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Swami Vivekananda, Swami Vivekananda (/ˈswɑːmi ˌvɪveɪˈkɑːnəndə/; Bengali: [ʃami bibekanɔndo] ( listen); 12 January, 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta (Bengali: [nɔrendronatʰ dɔto]), was an Indian, Hindu monk and philosopher. He was a chief disciple of the 19th-century Indian mystic, Ramakrishna.[4][5] Influenced by Western esotericism,[6][7][8] he was a key figure in the, introduction of the Indian darsanas (teachings, practices) of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western, world,[9][10][11] and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status, of a major world religion during the late 19th century.[12] He was a major force in the, contemporary Hindu reform movements in India, and contributed to the concept of nationalism, in colonial India.[13] Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna, Mission.[10] He is perhaps best known for his speech which began with the words "Sisters and, brothers of America ...,"[14] in which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's, Religions in Chicago in 1893.

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Swami, , Swami Vivekananda, , Vivekananda in Chicago, September 1893. On the Left note, Vivekananda wrote: "One infinite pure and, holy – beyond thought beyond qualities I bow down to thee".[1], , Personal, Born, , Narendranath Datta, 12 January 1863, Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India (presentday Kolkata, West Bengal, India), , Died, , 4 July 1902 (aged 39), Belur Math, Bengal Presidency, British India, (present-day West Bengal, India), , Religion, , Hinduism, , Citizenship, , British India, , Alma mater, , University of Calcutta (B.A.), , Signature, Founder of, , Ramakrishna Mission (1897), Ramakrishna Math, , Philosophy, , Modern Vedanta[2][3], Rāja yoga[3]

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Religious career, Guru, , Ramakrishna, , Disciples, , Ashokananda, Virajananda, Paramananda, Alasinga Perumal, Abhayananda, Sister Nivedita, Swami, Sadananda, Influenced, , Subhas Chandra Bose, Aurobindo Ghose, Bagha Jatin, Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore,, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bal Gangadhar Tilak,, Jamsetji Tata, Sarah Bernhardt, Emma Calvé, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Annie Besant, Romain Rolland,, Narendra Modi, Anna Hazare, , Literary works, , Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Jnana Yoga, My Master, Lectures from Colombo to Almora, , Born into an aristocratic Bengali, Kayastha family of Calcutta,, Vivekananda was inclined towards, spirituality. He was influenced by his, , Quotation, "Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached", (more in Wikiquote), , guru, Ramakrishna, from whom he, learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self; therefore, service to God, could be rendered by service to humankind. After Ramakrishna's death, Vivekananda toured the, Indian subcontinent extensively and acquired first-hand knowledge of the conditions prevailing, in British India. He later travelled to the United States, representing India at the 1893 Parliament, of the World's Religions. Vivekananda conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and, classes, disseminating tenets of Hindu philosophy in the United States, England and Europe. In, India, Vivekananda is regarded as a patriotic saint, and his birthday is celebrated as National, Youth Day., , Early life (1863–1888)

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Bhubaneswari Devi (1841–1911);, "I am indebted to my mother for, the efflorescence of my, knowledge."[15] – Vivekananda, , 3, Gourmohan Mukherjee, Street, birthplace of, Vivekananda, now, converted into a museum, and cultural centre, , Vivekananda was born Narendranath Datta (shortened to Narendra or Naren)[16] in a Bengali, family[17][18] at his ancestral home at 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street in Calcutta,[19] the capital of, British India, on 12 January 1863 during the Makar Sankranti festival.[20] He belonged to a, traditional family and was one of nine siblings.[21] His father, Vishwanath Datta, was an attorney, at the Calcutta High Court.[17][22] Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was a Sanskrit and, Persian scholar[23] who left his family and became a monk at age twenty-five.[24] His mother,, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife.[23] The progressive, rational attitude of Narendra's, father and the religious temperament of his mother helped shape his thinking and, personality.[25][26], Narendranath was interested in spirituality from a young age and used to meditate before the, images of deities such as Shiva, Rama, Sita, and Mahavir Hanuman.[27] He was fascinated by, wandering ascetics and monks.[26] Narendra was naughty and restless as a child, and his, parents often had difficulty controlling him. His mother said, "I prayed to Shiva for a son and he, has sent me one of his demons".[24], , Education, In 1871, at the age of eight, Narendranath enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan, Institution, where he went to school until his family moved to Raipur in 1877.[28] In 1879, after his, family's return to Calcutta, he was the only student to receive first-division marks in the

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Presidency College entrance examination. [29] He was an avid reader in a wide range of subjects,, including philosophy, religion, history, social science, art and literature.[30] He was also interested, in Hindu scriptures, including the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, the, Mahabharata and the Puranas. Narendra was trained in Indian classical music,[31] and regularly, participated in physical exercise, sports and organised activities. Narendra studied Western, logic, Western philosophy and European history at the General Assembly's Institution (now, known as the Scottish Church College).[32] In 1881, he passed the Fine Arts examination, and, completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1884.[33][34] Narendra studied the works of David Hume,, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Baruch Spinoza, Georg W. F. Hegel, Arthur, Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, John Stuart Mill and Charles Darwin.[35][36] He became, fascinated with the evolutionism of Herbert Spencer and corresponded with him,[37][38], translating Herbert Spencer's book Education (1861) into Bengali.[39] While studying Western, philosophers, he also learned Sanskrit scriptures and Bengali literature.[36], William Hastie (principal of Christian College, Calcutta, from where Narendra graduated) wrote,, "Narendra is really a genius. I have travelled far and wide but I have never come across a lad of, his talents and possibilities, even in German universities, among philosophical students. He is, bound to make his mark in life".[40], Narendra was known for his prodigious memory and the ability at speed reading. Several, incidents have been given as examples. In a talk, he once quoted verbatim, two or three pages, from Pickwick Papers. Another incident that is given is his argument with a Swedish national, where he gave reference to some details on Swedish history that the Swede originally disagreed, with but later conceded. In another incident with Dr. Paul Deussen's at Kiel in Germany,, Vivekananda was going over some poetical work and did not reply when the professor spoke to, him. Later, he apologised to Dr. Deussen explaining that he was too absorbed in reading and, hence did not hear him. The professor was not satisfied with this explanation, but Vivekananda, quoted and interpreted verses from the text, leaving the professor dumbfounded about his feat, of memory. Once, he requested some books written by Sir John Lubbock from a library and, returned them the very next day, claiming that he had read them. The librarian refused to believe, him until cross-examination about the contents convinced him that Vivekananda was being, truthful.[41], Some accounts have called Narendra a shrutidhara (a person with a prodigious memory).[42], , Spiritual apprenticeship – influence of Brahmo Samaj

