farm of his own. The result, of his work as owner life style changed. He became lazy but income increased., The life of owner became colourful. His prestige improved. The owner’s wife was, happy to see expansion of their farm but at the same time worried about her husband. The, old man understood all this. So he told a story there lived in a far off place a man named, Tammanna. He had everything. He commanded all the respect. But his rival Basavaiah. He, could not see Tammanna coming up in life., Tammanna had 1000 acres of land. Basavaiah had 800 acres. One day Basavaiah went, with his friends and acquired 200 acres of Tammanna’s land forcibly. He put a fence, around to land many people advised to Tammanna to go to court, to police & punish, Basavaiah. But Tammanna did not pay any attention to all this because he had a different, plan., He composed all his experiences in the form of ballads and sang them. The songs, contained about Basavaiah’s cruelty and manners. Many scholars came and analysed the, song. Tammanna was very famous. He possessed everything. Tammanna was ill. He was, very happy because Tammanna’s disease was Basavaiah’s health. So he refers to Russia, and America. But a man cannot live without a rival. He thought that his death alone could, destroy Basavaiah. So he gave up everything and started off. The people thought that, Tammanna died. But Basavaiah did not feel like living. He found no meaning in his existence., So he passed away. When Tammanna came to know this, he forgot all his songs and, ballads. Forgive me. I had seen all this in a dream.

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40, QUESTION AND ANSWERS:, I. One Mark Question:, 1) When did Tammanna forget all his songs and ballads?, Ans: After Basavaiah death., 2) Whom did Basavaiah consider as his most important possession in ‘The, Gardener’? [M-2016], Ans: Tammanna., 3) Who was Tammanna’s rival in ‘The Gardener’? [2016-S], Ans: Basavaiah, 4) How much of Tammanna’s land did Basavaiah forcibly acquire at first? [M2017] & [M-2019], Ans: 200 Acres / Two Hundred Acres., 5) Who was Basavaiah’s rival in ‘The Gardener’? [M-2018], Ans: Tammanna, 6) Who was felicitated as the best of his time in ‘The Gardener’? [M-2020], Ans: Tammanna., 7) What became the main reason of Tammanna’s life in ‘The Gardener’?, Ans: Art, 8) What was the most important Possession of Tammanna?, Ans: His rival / Basavaiah., 9) Tammanna’s disease was Basavaiah’s......................., Ans: Health., 10) When, according to narrator, does man lose his name in ‘The Gardener’?, Ans: After a particular age., 11) What does the old man carry in one hand?, Ans: Spade., 12) What did the old man tuck under his arm?, Ans: A Newspaper., 13) What was the old man well—versed in?, Ans: Agriculture.

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41, 14) How many acres of wet land did Tammanna have?, Ans: 10 Acres., 15) Who did the old man narrate his story to?, Ans: Plantation owner’s wife., 16) Which country had been sworn enemy of America?, Ans: Russia., 17) Where was the coconut grave located?, Ans: Near Channarayapattana., 18) The owner’s life was particularly upset about which vice of the owner?, Ans: His Adultery., 19) What becomes ‘Raison-d-etre’ of Tammanna life?, Ans: Art., II. Four Marks Question and Answers:, Answer the following questions in a paragraph of 80-100 words each:, 4 Marks, 1) How did the owner’s life style change after the arrival the old man in ‘The, Gardener’. [M-2017 & 2020], The Story ‘The Gardener’ was written by noted writer and journalist, P. Lankesh. The, old man was a labourer, overseer, Philosopher and all rolled into one. He came to the, garden and stayed on. He was really useful. He well aware of the Problems workers. He, controlled petty thefts in the garden. The income was increased. Automatically owner’s, life was changed., The plantation expanded. But owner became lethargic and shied away from hard work., His wealth and social prestige had risen higher. He acquired many friends. His life, became crowded with colourful events., She became doubtful about his adultery and many other bad habits. She was happy for, this but their life also was gradually getting out of hand. They made their life to gradually, get out of their hand., (2) Give an account of the strategies used by Tamaanna to destroy Basavaiah. [4, Marks, 2016 March], “Man has to adapt to situation otherwise he could not survive in the world”, ‘The Gardener’ is written by P.Lankesh. It is the story of an old man whom the author

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42, met in Channarayapatana. He was well versed in agriculture and management of workers., The old man narrated to her a story., Once there was a village. Two rivals were Tammanna and Basavaiah. Tammanna owned, 1000 acres, Basavaiah had 800 acres. A jealous Basavaiah coveted more and attacked, Tammanna and forcibly acquired 200 acres. At first, Tammanna tried to get back his, land through various means, legalese and by force, all in vain., He started to compose ballads on the evil nature of Basavaiah and started singing them., He was famous in the surrounding villages. Basavaiah could not tolerate it. He paid, people to praise him all to no avail., Tammanna stopped writing ballads and thought death was final solution to end their, rivalry. He went away from their village. Basavaiah without a good competition and a, meaning for his life. He died away. Tammanna forgot his songs and ballads. He became, a non –entity., III. Six Marks Questions and Answers:, Answer the following questions in a paragraph 200 words., 6 Marks, 1) Trace the course of rivalry between Tammanna & Basavaiah moved away from, visible domain to an abstract domain. [2016-Mar & 2019-Mar], Or, How did Basavaiah try to overcome his humiliation? [July-2015], How did Tammanna react to Basavaiah encroachment of his land?, Or, Man goes on leaving for same revenge. To what extent is this true in case, Basavaiah & Tammanna in the Gardener? [Mar-2016], Ans: This lesson is written by P.Lankesh. In the beginning, there was a healthy, competition between Tammanna & Basavaiah. If Tammanna bought four more acres, to his land. Basavaiah also followed the same. If one had ten friends, other had fifteen., The purchase of land from grew. There was no land left in the village for them to buy., Tammanna had one thousand acres. Basavaiah owned eight hundred. As Basavaiah, could not tolerate this. He took away Tammanna’s land forcibly., Tammanna found a new method that could destroy Basavaiah completely. He started, composing all his experience in the form of Ballads and Singing of Basavaiah’s cruelty, &meanness. Now the rivalry between Tammanna and Basavaiah started moving away

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43, from things that were visible, towards an invisible abstract domain., Tammanna become well known and earned fame. Basavaiah filled his house with materials, wealth. He invited musicians & scholars to his house. Tammanna was ill; Tammanna’s, disease was Basavaiah’s health. Tammanna felt that his death alone could destroy, Basavaiah completely. So he gave up everything and stated off., Thus rivalry between Tammanna and Basavaiah keeps moving from visible domain to, invisible., , We all want to help one another., Human beings are like that., We want to live by each other’s happiness,, not by each other’s misery., - Charlie Chaplin

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44, , HEAVEN, IF YOU ARE NO, T HERE ON EARTH, Kuvempu, , About the author:, K.V. Puttappa (1904-1994). He is widely known by his pen name KUVEMPU. He, is acknowledged as the greatest poet of 20th century Kannada literature. He is first among, the eight recipients of Jnanapith Award for Kannada., Glossary:Nymph, Roaring, Verdant, Gentle, Imbibing, Spilling, Nectar, , –, –, –, –, –, –, –, , Angel., Enormous, Huge., Green with Grass., Calm., Guzzle., Spread, Leak., Amrita, Honey, Ambrosia., , Summary:, The Poet opines that heaven is not somewhere in the sky. It is to be found on this noble, Earth. The beauty in nature makes the Earth a heavenly place. He feels that the Earth is, more beautiful than heaven. We find the Sun shines tenderly makes the Earth a heavenly, place., We have to be gods and heavenly nymphs because there are no other gods or nymphs., We have cultivated compassion, love, humanism, forgiveness, kindness and harmony. Then, we become gods.We should wish for the universal well-being setting aside our jealousy,, contempt, enmity, disregard and cruelty we should possess selfless love.

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45, He says that we should make the Earth a heaven because our nature satisfies our need, but not greed we should love all and help the needy without any reward., , QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, I. One Marks Questions and Answers:, 1) Where according to the poets is ‘heaven’?, Ans: On Earth, 2) Who creates ‘Heaven’ on Earth?, Ans: We ourselves., 3) Where does Heaven lie?, Ans: On Earth, 4) What does heaven imbibe and spill?, Ans: The Song of nectar, 5) What are the different forms of nature that make Earth a heaven?, Ans: The roaring stream, the tender sun shine, harvest and moon light., 6) What leans on verdant gardens?, Ans: The tender sun shine., 7) Where is heaven scattered everywhere?, Ans: Splendour of harvest and moonlight., , Four or Six Marks Question and Answers:, 1) “Heaven is creation of one’s own mind”. Explain with reference to “Heaven, if, you are not on Earth., Or, “Heaven lies all over”. How is this brought out in “Heaven, if you are not on, Earth?, Or, “Heaven can be created on Earth”. Justify with the Poet’s point of view., Ans: This Poem is written by. K.V.Puttappa. He is widely known by Pen name Kuvempu., He was second poet of “Rastra Kavi”., The Poem’s main theme is message that man should not search for heaven somewhere, else. But here on Earth itself. He feels that the earth is more beautiful than heaven. If the

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46, human beings cannot be gods then there can be no gods. So he asks man to have, virtues like honesty, love, compassion, passion loyalty and mercy., The Poet says that roaring stream rushing fast, the greenery, the foam of ocean, and the, light of Sun etc. All these are extraordinary than heaven. Heaven lies all over in splendour, of harvest and moon light. Man should work hard to get the harvest of labour., Heaven exists everywhere imbibing and spilling the Song of nectar. Poet should aim to, create heaven on earth. It is the creation of one’s own mind. Thus heaven is on Earth, itself based on human feelings. Nature is more beautiful than heaven., , SUCCESS IS NOT THE KEY TO HAPPINESS, HAPPINESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS., IF YOU LOVE WHAT YOU ARE DOING,, YOU WILL BE SUCCESSFUL.

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47, , JAPAN AND BRAZIL THROUGH A, TRAVELER’S EYE, Gorge Mikes, , About the Author:, George Mikes is a prominent Hungarian writer who has extensively written of life and, manners of people. He is also a writer of travelogues, an author, publisher and a journalist., Japan and Brazil are two extracts from his books ‘The Rising of the yen and How to, Tango’, which gives descriptions about the people and their culture of Japan and also gives, descriptions about traffic in Brazil with his keen humorous observations., Glossary:, Mania, , -, , craze, obsession., , Condescend, , -, , stoop, humiliate., , Genetic, , -, , hereditary., , Subtly, , -, , delicate., , Tokyo, , -, , places in Japan., , Serenity, , -, , peace, calmness., , Heinous, , -, , hateful, wicked., , Tokoido, Osaka, , Copacabana, Avenida, President Vargas - places in Brazil.

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48, , Summary:, JAPANESE MANNERS:, *, *, *, *, *, *, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, *, *, *, *, *, , The Japanese are exquisitely well-mannered people., Japan is hopelessly overcrowded island., The little red telephone on a table or on a counter – in the streets, shops, halls of, hotels- is his castle., Most confidential business transactions, intimate love quarrels-conducted in, public; yet in perfect privacy., The Japanese have mania for bowing., The Japanese bowing- characteristicsAll bow to one another, With a ceremonious solemnity of a courtier, Yet it is quite natural, It is inimitable and very complex, It is a casual act like shaking hand, kissing the cheek, But, bit quainter, more formal, more oriental, There is a complicated hierarchy in bowing, All members of the family, babies in saddles, animals bow, Tokaido Line – between Tokyo and Osaka – famous and fast rail line-two conductors, bowed before proceeding, At Nara a deer bowed to the author before snatching food packet from him., With the arrival of bus bowing gentlemen- savages., While eating soup- a fearful noise to be made- a sign of appreciation—if not called, ill-mannered lout, This noise too is inimitable- if made, termed “disgusting”., , TRAFFIC IN BRAZIL:, * The Brazilians love leisure and beauty., * The grey pavements in the streets of Copacabana are often decorated with beautiful, black mosaics., * As soon as these “leisurely characters” (Brazilians) get steering wheel in hand, (drive in the highest speed) no speed is high for them.

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49, *, *, *, *, *, , The cars are very costly in Brazil as the import duties are murderous and crippling, (very high)., In spite of high cost, the number of motor cars in Brazil is growing by leaps and, bounds- as if they are distributed free of cost to all and sundry., The pedestrian’s life is becoming more hazardous every day., The drivers are always on look out for the pedestrians to chase , as a fair game –, like hunter and prey- in the end both smile amicably and part., Avenida Presidente Vargas –worst traffic hit place—to cross the road is impossible, here., , QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, I. One Marks Questions and Answers:, Answer the following questions in a word, a phrase or a sentence each., 1) What is the assessment of any visitor to Japan in a quarter of an hour about the, manners of its people?, Ans: The visitor assesses that they are extremely well mannered people., 2) What is the reaction of Japanese when someone is talking over phone in a, public place?, Ans: He does not care to listen to the conversation and he respects privacy., 3) How do the Japanese greet people?, Ans: Greet by bowing to everybody., 4) What behavior substitutes privacy in Japan?, Ans: Courtesy., 5) What is the infectious practice in Japanese society?, Ans: Bowing to everyone., 6) What are the different ways of greeting all over the world?, Ans: Bowing, Shaking hands, kissing the cheek etc.,, 7) The reference to public telephone suggests., a)How overcrowded Japan is., b)How Japanese respect privacy., c) How busy Japanese are., Ans: b) How Japanese respect privacy

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50, 8) Why are there no telephone booths in Japan?, Ans: They have no space to spare for booths., 9) What does Mikes call ‘A man’s castle’ in Japan?, Ans: A man’s telephone receiver., 10) Why bowing is called quaint?, Ans: It is more attractive, Oriental and infectious., 11) What was the strange traffic law passed by one of the American states?, Ans: If the two cars met at an intersection neither was to move before the other had gone., 12) What will the child in the mother’s saddle do when she bows to others?, Ans: Child also bows from the saddle., 13) What do the two conductors do as soon as they enter a carriage in Tokaido line?, Ans: They move to the middle of the coach and bow reverentially in both directions before, checking the tickets., 14) What does bowing depend on in official relations?, Ans: It depends on rank, age, and social position., 15) What does hierarchy in bowing demand for?, Ans: Youngsters need to bow to their elders., 16) What is the duty of the bowing girls in Japanese stores?, Ans: These girls bow deeply and reverentially to all sundry., 17) What is the duty of the page boys?, Ans: To turn revolving doors for everyone., 18) How did the deer greet the narrator in one of the parks of Nara?, Ans: He came to the narrator, looked into his eyes and bowed deeply., 19) What did the deer do after bowing to the narrator?, Ans: After bowing, it jumped at the narrator and snatched the little food bag from his hand., 20) How do the bowing gentle men behave while getting into the bus?, Ans: They almost behave savagely pushing each other aside to get into the bus., 21) How should you express your appreciations in Japan while eating soup?, Ans: You must make a fearful noise., 22) Where did the writer meet a deer?, Ans: Nara – A small wild deer park in Japan.

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51, 23) What does the hostess think of you, if you don’t make a fearful noise?, Ans: She thinks that you are an ill-mannered lout., 24) Where did the writer see the decorated pavements?, Ans: In the streets of Copacabana in Brazil., 25) How are pavements in Brazil decorated?, Ans: with beautiful black mosaics., 26) The decorations on the pavements with black mosaics were created by., a)The leisurely people who were alive to beauty., b)The people employed by the city Copacabana., c) The professional artists to make money., Ans: a) The leisurely people who were alive to beauty., 27) What happens when leisurely people in Brazil get a steering wheel in their, hands?, Ans: No speed is fast enough for them., 28) Why are the motorcars expensive in Brazil?, Ans: The import duties are crippling and murderous., 29) Who are the drivers in Brazil look out for?, Ans: The pedestrians., 30) How does a driver in Brazil consider a pedestrian on stepping off the pavement?, Ans: Considers him as a fair game., 31) Whose life is more hazardous in Brazil?, Ans: Pedestrian’s life., 32) What do the driver and pedestrian finally do after the chase in Brazil?, Ans: Smile amicably at each other., 33) What does the narrator compare the driver and the pedestrian with?, Ans: Compare them with hunter and prey., 34) What will happen to you as driver when you are over taken by other drivers on, both sides?, Ans: They will force you to brake violently and commit all sorts of brutal crimes on the, road.

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52, 35) The Japanese have no space to spare for booths means., a)Japan is too crowded to spare a space for booths., b)Japanese think, the booths are nuisance., c) Japanese dislike privacy of booths., Ans: a) Japan is too crowded to spare for booths means., 36) What distinguishes war between drivers?, Ans: It looks murderous, but good tempered., 37) Which is the worst place for road crossing in Brazil?, Ans: Avenida presidente Vargas., , II. Four Marks Question and Answers:, Answer the following in 80-100 words:, 1. Bring out the culture of Japanese as explained by George Mikes., Ans: In this article, the author introduces the reader to one of the most fascinating and, conspicuous cultural habits of the Japanese people. He tells the reader that as soon as, you land in Japan, you perceive immediately that the Japanese are exquisitely well, mannered. Very soon, you will also discover that the Japanese are very courteous and, ensure that they do not violate a speaker’s privacy while talking to someone over the, phone. Then you can to be a witness to people bowing to each other almost everywhere, as if it is an obsession with them. The author is much impressed by this way of culture, as how the people are adopted in their everyday life., 2. What is unique about bowing in Japan?, OR, 3. Why is bowing in Japan a complicated process?, Ans: The Japanese bow before others when they meet them. Whether they are friends or, not is not important. They bow in a disciplined manner. There is seriousness in it., There is also a hierarchy in bowing. The wife bows to her husband, the child bows to, his father, the younger brother’s bow before their elder brothers, the sisters bow to all, brothers. The author tells that this appears little complicated to us but they manage it, easily. They bow without knowing the other. They bow in their natural style. One, follows the social rank. They manage bowing without any difficulty. They do not care, for the social rank. Their social position is reflected in that half second one man bows, before the others. One can understand their deep respect for the other in such situations.

