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2, MINISTERS OF STATE,  Faggan Singh Kulaste : Steel, ,  Sanjeev Kumar Balyan : Animal Husbandry,, , Dairying and Fisheries,  Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre : Education;, ,  Ashwini Kumar Chaubey : Health and, , , , , , , , , , , Family Welfare., Arjun Ram Meghwal : Parliamentary Affairs;, and Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, General (Retd) VK Singh : Road Transport, and Highways, Krishan Pal Gurjar : Social Justice and, Empowerment, Raosaheb Dadarao Danve : Consumer, Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Gangapuram Kishan Reddy : Home Affairs, Pu rsho ttam Rup ala : A gric ulture and, Farmers Welfare, Ramdas Athawale : Social Justice and, Empowerment, Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti : Rural Development, Babul Supriyo : Environment, Forest and, Climate Change, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Com m unications ; and E lectronics and, Information Technology., Anurag Thakur : Finance; and Corporate, Affairs, Nityanand Rai : Home Affairs, Rattan Lal Kataria : Jal Shakti; and Social, Justice and Empowerment, V Muraleedharan : External Affairs; and, Parliamentary Affairs, Renuka Singh Saruta : Tribal Affairs, Som Parkash : Commerce and Industry, Rameswar Teli : Food Processing Industries, Pratap Chandra Sarangi : Micro, Small and, Medium Enterprises; and Animal Husbandry,, Dairying and Fisheries, Kailash Choudhary : Agriculture and Farmers, Welfare., Debasree Chaudhuri : Women and Child, Development, , CURRENT NEWS, JOE BIDEN : 46th PRESIDENT OF THE USA, On January 20, 2021, Joseph R. Biden Jr. (Joe Biden) took oath as the 46th President of the United, States of America (USA) at a ceremony organised at the West Front of the US Capitol building,, Washington. 78 year old Joe Biden became the oldest President in the history of the USA. He was sworn, in by Chief Justice John Roberts. He belongs to Democratic Party, Kamala Harris took oath as the 49th, Vice-President. She is the first woman and first person with South Asian origin to take the office of VicePresident of the USA. She was sworn in by Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor, the first Latina in, the US Supreme Court. She also belongs to Democratic Party. Former Presidents, Barack Obama,, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton along with their spouses, the outgoing Vice-President Mike Pence were, present during the event. Former President Trump did not attend the ceremony. Addressing the country, for the first time as President, Mr. Biden delivered a message of unity and hope while laying out the, enormous challenges faced by the country from a raging pandemic, deep political divisions and frayed, race relations. “This is America’s day. This is Democracy’s day. The day of history and hope,” Mr. Biden, said in his inaugural address., , UNION BUDGET 2021-22, The Union Minister for Finance & Corporate Affairs, Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Union, Budget 2021-22 in Parliament of February 1, 2021. Laying a vision for Atmanirbhar Bharat, the Finance, Minister said this is an expression of 130 Crore Indians who have full confidence in their capabilities and, skills. Budget proposals will further strengthen the Sankalp of ‘Nation First’, Doubling Farmer’s Income,, strong Infrastructure, Healthy Indian, Good Governance, Opportunities for Youth, Education for All,, Women Empowerment, and Inclusive development among others. Additionally, also on the path to fastimplementation are the 13 promises of Budget 2021-22 which were to materialize during the Amrut, Mahotsav of 2022, on the 75th year of our Independence. They too resonate with this vision of Aatma, Nirbharta.

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3, Highlights of the Budget, , , , , , , , , , , , , Health and Wellbeing: Health and Wellbeing have found sharp focus and central positioning in the, Union Budget 2021-22. It forms the basis of Atmanirbhar Bharat. There is a steep increase of 137, percentage in the Budget outlay for Health and Wellbeing. There is substantial increase in investment, in Health Infrastructure and the Budget outlay for Health and Wellbeing is ` 2,23,846 crore in BE, 2021-22 as against this year’s BE of ` 94,452 crore, an increase of 137 percentage., Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban): Universal Coverage of Water Supply and Swachh Bharat Mission—, The Finance Minister announced that the Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban), will be launched for universal, water supply in all 4,378 Urban Local Bodies with 2.86 crore household tap connections, as well as, liquid waste management in 500 AMRUT cities. It will be implemented over 5 years, with an outlay, of ` 2,87,000 crore. Moreover, the Urban Swachh Bharat Mission will be implemented with a total, financial allocation of ` 1,41,678 crore over a period of 5 years from 2021-2026., Swachh Bharat, Swasth Bharat: For further swachhta of urban India, the Budget has focused on, complete faecal sludge management and waste water treatment, source segregation of garbage,, reduction in single-use plastic, reduction in air pollution by effectively managing waste from, construction and demolition activities and bioremediation of all legacy dump sites. The Urban, Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 will be implemented with a total financial allocation of ` 1,41,678 crore, over a period of 5 years from 2021-2026., Scrapping Policy: A voluntary vehicle scrapping policy forms a crucial part of the Union Budget, 2021-22, to phase out old and unfit vehicles. This will help in encouraging fuel-efficient, environment, friendly vehicles, thereby reducing vehicular pollution and oil import bill. Vehicles would undergo, fitness tests in automated fitness centres-after 20 years in case of personal vehicles, and after 15, years in case of commercial vehicles., PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana: The Finance Minister announced that a new centrally, sponsored scheme, PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana, will be launched with an outlay of, about ` 64,180 crore over 6 years. This will deve-lop capacities of primary, secondary, and tertiary, care Health Systems, strengthen existing national institutions, and create new institutions, to cater, to detection and cure of new and emerging diseases. This will be in addition to the National Health, Mission., Railway Infrastructure: Indian Railways have prepared a National Rail Plan for India-2030. The, Plan is to create a ‘future ready’ Railway system by 2030. Bringing down the logistic costs for our, industry is at the core of our strategy to enable ‘Make in India’. It is expected that Western, Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) and Eastern DFC will be commissioned by June 2022., , PADMA AWARDS-2021, President of India Mr. Ram Nath Kovind announced Padma Awards 2021, the prestigious civilian, honours of India on the eve of Republic Day on January 25, 2021. This year the President approved, conferment of 119 Padma Awards including 1 duo case (in a duo case, the Award is counted as one)., The list comprises 7 Padma Vibhushan, 10 Padma Bhushan and 102 Padma Shri Awards. 29 of the, awardees are women and the list also includes 10 persons from the category of Foreigners/NRI/PIO/, OCI, 16 Posthumous awardees and 1 transgender awardee. PADMA VIBHUSHAN:  Shinzo Abe:, Public Affairs (Japan);  S.P. Balasubramaniam (Posthumous): Art (Tamil Nadu);  Belle Monappa, Hegde: Medicine (Karnataka);  Narinder Singh Kapany (Posthumous): Science and Engineering, (United States of America);  Maulana Wahiduddin Khan: Other-Spiritualism (Delhi);  B.B. Lal, Others: Archaeology (Delhi);  Sudarshan Sahoo: Art (Odisha) PADMA BHUSHAN  Krishnan Nair, Shantakumari Chithra: Art (Ka rala);  Tarun G ogoi (Posthu mous): Public Affairs (A ssam);,  Chandrashekhar Kambara: Literature and Education (Karnataka);  Sumitra Mahajan: Public, Affairs (Madhya Pradesh);  Nripendra Misra: Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh);  Ram Vilas Paswan, (Posthumous): Public Affairs (Bihar);  Keshubhai Patel (Posthumous): Public Affairs (Gujarat);,  Kalbe Sadiq (Posthumous): Others-Spiritualism (Uttar Pradesh);  Rajnikant Devidas Shroff:

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SPORTS, IMPORTANT CUPS & TROPHIES, INTERNATIONAL, American Cup: Yacht Racing, Ashes: Cricket, Benson and Hedges: Cricket, Canada Cup: Golf, Colombo Cup: Football, Corbitton Cup: Table Tennis, (Women), Davis Cup: Lawn Tennis, Derby: Horse Race, Grand National: Horse Streple Chase, Race, Jules Rimet Trophy: World Soccer, Cup, King’s Cup: Air Races, Merdeka Cup: Football, Ryder Cup: Golf, Swaythling Cup: Table Tennis (Men), Thomas Cup: Badminton, U. Thant Cup: Tennis, Uber Cup: Badminton (Women), Walker Cup: Golf, Wightman Cup: Lawn Tennis, World Cup: Cricket, , World Cup: Hockey, Reliance Cup: Cricket, Rothman’s Trophy: Cricket, William’s Cup: Basketball, European Champions Cup: Football, Eisenhower Cup: Golf, Essande Champions Cup: Hockey, Rene Frank Trophy: Hockey, Grand Prix: Table Tennis, Edgbaston Cup: Lawn Tennis, Grand Prix: Lawn Tennis, World Cup: Weightlifting, , NATIONAL, Agarwal Cup: Badminton, Agha Khan Cup: Hockey, All India Women’s Guru Nanak, Championship: Hockey, Bandodkar Trophy: Football, Bangalore Blues Challenge Cup:, Basketball, Barna-Bellack Cup: Table Tennis, Beighton Cup: Hockey, Bombay Gold Cup: Hockey, R-1 (GK)–1