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In 1880 Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was established by Sen after, meeting Ramakrishna and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism.[43] Narendra became a, member of a Freemasonry lodge "at some point before 1884"[44] and of the Sadharan Brahmo, Samaj in his twenties, a breakaway faction of the Brahmo Samaj led by Keshab Chandra Sen and, Debendranath Tagore.[43][32][45][46] From 1881 to 1884, he was also active in Sen's Band of Hope,, which tried to discourage youths from smoking and drinking.[43], It was in this cultic[47] milieu that Narendra became acquainted with Western esotericism.[48] His, initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in a formless God and the, deprecation of idolatry,[27][49] and a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly, coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the Upanisads and of the Vedanta."[50], Rammohan Roy, the founder of the Brahmo Samaj who was strongly influenced by unitarianism,, strove towards a universalistic interpretation of Hinduism.[50] His ideas were "altered [...], considerably" by Debendranath Tagore, who had a romantic approach to the development of, these new doctrines, and questioned central Hindu beliefs like reincarnation and karma, and, rejected the authority of the Vedas.[51] Tagore also brought this "neo-Hinduism" closer in line with, western esotericism, a development which was furthered by Sen.[52] Sen was influenced by, transcendentalism, an American philosophical-religious movement strongly connected with, unitarianism, which emphasised personal religious experience over mere reasoning and, theology.[53] Sen strived to "an accessible, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality",, introducing "lay systems of spiritual practice" which can be regarded as prototypes of the kind of, Yoga-exercises which Vivekananda popularised in the west.[54], The same search for direct intuition and understanding can be seen with Vivekananda. Not, satisfied with his knowledge of philosophy, Narendra came to "the question which marked the, real beginning of his intellectual quest for God."[45] He asked several prominent Calcutta, residents if they had come "face to face with God", but none of their answers satisfied him.[55][34], At this time, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) and asked if he, had seen God. Instead of answering his question, Tagore said "My boy, you have the Yogi's, eyes."[45][39] According to Banhatti, it was Ramakrishna who really answered Narendra's question,, by saying "Yes, I see Him as I see you, only in an infinitely intenser sense."[45] Nevertheless,, Vivekananda was more influenced by the Brahmo Samaj's and its new ideas, than by, Ramakrishna.[54] It was Sen's influence who brought Vivekananda fully into contact with western, esotericism, and it was also via Sen that he met Ramakrishna.[56], , With Ramakrishna

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In 1881 Narendra first met Ramakrishna, who became his spiritual focus after his own father, had died in 1884.[57], Narendra's first introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class at General Assembly's, Institution when he heard Professor William Hastie lecturing on William Wordsworth's poem, The, Excursion.[49] While explaining the word "trance" in the poem, Hastie suggested that his students, visit Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar to understand the true meaning of trance. This prompted, some of his students (including Narendra) to visit Ramakrishna.[58][59][60], , Ramakrishna, guru of Vivekananda Vivekananda in Cossipore, 1886, , They probably first met personally in November 1881,[note 1] though Narendra did not consider, this their first meeting, and neither man mentioned this meeting later.[58] At this time, Narendra, was preparing for his upcoming F. A. examination, when Ram Chandra Datta accompanied him, to Surendra Nath Mitra's, house where Ramakrishna was invited to deliver a lecture.[62], According to Makarand Paranjape, at this meeting Ramakrishna asked young Narendra to sing., Impressed by his singing talent, he asked Narendra to come to Dakshineshwar.[63], In late 1881 or early 1882, Narendra went to Dakshineswar with two friends and met, Ramakrishna.[58] This meeting proved to be a turning point in his life.[64] Although he did not, initially accept Ramakrishna as his teacher and rebelled against his ideas, he was attracted by, his personality and began to frequently visit him at Dakshineswar.[65] He initially saw, Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as "mere figments of imagination"[25] and

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"hallucinations".[66] As a member of Brahmo Samaj, he opposed idol worship, polytheism and, Ramakrishna's worship of Kali.[67] He even rejected the Advaita Vedanta of "identity with the, absolute" as blasphemy and madness, and often ridiculed the idea.[66] Narendra tested, Ramakrishna, who faced his arguments patiently: "Try to see the truth from all angles", he, replied.[65], Narendra's father's sudden death in 1884 left the family bankrupt; creditors began demanding, the repayment of loans, and relatives threatened to evict the family from their ancestral home., Narendra, once a son of a well-to-do family, became one of the poorest students in his, college.[68] He unsuccessfully tried to find work and questioned God's existence,[69] but found, solace in Ramakrishna and his visits to Dakshineswar increased.[70], One day, Narendra requested Ramakrishna to pray to goddess Kali for their family's financial, welfare. Ramakrishna suggested him to go to the temple himself and pray. Following, Ramakrishna's suggestion, he went to the temple thrice, but failed to pray for any kind of worldly, necessities and ultimately prayed for true knowledge and devotion from the goddess.[71][72][73], Narendra gradually grew ready to renounce everything for the sake of realising God, and, accepted Ramakrishna as his Guru.[65], In 1885, Ramakrishna developed throat cancer, and was transferred to Calcutta and (later) to a, garden house in Cossipore. Narendra and Ramakrishna's other disciples took care of him during, his last days, and Narendra's spiritual education continued. At Cossipore, he experienced, Nirvikalpa samadhi.[74] Narendra and several other disciples received ochre robes from, Ramakrishna, forming his first monastic order.[75] He was taught that service to men was the, most effective worship of God.[25][74] Ramakrishna asked him to care for the other monastic, disciples, and in turn asked them to see Narendra as their leader.[76] Ramakrishna died in the, early-morning hours of 16 August 1886 in Cossipore.[76][77], , Founding of first Ramakrishna Math at Baranagar