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53, , III. Six Marks Questions And Answers:, 1. Bowing in Japan is quainter, more formal, and more oriental - do you agree?, Discuss., Ans: George Mikes is a well travelled journalist. He has visited many countries. He has, recorded how the people of that country behave in ordinary days. In Japan he sees, bowing as their special feature. He records how they bow, to whom they bow, how, they behave after bowing etc., keeping the act of bowing in the centre he tries to explain, the nature of the Japanese., Bowing is quaint: For an European it appears strange and wonderful. In no country, they do like that. In other countries people just shake their hands when they meet. In, India we see ‘Namaste’. But in Japan from a child to the eldest, they bend their body, and greet. It appears strange. And it is also infectious in Japan. After a few hours, you, start bowing to others. As you are not well acquainted with that practice, you bow, either too deeply or not deeply enough., Bowing is formal: Japanese do it in a very natural way without any pretentions. It is, a way of life, which they are following for centuries. They do it with good intention., There is respect for an individual, his age, his experience and his strength. It is a formal, activity even the smallest difference in rank, age, social position, they manage it easily., Bowing is oriental: there are some basic rules inside the family. The wife bows to her, husband, the child to his father, younger brother to elder brother and the sister to all, brothers of any age., For examples:, 1) Even the babies on the back of their mothers in the saddle, bow graciously, from the height where ever the mothers bow to others., 2) The Japanese employ bowing girls to bow in their stores. They bow to everybody with, respect who enters the stores., 3) Even the conductors in the buses bow passengers and start checking tickets., 4) A deer in a park of Nara also bowed to the narrator. Then the writer felt that quality, might be an imitation or genetic trait of Japanese., Japan belongs to the East and hence an oriental country. In west there is a different, method. To qualify this he says it is oriental.

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54, 2. Discuss how traffic in Brazil leads to humorous observations., OR, According to George Mikes, “the people of Brazil are both leisurely and speed, loving “. Explain., Ans: Brazilians are leisurely people. But when they get steering wheels in their hands, they, drive with unbelievable speed. Fast driving is a fun to them., Motor cars are expensive in Brazil. Still they have cars. Because of that, life of the, pedestrians is becoming more and more dangerous there. They love and praise beauty,, so they decorate the pavements with mosaics., They love driving with high speed. The drivers don’t care about pedestrians. If any, pedestrian step off the pavement, the drivers consider him a fair game. He takes aim, and accelerates to kill the pedestrian. The pedestrian has to jump, leap and run for dear, life. The drivers chase the pedestrians like a hunter and prey. After the chasing game,, they part with a smile. Driver and pedestrian smile at each other, in a friendly way. The, escaped pedestrian may say, ‘I win today, you will win tomorrow’. There is heavy, traffic on roads. The ‘Avenida Presidente Vargas’, is the worst place for traffic, problem. As the vehicles are moving continuously at traffic speed, to cross road here, is a dream. To describe it the narrator writes humorously that the man standing on one, side of the road may shout at his friend on the other side, “How on earth did you get, over there?” The friend shouts back “How? I was born on this side”. Such a long, time! No chance to cross!, Thus the writer narrates humourously about the funny side of the traffic in Brazil., 3. Bring out the humour in the description of people and places in Japan and, Brazil., Ans: George Mikes is Hungarian writer and Journalist. He has visited many foreign countries, and has written articles on each visit. In the present lesson he writes about the people, of Japan and their culture, and also gives description about traffic in Brazil, with his, humorous observations., For George Mikes, the Japanese way of bowing to the other appears strange and, puzzling for instance, if two Japanese meet, they bow in their natural style with or, without introduction. It is a complicated for as to understand, But they manage it, easily. All youngsters bow to the elders. Children bow to their parents, a mother bows, to the other person standing before her. At the time, the child on her back bows to that, fellow, bows graciously from that height whenever the mothers bow to others. The

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55, Japanese employ bowing girls in the stores. They bow to everybody with respect., The conductors enter the bus, bow to the passengers and then check them for tickets., When the author goes to a park, he tells as that even that deer bowed to him. Before, the bus comes, like the savages they push into the bus to get a seat there. All these, really appear strange and puzzling even to us., In case of eating soup, it is more dangerous for a European. The Japanese hostess, expects the guest too make a fearful noise as a sign of appreciation. If not, the host, will think that their guest is an ill mannered lout. If he makes a noise, the hostess will, think he is not a well brought up European. It seems very strange to us. The writer also, writes about cars, driver, vehicles and pedestrian’s fate, in Brazil. They want to go fast,, faster and fastest. Driving is a game for them. They compete with others in the street., They are not worried about the inconvenience caused to the pedestrians who have to, cross the road. So he tells that there is no anger, no hostility or mad hooting. They, always smile at the other., George Mikes gives a humorous touch in the end. A fellow tries for a long time to, cross a busy road. This Brazilian has waited for hours and later he recognizes a friend, on the other side of the road. They are so near but so far. When questioned how he is, able to cross, he just says smilingly, ‘How? I was born on this side’, such, observations in Brazil give humorous touch to the article.

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56, , THE VOTER, Chinua Achebe, , About the Author:, Chinua Achebe (1930-2013) is a Nigerian novelist, poet, professor and critic. Achebe’s, novels mainly focus on traditions of Igbo society, the effect of Christian influences and, democracy., Glossary:, Port Harcourt, : capital of Rivers state, Nigeria, Umuofia, : one of the fictional groups of nine villages in Nigeria inhabited by, the Igbo people., En masse, : in one group or body; altogether., Ozo feast, : Highest and most important magico-religious festival in the Igbo, clan of Nigeria., Iriko tree, : It is a large hardwood tree from the west coast of tropical Africa., Iyi, : Native deity., Landslide victory : a victory by a large margin in election., QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, , One Marks Questions and Answers:, I. Answer the following questions in a word, a phrase or a sentence each., 1. What was the popular name of Rufus Okeke?, Ans: Roof., 2. Where did Roof work as a bicycle repairer’s apprentice?, Ans: Port Harcourt.

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57, 3. To which party did Marcus belong?, Ans: People’s Alliance Party [PAP]., 4. What was Marcus in the outgoing government?, Ans: Minister of culture., 5. What had Marcus named his new house?, Ans: ‘Umuofia Mansions’, 6. Who was the most trusted campaigner of Marcus?, Ans: Roof., 7. How much did Marcus offer the people at first to vote for him?, Ans: Two shillings., 8. What was Marcus’ wife?, Ans: Teacher., 9. Which was the opposition party of Marcus?, Ans: Progressive Organization Party [POP]., 10. Who was the leader of POP?, Ans: Maduka., 11. Why did the leader of the POP visit Roof?, Ans: To buy his vote., 12. How much did Maduka offer roof to vote for him?, Ans: Five pounds., 13. What was the symbol of PAP?, Ans: Motor car., 14. What was the symbol of POP?, Ans: Man’s head., , Four Marks Questions and Answers:, 1. Trace the change in the attitude of the villagers before the second election. Give, reasons?, Ans: Marcus Ibe was a minister in the outgoing government. He was seeking his re-election., After the last general election he became wealthy and powerful. The villagers surprised, to know how a winning in an election could change an ordinary man into a powerful

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58, person. They also knew that it was their votes which had given /Marcus such a position, and benefit. They regretted for casting their votes free of charge in the previous general, election. They realized that they had underrated the power of the ballot paper. So, they, decided not to do so again instead they demanded money for their votes., 2. What was the justification for the formation of the POP?, Ans: Progressive organization Party [POP] was formulated by the tribes down the coast to, save themselves from total political, cultural, social and religious annihilation. It appeared, that POP was going to be a strong opposition party to people’s alliance Party [PAP] in, the country. The workers of the new party were all local rascals and thugs. The founders, of the POP had no hope at all to capture power in the next election. But, the party, wanted to create an impression in the minds of the people that the new party could pay, them not in shillings but in pounds if they listen to them. Thus, the writer with the, reference of political parties wanted to saterise the fact that neither the ruling party nor, the opposition party was interested in improving the welfare of the people., 3. Roof is an intelligent manipulator. Justify with reference to the story., Ans: Roof is an energetic young man. He returned to his village from the city with an, intension to guide his villagers in their difficult times. Later, he joins politics, and becomes, election campaign manager for Marcus. He learns few truths about people and politics., He becomes the most trusted friend of Marcus. The villagers are illiterate and innocent, people. They can hardly understand the values of their mandate. At the same time, the, villagers have no many choices to make in the election. It is because the country has no, strong opposition party. Roof exploits these situations to his advantage. He is a good, manipulator as well. He attends many whispering campaigns and there he is able to, create a good impression about Marcus in the minds of the people. He comes to know, that villagers now will not cast their votes at free of charge. So, he informs Marcus in, advance that he has to pay some money to the people in exchanges for their votes. A, secret understanding is made between Roof and election manager of POP just before, the second election. Roof has accepted money from the POP and promised them in the, name of Iyi that he will vote for them. But on the day of election he is caught in his, moral dilemma. But he handles it in a most skillful manner. He tears his ballot paper and, manages to cast his vote for both parties.

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59, , Six Marks Questions and Answers:, 1. The POP campaign leaders meeting with Roof shows the misuse of transparency, in a democratic set up. Discuss., Ans: Transparency is an essential condition for the success of democracy. In a, democratic set up the people have the freedom to vote for a person of their choice. The, candidates contesting in the election have permitted by law to try to earn the goodwill, of the voters including the workers of the opposition party. But, they have to maintain, transparency in their all such appointments and dealings. However, no candidate can, make a deal with people and buy their votes either by cash or kinds. Such practices are, against the law and unethical., In the story ‘The Voter’ the POP’s campaign leaders for the misuse of transparency in, a democratic set up roof was an efficient election campaigner for Marcus. He was a, prominent person in the ruling party. The leaders of the POP knew his popularity. So,, they wanted to buy his vote. They thought that if they were able to get his support, it, would be easy for them to get support of all common people through Roof. The, leaders of POP also wanted to send a message across all voters in the country that the, new party could them more than what the leaders of the outgoing party could pay. Men, and material have been used as a power to purchase the voters and their votes in the, present day politics. Such a kind of dirtiest practice has been described as the misuse, of transparency in a democratic set up in the story, 2. To every human comes a time of reckoning. How does Roof’s dilemma on the, day of election reflect this?, Ans: Roof was an energetic young man. He joined politics and became the election campaign, manager for Marcus. It was Roof who played an important role in the victory of, Marcus in the previous election. After winning in the election, Marcus became very rich, and powerful. Roof got equivalent share from the richness of Marcus. Roof was a, good manipulator of people. He gave colourful description to people about Marcus, and his party in his all election campaigns. Thus, he was able to create a good impression, about Marcus, before the second election. He read the minds of the people very well., So, he informed Marcus in advance that he had to use money to buy the votes to this, time., There was a new development in the political field of the country A new party called, POP was formed. The leaders of the party knew the popularity of Roof. They thought, that if they were able to get the support of Roof, it would be easy for them to get the

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60, support of all common people through him. One evening, the election leader of POP, met Roof. He tempted Roof with his money. Roof, who was greedy of money, accepted, it. The leader of the POP asked him to promise him in the name of Iyi that he would, support POP in the next election. Roof promised them, That he would keep up his promise. But on the day of election, when he went to cast, his vote he was caught in his moral dilemma. His conscience didn’t permit him to cheat, Marcus nor he could reject POP as he was feared by Iyi. Immediately, he hit upon an, idea. He tore his ballot paper. He put the first half into the box meant for Maduka and, the other half into the box meant for Marcus. Thus, he overcomes with his normal, dilemma. But his act of fearing ballot paper is condemnable. Roof had in valued himself, his right to vote. If also shows his inability to make a right choice for a right job and he, became an irresponsible voter. He had really disgraced the very spirit of democracy by, his act., 3) What comment on electoral systems does the story offer? Is it relevant?, Ans: The story “The Voter” comments that electoral system is not transparent in the present, democratic setup. The people in a democratic country are enthusiastic to elect a, government of their choice. In this story when the political parties were looking for a, suitable candidate to contest in the election, Marcus Ibe an ordinary teacher joined PAP, and got elected. He became minister in a government. As a minister he made a lot of, money and wealth. But his people of his village remained poor, ignorant and illiterate., They wondered how a wining in an election could change an ordinary man into a, powerful person. They also regretted for casting their voter at free of charge during the, previous election. So, they decided to demand money for their vote in the next election., It was roof, who played an important role in the victory of Marcus in the previous, election. He was intelligent and good manipulator of people. He informed Marcus in, advance that he had to use money to buy votes during the second election. He got, equivalent share from the wealth of Marcus. He grew corrupt and greedy of money., A new development took place in a national political system of the country. A new, political party called POP was formed. The leaders of the party were local rascals and, thugs. They knew the popularity of roof. They thought that if they were able to get the, support of all common people through roof. One evening, the election leader of POP, met Roof. He tempted him with his money. The leaders of POP asked him to promise, them in the name Iyi that he would vote for POP during the election. Roof replied that, he would keep up his promise. But on the Election Day, he was caught by his moral

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61, dilemma. But in front of money, wealth and temptation and fear of Iyi, his sense of, guilty seemed to b e ignorable. He tore his ballot paper into two halves and put his vote, for both Maduka and Marcus. Thus he overcame with his moral dilemma. The story, highlights the drawbacks of a modern democratic country is free from corruption, today. All political parties have been trying to buy the votes of the voters. There is no, moral commitment for politicians and people as well. Electoral system and administration, in a democratic country should be free from corruption and temptation. It is necessary, because the success of democracy depends upon transparency in a democratic set up., So, it is need of the hour that we need to promote high degree of civic sense of rights, and duties and responsibilities among of all the people through education in the country., , Bad governments are elected by, good citizens who don’t vote

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62, , WHERE THERE IS A WHEEL, Palagummi Sainath, , About the Author:, Palagummi Sainath is an Indian journalist and photo journalist focusing on social, problems rural affairs, poverty. The essay ‘Where There is A Wheel’ is taken from his, book Everybody Loves a Good Drought., Glossary:, Defiance, Fetters, neo-literate, Zip, Swept, Gram sevikas, Arivoli Iyakkam, Vicious, Filthy, mustered, Phenomenon, undermining, Hostile, Mopeds, Non – chalance, , :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, , Challenge, Dore., Interrupted, new literates, force, capability, strength., forwarded, women social workers in Villages., light of knowledge movement., foul, immoral, impure, uncleanly., flock, cluster, bunch, accumulate., a fact or an accent in nature of society., denying, unfriendly, small motor cycles., indifference, unmoved.

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63, , Summary:, The title this essay shows high spirit, forwardness. In the title symbolic term ‘WHEEL’, represents Forth, forward, Running, Head on. Author Sainath elaborates how the rural, women hitting out the problems and how they taking to cycling in Tamil Nadu at Pudukkottai, as a social movement but there were not much neo-literate women in Pudukkottai district, women find ways to remove their problems and expressing challenges. Pudukkottai is one, of India’s poorest districts where cycling seems the chosen medium for rural women., There are neo-literates among the 1,00,000 rural women. For women bicycle as a symbol, of Independence, Freedom and mobility. Over one-fourth of all rural women here have, learnt cycling. 70,000 of these women took part in public Exhibition -cum- contests to display, their new skills. There were training camps’ also for new learners., Author describes the efforts of rural Pudukkottai there was a lady Jameela Bibi who, took to cycling & she told that it’s her right. She opined that they can go anywhere and, don’t have to wait for bus. She knew people made dirty remarks when she starred cycling, but she paid no attention. Another lady Fatima school teacher. She addicted to cycling she, hires a bicycle. She says there is freedom in cycling. They are not dependent on anyone, now. She can never give this up? Jameela, Fatima and Avakanni have trained other young, women in the art of cycling. Cycling has spread across this district. Women agricultural, workers, quarry laborers, Village health nurses are among its fans. The balwadi and, Anganwadi workers, Gem cutters and school teachers, Gramsevikas and mid-day meal, workers are getting hands together and everyone took a part in cycling movement. The, districts dashing literacy drive, led by Arivoli Iyakkam has been quick to top this energy., Author elaborates one more figure that was N. Kannammal Arivoli central coordinator and, pioneers cycling movement. In his opinion cycling was the confidence it reduced their, dependence on men. Women used cycle to collect water, carting provisions, from other, places, Arivoli gave cycling social sanction Arivoli visited ‘cycling training camp’ that is, an usual experience in Kilakuruchi village learners had practiced cycling offered a way for, routines and male imposed barriers. Trained women have come back to help new learners., They named as ‘master trainers’. However, their experience enriched literary movement., The author introduced the whole fact was the brainchild of popular former, district Collector, Sheela Rani Chunkath. Her idea in 1991 was to train female activists, because literacy would reach women. She also adding mobility as a part of the literacy, drive. Chunkath pushed the banks to give loans for the women to buy cycles. Activists,

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64, Neo-literates and every woman learned the cycling. It became shortage of ladies’ cycles., Then women would do adjust ‘Gents’ cycles. After the International Women’s Day in 1992, over 1500 female cyclists took Pudukkottai with storm., Besides the activists of cycling there the dealer S.Kannakarajan owner of Ram cycles saw, variation of amount in the sale of ladies cycle in one year. Muthu Bhaskaran, a male Arivoli, activist he wrote famous cycling song to encourage cyclists., Along with that author reveals a quote those who know cycling, they can be mobile. In, 1992 more than 70,000 Arivoli women displayed their cycling skills at the public ExhibitionCum-Contests. For this UNICEF sanctioned so mopeds for Arivoli women., In addition to women empowerment author expresses few things on how the, cycling influences on economic implications. It boosts income women started sell agricultural, and other produces. For women (1) the bicycle cuts down on time wasted in waiting for, buses (2) secondly, it gives much more time to focus on selling their produce. Thirdly it, enlarges the area you can hope to cover lastly; it can increase your leisure time too, should, you choose., At last Fatima says that what money does she make from cycling? She loses money and, she can’t afford a bicycle. But she hires one every evening just to feel that goodness, that independence. In her opinion bicycle as a metaphor for freedom., In concluding part of this essay Kannammal brings out his views on rural women. It, is difficult for people to see how big this is for rural women! It’s Himalayan achievement, like flying an aero plane, for them. People may laugh. Only the women know how important, it is!, In the postscript of this essay when author returned to Pudukkottai in Apr 1995, the craze, was remained. There were number of women unable to afford bicycles each now cast Rs., 1100. But Pudukkottai remains unique among Indian districts for the Stunning proportion, of women who have taken to cycling. And the enthusiasm for gaining the skill among the, rest.