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General Knowledge, , Burdwan Trophy: Weightlifting, Charminar Trophy: Atheletics, Chadha Cup: Badminton, C.K. Naydu Trophy: Cricket, Divan Cup: Badminton, Deodhar Trophy: Cricket, Duleep Trophy: Cricket, D.C.M. Cup: Football, Durand Cup: Football, Dhyan Chand Trophy: Hockey, Dr. B.C. Roy Trophy: Football (Junior), Ezra Cup: Polo, F.A. Cup: Football, G.D. Birla Trophy: Cricket, Ghulam Ahmed Trophy: Cricket, Gurmeet Trophy: Hockey, Guru Nanak Cup: Hockey, Gyanvati Devi Trophy: Hockey, Holkar Trophy: Bridge, Irani Trophy: Cricket, I.F.A. Shield: Football, Indira Gold Cup: Hockey, Jawaharlal Challenge: Air Racing, Jaswant Singh Trophy: Best Services, Sportsman, Kuppuswamy Naidu Trophy: Hockey, Lady Rattan Tata Trophy: Hockey, MCC Trophy: Hockey, Moinuddaula Gold Cup: Cricket, Murugappa Gold Cup: Hockey, Modi Gold Cup: Hockey, Narang Cup: Badminton, Nehru Trophy: Hockey, Nixan Gold Cup: Football, Obaid Ullah Gold Cup: Hockey, Prithi Singh Cup: Polo, , Rani Jhansi Trophy: Cricket, Ranji Trophy: Cricket, Rangaswami Cup: Hockey, Ranjit Singh Gold Cup: Hockey, Rajendra Prasad Cup: Tennis, Ramanujan Trophy: Table Tennis, Rene Frank Trophy: Hockey, Rohinton Baria Trophy: Cricket, Rovers Cup: Football, Sanjay Gold Cup: Football, Santosh Trophy: Football, Sir Ashutosh Mukerjee: Football, Subroto Cup: Football, Scindia Gold Cup: Hockey, Sahni Trophy: Hockey, Sheesh Mahal Trophy: Cricket, Todd Memorial Trophy: Football, Tommy Eman Gold Cup: Hockey, Vittal Trophy: Football, Vizzy Trophy: Cricket, Vijay Merchant Trophy: Cricket, Wellington Trophy: Rowing, Wills Trophy: Cricket, , SPORTS MEASUREMENTS, Badminton Courts: 44 ft. by 20 ft., (doubles) 44 ft. by 17 ft. (singles), Boxing Ring: 12 ft. by 28 ft. Sq., Cricket Pitch: 22 yards (distance), Derby Course: 1½ miles. (2.4 km), Football Field:, (a) Length : 100 – 120 yards., [Breadth: 50 – 56 yards., (b) Rugby : 100 yards by 75 yards, Hockey Ground: 100 yards by 55 to, 60 yards, R-1 (GK)–1-II

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General Knowledge, , Lawn Tennis Court: 78 ft. by 36 ft., (double), 78 ft. by 28 ft. (single), Marathon Race: 26 miles, 385 yards, Polo Ground: 300 yards by 200, yards (if boarded), Golf: Hole 4½ inches in diameter., , SPORTS TERMS, Badminton: Mixed doubles; Deuce;, Drop; Smash; Let; Foot work; Setting., Base Ball: Pitcher; Put out, Strike;, Home; Bunt., Billiards: Cue; Jigger; Pot; Break; In, Baulk; In Off; Cannons., Boxing: Upper cut; Round; Punch;, Bout; Knock down; Hitting below the, belt; Ring., Bridge: Finesse; Dummy; Revoke;, Grand Slam; Little Slam; No Trump;, Rubber., Chess: Bishop, Gambit; Checkmate;, Stalemate., , Cricket: L.B.W. (leg before wicket);, Creases, Popping-creases; Stumped;, Bye; Leg-Bye; Googly; Hattrick;, Maiden over; Drive; Bowling; Duck;, Follow-on; No ball; Leg Break; Silly, point; Cover point; Hit-wicket; Latecut; Slip; Off-spinner; In-swing., Football: Off Side; Block; Drop-kick;, Penalty-kick (or goal kick); Cornerkick; Free-kick; Dribble; Thrown-in;, Foul., Golf: Boggy; Foursome; Stymic; Tee;, Put; Hole; Niblic; Caddie; Links; The, green; Bunker., Hockey: Carried; Short Corner;, Bully; Sticks; Off side; Roll in; Striking Circle; Under-cutting; Dribble., Horse racing: Jockey; Punter., Polo: Bunker; Chukker; Mallet., Tennis: Back hand drive; Volley;, Smash; Half-volley; Deuce; Service;, Let; Grand Slam., , Stadiums & Places Associated with Sports, Name of Stadium, Arun Jaitley Sta., Jawaharlal Nehru, Stadium, Shivajee Stadium, National Stadium, , Sports, Place, Cricket, Delhi, Athletics Delhi, , Hockey, Hockey, etc., Indraprastha, Indoor, Stadium, Games, Ambedkar Sta., Football, Brabourne Sta., Cricket, Wankhede Sta., Cricket, National Stadium Hockey, etc., Eden Garden, Cricket, Ranjeet Stadium Football, Green Park Sta., Cricket, Keenan Stadium Cricket, , Delhi, Delhi, Delhi, Delhi, Mumbai, Mumbai, Mumbai, Kolkata, Kolkata, Kanpur, Jamshedpur, , Name of Stadium, Nehru (Chepauk), Stadium, Barabati Stadium, Epsum, Lords, Oval, Leeds, Hedingle, Manchester, Black Heath, , Sports, Cricket, , Place, Chennai, , Cricket, Derby Race, Cricket, Cricket, , Cuttack, Britain, Britain, Britain, , Rugby, Football, Henley, Boat race, Wimbledon, Lawn, Tennis, Wembley Stadium Football, Hurlingham, Polo, White City, Dog-race, Aintree, Horse-race, Tentbridge, Cricket, , London, England, London, London, England, England, England, England

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General Knowledge, Name of Stadium, Patnee Martlake, Tibankham, Brookland, Sandy Lodge, , Sports, Boat-race, Rugby, Football, Football, Golf, , Place, England, England, England, Scotland, , Name of Stadium, Forest Hill, Brooklyn, Yankee Stadium, Perth, Brisbane,, Melbourne, , Sports, Tennis, Baseball, Boxing, , Place, New York, New York, New York, , Cricket, , Australia, , Name of Playing Compound of Different Games, Name of, Compound, Court, , Diamond, Ring, Course, Board, , Related Sports, Lawn Tennis, Badminton,, Netball, Hand ball, Volleyball, Squash, Kho-Kho,, Kabaddi, Baseball, Boxing, Skating, Wrestling,, Circus, Riding display, Golf, Table Tennis, , Name of, Compound, Pool, Alley, Mat, Arena, Vellodrum, Field, Track, Pitch, Rink, , Related Sports, Swimming, Bowling, Judo, Karate II, Horse Riding, Cycling, Polo, Football, Hockey, Athletics, Cricket, Rugby, Ice Hockey, , Number of Players in Some Games/Sports, Sports, Badminton, Baseball, Basketball, Billiards (Snooker), Boxing, Bridge, Chess, Cricket, Croquet, Football (Soccer), , No. of Players, 1 or 2, 9, 5, 1, 1, 2, 1, 11, 13 or15, 11, , Sports, Hockey, Lacrosse, Netball, Polo, Rugby Football, Table Tennis, Lawn Tennis, Volleyball, Water Polo, , No. of Players, 11, 12, 7, 4, 15, 1 or 2, 1 or 2, 6, 7, , National Sports and Games of Some Countries, Country, Australia, Canada, England, Japan, Russia, , Game, Cricket, Ice Hockey, Cricket and Rugby Football, Ju-Jitsu, Chess, , Country, Scotland, Spain, USA, China, Malaysia, , Game, Rugby Football, Bull Fighting, Baseball, Table Tennis, Badminton

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General Knowledge, , OLYMPIC GAMES, First of all these games were held by the Greeks in 776 B.C. on Mount Olympus, in honour of the Greek God Zeus. In this way, the history of Olympic Games is, about twenty eight hundred years old. These games continued to be held every, four years until 394 A.D. When these games were stopped by a royal order of, the emperor of Rome. The modern Olympic Games which started in Athens in, 1896, are the result of the devotion and dedication of a French educator Baron, Pierre de Coubertin and the first Olympic meet in the modern series was held, in 1896 in Athens, the Capital of Greece. Since then, they are being held every, four years except for breaks during world wars. The Olympic flag is white in, colour with five coloured rings, each ring symbolic of a continent. Summer as, well as winter Olympics are held in the same year., Olympic Games (Venues & Dates), Year Venue, 1896 Athens, 1900 Paris, , Organising, Countries, 6-15 April, 13, 20 May 28 October, 22, 1904 St. Louis 1 July -23 Nov., 13, 1908 London 27 April 31 October, 22, 1912 Stock5 May holm, 22 July, 28, 1916 Berlin, Cancelled, —, 1920 Antwerp 20 April 12 Sept., 29, 1924 Paris, 4 May - 27 July, 44, 1928 Amster- 17 May dam, 12 August, 46, 1932 Los, 30 July Angeles 14 August, 47, 1936 Berlin, 1 May - 16 Aug., 49, 1940 Tokyo, Cancelled, (Helsinki), —, 1944 London Cancelled, —, 1948 London 29 July 14 August, 59, 1952 Helsinki 19 July 3 August, 69, 1956 Mel22 Nov. bourne, 8 Dec., 71, 1960 Rome, 25 August 11 Sept., 83, , Year Venue, 1964 Tokyo, 1968 Mexico, City, 1972 Munich, , Organising, 10 - 24 Oct., 12 - 27 Oct., , 26 August 10 September, 1976 Montreal 17 July 1 Sept., 1980 Moscow 19 July 3 August, 1984 Los, 28 July Angeles 12 August, 1988 Seoul, 17 Sept. 2 Oct., 1992 Barce25 July lona, 9 August, 1996 Atlanta 19 July 4 August, 2000 Sydney, 15 Sept. 1 October, 2004 Athens, 14-29 Aug., 2008 Beijing, 8-24 Aug., 2012 London 27 July 12 Aug., 2016 Rio de, 5-21 Aug., Janeiro, 2021 Tokyo, To be held, , Countries, 93, 112, , 122, 88, 81, 140, 160, 170, 197, 199, 202, 204, 204, 206, , Note: Games was not held in 1916, 1940,, and 1944 due to World War.