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Group photo taken on 30 January 1887 in Baranagar Math, Kolkata., Standing: (l–r) ) Shivananda, Ramakrishnananda, Vivekananda, Randhuni, Debendranath Majumdar, Mahendranath Gupta, (Shri M), Trigunatitananda, H.Mustafi, Sitting: (l–r) Niranjanananda, Saradananda, Hutko Gopal, Abhedananda, , After Ramakrishna's death, his devotees and admirers stopped supporting his disciples. Unpaid, rent accumulated, and Narendra and the other disciples had to find a new place to live.[78] Many, returned home, adopting a Grihastha (family-oriented) way of life.[79] Narendra decided to, convert a dilapidated house at Baranagar into a new math (monastery) for the remaining, disciples. Rent for the Baranagar Math was low, raised by "holy begging" (mādhukarī). The math, became the first building of the Ramakrishna Math: the monastery of the monastic order of, Ramakrishna.[64] Narendra and other disciples used to spend many hours in practicing, meditation and religious austerities every day.[80] Narendra later reminisced about the early days, of the monastery:[81], , We underwent a lot of religious practice at the Baranagar Math. We, used to get up at 3:00 am and become absorbed in japa and meditation., What a strong spirit of detachment we had in those days! We had no, thought even as to whether the world existed or not., In 1887, Narendra compiled a Bengali song anthology named Sangeet Kalpataru with Vaishnav, Charan Basak. Narendra collected and arranged most of the songs of this compilation, but could, not finish the work of the book for unfavourable circumstances.[82], , Monastic vows, In December 1886, the mother of Baburam[note 2] invited Narendra and his other brother monks, to Antpur village. Narendra and the other aspiring monks accepted the invitation and went to

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Antpur to spend a few days. In Antpur, in the Christmas Eve of 1886, Narendra and eight other, disciples took formal monastic vows.[80] They decided to live their lives as their master lived.[80], Narendranath took the name "Swami Vivekananda".[83], , Travels in India (1888–1893), In 1888, Narendra left the monastery as a Parivrâjaka— the Hindu religious life of a wandering, monk, "without fixed abode, without ties, independent and strangers wherever they go".[84] His, sole possessions were a kamandalu (water pot), staff and his two favourite books: the Bhagavad, Gita and The Imitation of Christ.[85] Narendra travelled extensively in India for five years, visiting, centres of learning and acquainting himself with diverse religious traditions and social, patterns.[86][87] He developed sympathy for the suffering and poverty of the people, and resolved, to uplift the nation.[86][88] Living primarily on bhiksha (alms), Narendra travelled on foot and by, railway (with tickets bought by admirers). During his travels he met, and stayed with Indians from, all religions and walks of life: scholars, dewans, rajas, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, paraiyars, (low-caste workers) and government officials.[88] Narendra left Bombay for Chicago on 31 May, 1893 with the name "Vivekananda", as suggested by Ajit Singh of Khetri,[89] which means "the, bliss of discerning wisdom," from Sanskrit viveka and ānanda.[90], , First visit to the West (1893–1897), Vivekananda started his journey to the West on 31 May 1893[91] and visited several cities in, Japan (including Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo),[92] China and Canada en, route to the United States,[91] reaching Chicago on 30 July 1893,[93][91] where the "Parliament of, Religions" took place in September 1893.[94] The Congress was an initiative of the, Swedenborgian layman, and judge of the Illinois Supreme Court, Charles C. Bonney,[95][96] to, gather all the religions of the world, and show "the substantial unity of many religions in the, good deeds of the religious life."[95] It was one of the more than 200 adjunct gatherings and, congresses of the Chicago's World's Fair,[95] and was "an avant-garde intellectual manifestation, of [...] cultic milieus, East and West,"[97] with the Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society, being invited as being representative of Hinduism.[98], Vivekananda wanted to join, but was disappointed to learn that no one without credentials from, a bona fide organisation would be accepted as a delegate.[99] Vivekananda contacted Professor, John Henry Wright of Harvard University, who invited him to speak at Harvard.[99] Vivekananda, wrote of the professor, "He urged upon me the necessity of going to the Parliament of Religions,

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which he thought would give an introduction to the nation".[100][note 3] Vivekananda submitted an, application, "introducing himself as a monk 'of the oldest order of sannyāsis ... founded by, Sankara,'"[98] supported by the Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra Mozoombar, who, was also a member of the Parliament's selection committee, "classifying the Swami as a, representative of the Hindu monastic order."[98] Hearing Vivekananda speak, Harvard psychology, professor William James said, "that man is simply a wonder for oratorical power. He is an honor, to humanity."[101], , Parliament of the World's Religions, , Vivekananda on the platform at the, Parliament of Religions, September, 1893; left to right: Virchand Gandhi,, Dharmapala, Vivekananda and, (possibly) Gaston Bonet-Maury, , Swami Vivekananda with the East, Indian group, in the photo: (from, left to right) Narasimha Chaira,, Lakeshnie Narain, Vivekananda, H., Dharmapala, and Virchand Gandhi, , The Parliament of the World's Religions opened on 11 September 1893 at the Art Institute of, Chicago, as part of the World's Columbian Exposition.[102][103][104] On this day, Vivekananda gave, a brief speech representing India and Hinduism.[105] He was initially nervous, bowed to Saraswati, (the Hindu goddess of learning) and began his speech with "Sisters and brothers of, America!".[106][104] At these words, Vivekananda received a two-minute standing ovation from the, crowd of seven thousand.[107] According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, when silence was restored he, began his address, greeting the youngest of the nations on behalf of "the most ancient order of, monks in the world, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a religion which has taught the world both, tolerance and universal acceptance".[108][note 4] Vivekananda quoted two illustrative passages, from the "Shiva mahimna stotram": "As the different streams having their sources in different, places all mingle their water in the sea, so, O Lord, the different paths which men take, through