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65, , QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS :, I. One Mask Questions And Answers:, 1. Where was cycling as a social movement started according to P. Sainath?, Ans: In Pudukkottai., 2. What is meant by ‘neo-cyclists’ mentioned in ‘Where There is A wheel’?, Ans: Women who have newly learnt cycling., 3. Name one of the three women who other women trained in cycling in where, there is a wheel?, Ans: Jameela / Fatima / Avakanni., 4. What does Bicycle represent for the rural women according to P. Sainath?, Ans: Symbol of freedom, independence and mobility., 5. Who have been benefited the most by cycling according Job P. Sainath?, Ans: Rural women., 6. Who took to ‘cycling’ as a social movement in ‘where there is a wheel’?, Ans: The rural women in Pudukkottai., 7. Which movement helped the ‘neo-literates to become ‘neo - cyclists’ according, to P. Sainath?, Ans: Arivoli Iyakkam., 8. What has been a chosen medium for rural women of Pudukkottai according to, P. Sainath?, Ans: cycle., 9. Name the quarry worker and Arivoli volunteer who trains other women in, ‘Where There is a Wheel’, Ans: Manormani., 10. What was Fatima by profession according to P. Sainath?, Ans: A secondary school teacher, 11. Who gave social sanction to cycling according to P. Sainath?, Ans: Arivoli., 12. What is ‘Arivoli Iyakkam’ mentioned is ‘where there is A, wheel?, Ans: Light of knowledge movement.

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66, 13. Who is one of the pioneers of the cycling movement according to P. Sainath?, Ans: N. Kannammal, 14. Who was Manormani mentioned in where there is a Wheel?, Ans: A quarry worker and an Arivoli volunteer., 15. Who was Muttu Bhaskaran mentioned in where there Is A wheel?, Ans: A male Arivoli activist., 16. Name the Arivoli activist who wrote the famous cycling song according to P., Sainath?, Ans: Muttu Bhaskaran., 17. Who is Sheela Rani Chunkath mentioned in Where There is a wheel?, Ans: Former district Collector of Pudukkottai., 18. In which official position was Sheela Rani Chunkath according to P. Sainath?, Ans: District collector., 19. Who sanctioned 50 mopeds for Arivoli women activist according to P. Sainath?, Ans: UNICEF., 20. Who was S. Kanakarajan mentioned in “Where There Is A wheel?, Ans: Owner of Ram cycles., 21. Mention one of the reasons for women’s buying of gents cycles according to P., Sainath., Ans: Shortage of ladies cycles., 22. Where did the rural women display their new cycling skills according to P., Sainath?, Ans: In public exhibition-cum- contests., 23. What according to P. Sainath played a big role in undermining women’s, confidence?, Ans: lack of mobility., 24. Who was the owner of Ram cycles according to P. Sainath?, Ans: S. Kanakarajan., 25. Whose brain child as the cycling movement according to P. Sainath?, Ans: Sheela Rani Chunkath.

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67, 26. What did the cycle gave women in Pudukkottai according to Arivoli coordinator, N. Kannammal?, Ans: Confidence., 27. Which village of Pudukkottai make women their Sunday best for ‘cycling, training camp?, Ans: Kilakuruchi., 28. What did Arivoli Iyakkam spread?, Ans: Literacy drive., , Four Marks Questions And Answers:, 1. How does cycling empower rural women in Pudukkottai?, Ans: Cycling has become the symbol of independence, freedom and mobility. Over, one fourth of all rural women have learnt cycling. They can go anywhere and don’t, have to wait for a bus. It has reduced their dependence on men and it has given, them confidence. It has boosted income. It has cut down on time wasted in waiting, for buses. It has given them more time to focus on selling their produce. It enlarges, the area they can hope to cover. Also it can increase their leisure time. It gives them, a sense of self respect and self confidence. Moreover, it serves as a metaphor, for freedom., 2. How did Sheela Rani Chunkath empower the women in Pudukkottai?, Ans: Cycling was the brainchild of Sheela Rani Chunkath. She was the former, district collector of Pudukkottai. Her idea was to train female literacy activists to reach, the interior villages. She also included mobility as a part of literacy drive. The lack, of mobility among the women played a big role in undermining their confidence., She forced the banks to give loans for the women to buy bicycles. She also made, each block to accept specific duties in promoting the cycling. As the top official in, the district, she gave it great personal attention., 3. What as the role of Arivoli in liberating the women of Pudukkottai?, Ans: The cycling movement was started by Arivoli. According to its central coordinator, N. Kannammal, cycle gave rural women confidence and reduced their dependence on, men, Arivoli conducted cycle training camps in Kilakuruchi village where women learn, cycling on every Sunday’s cycling offered a way out of enforced routines, around, male - imposed barriers. The neo - cyclists even sing songs to encourage bicycling., The widespread perception among them that all women ought to learn cycling.

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68, , Six Marks Questions and Answers, 1. People find various ways of hitting out at their backwardness. How is this true, in the rural women’s case of Pudukkottai?, Ans: People are thought to be backward when they make less progress. Being, backward implies an underdeveloped state in the social, economic and cultural areas., But as Sainath observes in his essay, these backward people can come out of, their backwardness in a strange and interesting manner. This has been proved in the, case of rural women of Pudukkottai district of Tamil Nadu., Pudukkottai is one of the poorest districts of India. In this district, rural women have, chosen bicycle as a medium of transformation. They have taken to cycling, gained, independence, mobility and trying to express themselves in a remarkable way., Cycle is a humble vehicle. But it has caused a social movement. It has brought a, strange sense of freedom among both literate and illiterate women. It has stood as, a metaphor for freedom. It has boosted income. Some women sell agricultural or, other produces within a group of villages. For them, the cycle cuts down on time. It, gives these women much more time to focus on selling their produce. It enlarges the, selling area. It increases leisure time also., , “Each time a woman stands up for herself,, without knowing it possibly,, without claiming it,, she stands up for all women”, - Maya Angelou

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69, , EVERYTHING I NEED TO KNOW I, LEARNED IN THE FOREST, Vandana Shiva, , About the Author:, Vandana Shiva (born on 1952) is an internationally renowned activist for bio-diversity, and against corporate globalization. She is a YES! contributing editor. She had authored, Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global food and other books., In this essay Vandana Shiva says that the forests teach us the values of diversity,, freedom and co-existence., , Glossary:, Ecology, , :, , the study of relationships of organisms, with each other and their surroundings., , Bio-diversity, , :, , the variety of life in the world or in particular habitat., , Monoculture, , :, , the cultivation of a single crop., , Earth democracy, , :, , the freedom for all species to evolve within the, web of life., , Anthropocentrism, , :, , regarding humans as the central Element of the universe., , Organic farming, , :, , Farming practiced without using artificial chemicals., , Pluralism, , :, , a condition or a system in which two or More, states, groups, principles, sources Of authority., , Equity, , :, , Impartial.

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70, Renunciation, , :, , the formal rejection of belief, claim., , Consumerism, , :, , the protection of promotion of the interests of consumers., , Summary:, In the essay “Everything I need to know I learned in the forest”, Vandana Shiva tells us, how she learnt about environmentalism from the uneducated women. While the government, officials and men were cutting down the trees for logs, the women showed them that the, trees and forests are living things and we need to live with them., She participated in the Chipko movement and conducted pad-yatras to awaken people., The protection of bio-diversity and bio-diversity based living economies has become her, life’s mission. She learnt all the major ideals of a good life from the forests, and stressed the, need to accept diversity as the principle of life by all., She learnt about bio-diversity in the Himalayan forests. This motivated her to start, Navdanya farm. This was started in 1994 in the Doon Valley located in the lower elevation, of Himalayan region of Uttarkhand Province. In Navdanya farm they have conserved and, have grown 630 varieties of rice, 150 varieties of wheat, and hundreds of other species., Navdanya farm has been started to give the demonstration and training to the farmers., It’s like a movement for bio-diversity conservation and organic farming. Vandana Shiva, emphasized rights of nature on the global stage. When nature is our teacher we should, recognize her rights and agency. So it’s significant that Ecuador has considered ‘Rights of, Nature’ as basic rights in its constitution. In April 2011, the United Nations General Assembly, organized a conference on ‘Harmony with Nature’ as a part of earth day celebration. The, Conference pointed out the fact that, Earth is our mother and not just the supplier of raw, material. So, we need to live in harmony with nature. She speaks about eco-apartheid,, which is based on the illusion of separateness of humans from nature in our minds and, lives., The Earth University established at Navadanya farm is inspired by Rabindranath Tagore,, who started Shantiniketan to impart learning in nature. In his essay ‘Tapovan’ he writes that, forest of purity teaches us that forest is not only the source knowledge of freedom but it is, the source of beauty and joy, of art and aesthetics, of harmony and perfection. The peace, of forest has helped the intellectual evolution of man. Unity in diversity is the basis of both, ecological balance and democracy. There is unity in diversity in forests and we are united

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71, with nature through our relationship with the forest. The forest teaches us union and, compassion. She ends her essay by saying that if we protect the nature it protects us,, without nature or forest human beings cannot survive., QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, , One Marks Questions and Answers:, 1. Where did Vandana Shiva start her ecological journey?, Answer: In the forests of the Himalaya., 2. What motivated the author to get involved in the chipko movement?, Answer: The large scale deforestation that was taking place in the Himalayan Mountain., 3. When and where did the dramatic chipko action take place?, Answer: In the Himalayan village of Adwani in 1977., 4. Write the name of the woman who led resistance against her own husband?, Answer: Bachni Devi., 5. What did the forest bear according to the women?, Answer: Soil, water and pure air., 6. When was Navdanya farm started?, Answer: In 1994 in the Doon Valley., 7. Who started Navdanya movement?, Answer: Vandana Shiva., 8. What is Navadanya movement?, Answer: A movement for biodiversity conservation and organic farming., 9. What does the word “apartheid” means?, Answer: Separateness., 10. Which country has recognized the “Rights of Nature” in its constitution?, Answer: Ecuador., 11. Who is Cormac Cullinan?, Answer: A prominent South African environmentalist., 12. What does the Earth University teach?, Answer: The Earth University teaches earth democracy/ freedom.

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72, 13. What is earth democracy?, Answer: Life, freedom and responsibility of humans, as members of the family to recognize,, protect and respect the rights of other species., 14. Where is the Earth University located?, Answer: It is located at Navdanya, a biodiversity farm in Doon valley., 15. What do the participants learn at Earth University?, Answer: Participants learn to work with living seeds, living soil and the web of life., 16. Who are the participants at the biodiversity farm?, Answer: The participants include farmers, school children and people from across the, world., 17. Who wrote the essay ‘Tapovan’?, Answer: Rabindranath Tagore., 18. What does ‘Tapovan’ mean?, Answer: Forest of purity., 19. What is the cause for “the ultimate environmental destructive behavior”, according to the UN secretary general?, Answer: It is the result of a failure to recognize that human beings are an inseparable part, of nature., 20. Where according to Vandana Shiva, should we look for “lessons in freedom”?, Answer: Nature and forest., 21. What is Earth University?, Answer: A biodiversity farm., 22. Which are the two most popular courses offered by the Earth University?, Answer: “The A-Z of organic farming and Agro-Ecology” and “Gandhi and Globalization”., 23. Who inspired the “Earth University”?, Answer: Rabindranath Tagore., 24. How many varieties of rice were saved at the community seed bank?, Answer: 3000 rice varieties., 25. Terra Nullius had replaced _________, a) Ecuador, b) Terra Madre, c) Bolivia d) None, Answer: b) Terra Madre., 26. Who is called the father of modern science?, Answer: Francis Bacon.

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73, 27. What does Monoculture mean?, Answer: Growing a single crop in a year., 28. What would result in the beginning of joy of living?, Answer: The end of consumerism and accumulation., 29.Where did Vandana Shiva start her ecological journey?, Answer: In the forests of the Himalaya., 30.What motivated the author to get involved in the chipko movement?, Answer: The large scale deforestation that was taking place in the Himalayan Mountain, 31. Where did the dramatic chipko action take place?, Answer: In the Himalayan village of Adwani, 32. Write the name of the woman who led resistance against her own husband., Answer: Bachni Devi., 33. What did the forest bear according to the women?, Answer: Forest, Soil, water and pure air., 34. When was Navdanya farm started?, Answer: In 1994., 35. Who started Navdanya movement?, Answer: Vandana Shiva., 36. What is Navadanya movement?, Answer: A movement for biodiversity conservation and organic farming., 37. What does the word "apartheid" means?, Answer: Separateness., 38. Which country has recognized the "Rights of Nature" in its constitution?, Answer: Ecuador, 39. Who is Cormac Cullinan?, Answer: A prominent South African environmentalist., 40. What does the Earth University teach?, Answer: Teaches earth democracy/ freedom., 41. What is earth democracy?, Answer: Responsibility of humans to protect and respect the rights of other species., 42. Where is the Earth University located?, Answer: At Navdanya, in Doon valley.

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74, 43. What do the participants learn at Earth University?, Answer: Participants learn to work with living seeds, living soil and the web of life., 44. Who are the participants at the biodiversity farm?, Answer: The participants include farmers, school children and people from across the, world., 45. Who wrote the essay 'Tapovan'?, Answer: Rabindranath Tagore, 46. What does 'Tapovan' mean?, Answer: Forest of purity., , FOUR Marks Question And Answers:, 1. Write a note on Earth University mentioned in Vandana Shiva’s essay., Answer: The Earth University located at Navadanya, a bio diversity farm in the Doon, Valley of the Himalaya teaches Earth Democracy .It means freedom for all species to, evolve within the web of life and the freedom and responsibility of humans as members of, the Earth family to recognize and respect the rights of other species. Earth University is, different from, other universities because it is eco centric while the other universities are, anthropocentric. Eco centrism refers to the system of thought where the focus is on, conserving the existing eco systems that are needed to protect and sustain the web of life, on earth .On the contrary the other universities are anthropocentric. They focus on protecting, and sustaining the life of human beings only., 2. Write a short note on Navadanya farm., Answer: Navadanya, the movement of Bio diversity conservation and organic farming, started by Vandana Shiva in 1987.Then she released that saving seeds from farmers’ fields, and need of a farm for demonstration and training. Thus Navadanya farm was started in, 1994 in the Doon Valley located in the elevation Himalayan region of Uttarkhand province., Today they conserve and grow 630 varieties of rice 150 verities of wheat and hundreds of, other species..Besides they have set up more than 100 community seed banks across India., They also help farmers make a transition from fossil fuel and chemical based monocultures, to bio diverse ecological systems nourished by the sun and the soil., 3. Discuss the Rights of Nature on Global stage as mentioned in Vandana Shiva’s, essay.

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75, Rights of Nature has recognized by the Ecuador in its constitution. The idea behind that, nature is a teacher we co create with her we recognize her agency and her rights. In April, 2011 the United Nations General Assembly inspired by the constitution of Ecuador and, Universal declaration of the Rights of mother Earth initiated by Bolivia organized a, conference, on harmony with nature as part of earth Day celebrations. Much of the discussion, centered on ways to transform systems based on domination of people over nature, men, over women and rich over poor into new systems based on partnership., , SIX Marks Question and Answers:, 1. “Tagore saw unity with nature as the highest stage of human evolution” discuss., In the essay “Everything I need to know I learned in the forest”, Vandana Shiva tells us how, she learnt about environmentalism from the uneducated women. While the government, officials and men were cutting down the trees for logs, the women showed them that the, trees and forests are living things and we need to live with them., Navadanya farm has been started to give the demonstration and training to the farmers. It’s, like a movement for bio-diversity conservation and organic farming. Vandana Shiva, emphasized rights of nature on the global stage. When nature is our teacher we should, recognize her rights and agency. So it’s significant that Ecuador has considered ‘Rights of, Nature’ as basic rights in its constitution. In April 2011, the United Nations General Assembly, organized a conference on ‘Harmony with Nature’ as a part of earth day celebration. The, Conference pointed out the fact that, Earth is our mother and not just the supplier of raw, material. So, we need to live in harmony with nature. She speaks about eco-apartheid,, which is based on the illusion of separateness of humans from nature in our minds and, lives., The Earth University established at Navadanya farm is inspired by Rabindranath Tagore,, who started Shantiniketan to impart learning in nature. In his essay ‘Tapovan’ he writes that, forest of purity teaches us that forest is not only the source knowledge of freedom but it is, the source of beauty and joy, of art and aesthetics, of harmony and perfection. The peace, of forest has helped the intellectual evolution of man. Unity in diversity is the basis of both, ecological balance and democracy. There is unity in diversity in forests and we are united, with nature through our relationship with the forest. The forest teaches us union and, compassion. She ends her essay by saying that if we protect the nature it protects us,, without nature or forest human beings cannot survive.