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General Knowledge, , ASIAN GAMES, After the Second World War, most of the Asian Countries gained independence., On the lines of Olympic Games, Asian Games were planned every four years., India hosted the first Asian Games in 1951., Asian Games: An Overview, Year Venues, , Countries No. of, Games, 1951 New Delhi, 11, 6, 1954 Manila, 18, 7, 1958 Tokyo, 20, 13, 1962 Jakarta, 16, 13, 1966 Bangkok, 18, 14, 1970 Bangkok, 18, 13, 1974 Teheran, 25, 16, 1978 Bangkok, 25, 19, 1982 New Delhi, 33, 21, 1986 Seoul, 34, 25, , First, Posi., Japan, Japan, Japan, Japan, Japan, Japan, Japan, Japan, China, China, , Year Venues, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, , Countries No. of, Games, Beijing, 37, 27, Hiroshima, 42, 34, Bangkok, 41, 36, Busan, 44, 38, Doha, 46, 43, Guangzhou, 45, 42, Incheon, 45, 36, Jakarta, 45, 40, Hangzhou (China) Scheduled, , First, Posi., China, China, China, China, China, China, China, China, , COMMONWEALTH GAMES, The Commonwealth Games are held every four years, in the year in which Asian, Games are held. All the Commonwealth Countries (former colonies of Britain), can take part in it. The first Commonwealth Games were held in 1930 at Hamilton, (Canada)., Venues of Commonwealth Games, Venues, Hamilton, Canada, London, U.K., Sydney, Australia, Auckland,, New Zealand, Vancouver,, Canada, Cardiff, U.K., Perth, Australia, Jamaica, W. Indies, Edinburgh, U.K., Christchurch,, New Zealand, Edmonton, Canada, Brisbane, Australia, , Year Countries Events, 1930, 11, 6, 1934, 16, 6, 1938, 15, 7, 1950, , 12, , 7, , 1954, 1958, 1962, 1966, 1970, , 24, 35, 35, 34, 42, , 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, , 1974, 1978, 1982, , 39, 48, 47, , 9, 10, 10, , Venues, , Year Countries Events, , Edinburgh, U.K., Auckland,, New Zealand, Victoria, Canada, Kuala Lumpur,, Malaysia, Manchester, U.K., Melbourne, Aus., Delhi, India, Glasgow, Scotland, Gold Coast,, Australia, Birmingham, U.K., , 1986, , 26, , 10, , 1990, 1994, , 55, 64, , 10, , 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, , 70, 72, 71, 71, 71, , 16, 17, 16, 17, 17, , 2018, 71, 17, 2022 (Scheduled)

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General Knowledge, , World Cup Football History, Year, 1930, 1934, 1938, 1950, 1954, 1958, 1962, 1966, 1970, 1974, 1978, 1982, , Winner, Uruguay, Italy, Italy, Uruguay, West Germany, Brazil, Brazil, England, Brazil, W. Germany, Argentina, Italy, , Runners-Up, Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Brazil, Hungary, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, West Germany, Italy, Poland, Holland, W. Germany, , Year, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, , Winner, Argentina, W. Germany, Brazil, France, Brazil, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, Qatar, , Runners-Up, W. Germany, Argentina, Italy, Brazil, Germany, France, Netherlands, Argentina, Croatia, (to be held), , World Cup Cricket History, Year, , Venue, , 1975, , U.K., , 1979, 1983, 1987, 1992, 1996, 1999, , Winner/Runner, , West Indies beat, Australia, U.K., West Indies beat, England, U.K., India beat West, Indies, India &, Australia beat, Pakistan, England, Australia, Pakistan beat, England, India, Pakistan Sri Lanka beat, & Sri Lanka, Australia, U.K., Australia beat, Pakistan, , Year, , Venue, , Winner/Runner, , 2003, , Sout Africa, , 2007, , West Indies, , 2011, , 2019, , India, Sri, Lanka &, Bangladesh, Australia,, New Zealand, England, , Australia beat, India, Australia beat, Sri Lanka, India beat, Sri Lanka, , 2023, , India, , 2015, , Australia beat, New Zealand, England beat, New Zealand, (to be held), , 31ST RIO OLYMPIC, 2016 (AUG 5 TO 21 AUG, 2016), Rio Olympics 2016 held from August 5 to August 21. 207 countries and 11,000, athletes took part from all over the world. With 46 Gold, the USA reclaimed the, top position and most medals overall (121). Great Britain finished second and, China finishing third and host country Brazil won seven gold medals, their most, at any single Summer Olympics. India finished 67th with 2 medals (1 Silver &, 1 Bronze).

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General Knowledge, , Final Medals Tally up to 5th Position, Rank, 1., 2., 3., , Country, G, U.S., 46, Great Britain 27, China, 26, , S, 37, 23, 18, , B Total, 38 121, 17 67, 26 70, , Rank Country, 4., Russia, 5., Germany, , G, 19, 17, , S, 18, 10, , B Total, 19 56, 15 42, , SOME SIGNIFICANT RESULTS, TENNIS, , , , , , , , , , , , , Italian Open (May, 2019)–Rafael, Nadal (Spain)., Madrid Open (May, 2019)–Novak, Djokovic (Serbia)., Australian Open 2021 (Jan., 2021)–, Men’s Singles: Novak Djokovic, (Serbia); Women’s Singles: Naomi, Osaka (Japan)., French Open (Sep.-Oct. 2020)–Men’s, Singles: Rafael Nadal (Spain);, Women’s Singles: Iga Swiatek, (Poland)., Wimbledon (July 2019)–Men’s, Singles: Novak Djokovic (Serbia);, Women’s Singles: Simona Halep, (Romania)., U.S. Open (Sept., 2020)–Men’s, Singles: Dominic Thiem (Australia);, Women’s Singles: Naomi Osaka, (Japan)., , FOOTBALL, , , , , Santosh Trophy (April 2019,, Ludhiana)–Services defeated Punjab., Super Cup (April 2019, Bhubaneswar)–FC Goa beat Chennaian FC., , HOCKEY, , , FIH Series Finals (June, 2019, Bhubaneswar)–India beat S. Africa., , , , , , , , Hockey India Junior National Championship (April-May, 2018)–Men’s:, Punjab; Women’s: Jharkhand., Sultan Azlan Shah Hockey Tournament (March 2019, Ipoh)–South, Korea beat India., National Hockey Championship, (March 2018, New Delhi)–Punjab, beat Petroleum Sports Promotion, Board., , BADMINTON, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Malaysia Open (April 2019)–Lin Dan, (Men’s); Tai Tzu Ying (Women’s)., Premier Badminton League (Jan.,, 2019,, Bengaluru)–Bengaluru, Raptors., Korea Open (Sept. 2019, Seoul)–, Kento Momota (Japan) (Men’s), He, Bingjiao (China) (Women’s)., Indonesia Open (Jan. 2019, Jakarta)–, Saina Nehwal (India)., Badminton World Championship, (August 2019, Basel)–P.V. Sindhu, (India)., Hyderabad Open (August, 2019)–, Sourabh Verma (India)., All England Badminton Championship (March 2019)–Kento Mamota, (Japan) (Men’s), Chen Yufei (China), (Women’s).

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General Knowledge, , CRICKET, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ICC World Cup (July 2019, London)–, England defeated New Zealand., Under-19 World Cup (Feb., 2018, Mount Maunganui )–India defeated, Australia., Women’s T-20 Challenge Championship (April 2019, Jaipur)–, Supernovas., IPL-13 (November 2020, Dubai)–, Mumbai Indians defeated Delhi, Capitals., Vijay Hazare Trophy (Oct. 2019,, Bengaluru)–Karnataka beat Tamil, Ndau., Duleep Trophy (Sept. 2019, Bengaluru)–India Red., Under-19 Asia Cup (Sept., 2019,, Colombo)–India, defeated, Bangladesh., , CHESS, , , , , Chennai Open (Jan. 2019)–Levan, Pantsulaia (Georgia)., Norway Chess Tournament (June, 2019, Stavanger)–Magnus Carlsen., , GOLF, , , , , , , , , , , China Open (May 2019)–Mico, Korhonen (Finland)., Indian Open (April 2019,, Gurugram)–Stephen Gallacher, (Scottand)., Augusta Masters (April 2019, USA)–, Tiger Woods (US)., Texax Open (April 2019)–Corey, Conners (Canada)., Women‘s World Championship, (March 2019, Singapore)–Park SungYun (South Korea)., , BILLIARDS/SNOOKER, , , , , , , , , World 6-Red Snooker (Sept. 2019,, Mandalay)–(Men’s) Laxman Rawat, (India); (Women’s) Wongharuthai, Nutcharat (Thailand)., Asian 10-Red Snooker (April 2019,, Bengaluru)–Pankaj Advani (India)., World Billiards Championship (Sept., 2019, Mandalay)–Pankaj Advani, (India)., Asian Snooker Championship (June, 2019, Doha)–Pankaj Advani (India).