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different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or straight, all lead to Thee!" and, "Whosoever comes to Me, through whatsoever form, I reach him; all men are struggling through, paths that in the end lead to Me."[111] According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, "it was only a short, speech, but it voiced the spirit of the Parliament."[111][112], Parliament President John Henry Barrows said, "India, the Mother of religions was represented, by Swami Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who exercised the most wonderful influence over his, auditors".[106] Vivekananda attracted widespread attention in the press, which called him the, "cyclonic monk from India". The New York Critique wrote, "He is an orator by divine right, and his, strong, intelligent face in its picturesque setting of yellow and orange was hardly less interesting, than those earnest words, and the rich, rhythmical utterance he gave them". The New York Herald, noted, "Vivekananda is undoubtedly the greatest figure in the Parliament of Religions. After, hearing him we feel how foolish it is to send missionaries to this learned nation".[113] American, newspapers reported Vivekananda as "the greatest figure in the parliament of religions" and "the, most popular and influential man in the parliament".[114] The Boston Evening Transcript reported, that Vivekananda was "a great favourite at the parliament... if he merely crosses the platform, he, is applauded".[115] He spoke several more times "at receptions, the scientific section, and private, homes"[108] on topics related to Hinduism, Buddhism and harmony among religions until the, parliament ended on 27 September 1893. Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament had the, common theme of universality, emphasising religious tolerance.[116] He soon became known as, a "handsome oriental" and made a huge impression as an orator.[117], , Lecture tours in the UK and US, After the Parliament of Religions, he toured many parts of the US as a, , "I do not come",, , guest. His popularity opened up new views for expanding on "life and, , said Swamiji on, , religion to, , thousands".[117], , During a question-answer session at Brooklyn, , one occasion in, , Ethical Society, he remarked, "I have a message to the West as Buddha, , America, "to, , had a message to the East.", , convert you to a, new belief. I want, , Vivekananda spent nearly two years lecturing in the eastern and central, , you to keep your, , United States, primarily in Chicago, Detroit, Boston, and New York. He, , own belief; I want, , founded the Vedanta Society of New York in 1894.[119] By spring 1895 his, , to make the, , busy, tiring schedule had affected his health.[120] He ended his lecture, tours and began giving free, private classes in Vedanta and yoga., Beginning in June 1895, Vivekananda gave private lectures to a dozen of, [120], , his disciples at Thousand Island Park, New York for two months., , Methodist a, better Methodist;, the Presbyterian a, better, Presbyterian; the

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During his first visit to the West he travelled to the UK twice, in 1895 and, , Unitarian a better, , 1896, lecturing successfully there.[121] In November 1895, he met, , Unitarian. I want, , Margaret Elizabeth Noble an Irish woman who would become Sister, Nivedita.[120] During his second visit to the UK in May 1896 Vivekananda, met Max Müller, a noted Indologist from Oxford University who wrote, Ramakrishna's first biography in the West.[112] From the UK, Vivekananda, , to teach you to, live the truth, to, reveal the light, within your own, soul."[118], , visited other European countries. In Germany, he met Paul Deussen,, another Indologist.[122] Vivekananda was offered academic positions in, two American universities (one the chair in Eastern Philosophy at Harvard University and a, similar position at Columbia University); he declined both, since his duties would conflict with his, commitment as a monk.[120], , Vivekananda in Greenacre,, Maine (August 1894).[123], , Vivekananda at Mead sisters' house,, South Pasadena in 1900., , Vivekananda's success led to a change in mission, namely the establishment of Vedanta centres, in the West.[124] Vivekananda adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs, and understandings of his western audiences, who were especially attracted by and familiar with, western esoteric traditions and movements like Transcendentalism and New thought.[125] An, important element in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his "four yogas", model, which includes Raja yoga, his interpretation of Patanjali's Yoga sutras,[126] which offered, a practical means to realise the divine force within which is central to modern western, esotericism.[125] In 1896, his book Raja Yoga was published, becoming an instant success; it was, highly influential in the western understanding of yoga, in Elizabeth de Michelis's view marking, the beginning of modern yoga.[127][128]

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Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers in the US and Europe, including Josephine, MacLeod, William James, Josiah Royce, Robert G. Ingersoll, Lord Kelvin, Harriet Monroe, Ella, Wheeler Wilcox, Sarah Bernhardt, Emma Calvé and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von, Helmholtz.[25][120][122][129] He initiated several followers : Marie Louise (a French woman) became, Swami Abhayananda, and Leon Landsberg became Swami Kripananda,[130] so that they could, continue the work of the mission of the Vedanta Society. This society still is filled with foreign, nationals and is also located in Los Angeles.[131] During his stay in America, Vivekananda was, given land in the mountains to the southeast of San Jose, California to establish a retreat for, Vedanta students. He called it "Peace retreat", or, Shanti Asrama.[132] The largest American, centre is the Vedanta Society of Southern California in Hollywood, one of the twelve main, centres. There is also a Vedanta Press in Hollywood which publishes books about Vedanta and, English translations of Hindu scriptures and texts.[133] Christina Greenstidel of Detroit was also, initiated by Vivekananda with a mantra and she became Sister Christine,[134] and they, established a close father–daughter relationship.[135], From the West, Vivekananda revived his work in India. He regularly corresponded with his, followers and brother monks,[note 5] offering advice and financial support. His letters from this, period reflect his campaign of social service,[136] and were strongly worded.[137] He wrote to, Akhandananda, "Go from door to door amongst the poor and lower classes of the town of Khetri, and teach them religion. Also, let them have oral lessons on geography and such other subjects., No good will come of sitting idle and having princely dishes, and saying "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"—, unless you can do some good to the poor".[138][139] In 1895, Vivekananda founded the periodical, Brahmavadin to teach the Vedanta.[140] Later, Vivekananda's translation of the first six chapters, of The Imitation of Christ was published in Brahmavadin in 1889.[141] Vivekananda left for India, on 16 December 1896 from England with his disciples Captain and Mrs. Sevier and J.J., Goodwin. On the way, they visited France and Italy, and set sail for India from Naples on 30, December 1896.[142] He was later followed to India by Sister Nivedita, who devoted the rest of, her life to the education of Indian women and India's independence.[120][143], , Back in India (1897–1899)

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Vivekananda at Chennai 1897, , The ship from Europe arrived in Colombo, British Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) on 15 January 1897,[142], and Vivekananda received a warm welcome. In Colombo, he gave his first public speech in the, East. From there on, his journey to Calcutta was triumphant. Vivekananda travelled from, Colombo to Pamban, Rameswaram, Ramnad, Madurai, Kumbakonam and Madras, delivering, lectures. Common people and rajas gave him an enthusiastic reception. During his train travels,, people often sat on the rails to force the train to stop, so they could hear him.[142] From Madras, (now Chennai), he continued his journey to Calcutta and Almora. While in the West, Vivekananda, spoke about India's great spiritual heritage; in India, he repeatedly addressed social issues:, uplifting the people, eliminating the caste system, promoting science and industrialisation,, addressing widespread poverty and ending colonial rule. These lectures, published as Lectures, from Colombo to Almora, demonstrate his nationalistic fervour and spiritual ideology.[144], , Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati (a branch of the Ramakrishna Math founded on 19 March 1899) later published many of, Vivekananda's work and now publishes Prabuddha Bharata.