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76, 2) “Conservation of biodiversity sustains both nature and culture”. Explain with, reference to ‘Everything I Need To Know I learned in the Forest., Answer: Biodiversity encourages co creation with nature. It is based on the democratic, principles as it ensures equal rights to all creatures. Bio-diversity believes in abundance and, freedom, cooperation and mutual giving. It brings about living economies. Monoculture, not only affects nature but also life and its values. Diverse thought process ceases and life, loses vitality and colour and aesthetic sensibility. So in this way our life turns dull and, monotonous., Vandana Shiva learned about bio-diversity in the Himalayan forests, and transferred those, lessons learnt to the protection of bio diversity on their farms. She started saving seeds, from farmers fields and then realized they needed a farm for demonstration and training., She started the seed bank. ‘Navadanya Farm’ was started in 1994 in the Doon Valley, located in the lower elevations of the Himalayan Region of Uttarkhand. She conserved and, grew 630 varieties of rice, 150 varieties of wheat and hundreds of other species. Biodiversity, helps to produce more food and nutrition per acre and reduces malnutrition and improves, human health. Thus conservation of biodiversity sustains both nature and culture., , If we pollute the AIR, WATER and SOIL that, Keep us alive and well and destroy the, BIO-DIVERSITY allows natural systems to Function, No amount of money will save us., - David Suzuki

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77, , TO THE FOOT FROM ITS CHILD, Pablo Neruda, , About the Author:, Pablo Neruda (1904 -1973):, Pablo Neruda is one of the prolific Czech poet and one of the most influential and, widely read 20th century poets of the world. He was a Chilean poet-diplomat and politician, who won the Noble Prize for Literature in 1971.He gained a lot of fame due to his love, poems and also his political writing., , Glossary:, Brave heart, , -, , without fear, courageous., , Cold heart, , -, , no sympathy., , Quartz, , -, , a hard white colourless, , mineral consisting of silicon dioxide., Opaque, , -, , not transparent., , Petaled, , -, , like petals., , Callus, , -, , hardened part of the skin., , Respite, , -, , surrender., , Coarse, , -, , having a rough surface., , Reptile, , -, , a type of animal, such as a snake or lizard., , Cease, , -, , stop.

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78, , Summary:, The theme of the poem is the journey of life. Starting from birth, discovery of reality,, maturity and transformation, monotonous adulthood and lastly death and reincarnation., The poem is basically a criticism on how people force children to grow into society and, forget all their, Dreams and imagination. The poet uses 'Foot' -metaphor for life. The child (foot), wants to be a butterfly or an apple but society is harsh and society forces the child to, become a responsible adult. At the end, the grown child has died and is being buried in the, ground. Now that the child's soul is freed from its body, the child is confused-but exited,, because now it's free to do everything it wanted to do in life, but couldn't., QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, , One Marks Questions and Answers:, Answer the following questions in a word or phrase each., 1. What would the foot like to be?, Answer: A butterfly or an apple., 2. What is the child foot not aware of?, Answer: That it is a foot., 3. The child foot is not yet aware it's a foot conveys., Answer: b) the unrestricted nature of a child's imagination., c) The child's ignorance of harsh realities., 4. What teaches the foot that it cannot fly?, Answer: Stones, bits of glass, ladder, streets and rough earth., 5. What defeats the foot and makes it a prisoner?, Answer: The realities of life, street, stones, bits of glass etc., 6. What does the time teach the foot?, Answer: That it cannot fly like butterfly or cannot be a fruit., 7. The line stones and bits of glass, streets, ladders and the paths in the rough earth, Answer: a) Hardships one has to face., 8. Where is the foot condemned to live in?, Answer: In a shoe.

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79, 9. Why does the child's foot feel defeated?, Answer: The child's foot feel defeated because the outside world does not allow the, child's foot to fulfill its dreams., 10. Which words convey the real experiences of the foot?, Answer: The words 'stones and bits of glass, streets, ladders and the paths in the rough, earth., 11. How does foot grow?, Answer: It grows to know the world in its own way., Out of touch with its fellow like a blind man., 12. ''.... Condemned to live in a shoe'' suggests that the foot is, Answer: a) Prisoner, 13. How do the nails change?, Answer: They grow hard and change themselves into opaque substance as hard as horn., 14. How do the nails change?, Answer: They grow bunched; take on the form of eyeless reptiles with triangular heads., 15. What does the foot do throughout life?, Answer: It walks without respite., 16. Where does the foot walk?, Answer: Through the fields, markets, mines and ministers., 17. Where does the foot toil?, Answer: Inside the shoe., 18. Where does the foot descend after the man ceases to stop?, Answer: Underground., 19. What is the child's foot a metaphor for?, Answer: The journey for life., 20. What does the shoe mean here?, Answer: The restriction imposed by the society., 21. What does the line 'until the whole man chooses to stop' mean?, Answer: Until the person dies., 22. What is the journey of the child's foot compared to?, Answer: The journey of life., 23. What does the foot do throughout life?, Answer: The foot walks without rest.

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80, 24. What does the 'shoe' represent in the poem?, Answer: The shoe represents social norms and traditions by which one is bound., 25. ''But this blind thing walks/without respite...'' Without respite means, Answer: Unceasingly., 26. In the last stanza, the foot becomes, Answer: An apple., , Four/Six Marks Questions and Answers:, Answer the following questions in a paragraph of 80-100 words each., 1. Explain the various stages of hardships faced by the foot after being confined in a, shoe., Answer: The poem To the Foot from Its Child is written by Pablo Neruda expresses his, view of life using the metaphor of 'foot'. As the child learns to walk and starts walking on, stones, bits of glass, streets, ladders and the rough surface of the earth, the child's foot, becomes aware of its role. It learns that it is foot and can’t become a butterfly or an apple., It falls in the battle and becomes a prisoner condemned to live in a shoe. Inside the shoe, it, tries to understand the world in its own way, alone, like a blind man feeling in the dark. It, undergoes a change, a kind of transformation from feeble, delicate one to tough and stronger, one. The soft nails of quartz grow bunched together, become opaque substance and grow, as hard as horn. The petalled toes of the child finally take the form of eyeless reptiles with, triangular heads like worms. Later they grow callused and get prepared to accept whatever, comes in life. Throughout its life, the foot keeps walking without rest. It walks as the foot of, a man or a woman through mines, markets and ministries until death., , The beautiful thing about knowledge is that no, one can take it away from you.

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81, , I BELIEVE THAT BOOKS, WILL NEVER DISAPPEAR, Interview with Jorge Luis Borges, , About the Author:, 1) Jorge Luis Borges: Jorge Luis Borges is an Argentine short-story writer, essayist,, poet and translator born in Buenos Aires (Argentina). His most literature works commonly, deals with the “character of unreality in all literature “. His famous books include “Ficciones”, and “The Aleph”., 2) Robert Alifano: Robert Alifano is a poet, story teller, essayist and journalist of, Argentina. He apparently worked with Jorge Luis Borges., , About the Lesson:, The lesson is the excerpts from the book “Twenty-four Conversations with Borges”, written by Robert Alifano. In this interview Borges reveals his views on books, his mother,, poetry and essential metaphors to be used in the literature., , Glossary:, Dona, , : used as a courtesy title before the name of a woman in Spain., , Whimsical, , : fanciful, unusual or not serious., , Odyssey, , : Greek epic written by Homer., , Library of, Alexandria, , : one of the largest libraries of the ancient world which was burnt., , Spengler, , : Oswald Spengler is a German historian and philosopher.

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82, Embarrass, , : guilty or shy., , Skein, , : long piece of wool or thread spun together., , Wrought, , : old form ‘work’ or literature., , Discord, , : disagreement, arguing., , Transmute, , : change., , Eternal, , : last forever., , Aspire, , : desire to achieve something., , Predate, , : happen before., , Concur, , : agree., , Notion, , : idea or belief., , Meagre, , : small in quantity., , Fallible, , : make mistakes., , Precise, , : clear and accurate., , Cliché, , : idea put to use constantly., , Trivial, , : not important., , Exposed, , : explain in detail., , In comprehensible: impossible to understand., , Summary:, This lesson presents excerpts from a face to face interview between Jorge Luis Borges, and Robert Alifano. Jorge Luis Borges was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet, and translator, who became partially blind at the age of 55., In this interview, Borges shares his views on the importance of ‘books’ in the era of, globalized electronic communication. Incidentally, Borges shares his views on the topics, like poetry, metaphors and literature and on his feelings about his “mother” and his, “blindness”., , About his first literary reading:, Borges believes that his first literary reading was Grimm’s Fairy Tales in an English

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83, version. He also remembers that he was educated by his father’s library more than by high, school or the university., , About his mother, Dona Leonor:, He says that his mother, Dona Leonor was an extraordinary person, who had all her, kindness towards him. But he feels somewhat guilty for not having been happy man in, order to have given her a deserved happiness and he feels that he should have been more, understanding of her. And he tells that all children on earth when their mother dies, they feel, in such a way that they have taken her for granted by God as we think of the moon or the, sun or the seasons and sometimes they have abused her. Before the mother’s death children, would not realize the true love of mother. Borges remembers, that his mother was an, intelligent and a gracious woman and had no enemies., , About his blindness:, Borges says that his blindness is way of life which is not entirely unhappy. And he, continues that all persons must think that whatever happens to him or her is a resource. All, things have been given for us for a purpose and an artist (people) must use that resource for, the future. All that happens to us, including humiliations, misfortunes, embarrassments, all, is given to us as raw material as clay so that we can shape our art (future)., , About his views on Poetry:, He believes that poetry is something so intimate and so essential that it cannot be, defined without oversimplifying it. He also believes that poetry is the aesthetic act and that, poetry is not the poem. Poem is nothing but it is a series of symbols. Poetry is the poetic, act that takes place when reader reads it and it always happens in a slightly different manner., Poetry is a magical, mysterious and unexplainable although not incomprehensible event., Borges thinks that if reader doesn’t feel the poetic event upon reading it, the poet has failed., , About his views on Metaphors:, Borges believes that true metaphors exist from the beginning of the time. But people, express them differently and we can reduce all metaphors to five or six essential metaphors., For instance Time and River; Life and Dreams; Death and Sleep; Stars and Eyes; Flowers, and Women these are the essential metaphors that are found in all literature and then remaining, are whimsical. And he states that the poet’s task is to discover metaphors even though they, may already exist., , About his views on BOOKS:

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84, Borges strongly believes that books will never disappear. Book is the astounding invention, of the man. All the other inventions of the man are only extensions of our bodies. The, telephone is extension of our voice. The telescope and the microscope are the extensions, of our sight. The sword and the plough are extensions of our arm. Only the BOOK is an, extension of our imagination and memory., Borges emphasizes that literature is a dream, a controlled dream. Our past is a sequence, of dreams and he mentions that dreaming and remembering the past are same. And he, opines that Books are the great memory of all centuries. Their function is irreplaceable. And, he believes that if books disappear, surely history would disappear and surely man would, disappear., QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, , One Marks Questions and Answers:, 1.‘I was educated by my father’s library’ says Borges. He means, ………………………………, a. School or the university did not educate him., b. He educated himself by reading on his own., c. He learnt through private tuitions held in his father’s library., Answer: b. He educated himself by reading on his own., 2. Why did Borges feel guilty about his mother?, Answer: Borges felt guilty about his mother for not having given her a deserved happiness., 3. According to author, blindness is …………………………., a. just a physical handicap, b. not a liability, c. is actually a resource, Answer: c. is actually a resource., 4. What according to Borges is the ultimate function of writing?, Answer: According to Borges, the ultimate function of writing is to preserve history., 5. Why does Borges prefer to believe that he is not blind?, Answer: Because his blindness has been replaced by other things and he accepted blindness, as a way of life and enjoyed it., 6. Borges feels that when we read a book what matters is not the author’s intention, but what sense we get out of it.

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85, True or false, Answer: true, 7. When does the poetic action happen, according to Borges?, Answer: According to Borges the poetic action happens when the poet writes it and reader, reads it., 8. What cannot be defined without oversimplifying it?, Answer: Poetry., 9. Which is the most outstanding invention of man?, Answer: The book., , ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:, 1. What was George Luis Borges’ first literary reading?, Answer: Grimm’s Fairy Tales., 2. Where was George Luis Borges educated?, Answer: At his father’s library., 3. Who was George Luis Borges’ mother?, Answer: Dona Leonor, 4. What is blindness according to Borges?, Answer: It is a way of life that is not entirely unhappy., 5. What according to Borges work as raw materials to shape art?, Answer: Humiliations, misfortunes, embarrassments., 6. What is Odyssey?, Answer: A Greek epic written by Homer., 7. Who wrote the verse ‘All that is near becomes far’?, Answer: Goethe., 8. What does Goethe refer in his work?, Answer: The sunset and life., 9. What is a verse of Goethe which comes to Borges’ mind?, Answer: ‘All that is near becomes far’., 10. How does Borges define poetry?, Answer: According to Borges poetry is an aesthetic act that takes place when the poet, writes it and when the readers reads it., 11. “All that is near becomes far” is a verse by, a) Homer b) Goethe c) Grimm d) Spengler, Answer: b) Goethe

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86, 12. Mention any one of the things that Borges continued to do even after becoming, blind., Answer: To buy books even after he became blind or To pretend that he is not blind or To, fill his house with books., 13. What strange dream did Borges have one day?, Answer: The great library of Alexandria was attacked by flames., 14. How was Borges at the time of interview with Alifano?, Answer: 83 Years old., 15. Who wrote remarkable comments on books in ‘Decline of the West’?, Answer: Spengler., 16. What does Spengler do in his book ‘Decline of the West’?, Answer: Remarkable comments on books., 17. What words of Bernard Shaw did Borges quote in one of his essays?, Answer: “Every book worth being re-read has been written by the spirit”., 18. According to Borges what does book bring?, Answer: Happiness., 19. According to Borges what is poetry?, Answer: The aesthetic art., 20. What elicits the emotion in poetry according to Borges?, Answer: Precise words., 21. In poetry what do precise words elicit?, Answer: Emotions., 22. What are the essential metaphors according to Borges?, Answer: Time and a river, life and dreams, death and sleep, stars and eyes, flowers and, women., 23. What according to Borges is a cliché in Emily Dickinson’s poem?, Answer: The idea of dust, the dust of death., 24. Where are the essential metaphors found?, Answer: In all literatures., 25. According to Borges what is the important task of the poet?, Answer: To discover metaphors., 26. What do people assert regarding disappearance of books?, Answer: The modern development in communication will replace books., 27. According to Borges what is the extension of voice?, Answer: The telephone.

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87, 28. According to Borges the telescope and the microscope are the extension of, ………………………………….., a) Voice b) sight c) body d) arms, Answer: b) sight., 29. According to Borges what is the extension of arms?, Answer: The sword and the plough., 30. What according to Borges is an extension of imagination and memory?, Answer: The book., 31. How does Borges define literature?, Answer: Borges defines literature as a controlled dream., 32. What according to Borges is a dream?, Answer: Literature., 33. According to Borges what is past?, Answer: A sequence of dreams., 34. What are the great memories of all centuries?, Answer: Books., 35. According to Borges what would disappear if books disappear?, Answer: History and man., , FOUR Marks Questions and Answers:, 1. What is the observation of Borges about his mother? Is it a common experience, of everyone?, Answer: Borges observes that his mother was an extraordinary person. She treated him, kindly. Borges expresses his guilt for not having been a happy man in order to have given, her a deserved happiness. He also regrets that he should have shown great understanding,, care and love. He then states that it is true of all the children. When a mother dies, every, child feels that he had taken her for granted as he does with the moon or sun or the seasons, and then feels that he had abused her. Children would not realize the true love of mothers, before the death of mothers., 2. What in your opinion, does Borges learn from Goethe’s saying ‘all that is near, becomes far’?, OR, 3. Can humiliation and misfortune be transmuted?, Answer: While giving his observations about blindness Borges remembers an idea from, his verse. In that he had said that humiliation misfortune and discord were given to us so

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88, that we may transmute them and make miserable circumstance of our life, eternal life., Borges recalls having read a verse by Goethe ‘all that is near becomes far’. In this verse, Goethe refers not only to the sunset but also to life. This means all things leave us. In, Borges’ life the visible world has moved away from his eyes but fortunately in his case,, blindness has been replaced by other things. Borges opines that it is his duty to accept, blindness and as far as possible enjoy it., 4. In what way do you think poetry is an aesthetic act?, Answer: Borges believes that poetry is something so intimate and also essential. Poetry, cannot be defined without oversimplifying it. It would be like attempting to define the, colour yellow, love and the fall of leaves in the autumn. According to Borges poetry is the, aesthetic act that takes place when the poet writes it, when the reader reads it. Borges adds, that when the poetic act takes place we become aware of it. For Borges poetry is a magical,, mysterious and unexplainable although not incomprehensible event., 5. Why is it important for poetry to use language precisely? With what example, does Borges demonstrate this aspect of poetic language?, Answer: Borges opines about the need to use precise language in poetry. Borges feels only, precise words elicit emotion. To substantiate this idea Borges quotes a line from Emily, Dickinson, “this quiet dust was gentlemen and ladies”. He argues that here the idea of, Dickinson is to convey the familiar notion of impermanence in a more effective manner, precisely. According to Borges the fullness of poet’s idea gains her surprising vision in the, phrase “gentlemen and ladies”. If the poet had used ‘men and women’ the poem would, have failed as poetry., 6.Why does Borges say that the books will not disappear in spite of modern modes, of communication?, Answer: Borges believes that books will never disappear. According to him among many, inventions of man, the book is the most outstanding invention. Other inventions are extensions, of our bodies. The telephone is the extension of our voice, the telescope and the microscope, are extensions of our sight, sword and the plough are extension of our arms but only the, book is an extension of our imagination and memory. Books are the great memory of all, centuries. According to Borges if books disappear, history would disappear and surely, man would disappear., , SIX Marks Questions and Answers:, 1.‘A book goes beyond author’s intention.’ Do you agree?, Answer: Yes, according to Borges a book goes beyond author’s intention. In every book, there is a need for something more, which is always mysterious. When a book is written,, readers do not interpret the book according to its author but according to their own notion.