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General Knowledge, 41., 42., 43., 44., , Bhimsen Joshi, Sachin Tendulkar, C.N.R. Rao, Madan Mohan Malaviya*, , 2009, 2014, 2014, 2015, , 45., 46., 47., 48., , Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Nanaji Deshmukh*, Bhupen Hazarika*, Pranab Mukherjee, , 2015, 2019, 2019, 2019, , * Posthumous, , PADMA AWARDS, Padma Vibhushan: This award is given, for exceptional and distinguished, service in any field, including service, rendered by Govt. servants., Padma Bhushan: This award is given, for distinguished service of a high order, in any field, including service rendered, by Govt. servants., Padma Shri: This award is given for, distinguished service in any field,, including service rendered by, Government servants., , GALLANTRY AWARDS, Param Vir Chakra: The highest award, for bravery or some daring and preeminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, in the presence of the enemy, whether, on land, at sea or in the air., Mahavir Chakra: It is the second highest, decoration and is awarded for acts of, conspicuous gallantry in the presence, of the enemy, whether on land, at sea, or in the air., , Vir Chakra: It is the third in order of, awards given for acts of gallantry in, the presence of enemy, whether on land,, at sea or in the air., Ashok Chakra: This medal is awarded, for the most conspicuous bravery or, some daring or pre-eminent act of, valour or self-sacrifice on land, at sea, or in the air but not in the presence of, enemy., Vishishta Sewa Medal: It is awarded to, personnel of all the three Services in, class I, II and III in recognition of, distinguished service of the “most, exceptional” and “exceptional” and a, “high” order respectively. Prefixes, Parma and Ati are added before first, two categories of medals respectively., Jeewan Raksha Padak: Awarded for, meritorious acts or a series of acts of, a human nature displayed in saving, life from drowning, fire and rescue, operations in mines etc., , OTHER NATIONAL AWARDS, NATIONAL SPORTS, AWARDS 2020, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna: Rohit Sharma, (Cricket), Mariyappan T. (Para, Athletics), Manika Batra (Table Tennis),, , Vinesh Phogat (Wrestling), Rani, Rampal (Hockey)., Arjuna Awards: Atanu Das (Archery),, Dutee Chand (Athletics), Satwik Sairaj, Rankireddy (Badminton), Chirag

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General Knowledge, , INDIRA GANDHI AWARD, FOR NATIONAL, INTEGRATION 2017-18, The 31st Indira Gandhi award–2017-18, for national integration is given to the, pioneer of the Chipko movement,, Chandi Prasad Bhatt. for his, contribution to promoting and, preserving the spirit of national, integration. The award carries a cash, prize of ` 10 lakh., , SARASWATI SAMMAN, Given for outstanding literary works,, value ` 15 lakh. The award for the year, 2020 has been given to Sharan Kumar, Limbale for his Marathi novel,, ‘Sanatan’., , JAMNALAL BAJAJ, AWARDS 2019, Each of the award comprises a cash, prize of ` 10 lakh, a trophy and citation., It is given for outstanding role in, different walks of life. The winners of, 2019 award are Mr. Bhawani Shanker, Kusum; Mr. Mohammad Imran Khan, Mewati; Ms. Shaheen Mistri; Ms. Sonia, Deotto., , VYAS SAMMAN-2019, This is awarded by KK Birla Foundation, for outstanding Hindi Literary work by, an Indian citizen that was published in, the past decade. This carries a cash, prize of ` 4.0 lakh. The award for 2019, has been given to Noted Hindi writer, Nasira Sharma for her novel “Kagaz ki, Naav”., , INTERNATIONAL AWARDS, NOBEL PRIZES, These Prizes were instituted in 1901 by, a Swedish scien- tist, Dr. Alfred Nobel;, the discoverer of Dynamite. Six prizes, are awarded annually for (i) Chemistry,, (ii) Physics, (iii) Medicine, (iv) Literature, (v) Peace and (vi) Economics–, started since 1969. Dr. Rabindra Nath, Tagore was first Indian who got this, award in 1913 for his book ‘Gitanjali’, Nobel Prize-2020, Medicine or Physiology: American, scientists due Harvey J. Alter and, , Charles M. Rice and British scientist, Michael Hougton were declared the, joint winners of the Nobel prize for, Medicine for their discovery of the, hepatitis C Virus, a mojor cause of liver, disease., Physics: British physicist Roger, penrose, Andrea Ghez of the USA and, Reinhard Genzel of Germany were, declared the winners of the Nobel Prize, for Physics for their black hole, discoveries., Chemistry: Emma-nuelle Charpentier of, France and Jennifer Doudna of the USA

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General Knowledge, , were announced the winners of the, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing, the gene-editing technique better, known as CRISPR-CAS 9 tool; contributing to new cancer therapies and giving, new directions in treatment of, hereditary diseases., Literature: American poet Louise Gluck, was honoured with the Nobel Prize for, Literature “for her unmistakable poetic, voice that with austere beauty makes, individual existence universal.” Ms., Gluck, a professor of English at Yale, University is known for themes of, childhood and family life., Peace: The Rome-based United Nations’, World Food Programme (WFP) was, awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, for its, efforts to combat hunger around the, world and improve conditions for, peace in areas affected by conflict., Economics: American economists duo, Paul Milgrom and Robert Wilson, both, based at Stanford University, USA were, declared the joint winners of the Nobel, Prize in Economics, originally known, as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in, Economics Sciences for work on, commercial auctions, including for, goods and services difficult to sell in, traditional ways such as radio, frequencies., , MAGSAYSAY AWARDS-2019, The 2019 awardees are: Ravish Kumar, (India): For Harnessing journalism to, give voice to the voiceless. Angkhana, Neelapaijit (Thailand): For Champion-, , ing justice, case after painful case. Kim, Jong-ki (South Korea): For Stemming the, destructive tide of youth vio-lence. Ko, Swe Win (Myanmar): For Building the, quality and force of media’s truthtelling. Raymundo Pujante Cayabyab, (The Philippines): For Nurturing the gift, and unifying power of music., , GANDHI PEACE PRIZE, The government instituted this ` 1 crore, prize on the lines of the Nobel Peace, Prize in 1995. It is the highest Civilian, International award by the Govt. of, India. The winner of 2020 is Sheikh, Mujibur Rahman (Bangladesh’s Father, of the Nation)., , MAN BOOKER PRIZE 2020, Scottish novelist and writer Douglas, Stuart was on November 19, 2020, awarded the prestigious Booker Prize, for the year 2020 for his well-acclaimed, debut novel ‘Shuggie Bain’ set in the, background of his home city Glasgow, in 1980s., , INDIRA GANDHI PRIZE FOR, PEACE, DISARMAMENT, AND DEVELOPMENT, The award was instituted in the memory, of Mrs. Indira Gandhi to foster creative, cooperation among nations of the, world. The award for 2019 has been, given to renowned naturalist and, broadcaster Sir David Attenborough., This prize carries ` 25 lakh and a, citation.

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General Knowledge, , OSCAR AWARD, This prestigious award of film world is, given annually by ‘National Academy, of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences' of, America., 92nd Oscar Award (Declared in 2020), The grand ceremony of the 92nd, Academy Awards or Oscar Awards was, held on February 09, 2020 in Los, Angeles, California. The winners are:, Best Picture: Parasite; Best Actor:, Joaquin Phoenix (Joker); Best Actress:, Renee Zellweger (Judy); Best Director:, Bong Joon Ho (Parasite); Best, Supporting Actor: Brad Pitt (Once Upon, a Time in Hollywood); Best Supporting, Actress: Laura Dern (Marriage Story);, Best Original Screenplay: Bong Joon Ho, and Han Jin Won (Parasite); Best, Adapted Screenplay: Taika Waititi (Jojo, , Rabbit); Best Animated Film: Toy Story, 4; Best Foreign Language Film: Parasite;, Best Documentary Film: American, Factory; Best Original Song: ‘I’ m Gonna, Love me Again’, (Rocketman)., , MISS WORLD-2019, Jamaica’s Toni-Ann Singh has bagged, the Miss World 2019 crown at an, annual beauty pageant held in London, on December 14, 2019 with France’s, Ophely Mezino adjudged first runnerup followed by India’s Suman Rao as, second runner-up., , MISS UNIVERSE-2019, South Africa’s Zozibini Tunzi has, been crowned Miss Universe for the, year 2019, beating more than 90, contestants, including Miss India, from, around the globe on December 8, 2019., , Highest Honours of Some Countries, Country, India, Pakistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Nicaragua, Vietnam, Hungary, , Highest Honour, Bharat Ratna, Nishan-e-Pakistan, Mubarak-Al-kabir Medal, Shah Abdul Aziz Medal, The Order of Sona Martin, Augusto-Caesar, Sandino Order, The order of the, Golden Star, The Order of Banner, , Country, , Highest Honour, , Britain, , Member of British, Empire, Victoria Cross, , Japan, , Order of Moulovenice Sun, , Denmark, , Order of Diana Brog, , France, , Legend of Honour, , America, , Presidential Medal of, Freedom, , Germany, , Pore Lee Merit Iron Cross, , The Netherlands Netherlands Lion

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General Knowledge, , 25, , UNITED NATIONS, ORGANISATION, Origin: UN Charter was signed by 50, members on June 26, 1945. It officially, came into existence on October 24,, 1945., UN Charter: The Charter is the, Constitution of the UNO and contains, its aims and objectives and rules and, regulations for its functioning., Aims and Objectives: They are security,, welfare and human rights., Headquarters: New York., Flag: The flag is light blue in colour,, and emblazoned in white, in its centre, is the UN symbol—a polar map of world, embraced by twin olive branches open, at the top., Official Languages: The official, languages of the UN are: English,, French, Chinese, Russian, Arabic and, Spanish. However, working languages, are English & French only., Main Organs of the UNO: There are six, main organs:, (1) General Assembly, (2) Security Council, (3) Economic and Social Council, (4) Trusteeship Council, 25, , (5), (6), , International Court of Justice,, Secretariat., , Secretary General of the U.N.O., Name, Trygve Lie, Dog Hammarskjoeld, U. Thant, Kurt Waldheim, Javier Perez de, Cuellar, Dr. Boutros Ghali, Kofi Annan, Ban Ki-moon, , Country, Norway, Sweden, , Tenure, (1946-53), (1953-61), , Myanmar (1961-71), Austria, (1972-81), , Peru, Egypt, Ghana, South, Korea, Antonio Guterres Portugal, , (1982-91), (1992-96), (1997-2006), (2007-2016, (2017- ----), , (1) General Assembly: It consists of, representative of all members of, the UN. Each member country has, only one vote. It meets once a year, and passes UN Budget., (2) Security Council: It is the Executive, body of the UN and is mainly, responsible for maintaining, international peace and security., It has 15 members, 5 of which, (USA, UK, France, Russia and, China) are permanent members., The 10 non-permanent members, are elected by General Assembly, R-1 (GK)–2