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On 1 May 1897 in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission for social service. Its, ideals are based on Karma Yoga,[145][146] and its governing body consists of the trustees of the, Ramakrishna Math (which conducts religious work).[147] Both Ramakrishna Math and, Ramakrishna Mission have their headquarters at Belur Math.[112][148] Vivekananda founded two, other monasteries: one in Mayavati in the Himalayas (near Almora), the Advaita Ashrama and, another in Madras (now Chennai). Two journals were founded: Prabuddha Bharata in English and, Udbhodan in Bengali.[149] That year, famine-relief work was begun by Swami Akhandananda in, the Murshidabad district.[112][147], Vivekananda earlier inspired Jamsetji Tata to set up a research and educational institution when, they travelled together from Yokohama to Chicago on Vivekananda's first visit to the West in, 1893. Tata now asked him to head his Research Institute of Science; Vivekananda declined the, offer, citing a conflict with his "spiritual interests".[150][151][152] He visited Punjab, attempting to, mediate an ideological conflict between Arya Samaj (a reformist Hindu movement) and sanatan, (orthodox Hindus).[153] After brief visits to Lahore,[147] Delhi and Khetri, Vivekananda returned to, Calcutta in January 1898. He consolidated the work of the math and trained disciples for several, months. Vivekananda composed "Khandana Bhava–Bandhana", a prayer song dedicated to, Ramakrishna, in 1898.[154], Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached, the famous quote of vivekananda was said in, January 26,1897 in kumbakonam, tamil nadu, , Second visit to the West and final years (1899–1902)

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Vivekananda at Belur Math, on 19 June 1899, , Vivekananda (photo taken, in Bushnell Studio, San, Francisco, 1900), , Despite declining health, Vivekananda left for the West for a second time in June 1899[155], accompanied by Sister Nivedita and Swami Turiyananda. Following a brief stay in England, he, went to the United States. During this visit, Vivekananda established Vedanta Societies in San, Francisco and New York and founded a shanti ashrama (peace retreat) in California.[156] He then, went to Paris for the Congress of Religions in 1900.[157] His lectures in Paris concerned the, worship of the lingam and the authenticity of the Bhagavad Gita.[156] Vivekananda then visited, Brittany, Vienna, Istanbul, Athens and Egypt. The French philosopher Jules Bois was his host for, most of this period, until he returned to Calcutta on 9 December 1900.[156], After a brief visit to the Advaita Ashrama in Mayavati, Vivekananda settled at Belur Math, where, he continued co-ordinating the works of Ramakrishna Mission, the math and the work in England, and the US. He had many visitors, including royalty and politicians. Although Vivekananda was, unable to attend the Congress of Religions in 1901 in Japan due to deteriorating health, he made, pilgrimages to Bodhgaya and Varanasi.[158] Declining health (including asthma, diabetes and, chronic insomnia) restricted his activity.[159], , Death, On 4 July 1902 (the day of his death),[160] Vivekananda awoke early, went to the monastery at, Belur Math and meditated for three hours. He taught Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Sanskrit grammar and, the philosophy of yoga to pupils,[161][162] later discussing with colleagues a planned Vedic, college in the Ramakrishna Math. At 7:00 pm Vivekananda went to his room, asking not to be, disturbed;[161] he died at 9:20 p.m. while meditating.[163] According to his disciples, Vivekananda, attained mahasamādhi;[164] the rupture of a blood vessel in his brain was reported as a possible, cause of death.[165] His disciples believed that the rupture was due to his brahmarandhra (an, opening in the crown of his head) being pierced when he attained mahasamādhi. Vivekananda, fulfilled his prophecy that he would not live forty years.[166] He was cremated on a sandalwood, funeral pyre on the bank of the Ganga in Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated, sixteen years earlier.[167], , Teachings and philosophy

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While synthesizing and popularizing various strands of Hindu-thought, most notably classical, yoga and (Advaita) Vedanta, Vivekananda was influenced by western ideas such as, Universalism, via Unitarian missionaries who collaborated with the Brahmo, Samaj.[6][168][7][169][170] His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief, in a formless God and the deprecation of idolatry,[27][49] and a "streamlined, rationalized,, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the Upanisads, and of the Vedanta".[171] He propagated the idea that "the divine, the absolute, exists within all, human beings regardless of social status",[172] and that "seeing the divine as the essence of, others will promote love and social harmony".[172] Via his affiliations with Keshub Chandra Sen's, Nava Vidhan,[173] the Freemasonry lodge,[174] the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj,[173][32][45][46] and Sen's, Band of Hope, Vivekananda became acquainted with Western esotericism.[8], He was also influenced by Ramakrishna, who gradually brought Narendra to a Vedanta-based, worldview that "provides the ontological basis for 'śivajñāne jīver sevā', the spiritual practice of, serving human beings as actual manifestations of God."[175], Vivekananda propagated that the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in Adi Shankara's, Advaita Vedanta philosophy.[176] Nevertheless, following Ramakrishna, and in contrast to Advaita, Vedanta, Vivekananda believed that the Absolute is both immanent and transcendent.[note 6], According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita, or non-dualism," viewing Brahman as "one without a second," yet "both qualified, saguna, and, qualityless, nirguna."[179][note 7] Vivekananda summarised the Vedanta as follows, giving it a, modern and Universalistic interpretation,[176] showing the influence of classical yoga:, , Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this Divinity, within by controlling nature, external and internal. Do this either by, work, or worship, or mental discipline, or philosophy—by one, or more,, or all of these—and be free. This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or, dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary, details., Vivekananda's emphasis on nirvikalpa samadhi was preceded by medieval yogic influences on, Advaita Vedanta.[180] In line with Advaita Vedanta texts like Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka (14th century) and, Vedantasara (of Sadananda) (15th century), Vivekananda saw samadhi as a means to attain, liberation.[181][note 8]