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89, Borges gives an example, when we read an ancient book it feels as though we were reading, all time from the day it was written to our present day., A book can be full of errors, we can reject its author’s opinion, disagree with him or her but, the book always retains something sacred, mortal and something which brings happiness., Author may have a different opinion while writing a book but once the reader reads it, his, opinion becomes important. Thus the success of a book depends on reader’s opinion, rather than the author’s opinion., 2. ‘Poetry is magical, mysterious and unexplainable’. How does Borges explain the, strange aspect of poetry?, Answer: Borges believes that poetry is something so intimate and also essential that it, cannot be understood without oversimplifying it. He expresses the difficulty of defining, poetry. It would be as difficult as to define the colour of yellow, love and fall of leaves in the, autumn., As per the opinion of Borges poetry is an aesthetic act and poetry is not the poem. Poem is, nothing more than a series of symbols. According to Borges poetic act takes place when, the poet writes it, when the reader reads it and it happens in a different manner. There may, be differences in the perspective of poet and the reader. Thus considering this Borges, defines poetry as something magical, mysterious and unexplainable although not difficult to, comprehend., 3. What value does Borges see in literature? Why is it important for the future of, mankind?, Answer: Borges opines that among many inventions the book is the most outstanding, invention of man. The book is an extension of our imagination and memory. One finds the, true value of literature through books. According to Borges literature is a controlled dream., He believes that we owe literature almost everything we are and what we have been and, what we will be. Our past is nothing but a sequence of dreams., Borges feels that there is no difference between dreaming and remembering the past. It is, books that deposit great memories of all centuries. Thus the function of book is irreplaceable., Modern developments in communications can never replace books. Therefore if books, disappear, certainly history would disappear and along with history man would also disappear., Thus it is very important to preserve books and history for the future of mankind., The reader lives, a thousand lives before he dies., The man, who never reads, lives only one., - George R. R. Martin

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90, , WATER, Challapalli Swaroopa Rani, , About the Author:, Challapalli Swaroopa Rani (1968) began writing about her experiences. She moved, from personal to the social and attained confidence and clarity. Her mature poetry, consciously deals with issues of gender and caste., , Glossary:, Incline, :, Dampness :, , slope, humidity, , Strife, , :, , conflict, , Agony, , :, , Sorrow a violent struggle torture, distress., , Humiliation :, , shame, , Wada, , :, , locality where dalits live, , Puddle, , :, , a small pool of liquid, especially of rainwater on the ground., , Porch, , :, , dehydrate, , Vicious, , :, , foul, , Ignite, , :, , to set afire also, , Feat, , :, , An achievement that requires great conrage., , Surreptitiously:, , Hole and corner., , Mineral, , Non- biological, , :

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91, Commodity, , :, , useful, , Omniscient, , :, , A person who knows everything., , Samaria woman, , benevolent woman, , Panchama, , Fifth category in the VARNA system., , :, , Summary:, The poem Water employs water as a powerful metaphor. It had been written by Challapalli, Swaroopa Rani. It is a reflective - narrative poem. In this poem speaker shows how the dalit, and lower class people were suffered, humiliating and helplessness, under the clutches of, upper class community. The main intention of the speaker is to display social injustice of, dalits., In first five paragraph of this poem speaker is going to elaborate about social injustice, incase of water, waters knows its way and how to slope. The water knows the conflict, between the village and Wada. Wada located outside of the village and the people of Wada, were abused to take a post pot of water from the village. This reality was known by water., This strife never stops and it seems humidity on the well's edge that never dries. So water, knows that untouchability never disappears. Water knows everything., Water knows the difference of race between the Samaria woman and Jesus the Jew. It, also knows the sub-caste difference between the cobbles and the weaver. It knows the, agony of the panchama who don't have the right to draw a pot of water from the well. The, panchama category had been facing this custom since long ago. For a pot of water they, had to wait whole day with their empty pot until shudra arrived. It knows the humiliation of, the Wada girl when she was being exploited. The upper class community poured water, from a distance falls all over and touched her. It knows the righteous rage of Karmachedu, Suvarthamma who opposed the Kamma landlords with her water pot. In these ways poet, expressed that how village people humiliated the Wada people and poet opines that water, knows the pain of Panchama., Speaker describes about when water when she feels and remembers. When the speaker, sees water, she remembers the incidents of her life. She remembers how her Wada people, had to thirst all day for a glass of water. Water is not simply H20 for them, it is a mighty, movement. It is the Mahad struggle at Chadar tank. In 1927 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar broke all, restrictions on Dalits to use water of Chadar tank by drinking the water form Chadar tank.

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92, In speakers opinion now a days water is a social reformer. A single drop of water embodies, tears shed over several generations., For getting water so many fights, struggles occurred there but blood flowed like streams., At last nobody managed to get water even a small puddle of water. She remembers how, they welcomed their weekly bath as a wondrous festival. But the whole village bathed, luxuriously that is twice a day. She remembers her childhood when they walked for miles to, bring water on their heads. She remembers the Malapalle turned into ashes for a pot of, water., At the last part of this poem speaker is going to reveal how water can give life and also, devour lives. Water is not a simple thing. It can give life and can also devour lives. It refuses, to quench parched throats, but it becomes the killer tsunami wave. It swallows the whole, village. The poor become the playthings in its vicious hands often it turns villages into dry, deserts and sometimes it drowns the villages in floods. It can ignite many struggles and, strife between the village and Wada. Between one state and another. It can make blood run, streams., In concluding part of this poem speaker expresses present water stake. Water can also, sit innocently in Bisleri Bottle. It forces us to do many a circus feat. But with its new name, mineral water it takes to the skies and raises a storm. Now water is not a mean matter of as, a multinational market commodity. But also water is omniscient and contains the world., QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, , One Marks Questions and Answers:, 1. What according to the speaker knows the ground's incline in 'Water?, Ans: Water., 2. Generations - old-strife in water refers to the dispute between, a) Leather and spool, b) Village and Wada, c) Samaria woman and Jesus., Ans: b) Village and Wada., 3. What according to the speaker never disappears in 'Water'?, Ans: Untouchability, 4. Whose agony is for a pot of water as mentioned in ‘Water’?

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93, Ans: Panchama., 5. Who is entitled to pour water into Panchama's pot as mentioned in water?, Ans: a Shudra., 6. Mention any one of the types of humiliation met by the wada girl in water?, Ans: Water is poured from a distance., 7. Whom did Karmachedu Suvarthamma mentioned in water oppose?, Ans: The Karmma Landlords., 8. According to the speaker in ‘water’ water is witness to....................., a) Social injustice., b) Pollution of pond., c) Ground's incline., Ans: a) social injustice., 9.What as the speaker as 'Water' reminded of when She sees water?, Ans: The Wada that would thirst all day for a glass of water., 10.Where did the Mahad struggle take place?, Ans: At the chadar tank., 11.What would the speaker's Wada mentioned in water' thirst for all day?, Ans: For a glass of water., 12.According to the speaker in 'Water' they never managed to win even, a) Glass of water, b) Pot of water, c) Puddle of water., Ans: c) Puddle of water., 13.What was welcomed as a wondrous festival according to the speaker in water?, Ans: Weekly Bath., 14.When does the speaker remember her childhood in ‘Water’?, Ans: When she sees water., 15.What was burnt to ashes for want of water according to the speaker in “water”?, Ans: Malapalle., 16. .................. Are playthings in the vicious hands of water according to the speaker, in water?, a) The MNC’s, b) The landlords

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94, c) The poor., Ans: The poor., 17. What according to the speaker can water ignite in ‘water’?, Ans: Many struggles and strife., 18. Where does water finally become a commodity according to the speaker in, ‘Water’?, Ans: in a Bisleri bottle., 19. What is now a multinational market commodity mentioned in ‘water’?, Ans: Water., 20. What is the new name of water mentioned in 'water?, Ans: Mineral water., , Four Marks Questions and Answers:, 1. How is water witness to centuries of social injustice?, Ans: Water is witness to centuries of social injustice. It knows everything. It knows the, generations - Old Strife between the village and Wada. It knows that the untouchability, never disappears. It knows the difference of race between the Samaria woman and Jesus, the Jew. It also knows the sub-caste difference between the cobbler and the weaver. It, knows the agony of the panchama who does not have the right to draw a pot of water from, the well. It knows the humiliation of the Wada girl when she as being exploited. It knows the, righteous rage of Karamachedu Suvarthamma who opposed the Kamma landlords with her, water pot., 2. What does the speaker remember when she sees ‘Water’?, Ans: When the speaker sees water, she remembers the incidents of her life. She remembers, how her Wada people had to thirst all day for a glass of water, water is not simple H2O for, them, it is a mighty movement. It is the Mahad struggle at the Chadar Tank. A single drop, of water embodies tears shed over several generations blood flowed like streams. She, remembers how they welcomed their weekly bath as a wondrous festival. She remembers, her childhood when they walked for miles to bring water on their heads. She remembers the, Malapalle burned into ashes for a pot of water., 3. How according to the speaker can water give life and also devour lives?, Ans: Water is not a simple thing. It can give life and can also devour lives. It refuses to, quench parched throats, but it becomes the killer tsunami waves. It swallows the whole, village. The poor become the plays things in its vicious hands. Often it turns villages into, dry deserts and sometimes it drowns the villages in floods. It can ignite many struggles and, strife between the village and the Wada, between one stare and another It can make blood

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95, sun in streams. It can also sit innocently a Bisleri bottle. It forces us to do many a circus, feat. But with its new name mineral water it takes to the skies and raises a storm. However, water is not a mean matter, it is a multinational commodity. And also water is omniscient, and contains the world., , Six Mark Questions:, 1. The poem "Water' depicts water as a witness to human society based on manmade differences. Discuss., The poem water' employs water as a powerful metaphor. According to the speaker of the, poem, water is omniscient. In other words at is all knowing. It has Stood as a witness along, the path of human civilization and seen how discrimination is a caste based society has, facilitated humiliation, violence & atrocity words, Water is witnesses to the conflict between the so called upper caste people and the oppressed, people. It has also been a witness to the discrimination based on race. It has seen the agony, of a panchama who has not allowed to draw water from the well. It has seen the humiliation, of the dalit girl who goes to fetch the water. It has also seen the resistance put up by the dalit, people for a pot of water., Water is a natural resource on which each person should have equal right. But caste and, race are created by human beings. In the name of these caste and race the right to water is, denied to some sections of society. This is utterly inhuman. The poem makes us look at, this attitude from a different angle. It raises questions that pierce through our conscience &, persuades us to give up practices that are based on man-made discrimination.

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96

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97, , STREAMS, The best possible way to prepare for tomorrow is to, Concentrate with all your intelligence, all your, Enthusiasm, on doing today’s work superbly today.

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98, , PASSAGES, 24. Read the passages and answer the following questions., Passage 1:, , 10× 1=10, , The government of India has paid particular attention to India’s widespread health, problems since independence. Despite vigourous efforts in areas of preventive medicine,, sanitation, and nutrition, health conditions remain unsatisfactory among the poor. Anyhow, it is remarkable that the epidemics like cholera, dysentery and elephantiasis are almost, wiped out. Progress has been made in controlling malaria, plague and tuberculosis. Majority, of Indian population, however, continues to suffer from malnutrition Overall life expectancy, of an Indian was about 69 years in 2008, compared with 32 years in 1941. The infant, mortality rate declined from 151 to 91 per 1,000 births between 1965 and 1989. In 2008, the, infant mortality rate was 32 deaths per 1,000 births. In 1993 around 410,875 doctors were, practicing in government hospitals and private clinics, providing an approximate ratio of, one doctor for every 1,674 people. The country was facilitated with more than 642,100, hospital beds, in approximately 15,000 hospitals. Still much of the rural population lacks, ready access to professional services. In 2001, 1.8% cent of government expenditure was, spent on health care. Social-welfare programmes have been particularly in evidence in such, areas such as family-planning, various kinds of emergency relief, and care for the unprivileged, people., , Questions:, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , What has the government of India paid particular attention to since independence?, In which areas has the government put vigourous efforts?, Which epidemics have been almost wiped out in India?, Which diseases have been controlled in India?, How is the progress in the overall life expectancy of Indians after independence?, The infant mortality rate in 2008 was,, a) 151 deaths per 1,000 births, b) 32 deaths per 1,000 births, c) 91 deaths per 1,000 births, d) 69 deaths per 1,000 births

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99, 7. The present health problem of majority of Indian population is,, a) Tuberculosis, b) Cholera, c) Malnutrition, d) Malaria, 8. The ratio between doctors and population in 1993 was,, a) One doctor per 1,989 people, b) One doctor per 15,000 people, c) One doctor per 1,674 people, d) One doctor per 1,941 people, 9. Much of the rural population lacks, a) government expenditure, b) doctors, c) ready access to professional services, d) nothing, 10. In 2001, 1.8% cent of government expenditure was spent on, a) emergency relief, b) family-planning, c) care for the unprivileged people, d) health care, , Passage 2:, Why do teachers matter? Their importance becomes clear when one looks back at, one’s school and college days. Although one might not have realized it at that time, the little, things that they said and did also helped to shape one’s character. Almost everyone has an, anecdote to relate about his favourite teacher. Mine is about one such teacher, who left an, indelible mark from the first time that he walked into the classroom. One of the first things, that Father James, our English teacher told our class, a group of pre – adolescent boys, was, “I hope to make the good among you better and the better among you the best.” First, impressions count, they do so more on young minds. For us Father James seemed more, than life – partly, because of his personality. With his carefully brushed back hair and an

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100, aquiline nose he resembled at least to youngsters like us a Sherlock Holmes’ kind of figure., In his demeanour too, he seemed to belong more to the Victorian era. For instance, he, insisted on calling us gentlemen not boys. This predictably, amused all of us at that time., However, looking back, I think it helped instil in us, a sense of self confidence and a feeling, of being treated as equals., Another thing was his passion for literature, which he imparted to many of us. In, particular, he introduced us to a number of authors - some of which like Jules Verne and, H.G. Wells, have remained favourites. Often, he lent us books from his own collection, which, the rumour went, was larger than even the school library. Although we were in awe, of father James being young boys, we were also prone to mischief. One of my friends, became quite adept at imitating father James’ distinctive style of speech. One day while he, was giving us a demonstration of this, he was seen by father James. Later, father James, called him aside and told him, “I believe you are quite good at imitating me. However I feel, you are better at imitation even become the best. Remember, whatever you do in life even if, it is imitating someone, try and try and become the best”. I guess that’s why teachers matter, because they help to bring out the best in us., , Questions:, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., , When does the importance of teachers become clear?, What, according to the narrator helped to shape one’s character?, Name the teacher who left an indelible mark on the narrator., What was one of the first things told by the ‘favorite teacher’ to the group of pre –, adolescent boys?, Whom did the teacher resemble at least to the youngsters in the class – room?, How did the teacher insist on calling his students in the classroom?, I think it helped instill in us, a ________________ and sense of equality., (Fill in the blank with a word from the passage.), What did the teacher impart too many of his students?, What did one of the narrator’s friends become quite adept at?, Why do the teachers matter according to the narrator?

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101, , Passage -3:, Long ago there lived a king who was very unhappy. The reason was simple-he was, growing bald. He had lost much of his hair being a vain man; the king was very upset and, wanted to find a cure for his baldness. So he called his court physician and ordered him to, prescribe a medicine., However, the physician said, “Your Majesty, I am sorry but there is no medicine for, baldness. It is hereditary”. “You are a fool!” said the King and threw him into prison., Next, the King sent for all the eminent physicians of the land and commanded them, to find a magic medicine to make his hair grow. But they all had the same thing to say. Now, the King was furious. He put all the physicians under house arrest and announced-”I’ll give, you exactly a month to come up with a remedy for my baldness. If you don’t have it at the, end of the time you will all be put to death.”, All the physicians were terrified and did not know what to do. Finally, one old man, wiser than the rest, said, “Don’t worry. We don’t have to die. I have an idea that will cure, the king of his madness, if not his baldness!” everyone sighed with relief. Exactly a month, later, the King summoned the physicians and demanded, “Well? Have you found the remedy?”, The old physician stepped forward and said, “Yes sir. I have”. Bringing out a small, bottle he said, “There is my special new hair oil, guaranteed to cure baldness! You only, need to use it for ten days, applying it half an hour before bathing. Within ten days you will, have a luxuriant crop of jet black hair.”, “Wonderful!” exclaimed the King as he took the bottle. Then the physician added,, “Just one condition sir- if you think of coconuts while applying this oil, it will not work., Please keep that in mind.” “That’s not a problem”, said the King happily. The old physician, was richly rewarded and all were freed. Early the next morning the King was all set to try the, new oil. He took the bottle and opened it., Now he remembered that he was not supposed to think of coconuts while applying, the oil. Suddenly, a picture of a coconut tree bearing a thick bunch of coconuts flashed in, his mind’s eye., “Oh no!” thought the King. Try as he might he could not get the picture out of his, mind. Finally he put the bottle aside, saying, “I’ll start tomorrow”. But, the next day, the, same thing happened. He hardly lifted the bottle when he thought of a coconut. So he could, not use it that day either.

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102, Thereafter, every single day, whenever he took the bottle, he would remember, something associated with coconuts-green coconuts, coconut water, or even coconut barfi!, Earlier he had never bothered about coconuts, but now he seemed obsessed with them. By, and by, he would automatically remember coconuts the moment his eye fell on the bottle of, oil. The bottle stood on the shelf, unused., Finally, the King decided that he had had enough. He declared, “I will never use this, oil. But then, what is so bad about being bald? Bald is beautiful.”, , Question 24, Answer the following in a word, a phrase or a sentence each., a), b), c), d), e), f), g), h), i), j), , Why was the King unhappy?, Who did he summon to prescribe the medicine?, What did physician say, for which he was thrown into prison?, ______ stepped forward and said that he had a cure?, The King sent for all the _____ physicians of the land (eminent/prominent), For how many days was the King supposed to use the oil?, What did the old physician tell the King while using the oil?, How many days did the King use the oil?, What did he think whenever he wanted to use the oil?, Finally, what did the King declare?