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General Knowledge, , for two-year term and are not, eligible for immediate re-election., (3) Economic and Social Council: It has, 54 members elected by General, Assembly., (4) Trusteeship Council: It looks after, interest of the people in areas not, yet independent and leads them, towards self-government., , (5) International Court of Justice: It, has 15 judges, no two of whom, may be nationals of the same, state. They are elected by General, Assembly and Security Council for, a term of 9 years. The Court elects, its President and Vice-President, for a 3-year term., , Years Observed by United Nations Organisation, International Book Year, Copernicus Year, World Population Year, International Women’s Year, International Year of the Child, International Year of Disabled, World Communication Year, International Youth Year, International Year of Peace, International Year of Shelter for, the Homeless, International Literacy Year, International Space Year, International Year for World’s, Indigenous People, International Year of Family, International Year of Tolerance, International Year for Eradication, of Poverty, Human Rights Year, Year of Older Persons, Year of the Culture of Peace, International Year of Volunteer, International Year of Eco-tourism, , 2003 : International Year of Fresh Water, 2004 : International Rice Year, 2005 : International Year of Sports and, Physical Education, 2006 : International Year of Deserts and, Desertification, 2008 : International Year of Potato, 2009 : International Year of Astronomy, 2010 : International Year of Bio-diversity, 2011 : International Year of Forest, 2012 : International Year of Cooperatives, 2013 : International Year of Water Cooperation, 2014 : International Year of Family, Farming, 2015 : International year of Soil, 2016 : International year of Pulses, 2017 : International year of Sustainable, Tourism for Development, 2019 : International year of Indigenous, Languages, 2020 : International year of Plant Health, 2021 : International Year of Peace and, Trust, , (6) Secretariat: It is the Secretariat, of the UN and is headed by the, Secretary General., , Present Membership: At present 193, countries are members of the UNO., South Sudan is the latest entrant to, this world organisation., , 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, , :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, , 1990 :, 1992 :, 1993 :, 1994 :, 1995 :, 1996 :, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, , :, :, :, :, :

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General Knowledge, , Famous International Organisations, Headquarters, and Year of Establishment, International Organisations, , Headquarters, , United Nations Organisations (U.N.O.), International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.), World Health Organisation (W.H.O.), Food & Agricultural Organisation (FAO), International Labour Organisation (ILO), UNESCO, International Court of Justice, Universal Postal Union (UPU), International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), UNIDO, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Finance Corporation (IFC), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UNICEF, International Maritime Organisation (IMO), World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Arab League, Commonwealth of Nations, World Trade Organisation (WTO), International Development Association (IDA), International Bank for Reconstruction and, Development (IBRD), World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC), European Union (EU), Red Cross, Interpol, Asian Development Bank (ADB), North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), , New York, Washington D.C., Geneva, Rome, Geneva, Paris, The Hague, Berne, Montreal, Vienna, Vienna, Washington D.C., New York, New York, London, Geneva, Geneva, Cairo, London, Geneva, Washington D.C., Washington D.C., Geneva, Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), Brussels, Geneva, Lyons, Manila, Brussels, Jakarta, , Year of, Establishment, 1945, 1945, 1948, 1945, 1919, 1946, 1946, 1874, 1947, 1966, 1957, 1956, 1965, 1946, 1948, 1950, 1865, 1945, 1949, 1995, 1960, 1945, 1967, 1969, *, 1863, 1923, 1966, 1949, 1967, , * Changed form of EEC established in 1958., , OTHER IMPORTANT, ALLIANCES/BODIES OF, THE WORLD, Commonwealth of Nations: It is an, important international body founded, by Great Britain in 1931. It is a free, , association of 54 sovereign independent States formerly under British rule., Important countries are: U.K., Canada,, Australia, New Zealand, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Headquarters:, London.

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General Knowledge, , European Union (E.U.): It is the new, name of European Economic Community (EEC) or European Common Market, (ECM). Now a union of 27 European Nations., Interpol: Established in 1923, it is the, popular name of the International, Criminal Police Organisation (ICPO)., Its headquarter is in Lyons (France). It, has got 190 member countries., International Red Cross: Two, International organisations are known, respectively as International Committee, of the Red Cross and the League of Red, Cross Societies, both with headquarters, in Geneva, Switzerland. The first of, these is a wholly inter-national agency, unconnected with any national society,, and attempts to maintain the basic Red, Cross principles of Geneva Convention;, the second agency is a federation of, autonomous national Red Cross, Societies designed to further cooperation among them., Amnesty International: World- wide, human right organisation. The, organisation established on 28th May,, 1961, it won the Nobel prize for Peace, in 1977. Headquarters in London., World Trade Organisation (W.T.O.): The, new World Trade Organisation, which, replaces the General Agreement on, Tariffs and Trade (GATT), came into effect, from January 1, 1995 with the backing, of at least 85 founding members,, including India. The WTO now comes, as the third economic pillar of worldwide dimensions along with the World, Bank and International Monetary Fund., Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): It is a, group of 120 countries mostly, developing. The principles of non-, , alignment were defined in the Bandung, (Indonesia). Declaration of 1955 and, were reiterated in Brioni (Yugoslavia), Declaration of 1956 by Jawaharlal, Nehru, J.B. Tito and Gamel Abdil Nasser., The first NAM Conference was held at, Belgrade in 1961., ASEAN (Association of South East Asian, Nation): ASEAN established in 1967., The objectives of ASEAN are to promote, active collaboration and mutual, assistance in the economic, social,, cultural, administrative and scientific, field to accelerate economic growth,, social progress and cultural development in the region and promote regional, peace and stability. Indonesia,, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Brunai,, Philippines, Vietnam, Combodia, Laos,, and Myanmar are its members., Headquarters: Jakarta (Indonesia)., North Atlantic Treaty Organi-sation, (NATO): The treaty was signed at, Washington on April 4, 1949, by the, Foreign Ministers of Belgium, Canada,, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy,, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway,, Portugal, UK and USA. Greece,, Turkey, German Federal Republic, Spain, joined later. Poland, Hungary and Czech, Republic were admitted on March 19,, 1999. Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia,, Lithuania, Slovenia, Latvia and Estonia, joined NATO on April 2, 2004., Headquarters: Brussels (Belgium)., Asian Development Bank (ADB):, Established in 1966, it is the Asian, counterpart of the American Development Bank and African Development, Bank with headquarters at Manila. It, helps promote intra-regional trade.

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General Knowledge, , 29, , WORLD, , BASIC INFORMATION, Population : The world’s human, population is expected to increase by, 2 billion in the next 30 years, from the, present 7.7 billion to 9.7 billion in, 2050, according to a new United, Nations Report released on June 17,, 2019. “The World Population Prospects, 2019: Highlights”, published by the, Population Division of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs,, provides a comprehensive overview of, global demographic patterns and, prospects. The study concluded that, the world’s population could peak, around the end of the current century,, at a level of nearly 11 billion., Most Populous Country : China has the, distinction of being the most populous, country in the world with a massive, share of the world's population—, nearly 18.1 per cent. In July 2019, the, population of China was estimated to, be 1.398 billion., Least Populous Country : The, independent state with the smallest, , population is the Vatican City or the, Holy See, with 799 inhabitants, (mid-2019)., Most Densely Populated Country : The, most densely populated country in the, world is Monaco with 19,289 persons, per sq. km. in July, 2019., Number of Countries : The world, comprises of 196 sovereign states, that, includes 193 members of the United, Nations and three non members, viz.,, Kosovo, Taiwan and Vatican City. Other, than this, there are 72 dependent areas, and other entities., Largest Country : The country with the, largest area is Russia, with a total area, of 1,70,75,000 sq. km., or 11.7 per cent, of the world's total land area. It is 70, times larger than U.K., with a population, of 144.43 million in mid-2019., Smallest Country : The smallest, independent country in the world is, the State of the Vatican city or Holy See,, which was made as an enclave within, the city of Rome, Italy on February 11,, 1929. The enclave has an area of 0.44, sq. km., , 29

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General Knowledge, , Smallest Republic : The world's smallest, republic is Nauru, less than one degree, south of the equator in the Central, Pacific, which became independent on, January 31, 1968. It has an area of 21, sq. km. and a population of 11,250 in, mid-2019., Most Populous urban agglomeration :, Guanzhou in China with a population, of 14.53 million was the most populous, urban agglo-meration in July 2019., , Largest City : The world's largest city,, in area, is Jiuquan Gansu, China, which, has an area of 1,67,996 square, kilometre., Highest Capital : The highest capital in, the world, before the domination of, Tibet by China, was Lhasa, at an elevation of 3,684 metres above sea level., La Paz, the administrative de facto, capital of Bolivia, stands at an altitude, of 3,631 metres above mean sea level., , Countries’/Cities’ Names—Old and New, New Names, Bangladesh, Beijing, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Harare, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Istanbul, Kinshasa, Lesotho, Malawi, , Old Names, East Pakistan, Peking, British Honduras, Dahomey, Bechuanaland, Abyssinia, Gold Coast, Salisbury, Dutch East Indies, Persia, Mesopotamia, Constantinople, Leopoldville, Basutoland, Nyasaland, , New Names, Malaysia, Myanmar, Namibia, Holland, Sri Lanka, St. Petersburg, Taiwan, Thailand, Arab Republic, of Egypt, Yangon, Democratic, Zambia, Zimbabwe, , Old Names, Malaya, Burma, South West Africa, The Netherlands, Ceylon, Leningrad, Formosa, Siam, United Arab, Republic, Rangoon, Zaire Republic of Congo, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, , Changed Names of Some Indian Cities/States, Old Names, Allahabad, Aurangabad, Banaras, Baroda, Bangalore, Bombay, Calcutta, Calicut, , New Names, Prayagraj, Sambhajinagar, Varanasi, Vadodara, Bengaluru, Mumbai, Kolkata, Kozhikode, , Old Names, Cochin, Mughalsarai, Madras, Pondicherry, Trivandrum, Uttaranchal, Orissa, , New Names, Kochi, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya, Nagar, Chennai, Puducherry, Thiruvananthapuram, Uttarakhand, Odisha