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Vivekananda popularized the notion of involution, a term which Vivekananda probably took from, western Theosophists, notably Helena Blavatsky, in addition to Darwin's notion of evolution, and, possibly referring to the Samkhya term sātkarya.[184] Theosophic ideas on involution has "much, in common" with "theories of the descent of God in Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and other esoteric, schools."[184] According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the word involution exactly how it, appears in Theosophy: the descent, or the involvement, of divine cosnciousness into matter."[185], With spirit, Vivekananda refers to prana or purusha, derived ("with some original twists") from, Samkhya and classical yoga as presented by Patanjali in the Yoga sutras.[185], Vivekananda linked morality with control of the mind, seeing truth, purity and unselfishness as, traits which strengthened it.[186] He advised his followers to be holy, unselfish and to have, shraddhā (faith). Vivekananda supported brahmacharya,[187] believing it the source of his, physical and mental stamina and eloquence.[188], Vivekananda's acquaintance with Western esotericism made him very successful in Western, esoteric circles, beginning with his speech in 1893 at the Parliament of Religions. Vivekananda, adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his, Western audiences, who were especially attracted by and familiar with Western esoteric, traditions and movements like Transcendentalism and New thought.[189] An important element, in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his four yoga's model, which, includes Raja yoga, his interpretation of Patanjali's Yoga sutras,[190] which offered a practical, means to realize the divine force within which is central to modern Western esotericism.[189] In, 1896 his book Raja Yoga was published, which became an instant success and was highly, influential in the Western understanding of yoga.[191][192], Nationalism was a prominent theme in Vivekananda's thought. He believed that a country's, future depends on its people, and his teachings focused on human development.[193] He wanted, "to set in motion a machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep of even the poorest, and the meanest".[194], , Influence and legacy

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Neo-Vedanta, Vivekananda was one of the main representatives of Neo-Vedanta, a modern interpretation of, selected aspects of Hinduism in line with western esoteric traditions, especially, Transcendentalism, New Thought and Theosophy.[3] His reinterpretation was, and is, very, successful, creating a new understanding and appreciation of Hinduism within and outside, India,[3] and was the principal reason for the enthusiastic reception of yoga, Transcendental, Meditation and other forms of Indian spiritual self-improvement in the West.[195] Agehananda, Bharati explained, "...modern Hindus derive their knowledge of Hinduism from Vivekananda,, directly or indirectly".[196] Vivekananda espoused the idea that all sects within Hinduism (and all, religions) are different paths to the same goal.[197] However, this view has been criticised as an, oversimplification of Hinduism.[197]

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Vivekananda statue near the Statue at Shri Ramakrishna, Gateway of India, Mumbai, Vidyashala, Mysore, India, , Indian nationalism, In the background of emerging nationalism in British-ruled India, Vivekananda crystallised the, nationalistic ideal. In the words of social reformer Charles Freer Andrews, "The Swami's intrepid, patriotism gave a new colour to the national movement throughout India. More than any other, single individual of that period Vivekananda had made his contribution to the new awakening of, India".[198] Vivekananda drew attention to the extent of poverty in the country, and maintained, that addressing such poverty was a prerequisite for national awakening.[199] His nationalistic, ideas influenced many Indian thinkers and leaders. Sri Aurobindo regarded Vivekananda as the, one who awakened India spiritually.[200] Mahatma Gandhi counted him among the few Hindu, reformers "who have maintained this Hindu religion in a state of splendor by cutting down the, dead wood of tradition".[201], , Name-giving, In September 2010, the then Union Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India, before the current President Ram Nath Kovind, approved in principle the Swami Vivekananda, Values Education Project at a cost of ₹1 billion (US$13 million), with objectives including:, involving youth with competitions, essays, discussions and study circles and publishing, Vivekananda's works in a number of languages.[202] In 2011, the West Bengal Police Training, College was renamed the Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy, West Bengal.[203] The state, technical university in Chhattisgarh has been named the Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand, Technical University.[204] In 2012, the Raipur airport was renamed Swami Vivekananda, Airport.[205], , Celebrations, While National Youth Day in India is observed on his birthday, 12 January, the day he delivered, his masterful speech at the Parliament of Religions, 11 September 1893, is "World Brotherhood, Day".[206][207] The 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda was celebrated in India and, abroad. The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in India officially observed 2013 as the, occasion in a declaration.[208]

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Movies, Indian film director Utpal Sinha made a film, The Light: Swami Vivekananda as a tribute for his, 150th birth anniversary.[209] Other Indian films about his life include: Swamiji (1949) by Amar, Mullick, Swami Vivekananda (1955) by Amar Mullick, Birieswar Vivekananda (1964) by Modhu, Bose, Life and Message of Swami Vivekananda (1964) documentary film by Bimal Roy, Swami, Vivekananda (1998) by G. V. Iyer, Swamiji (2012) laser light film by Manick Sorcar.[210] Sound of, Joy, an Indian 3D-animated short film directed by Sukankan Roy depicts the spiritual journey of, Vivekananda. It won the National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film in 2014.[211], , Works, , Lectures from Colombo to Vedanta Philosophy An, Almora front cover 1897, address before the, edition, Graduate Philosophical, Society 1901 cover page, , Lectures, Although Vivekananda was a powerful orator and writer in English and Bengali,[212] he was not a, thorough scholar,[213] and most of his published works were compiled from lectures given, around the world which were "mainly delivered [...] impromptu and with little preparation".[213] His, main work, Raja Yoga, consists of talks he delivered in New York.[214]