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103, , Right form of the verb, 1., , While filling in the boxes suitable helping verbs (HV) should be, used, keeping in mind ‘ the number’ and ‘tense’ of the subject, , 2., , Past participle form of the main verb given in the bracket should, be used., While answering, you have to write all the sentences which are, given in question. Answers should be underlined., , 3., , Solved example:, Question no.26, , (3x1= 3), , Complete the following by filling the blanks using the right form of the verb given in, brackets., The guard was dismissed (dismiss) and they waited (wait) to see what would happen, (will happen)., , Exercise:, 1., , In the toy kingdom a meeting _________ (call) to consider what _____________, (could, do) and it _____ ____ (decide) to send a letter to the king of Italy., , Answer: In the toy kingdom a meeting was called to consider what could be done and it, was decided to send a letter to the king of Italy., 2., , The king of Monaco was looking over the accounts. A new item of expenditure, _____________ (notice) by him. In order to reduce this expenditure the guard, ______________( dismiss) and the criminal _____________ (ask) to run away., , Answer: The king of Monaco was looking over the accounts. A new item of expenditure, was noticed by him. In order to reduce this expenditure the guard was dismissed, and the criminal was asked to run away.

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104, 3., , The kingdom neither had a guillotine nor an executioner. Therefore a council, _________ (call). It ____________ (decide) to write a letter to the French, government. The letter ______________ (send)., , Answer: The kingdom neither had a guillotine nor an executioner. Therefore a council was, called. It was decided to write a letter to the French government. The letter was, sent., 4., , The price agreed to show mercy and so the matter _______________ (arrange)., The only problem was that there was no suitable prison for a person who, _____________ (sentence) for life. However, there was a small lockup where people, _____________ (keep) temporarily., , Answer: The price agreed to show mercy and so the matter was arranged. The only, problem was that there was no suitable prison for a person who was sentenced for, life. However, there was a small lockup where people were kept temporarily., 5., , The king of Italy was a brother Monarch, and _________________ (may be induce), to do the thing cheaper. So the letter __________________ (write) and a prompt, replay was received (receive)., , Answer: The king of Italy was a brother Monarch, and might be induced to do the thing, cheaper. So the letter was written and a prompt reply was received., 6., , A pension of 600 francs per annum ___________ (fix). The prisoner ___________, (give) one third of his annuity in advance. He ___________ (ask) to leave the kingdom, of Monaco., , Answer: A pension of 600 francs per annum was fixed. The prisoner was given one third, of his annuity in advance. He was asked to leave the kingdom of Monaco., 7., , The prince agreed to show mercy and so the matter ____________ (arrange). The, only problem was that there was no suitable prison for a person who ___________, (sentence) for life. However, there was a small lockup where people __________, (keep) temporarily., , Answer: The prince agreed to show mercy and so the matter was arranged. The only, problem was that there was no suitable prison for a person who was sentenced for, life. However, there was a small lockup where people were kept temporarily.

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105, 8., , All the benches __________ (occupy) by the others before Gonzalo came to the, park. No bench ____________ (leave) unoccupied. He ___________________, (suggest) by his servant to share Laura’s bench., , Answer: All the benches were occupied by the others before Gonzalo came to the park., No bench was left unoccupied. He was suggested by his servant to share Laura’s, bench., 9., , Dona Laura said that many stories _____________ (tell) by the fishermen about how, the ‘silver maiden’ _______ (wash) away by the tide. They affirmed that the name, that ________ (write) by her on the sand remained for a long time., , Answer: Dona Laura said that many stories were told by the fishermen about how the, ‘silver maiden’ was washed away by the tide. They affirmed that the name that was, written by her on the sand remained for a long time., (10).Tammanna had one thousand acres where as Basavaiah owned only eight hundred. A, word _______ (send) to Tammanna asking him to sell two hundred acres. When, Tammanna did not agree. His two hundred acres of land __________________, (acquire) by Basavaiah forcibly. A fence _____________ (build) around that land., Answer: Tammanna had one thousand acres where as Basavaiah owned only eight hundred., A word was sent to Tammanna asking him to sell two hundred acres. When Tammanna, did not agree. His two hundred acres of land was acquired by Basavaiah forcibly. A, fence was built around that land., (11).A fence __________ (build) around Tammanna’s land by Basavaiah. Both of them, ________ (encourage) by their supporters. Tammanna ____________ (advice) by, his supporters about the various means available for getting back his land., Answer: A fence was built around Tammanna’s land by Basavaiah. Both of them were, encouraged by their supporters. Tammanna was advised by his supporters about, the various means available for getting back his land., (12).Tammanna ____________________ (advise) by his supporters about the various, means to get back his land. He could have gone to the court of law. Basavaiah should, _________________(have, be, attack) by Tammanna’s supporters. But at last all, his bad experiences _____________________ (write) in his ballads.

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106, Answer: Tammanna was advised by his supporters about the various means to get back, his land. He could have gone to the court of law. Basavaiah should have to be, attacked by Tammanna’s supporters. But at last all his bad experiences were written, in his ballads., (13) A person like him ______________(need ) by the owner of the plantation. A few, words, _________(exchange), problems, of, workers, __________________(understand) by him., Answer: A person like him was needed by the owner of the plantation. A few words were, exchanged problems of workers were understood by him., (14) The Rivalry between Tammanna and Basavaiah increased day by day. Two hundred, acres of Tammanna’s land _______________ (acquire) by Basavaiah. A fence, ___________ (build) around the land. Tammanna ____________ (advise) by his, supporters about the various means of getting back his land., Answer: The Rivalry between Tammanna and Basavaiah increased day by day. Two, hundred acres of Tammanna’s land was acquired by Basavaiah. A fence was built, around the land. Tammanna was advised by his supporters about the various means, of getting back his land., (15) The old man stood in a coconut grove his eyes _________________ (suffuse) with, strange memories. He met the wife of the garden. A few words ____ (exchange). He, told her that a fence ___________________ (should, build) around the land., Answer: The old man stood in a coconut grove his eyes were suffused with strange, memories. He met the wife of the garden. A few words were exchanged. He told her, that a fence should be built around the land., (16) Tapovan _________________(write) by Rabindranath Tagore, a national poet., According to him, the culture of the forest _______________(influence) by the, diverse processes of renewal of life. The forest _______________(symbolize) the, universe., Answer: Tapovan was written by Rabindranath Tagore, a national poet. According to, him, the culture of the forest was influenced by the diverse processes of renewal of, life. The forest symbolizes the universe.

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107, (17) Poetry is something so intimate and essential. It _________________ (cannot, define), without over simplifying it. Mere arrangement of words ______________(not call), poetry. Just as the fall of leaves in the autumn _______________(cannot explain)., Poetry is difficult to explain., Answer: Poetry is something so intimate and essential. It cannot be defined without over, simplifying it. Mere arrangement of words is not called poetry. Just as the fall of, leaves in the autumn cannot be explained. Poetry is difficult to explain., (18) Roof ____________(know) to everyone in Umuofia. The campaigner of POP party, met him. No words _______________(waste) between them. Roof, ______________(give ) five pounds to cast his vote for Maduka., Answer: Roof was known to everyone in Umuofia. The campaigner of POP party met, him. No words were wasted between them. Roof was given five pounds to cast his, vote for Maduka., (19) The last minute advice of Roof ____________ (greet) with loud laughter. A smile of, appreciation ______________ (receive) for this act. All campaign boys, _________________ ask to put in their ballot papers., Answer: The last minute advice of Roof was greeted with loud laughter. A smile of, appreciation was received for this act. All campaign boys were asked to put in, their ballot papers., (20) Roof’s spirits _________________ (fell) but he let no one suit. All morning he, ____________ (mask) his deep worry with a surface exertion which was unusual. By, this time spring was gone (go) clean out of his walk., Answer: Roof’s spirits were fell but he let no one suit. All morning he was masked his, deep worry with a surface exertion which was unusual. By this time spring was gone, clean out of his walk., (21) Roofs spirits, fell when he ________(ask) to cast his vote. He ______________, (worry) and confused. He took out his ballot paper from his pocked and looked at it., He _______________ (confront) by the car and the head., Answer: Roofs spirits, fell when he was asked to cast his vote. He was worried and, confused. He took out his ballot paper from his pocked and looked at it. He was, confronted by the car and the head.

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108, (22) Quick as lightening, a thought leapt into Roof’s mind. The ballot paper ________, (fold) and it ____________(tear) into two. Each half ______(put) in two different, boxes., Answer: Quick as lightening, a thought leapt into Roof’s mind. The ballot paper was, folded and it torn into two. Each half put in two different boxes., (23) Women of Pudukottai started to learn cycling. Vicious attacks ____________ (make), on their character, when this began. But social sanction _____________ (give) by, Arivoli to it. The women ____________ (encourage) and took to it., Answer: Women of padukottai started to learn cycling vicious attacks were made on their, character, When this began. But social sanction was given by Arivoli to it. The, women were encouraged and took to it., (24) Cycling became popular in padukkottai. Banks ____________(force) to give loans, to women to buy cycles. Each block in the district __________(make) to accept, duties in promoting the cycling drive and great personal attention _____(give) by, Sheela Rani Chunkath to this project., Answer: Cycling became popular in padukkottai. Banks were forced to give loans to, women to buy cycles. Each block in the district was made to accept duties in, promoting the cycling drive and great personal attention was given by Sheela Rani, Chunkath to this project., (25) He _________ (come) to the garden one day, after walking hundreds of miles. The, owner of this plantation needed a person exactly like him. A few words were, _________________ (exchange). The old man ________(stay) on ., Answer: He came to the garden one day, after walking hundreds of miles. The owner of, this plantation needed a person exactly like him. A few words were exchanged. The, old man was stayed on.

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109, , Reported speech, Reported Speech, When we change a Direct Speech sentence into Indirect Speech we have to follow, certain rules of grammar., , Verb tense forms usually need to change., Simple Present Tense into Simple Past Tense., Present Continuous Tense into Past Continuous Tense., Present Perfect Tense into Past Perfect Tense., Simple Past Tense into Past Perfect Tense., Past Continuous Tense into Past Perfect Continuous., Simple Past Tense into Past perfect tense., , Past Perfect Tense (the tense remains unchanged)., Changes in Time and Place, Direct speech, Indirect speech, Now, then, This, that, These, those, Here, there, Today, that day, Tomorrow, the next day, Yesterday, the previous day, Ago, before/ earlier, Thus, so/in that way, Tonight, that night, Last week, the previous week, Next week, the following week

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110, Change of verbs, Direct Speech, do/does, am/ is/ are, has/have, did, had done, was doing, Will, May, Can, Must, Could, might, should, , Indirect speech, did, was/ were, had, had done, had done, had been doing, would, might, could, had to, (these verbs remains unchanged), , Change of pronouns, Direct Speech, I, We, You, My, Our, Your, Me, Us, You, Mine, Ours, Yours, , Indirect Speech, He/She, They, He/She/They, His/her, Their, His/ Her/Their, Him, Her, Them, Him/her/Them, Hers/ His, Theirs, His/hers/Theirs

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111, , Commonly used reporting verbs:, Said to, , Disagreed, , Told, , Pleaded, , Asked, , Demanded, , Complimented, , Grumbled, , Requested, , Informed, , Considered, , Believed, , Offered, , Opined, , Apologized, , Remarked, , Ordered, , Repeated, , Wished, , Exclaimed, , Greeted, , Suggested, , Welcomed, , Decided, , Agreed, Read and memorize the words given above., Here is a list of Verbs which can be used in reporting different kinds of sentences., a) Statements, affirmative-negative., Tell, affirm, cry, assert, declare, state, propose, maintain, assure, protest,, announced etc., (b) When something is said in continuation of what has been said earlier we use the, Verbs., Add, go on, continue., (c) If something is said in reply to a remark or question, we use the Verbs., Answer, respond, reply, deny, contend etc., (d) Command and requests, Command, order, tell, request, beg, pray etc., e) Questions., Ask, enquire, question etc, (f) Exclamation., Exclaim, scream, cry, shout, etc.

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112, Declarative Sentences, 1. Direct speech: Gonzalo: I envy your wonderful eyesight., Reported speech: Gonzalo told that he envied her wonderful eyesight., 2. Direct speech: Juanito: There are three priests sitting there., Reported speech: Juanito said that there were three priests sitting there., Question Sentences, (a) Helping verb questions., (b) Wh -Questions., (a) Helping verb questions-Whether or if should be used. While reporting any question, sentences beginning with helping verbs like am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, has,, have, shall, will, can, may etc., 1. Direct Speech: Don Gonzalo: Have the priests gone Juanito?, Reported Speech: Don Gonzalo asked Juanito whether the priests had gone., 2. Direct Speech: Dona Laura: Do you use your handkerchief as a shoe brush?, Reported Speech: Dona Laura asked him if he used a shoe brush as a handkerchief., (b) Wh- Questions: While reporting Wh-Questions ‘that’ should not be used as a connective, because Wh words like what, who, when, where, whom, whose, why, how, which act, like connectives., 1. Direct Speech: Don Gonzalo: What do I care about the birds?, Reported Speech: Don Gonzalo asked Laura what he had cared about the birds., 2. Direct Speech: Rufus Okeke: How can I Vote for Maduka?, Reported Speech: Rufus Okeke asked the campaigner how he could vote for Maduka., Imperative Sentences, Commands and requests, In such kinds of sentences ‘to’ is used as a connective., 1. Direct Speech: Don Gonzalo: Tell them to go away., Reported Speech: Don Gonzalo told/ordered Juanito to tell them to go away., 2. Direct Speech:”Execute the criminal”. The prince said to the ministers., Reported Speech: The prince ordered the ministers to execute the criminal.

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113, Exclamatory Sentences, Direct Speech: Dona Laura: said “What an atrocious lie”!, Reported Speech: Dona Laura exclaimed that it was an atrocious lie., Question no. 27, (5×1=5), Report the following conversations, 1. Dona Laura: Are you coming tomorrow?, Don Gonzalo: Most certainly, if it is sunny morning and not only will I not scare away the, birds, but I will bring a few bread crumbs., Dona Laura: Thank you very much. Birds are grateful and repay attention., Answer: Dona Laura asked Don Gonzalo whether he was coming the next day. Don, Gonzalo replied that he would most certainly if it was a sunny morning .He also promised, that he would not scare away the birds, but he would bring a few crumbs. Dona Laura, thanked him and added that birds were grateful and repaid attention., 2. Juanito: Can you sit here?, Don Gonzalo: I want a bench to myself., Juanito: There are three priests sitting there., Don Gonzalo: Tell them to go away., Juanito: They are talking., Answer: Juanito asked Don Gonzalo if he could sit there. Don Gonzalo said that he wanted, a bench to himself. Juanito said that there were three priests sitting there Don Gonzalo, told /ordered Juanito to tell them to go away. Juanito said that they were talking., 3. Don Gonzalo: I am fond of good verses. I composed some in youth., Dona Laura: Were they good ones?, Dona Gonzalo: Why do ask me such a question?, Dona Laura: Don’t be angry., Answer: Don Gonzalo said that he was fond of good verses. He said that he had composed, some in his youth. Don Laura asked Don Gonzalo if they had been good ones. Don, Gonzalo asked Don Laura Why she asked him such question. Dona Laura told Don, Gonzalo not to be angry.

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114, 4. Petra: The guard is waiting for me., Dona Laura: Do you like to chat with your guard?, Petra: He is not mine., Dona Laura: Wait a moment., Petra: What does the Senora wish?, Answer: Petra said to Laura that the guard was waiting for her. Dona Laura asked Petra if, she liked to chat with her guard. Petra said that he was not hers. Dona Laura told Petra, to wait a moment. Petra asked her mistress what she wished for., 5. Dona Laura: You should have asked permission to sit on this bench., Don Gonzalo: The benches here are public property., Dona Laura: Why do you complain about the priests, then?, Dona Gonzalo: Are you taunting me?, Dona Laura: Don’t grumble., Answer: Dona Laura told Dona Gonzalo that he should have asked permission to sit on, that bench. Don Gonzalo said that the benches there were public property. Dona Laura, asked Don Gonzalo why he had complained about the priests then. Don Gonzalo, asked Don Laura if she was taunting him. Dona Laura told Don Gonzalo not to grumble., 6. Don Gonzalo: Are you speaking to me, Senora?, Dona Laura: Yes., Don Gonzalo: What do you wish?, Don Laura: You have scared away the birds. They were feeding on my crumbs., Answer: Dona Gonzalo asked Dona Laura if she was speaking to him. Dona Laura replied, that she was speaking to him. Don Gonzalo asked Dona Laura What she wished for., Dona Laura said that he had scared away the birds. Said that they had been feeding on, her crumbs., 7. Dona Laura: Do you use a shoe brush as a handkerchief?, Don Gonzalo: What rights have you to criticize my actions?, Don Laura: A neighbor’s right., Don Gonzalo: I do not care to listen to nonsense., Dona Laura: You are very polite.