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General Knowledge, , Sobriquets (Geographical Surnames) National Sobriquets, Bengal’s Sorrow, City of Palaces, Gateway of India, Pink City, Paris of India, Manchester of India, Kashmir of South, Son of Sea, Queen of Mountains, Iron City, Hollywood of India, Scotland of East, City of Nababs, City of Temples & Ghats, Land of Five Rivers, City of Golden Temple, Garden of India, Spice Garden of India, City of Lakes, , Damodar River, Kolkata, Mumbai, Jaipur, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Mussourie, Jamshedpur, Mumbai, Meghalaya, Lucknow, Varanasi, Punjab, Amritsar, Bangalore, Kerala, Srinagar, , Twin City, City of Seven Islands, Diamond Harbour, Switzerland of India, Rice Bowl, Fruit Bowl, Ganga of South, Pitsburg of India, City of Bridges, Residence of God, A Cross-road (Quadrivial), of National Highways, Heart of India, Black River, City of Festivals, Queen of Deccan, Sorrow of Bihar, , HyderabadSecunderabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Kashmir, Chhattisgarh, Himachal, Pradesh, Godavari, Jamshedpur, Srinagar, Prayagraj, Kanpur, Delhi, Sharda, Madurai, Pune, Kosi River, , International Sobriquets, China’s Sorrow, City of Dreaming Spires, Country of Rising Sun, Britain of the South, City of Skyscrapers, City of Golden Gate, City of Seven Hills, City of Magnificent, Distances, Cockpit of Europe, Dark Continent, Emerald Island, Empire City, Eternal City, Forbidden City, Gate of Tears, Great White Way, Gift of Nile, Garden of England, Granite City, , Hwang-Ho, Oxford, Japan, New Zealand, New York, U.S.A., San Francisco, U.S.A., Rome, Italy, Washington, D.C. (U.S.A.), Belgium, Africa, Ireland, New York, U.S.A., Rome, Italy, Lhasa, Tibet, Bab-el-mandab,, Jerusalem, Broadway, New, York, U.S.A., Egypt, Kent, England, Aberdeen,, Scotland, , Herring Pond, Holy Land, Hermit Kingdom, Island Continent, Island of Pearls, Island of Cloves, Key to the, Mediterranean, Land of Golden Fleece, Land of the Kangaroo, Land of Golden Pagoda, Land of Humming Bird, Land of Lilies, Land of Maple, Land of Thousand Lakes, Land of Morning Calm, Land of Midnight Sun, Land of Cakes, Land of the White, Elephant, Land of Thunderbolt, Never, Never Land, , Atlantic Ocean, Palestine, Korea, Australia, Bahrain, Zanzibar, Gibraltar, Australia, Australia, Myanmar, Trinidad, Canada, Canada, Finland, Korea, Norway, Scotland, Thailand, Bhutan, Prairies,, N. Australia

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General Knowledge, Pearl of Antiltes, Pillars of Hercules, Pearl of the Pacific, Playground of Europe, Quaker City, Queen of the Adriatic, Roof of the World, , Cuba, Strait of, Gibralter, Guyayaquil Port, of Ecuador, Switzerland, Philadelphia, U.S.A., Venice, Italy, Pamirs, Central, Asia, , Sick Man of Europe, Turkey, Sugar Bowl of the World Cuba, Venice of the North, Stockholm,, Sweden, White City, Belgrade, Serbia, and Montenegro, Windy City, Chicago, U.S.A., White Man’s Grave, Guinea Coast, World’s Loneliest Serbia Tristan da Cunha, World’s Breadbasket, Prairies of, N. America, , Name of Parliaments of Some Countries, Country, Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Britain, Canada, China, Denmark, Iran, Israel, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, , Name of Parliament, , Country, , Name of Parliament, , Shora, National Congress, Federal Parliament, National Assembly, Jatiya Sangsad, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, Tshogdu (National Assembly), House of Commons and, House of Lords, House of Commons and Senate, National People Congress, Folketing, Majlis (Islamic Consultative, Assembly), Knesset, Diet, Pyithu Hluttaw (People’s, Assembly), Rashtriya Panchayat The, Netherlands States-General, , Norway, Poland, Russia, , Storting, Sejm, Federal Assembly (Council of, the Federation and State, Duma, National Assembly and Senate, Cortes Generales, Riksdag, Federal Assembly (Nationalrat and Standerat), Supreme People’s Assembly, National Assembly, Congress (Senate and House, of Representatives), Federal Council and House of, Representatives, Alpingi, National Assembly, National Assembly of, People’s Power, , South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, North Korea, South Korea, U.S.A., Ethiopia, Iceland, Bulgaria, Cuba, , CIVIL AVIATION, Some Famous International Airports, Country, , Airport, , India, , Netajee Subhash Chandra Bose, Airport (Kolkata), Anna Airport, (Chennai), Chhatrapati Shivajee, Airport (Mumbai), Indira Gandhi, , Country, , Airport, International Airport (Delhi),, Trivendrum Airport (Kerala), Sri, Guru Ram Dass Jee Airport, (Amritsar), Kempegowda Airport (Bengaluru)

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General Knowledge, Country, France, Britain, America, China, Pakistan, Canada, , Airport, Charles de Gaulle (Paris), Heathrow (London), J.F. Kennedy Airport (New York), Peking (Beijing), Karachi, Lahore, Montreal, , Country, Denmark, Japan, Sweden, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, , Airport, Costupe, Copenhagen, Narita and Heneda, Tokyo, Stockholm, Singapore, Colombo, Taipei, , Famous International Air Services, Air Service, Air India, British Overseas, Airways Corporation, Trans World Airlines, Russian Airlines, Japan Airlines, Pakistan International, Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Royal Nepal Airlines, Swiss Airways, Air France, Kuwait Airways, Pan American, World Airways, , Name of Country, India, Britain, America, Russia, Japan, Pakistan, Malaysia, Nepal, Switzerland, France, Kuwait, America, , Air Service, K.L.M. Royal Airllines, Lufthansa Airlines, Iraqi Airways, National Airlines, Quantas Airlines, Hong Kong Airlines, Egypt Airlines, Slovak Airlines, S.I.A., Garuda Airways, Bangladesh Viman, Sewa, Air Lanka, Elitalia Airlines, Air Canada, , Name of Country, The Netherlands, (Holland), Germany, Iraq, Iran, Australia, Hong-Kong, Egypt, Slovakia, Singapore, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Italy, Canada, , Popular Nick Names of Some Famous Personalities, Nick Name, Andhra Kesari, Anna, Bang Bandhu, Bapu, Bard of Avon, Chachaji, Desh Bandhu, Frontier Gandhi, Fuhrer, G.B.S., Grand Old Man, of India, Grand Old Man, of Britain, Guru Dev, , Personalities, T. Prakasam, C.N. Anna Durai, Sheikh Mujibur Rehman, Mahatma Gandhi, William Shakespeare, Jawaharlal Nehru, C.R. Das, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, Adolf Hitler, George Bernard Shaw, Dadabhai Naoroji, , Nick Name, Guruji, Iron Man of India, Lok Nayak, Lady with, the Lamp, Lal, Bal, Pal, , Gladstone, , Maid of Orleans, Maiden Queen, Missile Man, , Rabindra Nath Tagore, , Little Corporal, Lokmanya, Mahamana, , Personalities, M.S. Golwalkar, Sardar Patel, Jayaprakash Narayan, Florence, Nightingale, Lala Lajpat Rai,, Bal Gangadhar Tilak,, Bipin Chandra Pal, Napoleon Bonaparte, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Pt. Madan Mohan, Malaviya, Joan of Arc, Queen Elizabeth I, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

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General Knowledge, Nick Name, Man of Destiny, Netaji, Nightingale, of India, Panditji, , Personalities, Napoleon Bonaparte, Subhash Chandra Bose, Sarojini Naidu, Jawahar Lal Nehru, , Nick Name, Punjab Kesari, Shastriji, Uncle Ho, Wizard of, the North, , Personalities, Lala Lajpat Rai, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Ho Chi Minh, Walter Scott, , Important Days, Date, January, January, January, January, January, , 9, 10, 12, 15, 26, , January 30, 2nd Sunday, February 24, February 28, March 8, March 15, March 18, March 21, , March 22, March 23, March 24, April 5, April 7, April 22, May 1, May 8, , Name, NRI Day, World Laughter Day, National Youth Day, Army Day, Republic Day, International, Customs day, Martyr’s Day,World Leprosy, Eradication Day, World Marriage Day of, February, Central Excise Day, National Science Day, International Women’s Day, World Disabled Day, World, Consumer Rights Day, Ordnance Factories Day, (India), World Forestry Day, International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, World Day for Water, World Meteorological Day, World TB Day, National Maritime Day, World Health Day, Earth Day, Worker’s Day, World Red Cross Day, , IMPORTANT CITIES, PLACES,, BUILDINGS OF THE WORLD, Angkor Vat: It is a large group of old, Hindu temples in Cambodia; a remnant, of the Khmer civilisation. The temples, , Date, , Name, , May 17, , World Telecommunication, Day, Commonwealth Day, Anti-tobacco Day, World Environment Day, Father’s Day, , May 24, May 31, June 5, June, (3rd Sunday), June 21, July 11, August 6, August 9, August 15, August 29, September 5, September 8, September 14, September 16, September 27, October 8, October 9, October 16, October 24, November 14, December 1, December 7, December 10, December 23, , World Yoga Day, World Population Day, Hiroshima Day, Quit India Day,, Nagasaki Day, Indian Independence Day, National Sports Day, Teacher’s Day, Sanskrit Day, World Literacy Day, Hindi Day (India), World Ozone Day, World Tourism Day, Indian Air Force Day, World Post Office Day, World Food Day, UN Day, Children’s Day, World AIDS Day, Armed Forces Flag Day, Human Rights Day, Kisan Divas (Farmer’s Day), , were constructed in the first half of the, 12th century., Big Ben: A clock on the tower of the, British Parliament building, installed, in 1856.