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Literary works, According to Banhatti, "[a] singer, a painter, a wonderful master of language and a poet,, Vivekananda was a complete artist",[215] composing many songs and poems, including his, favourite, "Kali the Mother". Vivekananda blended humour with his teachings, and his language, was lucid. His Bengali writings testify to his belief that words (spoken or written) should clarify, ideas, rather than demonstrating the speaker (or writer's) knowledge., Bartaman Bharat meaning "Present Day India"[216] is an erudite Bengali language essay written by, him, which was first published in the March 1899 issue of Udbodhan, the only Bengali language, magazine of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. The essay was reprinted as a book, in 1905 and later compiled into the fourth volume of The Complete Works of Swami, Vivekananda.[217] In this essay his refrain to the readers was to honour and treat every Indian as, a brother irrespective of whether he was born poor or in lower caste.[218], , Publications, Published in his lifetime[219], Sangeet Kalpataru (1887, with Vaishnav Charan Basak)[82], Karma Yoga (1896)[220][221], Raja Yoga (1896 [1899 edition])[222], Vedanta Philosophy: An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society (1896), Lectures from Colombo to Almora (1897), Bartaman Bharat (in Bengali) (March 1899), Udbodhan, My Master (1901), The Baker and Taylor Company, New York, Vedânta philosophy: lectures on Jnâna Yoga (1902) Vedânta Society, New York, OCLC 919769260 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919769260), Jnana yoga (1899), , Published posthumously, Published after his death (1902)[219], Addresses on Bhakti Yoga

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Bhakti Yoga, The East and the West (1909)[223], Inspired Talks (1909), Narada Bhakti Sutras – translation, Para Bhakti or Supreme Devotion, Practical Vedanta, Speeches and writings of Swami Vivekananda; a comprehensive collection, Complete Works: a collection of his writings, lectures and discourses in a set of nine volumes, Seeing Beyond the Circle (2005), , See also, List of Hindu gurus and saints, Ātman, Self-control and discipline, Soul, Yoga, Ashtanga yoga, Bhakti yoga, Karma yoga, Jnana yoga, , Notes, 1. The exact date of the meeting is unknown. Vivekananda researcher Shailendra Nath Dhar studied the, Calcutta University Calendar of 1881—1882 and found in that year, examination started on 28 November, and ended on 2 December[61], 2. A brother monk of Narendranath, 3. On learning that Vivekananda lacked credentials to speak at the Chicago Parliament, Wright said "To ask, for your credentials is like asking the sun to state its right to shine in the heavens".[100]

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4. McRae quotes "[a] sectarian biography of Vivekananda,"[109] namely Sailendra Nath Dhar A, Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda, Part One, (Madras, India: Vivekananda Prakashan, Kendra, 1975), p. 461, which "describes his speech on the opening day".[110], 5. Brother monks or brother disciples means other disciples of Ramakrishna who lived monastic lives., 6. According to Michael Taft, Ramakrishna reconciled the dualism of form and formless,[177] regarding the, Supreme Being to be both Personal and Impersonal, active and inactive.[178] Ramakrishna: "When I think, of the Supreme Being as inactive – neither creating nor preserving nor destroying – I call Him Brahman, or Purusha, the Impersonal God. When I think of Him as active – creating, preserving and destroying – I, call Him Sakti or Maya or Prakriti, the Personal God. But the distinction between them does not mean a, difference. The Personal and Impersonal are the same thing, like milk and its whiteness, the diamond and, its lustre, the snake and its wriggling motion. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other., The Divine Mother and Brahman are one."[178], 7. Sooklalmquoytes Chatterjee: "Sankara's Vedanta is known as Advaita or non-dualism, pure and simple., Hence it is sometimes referred to as Kevala-Advaita or unqualified monism. It may also be called, abstract monism in so far as Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is, according to it, devoid of all qualities and, distinctions, nirguna and nirvisesa [...] The Neo-Vedanta is also Advaitic inasmuch as it holds that, Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is one without a second, ekamevadvitiyam. But as distinguished from the, traditional Advaita of Sankara, it is a synthetic Vedanta which reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or, non-dualism and also other theories of reality. In this sense it may also be called concrete monism in so, far as it holds that Brahman is both qualified, saguna, and qualityless, nirguna (Chatterjee, 1963 :, 260)."[179], 8. The Advaita Vedanta tradition in medieval times was influenced by, and incorporated elements from, the, yogic tradition and texts like the Yoga Vasistha and the Bhagavata Purana.[182] The Yoga Vasistha, became an authoritative source text in the Advaita vedanta tradition in the 14th century, while, Vidyāraņya's Jivanmuktiviveka (14th century) was influenced by the (Laghu-)Yoga-Vasistha, which in turn, was influenced by Kashmir Shaivism.[183], , References, 1. "World fair 1893 circulated photo" (http://vivekananda.net/photos/1893-1895TN/pages/chicago-1893-se, ptember-harrr.htm) . vivekananda.net. Retrieved 11 April 2012., 2. "Bhajanānanda (2010), Four Basic Principles of Advaita Vedanta, p.3" (http://www.vedanta.gr/wp-conten, t/uploads/2012/03/SwBhajan_4BasicPrincAdvVed_ENA4.pdf), , (PDF). Retrieved 28 December 2019., , 3. De Michelis 2005., 4. "Swami Vivekananda: A short biography" (http://www.oneindia.com/feature/swami-vivekananda-a-shortbiography-1980622.html) . www.oneindia.com. Retrieved 3 May 2017.

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29. Banhatti 1995, p. 4., 30. Arrington & Chakrabarti 2001, pp. 628–631., 31. Sen 2003, p. 21., 32. Sen 2006, pp. 12–14., 33. Sen 2003, pp. 104–105., 34. Pangborn & Smith 1976, p. 106., 35. Dhar 1976, p. 53., 36. Malagi & Naik 2003, pp. 36–37., 37. Prabhananda 2003, p. 233., 38. Banhatti 1995, pp. 7–9., 39. Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 31., 40. K.R.Gupta; Amita Gupta, eds. (2006). Concise Encyclopaedia of India (https://books.google.com/books?i, d=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA1066) . Atlantic. p. 1066. ISBN 978-81-269-0639-0., 41. Banhatti 1995, pp. 156, 157., 42. Swami Vivekananda's 114th death anniversary: Lesser known facts about the spiritual leader (https://ww, w.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/swami-vivekanandas-114th-death-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-this-mo, nk-327208-2016-07-04) . India Today. 4 July 2016., 43. De Michelis 2005, p. 99., 44. De Michelis 2005, p. 100., 45. Banhatti 1995, p. 8., 46. Badrinath 2006, p. 20., 47. De Michelis 2005, p. 31-35., 48. De Michelis 2005, p. 19-90, 97–100., 49. Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 29., 50. De Michelis 2005, p. 46., 51. De Michelis 2005, p. 46-47., 52. De Michelis 2005, p. 47., 53. De Michelis 2005, p. 81., 54. De Michelis 2005, p. 49., 55. Sen 2006, pp. 12–13.