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115, Answer: Don Laura asked Don Gonzalo if he used a shoe brush as a handkerchief. Don, Gonzalo asked Laura angrily what right she had to criticize his actions. Dona Laura, argued that it was a neighbor’s right. Don Gonzalo said that he had not cared to listen, to nonsense. Dona Laura remarked that he was very polite., 8. Roof: I work for Marcus Ibe., POP Campaigner: We have plenty of work to do tonight., Roof: Will it not be heard outside his room?, POP Campaigner: We are after votes not gossip., Answer: Roof expressed that he worked for Marcus Ibe. POP Campaigner told him that, they had plenty of work to do that night. Roof expressed his anxiety by asking if it, would not be heard outside that room.POP Campaigner replied that they were after, votes not gossip., 9. Alifano: What is blindness to you?, Borges: It is a way of life. In my case the visible world has moved away from my eyes., Alifano: Have you thought of writing book on the history of the book?, Borges: It is an excellent idea., Answer: Alifano asked Borges what blindness was to him. Borges replied that it was a way, of life. He further told that in his case the visible world had moved away from his eyes., Alifano asked him if/whether he had thought of writing book on the history of the book., Borges told him that it was an excellent idea., 10. POP Campaigner: We want your vote., Rufus Okeke: How can I vote for Maduka?, POP Campaigner: Are you taking this money or not?, Rufus Okeke: Will it not be heard outside this house., POP Campaigner: Don’t worry about it., Answer: The POP Campaigner told Rufus Okeke that they wanted his vote. Rufus Okeke, asked the Campaigner How he could vote for Maduka. The Campaigner asked Rufus, Okeke if he was taking that money or not. Rufus Okeke asked the campaigner if it, would not be heard outside that house. The Campaigner told Rufus Okeke not to, worry about it.

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116, , Dialogue Writing, (Question No. 28), 1. (At a store), Chandru: ______________, do you work here? (Starting conversation with stranger), Assistant: Yes, I do. ______________________ ? (Offering help), Chandru: Do you have children’s sweaters?, Assistant: Yes, they are over there by the wall., Chandru: ____________________ (Asking for price), Assistant: It’s 300 rupees., Chandru: Here you are., Assistant: _____________ (Expressing gratitude), 2. (In a library), Librarian: Hi, ___________________? (Offering help), Student: I am looking for a book, but I could not find it., Librarian: _____________________ (Asking for book name), Student: God of Small Things., Librarian: Do you remember the author?, Student: __________________________ (Giving author name-Arundhati Roy), Librarian: The book is on the second floor in Indian literature section. Student:, _____________ I will go there. (Expressing gratitude), 3. (Two friends at a hotel), Ravi: John, ________________ for breakfast? (Enquiring), John: What __________________? (Asking for preference), Ravi: I prefer dosa. Shall ___________________? (Offering choices) John: I don’t like, masala dosa. I would prefer set dosa., Ravi: ____________ I will order set dosa. (Accepting)

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118, Prabhu: ___________________ from Koppal. (Introducing), Clerk: ___________________ (Offering help), Prabhu: I have an appointment with Dr. Narayan on 27 th of this month. Would, ____________________? (Requesting another appointment), Clerk: Just a minute. I will check. _________________ (Enquiring), Prabhu: My patient ID is VIMS1774, madam., Clerk: Is 29th of this month OK?, Prabhu: It’s OK, madam. Thank you., 9. (Between a son and mother), Mother: What about your day at college, son?, Son: It was great, mom. I have been selected captain of the college Hockey team., Mother: _________________________ (Congratulating), Son: ______________________ (Expressing gratitude), Mother: By the way, did you pay the electricity bill on your way home?, Son: _______________________ (Apologizing), Mother: It’s OK. Don’t forget to pay it tomorrow., Son: _______________________ (Accepting), 10. (Two friends), Mala: ___________________ (Greeting), Mary: I’m fine. What about you?, Mala: Fine. I learnt that you have got a special scholarship. _______________, (Congratulating), Mary: Yes, Mala, thank you. It’s given taking into consideration my contribution to theatrical, activities., Mala: Don’t you feel that theatre has lost its relevance?, Mary: ___________________ (Disagreeing), Mala: Anyway, your achievement is unmatched., Mary: Thank you. __________________ (Leave taking)

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119, , PHRASAL-VERBS, IDIOMS and PHRASES and, expressions:, Phrasal verbs:Expressions which have a specific meaning in different contexts are called phrasal, verbs., Phrasal verbs are formed when verb is followed by a prepositions., Ex :- belong to, cut off, etc., Idioms and Phrases:-An Idioms is an expression peculiar to a language that makes, deeper impression. It is a special phrase whose total meaning is different from individual, words in the phrases., Question no. 29, Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate expressions given in the brackets., [2*1=2], 1. A lot of women in Pudukkottai were unable to wait for ladies cycles. Therefore they, had to _____________ men’s cycles. They knew that bicycles___________ time, wasted in waiting for buses. [cut down on, put up with ,go in for] 2015 –March, Ans: go in ,cut down on., 2. In Umuofia, everyone is _________for Marcus Ibe.Heis not like the mortar which as, soon as food comes its way _______ on the ground. [2015-sept], [Look down at, turns its back, full of praise], Ans- full of praise, turns its back, 3. The number of motor vehicles in Brazil is growing by _____ almost as if cars were, distributed free of charge to _____[all and sundry, leaps and bounds, fair game] .(2016, Sept and 2020 March), Ans-leaps and bounds, all and sundry, 4. Sheela Rani Chunkath included mobility __________literary drive. But Neo-cyclists, had to _______ vicious attacks on their character when this began.[put up with, to, come off, as a part of] (2016 Sept), Ans- As a part of, put up with

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120, 5. Cycling has _____Pudukkottai district. In this District all rural women used cycles,, because it _______ on time wasted in waiting for buses., [Put in, cut down, swept across] (2017 March), Ans- Swept across, cut down, 6. After the arrival of the old man the owner of the garden become lethargic and _______, from hard work. Then gradually he was addicted to adultery and other vices. His wife, became helpless and had to_______ him .[put up with, shied away, umpteen], Ans-Shied away, put up with., 7. Dirty remarks were passed by people when women _______ cycling. Women like, Jameela and Fatima did not _____. They zipped along the roads of Pudukkotai and, continued to inspire others.[make up, give up, took to] (2014 March), Ans- Took to, give up., 8. The ministers decided to tell the criminal _____to run away. They did so. But the, criminal said that if he ran away people would ______ on him.[Turn their backs, be, hanged, straight out], Ans- straight out, turn their backs., 9. In the heart of the rural Pudukkottai, young women ______ the roads on their bicycles., Jameelabibi, who has _____ cycling told it was her right.[take to, give up, zip along], Ans- Zip along, take to, 10. The election campaign in Umuofia was ____. All knew that honourable minister would, have a _____.[In a soup, landslide victory, in full swing], Ans- In full swing, landslide victory, 11. The telephones are situated on a table or a counter in Japan. Anybody, any passerby, could ______but nobody does. The telephone receiver can be ______, [One’s castle, all and sundry, listen-in], Ans- listen-in, one’s castle., 12. Sheela Rani Chunkath in called mobility______the literacy drive. The neo-cyclists_____, to the hostile remarks from some., [Turn a deaf ear, to come off, as a part of], Ans- as part of, Turn a deaf ear, 13. Marcus knew that he would win but he did not want _____ a single vote .All the whine, roof weighed down with guilt pretended _____ [to be in high spirits, to throw away,, pass by]

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Ans - To throw away, to be in high spirits, , 121, , 14. They argued and judged and at last they condemned the criminal to have his head ____, so the general _____ It with the soldiers., [Talk over, run away, cut off], Ans- cut off, talk over, 15. One day, whine____ the account of his income and expenditure, which was spent on, the criminal, who would live for 50 years? When he _____ the amount to be spent on, him. The matter was serious.[reckoned up, gave up, looking over], Ans- looking over, reckoned up, 16. Laura complained Gonzalo that he had _____ the birds which were__________ her, crumbs., [Feeding on, sit down on, scared away], Ans- scared away, feeding on, 17. Don Gonzalo told that he was the native of Valencia and he was ____ there. Then, Laura replied him that it was near the sea ____ among the lemon and orange trees., [Scared away, hidden among, brought up], Ans- brought up, hidden among, 18. His brother used to ____ on horseback every morning down the rose path under hey, window. He _____ to her balcony a bouquet of flowers which she caught, [Give up, toss up, pass by], Ans- pass by, toss up, 19. The old man’s eyes were _____ strange memories and native intelligence. He was a, labourer, overseer and philosopher, all ______ one., [Kept up, rolled into, suffused with], Ans- Suffused with, rolled into, 20. Tammanna was ____ a method that could annihilate Basavaiah completely. He _____, the idea of composing all his expression in the form of ballads and singing them., [To be in high spirits, hit upon, in search of], Ans-In search of, hit upon, 21. Owner’s wife was listening to old man. She felt like _____. The old man expressed his, amazement at how facts _____ such varied guises., [Take on, getting out, going away], Ans -Take on, going away

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122, 22. The quarrel between Tammanna and Basavaiah had _______ all their supporters., Tammanna was advised by his supporters about the various means available for _____, his land., [Getting back , sucked in, rose to], Ans-sucked in, getting back, 23. Tammanna thought that his death alone could destroy Basavaiah. He _____everything, and started off. A few days later after he left Basavaiah ______., [Passed away, live for, gave up], Ans- Gave up, passed away, 24. The criminal complained that the ministers have _____ the guard. He told that he, won’t______., [Get rid of, taken away, go away], Ans -Taken away, go away.

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123, , Linkers, Linkers help us to establish or connect our ideas explicitly. They make it easy for us to, compare, contrast, illustrate, define and summarize our thoughts and develop a coherent, paragraph., Function, , Link words, , Addition, , And, also, besides, moreover, similarly, and then, what is more, such, as, then, in addition (to), too, next, , Time, , When, while, as soon as, before, after, till, until, eventually, as long as,, since, , Place, , After, where, wherever, , Purpose, , Because, as, that, lest, , Result, , So, such, consequently, in conclusion, as a result, in all, thus, finally, , Concession, , Through, although, even if, however, , Manner, , as, as if, as though, , Comparison, , As-as, than, not so-as, , Condition, , If, unless, supposing, , Q No. 30 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate linkers:, Solved example:, The special revenue came from a gaming house, ______ people played roulette, some of, the little German Sovereigns used to keep gaming houses of the same kind_______, some years ago they were forbidden to do so. The reason they were stopped was_____, these gaming houses did so much harm, a man would come and try his luck, ______, he would risk all he had and lose it. (Because, then, where, but), Answers: where; but; because, then

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124, , Exercise:, 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , 7., , The criminal refused to go away _____ they had ruined his character _____ people, would turn their back on him. _____ He had got out of the way of working. He said, they might do as they liked ______ he would not go away., (But, for, besides, and), The criminal received one-third of his pension in advance _____ left the kingdom., ______crossing the frontier, he settled down on a bit of land. ______ He started, market gardening _______ fetched him good profit and he lived peacefully and well., (and, later, after, which), The criminal remained in prison for a year. _______ When a year had passed, the, kinglet was shocked to see the amount spent for his keep. ________ He summoned, his council to consider the matter. The council considered ______ reconsidered., ______ They decided to dismiss the guard who watched over the criminal., (Finally, but, therefore, and), The death sentence was altered to life imprisonment. This would enable the Prince to, show his mercy _______ it would come cheaper. _______ there was no strong, prison fir for permanent use. ______ They managed to find a place ______ would, serve the purpose. (but, and, which, however), The gardener started narrating the story of Tammanna and Basavaiah to the owner’s, wife. _______ proceeding with the story, he started fumbling for words ______ he, had made a mistake. The owner’s wife was not interested in the story; she felt like, going away ______ stayed back _______ she did not want to hurt the old man., (But, after, as though, as), The rivalry between Tammanna and Basavaiah looked like healthy competition in the, beginning. _______ it rose to such a pitch _______ they started competing in buying, each acre of land in the village. _____ No land in the village was left for buying. Even, then Basavaiah was not happy _______ he had 200 acres less than Tammanna., (because, finally, gradually, that), Basavaiah sent word he was prepared to buy Tammanna’s 200 acres of land. This, made Tammanna furious. ______ He said he was prepared to buy all the land _____, belonged to Basavaiah. ______ Basavaiah forcibly acquired 200 acres of Tammanna’s, land. _______ the enmity between became fierce and sucked in all their supporters., (as a result, in turn, which, instead)

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125, 8., , 9., , Japanese who live on a hopelessly overcrowded island have to respect on another’s, privacy ______ rather, would have to _____ they had any privacy. ______ They, don’t. _______ Courtesy has a double function in Japan. (but, if, or, so), Japanese are said to be well mannered ______ they respect each other’s privacy; you, can conduct your most confidential business transactions and love-quarrels in public, _______ in perfect privacy. Anybody could listen in _______ nobody does. ______, a telephone-receiver is a man’s castle in Japan. (yet, therefore, but, because), , 10. Nobody hurries in Brazil. The people of Brazil are leisurely ______ they seem to have, all the time in the world ______ decorate the pavements they walk on. _____, the, drivers in Brazil drive so fast _______ every tenth of a second is of grave importance., (In order to, however, and, as though), 11. Bowing in Japan is not only quainter but infectious. ______ spending some time in, Japan, one starts bowing ________ he or she has been there forever. _____ When a, person bows, it is too deep or not too deep enough _____ the outsider is not familiar, with the complexities of bowing. (as though, after, however, because), 12. Motor cars are extremely expensive in Brazil ______ of crippling and murderous, import duties. ______ Almost everyone owns a car here. ______ The roads in Brazil, have heavy traffic. _______ The pedestrian’s life is becoming more hazardous every, day. (thus, hence, yet, because), 13. Roof was a young man and energetic man. He never left his village _____ to seek, work in the towns ______ decided to remain to guide his people. ______ He was, very popular. ______ He was an expert in election campaigning., (Moreover, but, in order to, so), 14. Everything was moving according to the plane. _____ Roof had received a strange, visit from the leader of the POP campaign team. _____ He and Roof were wellknown ____ might even be called friends, the visit was business-like. He placed five, pounds on the floor before roof. _____ Roof spoke, his eyes never left the red notes, on the floor. (and, although, then, as), 15. Roof was very popular man in village, ______ the villagers did not explain it in so, many words, Roof’s popularity was a measure of their gratitude to an energetic young, man _____ unlike most of his fellows nowadays, had not abandoned the village, _____ seek any work in the towns. And Roof was not a village lout ____., (Who, although, either, in order to)

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126, , Note making, Note making is a useful study skill. This involves two stages:, 1., Reading and comprehending., 2., Identifying the main/sub points keeping the purpose of the reading in mind., Solved example:, The coffee plant, an evergreen shrub or a small tree of African origin, begins to produce, fruit 3 or 4 years after being planted. The fruit is hand gathered when it is fully ripe and, reddish purple in colour. The ripened fruits of the coffee shrubs are processed to separate, the coffee seeds from their covering and form the pulp. Two different techniques are in use, – a wet process and a dry process., The wet process: First the fresh fruit is pulped by a pulping machine. Some pulp still, clings to the coffee, however and this residue is removed by fermentation in tanks. The few, remaining traces of pulp are then removed by washing. The coffee seeds are then dried to, a moisture content of about 12 percent either by exposure to the sun or by hot air driers. If, dried in the sun, they must be turned by hand several times a day for even drying., The dry process: In the dry process the fruits are immediately placed to dry either in the, sun or in hot air driers. Considerably more time and equipment is needed for drying than in, the wet process. Then the seeds are mechanically freed from their coverings.

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127

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128, 1), , Question no.31, , Read the following passage and fill in the boxes given below., 1. The process of buying and selling goods and services are called trade. There are, two types of trade: internal trade and international trade. The trade which is carried, on within a nation is called internal trade. It is also known as home trade or domestic, trade. International trade is the trade among different nations of the world. It is also, called foreign trade. It is considered as engine of growth., Process of buying and selling goods and services is called

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129, 2), , Question no. 31, , Read the following passage and fill in the boxes given below., 1. When the Brooklyn Bridge was completed in 1883, it was hailed as the eighth, wonder of the world. The Brooklyn Bridge was the first bridge to be electrically, lighted and longest suspension bridge of its day. It was built to link New York’s, Manhattan district and Brooklyn district across the East river. Designed by a Germen, immigrant engineer called John Roebling, it took 14 years to finish, at a cost of 15, million dollars.

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130, 3), , Question no. 31, , Read the following passages and fill in the boxes given below, The hospital, as we see today, began to evolve only around 19th century. People, began to live in better conditions. They felt the need for more cleanliness and good expert, care. In the past, nuns, priests and other members of the church had done the nursing. The, first hospital was St. Thomas hospital by Florence Nightingale.

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131, 4), , Question no. 31, , Read the following passage and fill the boxes given below., Krishnadevaraya ruled the Vijayanagara Empire. He gave good, governance during his regime. Gold, silver and diamond were sold on the streets of, Vijayanagara. He respected men and women equally. In his court, there was a clown, called Tenali Rama who was known for his wit.

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132, 5), , Question no.31, , Read the following passages and fill in the boxes given below., Rajasthan boasts of its colourful culture, cheerful people and their extraordinary passion, for kite-flying or patangbazi, a special cultural sport and pastime of the region. The kiteflying is celebrated to herald the coming of spring. It is also a leisure sport and a passion, among foreign tourists too. The people of Rajasthan enjoy the rich tradition of kite-flying.

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133, , Letter writing, Points to remember, 1. From, 2. Date, 3. To, 4. Dear Sir,, 5. Subject, 6. Reference, 7. (Body of the letter), 8. Thank you, 9. Yours faithfully, 10. Signature, 11. Resume/Bio Data, Format (note: more formats do not carry any marks)

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134, From:, XXX, YYYY, (Date), To,, ......................................., .... (Recipient Address)....., ......................................., Respected Sir,, Subject: Application for the post of........... (Write post name here)................ Reference:, ......... (Write newspaper name and date here).............................., I would like to apply for the post. I have seen the advertisement in the paper I have the, required qualification on and ability please provide a chance., I have attached all above mentioned document in the letter., Thank you, Yours faithfully, XXXX, , Q.32, (5×1=5), Write a letter of application in response to the following advertisement which appeared, in ”Deccan Herald” dated 20th March, 2017., Wanted: First Division Assistant., Qualification: Any graduate with knowledge of computer and fluency in Kannada, and English., Apply to: The manager, SSP Samithi Kushal Textiles. Peenya Industrial, Area Bangalore., (Note write XXXX for your name and YYYY for your address.)