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General Knowledge, , Bethlehem: A town in Jordan; birth, place of Christ; a place of pilgrimage., Cape Canaveral: Situated in Florida, (U.S.A.), it is America’s spaceship, launching centre. Formerly it was, known as Cape Kennedy., Eiffel Tower: A tower in Paris (985 ft, high); the principal landmark of the, city; designed by a French Engineer for, the Paris Exposition 1889., Fleet Street: A street in London, where, offices of newspapers are situated., Golden Gate Bridge (U.S.A.): One of the, world’s longest suspension bridges,, built in 1933-37 across the entrance, (Golden Gate) of San Francisco Bay in, California. It has a length of 9266 ft., Harappa: Situated near Montgo-mery, (Pakistan). The famous ruins throw, light on 5000-year-old Indus Valley, Civilisation., Hiroshima: A city in Japan; it was the, target of the first atom bomb ever, dropped on a city (by U.S.A. on, August 6, 1945); casualities numbered, nearly 1,30,000 and ninety per cent of, the city was levelled., India Office Library (London): A museum, of Indian historical works, collected, by the British. The library consists of, about 3,00,000 books, a large number, of manuscripts in Sanskrit, Urdu,, Persian and Arabic., Kaaba: The inner shrine of the great, Mosque at Mecca in Saudi Arabia. It is, the most sacred place. Muslims face, the Kaaba when praying., Karakoram Highway: It is a 800-km all, weather road linking border of China’s, Sinkiang province with Pakistan., , Leaning Tower of Pisa: A white marble, monument (179 feet high) built in the, 14th Century in Italy. It is inclined to, one side., Mohenjodaro: Situated in the Larkana, District of Sind (Pakistan); ancient, ruins throw light on 5,000-year-old, Indus Valley Civilisation., Oval, Leeds and Lords (England):, Famous for cricket matches., Panama Canal: Canal connecting the, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The canal, is 50 miles long and has 12 locks. It, was opened to traffic in August, 1914., The canal is administered by the U.S.A., Pentagon (Washington, USA): It is a, five-sided building housing the US, Defence Department offices., Burj Khalifa: It is a 162 storeyed, structure built in Dubai having a height, of 818 meter. It is now the highest, structure of the world. Taipei 101 (508, meter) is now the second highest, structure of the world., Pyramids: Gigantic stone buildings, built by the ancient Egyptians in 2700, B.C.; among the seven wonders of the, world. The great pyramid at Giza is the, largest. These pyramids were tombs for, the pharaohs and other important, people., Scotland Yard: Headquarters of the, Criminal Investigation Department in, London. It is known all over world for, its efficient working., Sandhurst (England): Famous military, training institution., Sphinx: Mythical beast of ancient Egypt;, usually represented in art as having a

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General Knowledge, , human head and the body of a lion. The, most famous one is the great Sphinx, a, colossal stone figure at Gizah built in, the 26th Century BC., Stonehenge: Prehistoric monument, near Salisbury, England built in, between 1800 B.C. and 1500 B.C., Suez Canal: This canal is an important, link between the Mediterranean Sea and, the Red Sea. It is about 160 km long, and was constructed in 1869 by a, French Engineer. It has shortened the, , distance between Southampton, (England) and Bombay (now Mumbai), by about 4,000 miles. The canal was, nationalised by Col. Nasser on July 26,, 1956. Port Said is the famous port at, the entry from Mediterranean Sea., Vatican: Official residence of the Pope, (in Rome). The smallest country. It, enjoys a separate entity in the world., (Area 0.44 sq. km)., Wall Street (New York): Famous stock, exchange market., , Important Residences of the World, Residences, President/PM etc., Buckingham Palace King/Queen of UK, (London), 10, Downing Street, (London), , Prime Minister of UK, , Elysee Palace (Paris) The French President, , Residences, , President/PM etc., , Rashtrapati Bhavan The President of India, (New Delhi), Vatican (Rome), Pope, White House, US President, (Washington), , HIGHEST, LONGEST, BIGGEST, LARGEST, DEEPEST,, SMALLEST OF THE WORLD, Largest Airport : King Fahd International Airport (near Dammam, Saudi Arabia), Highest Airport : Lhasa Airport, Tibet, Tallest Animal : Giraffe, Largest Animal : Blue whale, Largest Bay : Hudson Bay, Northern, Canada, Fastest Bird : Swift, Largest Bird : Ostrich, Smallest Bird : Humming bird, Tallest Building : Burj Khalifa, Longest Big Ship Canal : Suez Canal, Largest Cathedral : Cathedral, Church of New York, , Largest Cemetry : Ohlsdorf Cemetry, (Hamburg, Germany), Largest Church : Balisca of St. Peter, in the Vatican City, Rome., Largest Continent : Asia, Smallest Continent : Australia, Largest Country (Area) : Russia, Smallest Country (Area) : Vatican, City, Highest City : Wenchuan, China, Longest Day : June 21, Shortest Day : December 22, Largest Delta : Sunderban (India), Largest Desert : Sahara, North, Africa

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General Knowledge, , Largest Dome : Singapore National, Stadium., Largest Dams : Grand Coulee Dam,, USA, Tallest Fountain : King Fahd's, Fountain (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia), Largest Gulf : Gulf of Mexico, Largest Island : Greenland, Largest Lake : Caspian Sea, Deepest Lake : Baikal (Siberia), Highest Lake : Titicaca (Bolivia), Largest Library : United States, Library of Congress, Washington”., Country with Largest Electorate :, India (over 90 crores), Highest Mountain Peak : Mount, Everest (Tibet-Nepal border), Highest Mountain Range : The, Himalayas, Asia, Largest Mountain Range: The Andes, (South America), Largest Minaret : Sultan Hassan, Mosque (Egypt), Tallest Minaret: Qutub Minar, Delhi, (India), Largest Ocean : Pacific Ocean, Deepest Ocean : Pacific Ocean, Biggest Palace : Vatican (Rome), Largest Park : National Park of, North-Eastern (Greenland), Largest Peninsula: Arabia, Highest Plateau : Pamir (Tibet), Longest Platform : Gorakhpur, Uttar, Pradesh (India)., Largest Platform : Grand Central, Terminal, (Rly. Station), New York, (USA), Largest Planet : Jupiter, , Smallest Planet : Mercury, Brightest Planet : Venus, Nearest Planet to the Sun : Mercury, Longest River : Nile, Africa, Largest Sea : South China Sea, Brightest Star: Sirius A, Largest Sea-bird : Albatross, Tunnel, Longest (railway) :, Gotthard, Switzerland, Largest Temple : Angkor Wat, (Cambodia), Oldest Theatre : Teatro Olimpico, (Itlay), Tallest Tower : Tokyo Sky Tree, (634 m.), Longest Wall : Great Wall of China, Highest Waterfall: Salto Angel, (Venezuela), Widest Waterfall : Khone Falls, (Laos), Lowest Water Level: Dead Sea, Longest Epic : Mahabharata, Rainiest Place : Mawsynram, near, Cherrapunji (India), Highest Road : Leh-Nobra, Ladakh, division, India., Highest Volcano : Ojos deln Salado,, (Argentina) Chile, Largest Volcano : Manuna Lea, (Hawai), Lightest Gas : Hydrogen, Fastest Animal : Cheetah (Leopard), Biggest Flower: Rafflesia (Java), Longest Corridor : Rameshwaram, Temple (India), Largest Democracy: India, Biggest Airbus : Double Decker, A-380

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General Knowledge, , Famous Religions, Founders, Holy Books & Places of Worship, Religion, , Founder, , Holy Books, , Hinduism, , Hinduism has no one Founder., (This religion is based upon the, religion of original Aryan Settlers), Sikh, Guru Nanak Dev, Christianity Jesus Christ, Islam, Prophet Mohammed, Parsi, Zoroaster, Jainism, Adinath Rishavdev, Buddhism, Gautam Buddha, Jew, Moosa, , Place of Worship, , Ramayan, Vedas,, Puranas and Geeta, , Temple, , Guru Granth Sahib, Bible, Koran (Quran), Zend Avesta, Jain Granth, Tripitaka, Torah, , Gurdwara, Church, Mosque, Fire Temple, Jain Temple, Buddha Temple, Synagogue, , Principal Ten Language of the World, Language, Chinese, English, Hindi, Spanish, Russian, , Speaker of the Language, (In Millions), 1298.6, 378.3, 260.0, 442.4, 153.9, , Language, Arabic, Bengali, Portuguese, Japanese, Lahnda, , Speaker of the Language, (In Millions), 315.3, 242.7, 222.7, 128.2, 118.9, , Source : The World Almanac 2019., , Intelligence Agencies of Some Prominent Countries, Country, India, , Intelligence Agency, Research & Analysis Wing, (RAW), Intelligence Bureau, (I.B.), Central Bureau of Investigation (C.B.I.), Pakistan Inter Service Intelligence (I.S.I.), U.S.A., Central Intelligence Agency,, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Britain, Military Intelligence (M.I.)-5 and, 6, Special Branch, Ultra, Joint, Intelligence, Organisation, Israel, Mosad, Egypt, Mukhabarat, , Country, Japan, Russia, , Intelligence Agency, Nicho, K.G.B. (Komitel Gosudarstvennoy, Bezopasnosty) (Committee for, State Security), Canada Security Intelligence Service, S. Africa Bureau of State Security, Iran, Sabak, Iraq, Al-Mukhabarat, Australia Australian Security and, Intelligence Organisation, France, S.D.E.C.E., Spain, C.E.S.I.D., Cuba, D.G.I.