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56. De Michelis 2005, p. 50., 57. De Michelis 2005, p. 101., 58. Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 43., 59. Ghosh 2003, p. 31., 60. Badrinath 2006, p. 18., 61. Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 30., 62. Badrinath 2006, p. 21., 63. Paranjape 2012, p. 132., 64. Prabhananda 2003, p. 232., 65. Banhatti 1995, pp. 10–13., 66. Rolland 1929a, pp. 169–193., 67. Arora 1968, p. 4., 68. Bhuyan 2003, p. 8., 69. Sil 1997, p. 38., 70. Sil 1997, pp. 39–40., 71. Kishore 2001, pp. 23–25., 72. Nikhilananda 1953, pp. 25–26., 73. Sil 1997, p. 27., 74. Isherwood 1976, p. 20., 75. Pangborn & Smith 1976, p. 98., 76. Rolland 1929b, pp. 201–214., 77. Banhatti 1995, p. 17., 78. Sil 1997, pp. 46–47., 79. Banhatti 1995, p. 18., 80. Nikhilananda 1953, p. 40., 81. Chetananda 1997, p. 38., 82. Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 33., 83. Bhuyan 2003, p. 10., 84. Rolland 2008, p. 7.

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85. Dhar 1976, p. 243., 86. Richards 1996, pp. 77–78., 87. Bhuyan 2003, p. 12., 88. Rolland 2008, pp. 16–25., 89. Banhatti 1995, p. 24., 90. Gosling 2007, p. 18., 91. Bhuyan 2003, p. 15., 92. Paranjape 2005, pp. 246–248., 93. Badrinath 2006, p. 158., 94. De Michelis 2005, p. 110., 95. "Charles Bonney and the Idea for a World Parliament of Religions" (http://www.theinterfaithobserver.org/j, ournal-articles/2012/6/15/charles-bonney-and-the-idea-for-a-world-parliament-of-religi.html) . The, Interfaith Observer. Retrieved 28 December 2019., 96. "World Parliament of Religions, 1893 (Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology)" (http://pe, ople.bu.edu/wwildman/bce/worldparliamentofreligions1893.htm) . people.bu.edu. Retrieved, 28 December 2019., 97. De Michelis 2005, p. 111-112., 98. De Michelis 2005, p. 112., 99. Minor 1986, p. 133., 100. Bhuyan 2003, p. 16., 101. "When East Met West – in 1893" (https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2019/9/6/when-east-met, -west-in-1893?rq=Vivekananda) . The Attic. Retrieved 5 November 2019., 102. Houghton 1893, p. 22., 103. Bhide 2008, p. 9., 104. Paul 2003, p. 33., 105. Banhatti 1995, p. 27., 106. Bhuyan 2003, p. 17., 107. Paul 2003, p. 34., 108. McRae 1991, p. 17., 109. McRae 1991, p. 16.

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110. McRae 1991, p. 34, note 20., 111. McRae 1991, pp. 18., 112. Prabhananda 2003, p. 234., 113. Farquhar 1915, p. 202., 114. Sharma 1988, p. 87., 115. Adiswarananda 2006, pp. 177–179., 116. Bhuyan 2003, p. 18., 117. Thomas 2003, pp. 74–77., 118. Vivekananda 2001, p. 419., 119. Gupta 1986, p. 118., 120. Isherwood & Adjemian 1987, pp. 121–122., 121. Banhatti 1995, p. 30., 122. Chetananda 1997, pp. 49–50., 123. "Swami Vivekananda Know Photos America 1893–1895" (http://www.vivekananda.net/photos/1893-189, 5TN/pages/green_acre-1894-august-4.htm) . vivekananda.net. Retrieved 6 April 2012., 124. De Michelis 2005, p. 120., 125. De Michelis 2005, p. 119-123., 126. De Michelis 2005, p. 123-126., 127. De Michelis 2005, p. 125-126., 128. De Michelis 2005, p. 149-180., 129. Chetananda 1997, p. 47., 130. Burke 1958, p. 618., 131. Thomas 2003, pp. 78–81., 132. Wuthnow 2011, pp. 85–86., 133. Rinehart 2004, p. 392., 134. Vrajaprana 1996, p. 7., 135. Shack, Joan (2012). "A Monumental Meeting" (http://www.srisarada.org/notes/512.pdf), Sarada Society Notes. Albany, New York. 18 (1)., 136. Kattackal 1982, p. 219., , (PDF). Sri

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137. Majumdar 1963, p. 577., 138. Burke 1985, p. 417., 139. Sharma 1963, p. 227., 140. Sheean 2005, p. 345., 141. Sharma 1988, p. 83., 142. Banhatti 1995, pp. 33–34., 143. Dhar 1976, p. 852., 144. Bhuyan 2003, p. 20., 145. Thomas 1974, p. 44., 146. Miller 1995, p. 181., 147. Banhatti 1995, pp. 34–35., 148. Ganguly 2001, p. 27., 149. Kraemer 1960, p. 151., 150. Prabhananda 2003, p. 235., 151. Lulla, Anil Buddy (3 September 2007). "IISc looks to Belur for seeds of birth" (http://www.telegraphindia.c, om/1070903/asp/nation/story_8268384.asp) . The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 May 2009., 152. Kapur 2010, p. 142., 153. Virajananda 2006, p. 291., 154. Banhatti 1995, pp. 35–36., 155. Virajananda 2006, p. 450., 156. Banhatti 1995, pp. 41–42., 157. Banhatti 1995, p. xv., 158. Banhatti 1995, pp. 43–44., 159. Banhatti 1995, pp. 45–46., 160. Chattopadhyaya 1999, pp. 218, 274, 299., 161. Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 283., 162. Banhatti 1995, p. 46., 163. Bharathi 1998b, p. 25., 164. Sen 2006, p. 27.

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