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135, XXXX, YYYY, 17th March 2017., The Manager,, SSP Samithi Kushal Textiles,, Peenya Industrial Area,, Bangalore., Dear Sir,, Subject: Application for the post of First Division Clerk., Reference: Advertisement in Deccan Herald dated 20th March 2017., In response to your advertisement mentioned above, I am applying for the post of First, Division Clerk., I have passed my SSLC with a first class with 80% in the year of 2008 from SGH, School, Chikkamagalur. I have passed my second PUC with a first class in the year of 2010, with 84% from Sneha Pre-University College, Hassan. I have done my Bachelor of Commerce, in 2013 with first class at the Mangalore University. I have completed my Office Management, Course. Since 2014 I am working as first division clerk in Mangalore Urea Limited. I have a, 3 years experience in job of first division clerk. I have fluency in Kannada, English and, Hindi. My hobbies are listening to music, stamp collection, playing cricket and writing, poems., I am a soft spoken person having the belief in team work. And I shall serve the concern, to the best of my abilities if given a chance., I shall provide all necessary documents and references during the time of interview., Thank you,, Yours faithfully,, (Signature), (XXXX)

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136, , SPEECH WRITING, Speech Writing:, Oral communication form is a speech. A good speech should be drafted very well., Use first person (I) to communicate ideas as speaker of the topic., , Two types of speech can be asked in exam., (1) Guest speech, (2) Introducing a guest to the gathering., Certain standard guide lines to write a speech:, 1) Begin a draft with greeting, and address the audience., Example: Good morning /Good afternoon, Respected chief guest of the function, principal of the college, staff, dear friends., 2) Introduce the traffic., Example: Topics on health crisis, Traffic rules, Road safety, Pollution, any issue ., 3) Can use quotes where ever it required., Example: Either while introducing the topic, in the middle or at the end of the topic., 4) Give importance to clarity in style and language., 5) Conclusion remarks., Example: We are thankful to all the people presented as audience for your patient, listening., 6) Thank you: End the speech writing with these words., Question no. 33, Marks allotment: 5 marks, 1 mark – introducing / Greeting, 2 mark – proper language usage, 1 mark – cohesion (Linking of ideas), 1 mark – Leave taking

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137, 1) INTODUCING THE GUEST, · While preparing the speech, understand clearly or take – all the information, provided about the guest., · Understand the particular topic which is given there., · Construct meaningful and acceptable sentences., I. Imagine you are the secretary of your college students union. On the, occasion of college day, you are given the responsibility of introducing the, chief guest to the audience., Write a speech in about 100 words using the points given in the profile., Chief Guest: Mrs. Sudha murthy., Native, : Shiggaon (Karnataka), Education : BE in electrical engineering from BVB, College, Hubbali., Profile, : First female engineer hired by TELCO Child. Chair Person, of Infosys- foundation, member of, Public health care initiatives of the Gates, Foundation – a teacher, philanthropist, and a writer in Kannada and English, awarded Padmashri in 2006., Answer: Good morning every one. Respected dignitaries on and off the Dias, we have, gathered here on the occasion of our college day. I being the secretary of our college, students union, I am proud and privileged to stand before you, to introduce the Chief, Guest for today’s function, to this gathering. We are extremely happy to have Mrs., Sudha Murthy as our chief guest. She is a native of shiggaon of Karnataka. She has, done her B.E. in Electrical Engineering from BEB college, Hubballi. We are proud to, know that she was the first female engineer hired by TELCO – chair person of INFOSYS, foundation and a member of public health cares initiatives of the Gates foundation., She is a multi talented person - a teacher, a philanthropist and a writer in kannada and, English. She was awarded padmashri in 2006. We extend our whole hearted welcome, to the great personality. Thank you for the opportunity to say something about Sudha, murthy., Thank you.

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138, I. Imagine that your are the secretary of your college union. On your college, Union Day you have to introduce the chief guest whose profile is given below., Write a speech in about 100 words using the points given in the profile., Name: Major Parneetha Sinha, Occupation: Head of parachute regiment of army base, Jammu., Profile: M.Sc., in nuclear physics. Participated in RD parade for 5 consecutive, years –worked at different army bases across India-trained innumerable, military personnel –instrumental in leading combats against terrorists in, Sikkim and Kashmir., Answer: Good morning to one and all. Respected principal college staff and dear students,, it gives me immense pleasure as the secretary of our college union to introduce the, chief guest, major parneetha sinha on this occasion. He is the head of parachute –, regiment at army base Jammu. He has done his M.sc., in nuclear physics. He has, participated in RD parade for five consecutive years. He has worked at different army, basis across India. He has instrumental in leading combats against terrorists in Sikkim, and Kashmir. It gives me immense pride that we have such a distinguishing chief guest, amongst us today. Kindly put your hands together for major Parneetha Sinha. Thanks, for this opportunity to introduce in the occasion., Thank you., 2) Your speech on a particular topic:, 1) Imagine that you are the president of the students’ council of your college and, you have to speak on spreading awareness about cleanliness. Using the, points given below, write a speech in about 100 words. Need of cleanliness –, individual responsibility-cleanliness at home and public places – health, benefits – beautification of nation., Answer: Good afternoon every one. Respected principal, all the staff, and my dear, friends, being a student council of our college, I would like to share some of my views, on spreading awareness about cleanliness. It is important to maintain cleanliness. It is, everyone’s individual responsibility in maintaining cleanliness at home and public places., Maintaining cleanliness has a lot of health benefits. Cleanliness is necessary for good, health of an individual. Today we are facing several diseases such as dengue, cholera,, malaria, due to unhealthy practices and not maintaining cleanliness. Hence I conclude, my speech saying that “cleanliness is equal to Godliness”. So, we as students

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139, could bring about a change and help in the beautification our nation by maintaining, cleanliness in and around us. Thank you for giving this opportunity., Thank you., 2) Imagine that you are the secretary of the sports club of your college and on the, annual sports day you are required to speak on the importance of sports and, physical fitness., Write a speech in about 100 words using the points given below., Physical fitness leads to mental fitness- physical activity keeps one healthy- scope, for athletes state and national level – sportsmanship- interaction – healthy, competition., Ans: Good morning to all the dignitaries on and off the Dias. As secretary of the sports, club of our college, I consider it as my privilege to address this gathering about the, importance of sports and physical fitness. There is a saying in English that ‘sound, mind in a sound body’. So Physical fitness leads to mental fitness. Sports and, physical activity keeps our body healthy. Today sports persons and athletes have, greater scope to participate in state and national level sports. Sports develop, sportsmanship qualities in an individual. It helps to develop a healthy interaction and a, conductive and a healthy competition., Thanks to giving an opportunity to say something about sports and physical fitness, being, a secretary of sports club., Once again thank you.

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140, , Report Writing, Interpretation of Charts and Graphs, Report writing is an important writing skill which can cover a number of, topics they are science, technology, current affairs, and reviews. Etc., While writing a report these in formations are important, · See that the information is divided up using heading., · The style of report is impersonal. Often the writer will use verbs in the passive to, describe how the thing was done., · The purpose of Report writing is to develop the skills of analysis and extensive writing., · Sometimes a description can be made clearer and easier to understand by the use of, some kind of Pictorial representation such as charts and diagrams., (a)The Pie charts or The Circle charts., (b)The Flow charts., Above are the two types of charts used to show Pictorial representation?, (a)The Bar Graphs (1) Horizontal Bar Graphs, (2) Vertical Bar Graphs., Reading and Interpreting Graphs, Graphs and charts communicate information visually. Therefore graphs are often used, in newspapers, magazines and business reports around the world., Some of the graphs commonly used are as follows., Line Graphs, Line graphs are diagrams that present data using dots and lines. One variable is indicated, on the vertical line, and the other is indicated on the horizontal line., Bar Graphs, Bar graphs can be either vertical or horizontal. It is important to read the labels carefully, on each bar., Pie Charts, A pie chart shows relationships between parts to a whole is contained in the circle (pie), and divided into appropriate sized proportions, or slices.

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141, Interpretation of Graphs, Interpretation of a graph involves reading, understanding and expressing the data, represented in a verbal medium. In other words, after consulting the graph, you must be, able to transfer the data into a report in the form of a paragraph of about 120-150 words, , Question no. 33, 1. The following bar chart represents the results of a survey based on information, about how rural and urban women spend the hours of their day for some chosen, activities on an average. Based on this information, write a report in about 150, words., , The bar graph indicates the time spent on activities like cooking, watching T.V., indulging in, hobbies, rearing children, and reading, by rural and urban women. In all the five areas, the, urban women spend more time than the rural women. Perhaps the field work or other, manual work that the rural women take up, leaves them with little time for chosen activities., On cooking the rural women spend less than one hour, the urban women spend nearly two, hours. The rural women spend half an hour on watching T.V. But the urban women spend, one and half an hours on watching T.V. The rural women shows less interest to hobby but

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142, the urban women spend nearly one hour for hobby. The biggest gap is seen in the time, taken on rearing children. If the rural women spend less than half an hour on rearing children,, the urban women spend nearly two and a half hours on the same. The entry for reading is, the lowest of all the activities for both rural and urban women. However the urban women, have a higher percentage in this area., 2. The pie chart given below represents the results of a survey conducted by a nonprofit NGO to understand how a rural family spends its income on various items., Based on the information , write a report in about 200 words., , The above pie- chart represents the results of a survey conducted by a non-profit NGO to, understand how a rural family spends its income on various items. Man’s basic needs are, food and clothing. The chart indicates that a typical rural family spends the least, that is,, 10% each of its income on savings and education. Entertainment and health consume 15%, each. Next repayment of loan is 20%.The families spend 30% on food and clothing. The, highest percentage is spent on food and clothing the lowest percentage is spent on education., It is clear from the chart that the people concerned on education and on savings for a future

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143, of their children. Also, these families know the importance of saving money for a rainy day, and save 10% of their income. Finally they spend 20% of their income to clear debts, repay, loans., 3. The line graph given below shows population growth during pre-independence, period in India. Use the information to write a report on the trends of population, growth., , The above line graph shows population growth during Pre-independence and Postindependence period in India. In the pre-independence period. i.e., between 1901 and 1941,, the country did not witness any rise in the growth of population. One reason for this may be, many of our people were killed in the war for independence, and also due to lack of medical, care. But after independence, there has been a steady rise in the growth of population. A, Comparative study of the population growth in the pre-independence and post- independence, India shows that population growth has been rapid in the post-independence era. In the, pre-independence era, between 1901 to 1941 there was a growth of only 0.5 crore. However,, in the post-independence era, on an average, in every decade there has been an increase of, one crore. From 1951 to 2010, the increase has been from about 2 to 6 crores. In the period, between 2001 to 2011 only 2% of the population increased because of awareness in the, people to enforce family planning, more number of couples working.

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144, , PRONOUNS AND THEIR REFERENCE, , Pronouns:, Definition:, A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase., , Pronouns table:, Object, Subject, pronouns pronouns, , Possessive, determiner, (adjective), , Possessive, pronouns, , Reflective, pronouns, , 1st Person, , I, , me, , my, , mine, , myself, , 2nd Person, , you, , you, , your, , yours, , yourself, , 3rd Person Male, , he, , him, , his, , his, , himself, , 3rd Person Female, , she, , her, , her, , hers, , herself, , 3rd Person(things, and objects), , it, , it, , its, , (not used), , 1st Person plural, , we, , us, , our, , ours, , ourselves, , 2nd Person plural, , you, , you, , your, , yours, , yourselves, , 3rd Person plural, , they, , them, , their, , theirs, , themselves, , itself

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145, RELATIVE PRONOUNS chart:, Who, , Relates to people (subject), , Whom, , Relates to people (object), , Which, , Relates to animals and objects, , This/that, , Relates to people, animals and things, , Whose, , Refers to possession, , Where, , Refers to places, , When, , Refers to time, , Why, , Refers to reason, , What, , Relates to things, , Examples:, Question No. 34 in question paper:, , 4×1=4, , What do the underlined words in the following paragraph refer to?, Pronominal words:, 1. Confucius was born into a family of lowest level of aristocracy. He led a poor and, miserable life. Unfortunately his parents died when he was very young. Their death, completely shattered his life and he was forced to grow up in poverty, which taught, him the hard realities of life., He: ________, , His: ________ Their: ________ Which: _______, , 2. In Egypt, wild cats preyed upon rats that were destroying grains, which were stored, in granaries. In Rome, cats were treated as working animals and not much respect, was given to them. The Europeans owned cats for fancy. They started breeding, them at home. In Japan, the beckoning cats were seen as lucky since their charm was, believed to protect households., Which: _______ Them: _______ They: _______ Their: ______

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146, 3. Bernard Shaw’s legendary musical hit became a popular film. It is the story of an, English professor who meets a young flower girl in a train, where she was singing, and selling flowers. He was fascinated by her voice and appearance. So he decided, to train her and teach her English. Very soon he transformed her into a refined lady., It: _______ Where: _______ Her: ________ He: ________, 4. Salim took the rare looking bird to his uncle and asked him what kind of bird it was., His uncle examined it and was unable to satisfy Salim’s curiosity. He took Salim to, W.S. Millard, who was surprised to see such a young boy keen about birds. Millard, took Salim and showed him many stuffed birds at the society, where he worked., Him:_______ It: _________ Who:_______ Where:_________, 5. Dining places provided meals every day at a fixed place. These were started in the, 15th century. By the middle of the 16th century, town people made it a habit to dine, out. They paid a shilling, which was quiet affordable. Many taverns became the, meeting places of leading people. Shakespeare, who lived in London, was a regular, customer of Mermaid tavern., These: _______ They:_______ Which:________ Who:______, 6. A Copy Editor checks grammatical errors and misspelling that might lead to confusion., He corrects them and makes the story easier to read. If the story is too long it is again, edited down to the right size. An eye catching headline is added to make the reader, interested, so that he will further recommend the story to his associates., That: ________ He: ________ It: ________ His: _________, 7. Whenever one of the couriers leaves any city, he takes his dispatches in one hand, and the whip with bells in the other, which he keeps shaking. Upon hearing the, sound, another man comes out in the next city and takes these dispatches so that he, can deliver them to the next city. As a result the Sultan receives his dispatches in a, very short a time., He: ________ Which: _______ Them: ________ His: ________, 8. There are many Sphinxes in Egypt, and their heads represent the king’s who had, once ruled over the land. When a king died he himself was supposed to become the

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147, ‘Sun God’. The Egyptians worshipped and had great faith in the Sun God, whom, they trusted would protect them from evil powers., Their: _______ Himself: _______ Whom: _______ Them:____, 9. Colonel Rankin opened his parachute, it blossomed out over him, and another, tremendous blast battered his body, with wind and hail. He could withstand its force,, suddenly he felt being pulled up by a current of air and he was floating in the clouds,, which enclosed him from all directions., It: ______ His: ______ Its: _______ Which: _________, 10.Amelia chose Fred Noonan as her navigator in her second attempt, because he was, skilled and experienced. They departed on June 1st from Miami where she left behind, some things, to make room for additional fuel which was essential for them to fly on, long route., Her: ______ He: _______ Where: _______ Which: ________

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148, , Jumbled Segments, Question no. 35, Rearrange the jumbled segments into the meaningful sentences., 1., A real /there is / this/ in / toy kingdom / kinglet, 2., , Can’t earn / labour / you / stone palaces / by honest, , 3., , They /mind /killing people /in /war /don’t, , 4., , 1994/Navdanya farm/ started/ was / in, , 5., , Teaches / Earth University/ the / Earth Democracy, , 6., , By / inspired / is/ Tagore / the earth University, , 7., , Old lady/ white haired/ Dona Laura/ a /was, , 8., , Don Gonzalo/handkerchief / his / used / as/a shoe brush, , 9., , Has made/ the snuff/peace / Laura and Gonzalo/between, , 10., , Silver maiden /the / called/ Dona Laura/ was, , 11., , The bench / are /three priests/ on/ sitting, , 12., , Agriculture / was / in / well versed /the old man, , 13., , All/forgot / Basavaiah’s death/ his songs/ after/ Tammanna, , 14., , Apple/ to become /the child’s foot /an /wants, , 15., , First literary/ Borges’/reading/ Grimm’s Fairy tales/ was, , 16., , Person/extraordinary / an/ was / mother / Borges’, , 17., , Aesthetic / is /poetry/ act / an, , 18., , That is/ near/ far / all /becomes, , 19., , Bowing / in/ Japanese culture /a natural practice/ is, , 20., , Expensive / in/ are /Motor cars/ Brazil, , 21., , Young man/ popular / a/ Roof/ was, , 22., , Movement/ is /cycling/ a/ social

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149, 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., , Books/ that/ never/ will/ I/ disappear/ believe, Fond/ Gonzalo/ good/ of /verses/ was, His assistant / Roof / five elders / besides / in the room / and / were / there, Another shilling / got up / gave / Roof / each man / again / and, A lot of / had lately been / he / firewood / himself / taking down, Every five years / exercise power / the great day / The people / when, He / of the booth / had gone in / Roof / as jauntily as / went out, The famous / wrote / cycling song / he / that has become / their anthem

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150, , O! Do not let dream die, Do not let dream die., Let it shine, As the Sun shines daylight,, As the Moon, And stars at night., Let it raise, Strong and strong, As you raise up, Young and young., Keep it alive ever, All through life, Till the sun rises, And reach the peak of life., O! Do not let dream die.