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General Knowledge, , 39, , WORLD HISTORY, DIFFERENT AGES, Ice Age : Period, beginning from, 10,00,000 years ago in which a series, of ice caps covered most of the northern parts of the earth., Stone Age : Period, in which men used, tools and weapons made of stone. It, began about 1,00,000 years ago., Bronze Age : Period, when people used, bronze tools; period from 3,000 to, 1,000 B.C., Iron Age : Period, when people first, used iron tools and weapons. It began, at about 1,200 BC and lasted for 1,000, years., Augustine Age : It refers to the reign of, the Emperor Augustus; 27 BC to 14 BC, in Latin History., Dark Age : Period, from the fall of Rome, in 476 AD till 1000 AD., Middle Age : Period, between ancient, times and the modern period often, given as between the fall of Roman, Empire in the 5th century and the Renaissance in the 15th., , Elizabethan Age : Period of the feudal, system in Europe from 700 to 1400 AD., Machine Age : Name given to the, period of industrialisation in Britain,, began in 1750., Age of Reason : The 18th century, when, philosophy was gaining ground in, Europe., Victorian Age : Period, when Queen, Victoria reigned, i.e., 1837-1901. It was, an age of technological progress and, public morality., Atomic Age : Period since the, explosion of the first atom bomb at, Almogordo, New Mexico on July 16,, 1945., , DEVELOPMENT OF, CIVILISATION, The First Phase : The first phase of the, beginning of the civilisation called, Neolithic Revolution, began when man, settled in the villages and became a, farmer., , 39

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General Knowledge, , The Second Phase : The second phase, was when writing started. This happened in early Bronze Age (3200 to 2000, B.C.). Writing first developed in Egypt,, southern Mesopotamia and in, southwest Iran., The Third Phase: The third phase began, when Summerian city states developed., It happened between 3100 to 2570 B.C., The Fourth Phase : The fourth phase, was that of the setting up of empires., The Summerian city states were incorporated into a powerful empire in about, 2370 B.C. by Sargon of Agade. The climax of this phase was when the Persian, empire, the largest known empire, came, into being., The Fifth Phase : In the fifth phase,, civilisation shifted from Asia to, Mediterranean where it remained for, the next 1000 years. There were city, , states in Greece. During this phase,, there were two other important, influences on civilisation (i) that of Confucius (ii) that of Buddha. Confucius,, the Chinese philosopher, gave theories, which shaped the political organisation of China for many centuries. Similarly, the teachings of Buddha exercised, a powerful influence on the civilisation of the Indian subcontinent., The Indian Empire declined after the, death of King Ashoka (232 B.C.). The, Chinese Empire declined after the death, of the emperor Wu Ti. Then appeared, the famous Roman empire when King, Rumulus founded Rome. It came to an, end in 476 A.D., Passing through the Middle Age civilisation entered the modern era. Many, movements helped the development of, civilisation., , IMPORTANT HISTORICAL DATES OF THE WORLD, B.C., 776: First Olympiad in Greece, 323: Alexander dies at Babylone, 221: Great Wall of China completed, 4: Birth of Jesus, , A.D., 30: Crucifixion of Jesus Christ, 570: Birth of Prophet Mohammed, at Mecca, 622: Hizari era started, Hazrat, Mohammad went from Macca to, Madina, , 1453: Renaissance in Europe, 1492: Columbus discovered America, 1498: Sea-route to India discovered, (Vasco Da Gama), 1668: Despotic rule of Stuarts, ended, and the Parliamentary rule, began in England, 1775: Declaration of American, Independence (4th July), 1789: French revolution, 1804-25: Industrial Revolution in, England

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General Knowledge, , 1815: Battle of Waterloo —, Napolean was defeated and sent to, St. Helena where he died in captivity, 1865: Abraham Lincoln assassinated, 1896: Olympic Games started in, Athens, 1904: Russia-Japan war, , 1975: Communists capture Cambodia and South Vietnam; Everest, scaled by first woman Mrs. Juniko, Tabei; a Japanese housewife; Coup, in Bangladesh - Sheikh Mujib killed;, Apollo-Soyuz joint flight, 1976: Unification of Vietnams;, Death of Mr. Mao-tse Tung, , 1914-18: World War I (Aug., 1914Nov. 11, 1918), 1917: Revolution in Russia, the Czar, assassinated, 1920: The League of Nations founded, , 1977: America makes neutron, bomb; Army seizes power in, Pakistan, , 1933: Hitler became the Chancellor, of Germany, 1939-45: World War II, , 1980: Iran-Iraq war, , 1945: First Atom Bomb dropped on, Hiroshima (Aug.6) and Nagasaki, (Aug.9); UNO established (Oct.24), , 1984: Hong Kong accord signed (UKChina), , 1948: Independence of Burma (4th, January), Sri Lanka (6th February);, Jews declared State of Israel in, Palestine, 1953: Mt. Everest conquered by, Hillary and Tenzing (May 29), 1957: Artificial earth satellites, (Sputniks I and II) launched by, Russia, 1963: American president John F., Kennedy assassinated, 1969: American astronauts land on, moon (July 21), 1973: Watergate Scandal in U.S.A.;, U.S.A. launched Skylab - the first, Space Laboratory, , 1978: World’s first test-tube baby, born in England, 1982: Falkland war; Egypt regains, Sinai peninsula, , 1985: SAARC comes into being in, Dhaka, 1986: Fire in Russia’s Chernobyl, nuclear power plant., 1988: Gorbachev elected USSR, President; Bush elected US, President., 1989: Non-Communist government, installed in Romania (Dec 25)., 1990: Nelson Mandela released, after 27 years in prison (Feb 11);, Two German states unite (Oct 3)., 1991: Gulf War started (Jan 17-Feb, 27); USSR dissolved (Dec. 21), 1992: Boutrous Ghali elected new, UN Secretary-General (Jan 1); Bill, R-1 (GK)–3

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General Knowledge, , Clinton elected 42nd US President, (Nov. 4)., , independent state East Timor, (May 20)., , 1993: Treaty to ban chemical, weapons signed in Paris (Jan. 15)., , 2003: Space Shuttle Columbia of, USA exploded, all the seven member, including Kalpana Chawla of Indian, origin died (Feb. 1)., , 1994: First non-white government, in South Africa under Presi-dentship, of Nelson Mandela (May 10)., 1995: WTO comes into existence, (Jan. 1); Agreement on Palestinian, self-rule of the West Bank (Sep 24);, G-15 Summit (Buenos Aires) (Nov)., , 2004: Opportunity Probe Landed on, Mars (Jan. 25); Earthquake Tsunami, Killed thousands across nine, nations (Dec. 26)., , 1996: Atlanta Olympic (July 20-Aug, 4); Kofi Annan of Ghana is the new, UN Secretary General (Dec. 17)., , 2005: Bhutan unveiled its first, constitution (March 26); Iraq's first, elected government sworn in, (May 3)., , 1997: Ninth SAARC Summit (May 1214); NASA spacecraft Path-finder, landed on Mars (July 4)., , 2006: SAFTA became operational, (Jan. 1); Saddam Hussain is executed, (Dec. 30)., , 1998: Pakistan conducts Nuclear, Tests (May 28); US Missiles hit, terrorist bases in Afghanistan and, Sudan (Aug 20); The birth of Euro, Currency (Dec 31)., , 2007: Japan launched first defence, ministry since World War-II (Jan., 9); Australia won World Cup Cricket, 2007 (continuous third time) (April, 28)., , 1999: Colonel Eileen Collins, became the first women in the space, history to command a space, mission (July 23)., , 2008: Maoist leader Pushpa Kamal, Dahal (Prachanda) becomes the, first PM of Republican Nepal, (August 15); 29th Olympic Games, (8-24 August) ended in Beijing, (August 24)., , 2000: XXVIII Olympic Game starts, in Sydney (Sept 15); George Bush, elected President of USA (Dec. 16)., 2001: World Trade Center and the, Pentagon Headquarters in USA, attacked by terrorists (Sep. 11)., , 2009: Barack Obama sworn in as, the 44th President of USA (Jan. 20);, 15th NAM Summit held in Sharm-ElShiekh (Egypt) (July 16)., , 2002: Xanana Gusnao become the, first President of the World's 192nd, , 2010: Dubai opened world's tallest, skyscraper-Burj Khalifa (Jan. 4); 7.0, R-1 (GK)–3-II

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General Knowledge, , magnitude quake hit Haiti, more, than Lakh died (Jan. 14); US, Russia, signed nuclear arms pact (April 8)., 2011: Dilma Rousseff sworn in as, Brazil’s first woman prez (Jan. 1);, US forces killed Osama-bin-Laden, in Pakistan (May 1); South Sudan, became World’s newest country, (July 9)., 2012: Myanmar pardons as number, of prominent political prisoners, (Jan. 13); 30th Olympic games (27th, July to 12 August) ended in London, (August 12)., 2013: UN Clinches global deal, on cutting mercury emissions, (Jan. 19); XI Jinping takes over as, China’s president (March 14); Iran,, 6 world powers in landmark deal, (Nov. 24)., 2014: Sheikh Hasina is sworn in as, Bangladesh PM for 3rd term (Jan., 12); Pak and Taliban start peace, talk (Feb. 6); 17th Asian Games (19, September to 4 October) ended in, Incheon (S. Korea) (October 4)., 2015: Pakistan House passes Army, Court Bill (Jan. 6); Australia lift ICC, World Cup for a record 5th time, (March 29); A massive earthquake, hit Nepal, more than 5000 dead, (April 25)., 2016: China’s 2-child policy takes, effect (Jan. 1); Spotlight, Leo shine, , at Oscars (Feb. 29); West Indies, make history by clinching ICC men’s, and women’s T20 crown (April 3);, 31st Olympic Games (5 August to, 21 August) ended in Rio de Janerio, (August 21)., 2017: Thailand King orders, Constitution amendment (Jan. 10);, Donald Trump sworn in as the 45th, President of USA (Jan. 20);, Moonlight bags oscar for Best, Picture (Feb. 27); US repeals net, neutrality rules (Dec. 15)., 2018: US blocks $ 255 m. military, aid to Pakistan (Jan. 2); End of, Castros’ 60-year rule in Cuba as, Diaz-Canel takes over as new, president (April 19); Vladimir Putin, sworn in for fourth term as Russia, President (May 7); Imram Khan, takes Oath as Pakistan's 22nd PM, (Aug. 18)., 2019: Sheikh Hasina sworn in as, Bangladesh PM for fourth term (Jan., 7); EU adds UAE to tax haven, blacklist (March 12); 49 killed in, racial terror attack on 2 mosques, in New Zealand (March 15); England, won World Cup Cricket (July 14);, US, Russia withdraw from cold warera arms treaty (Aug. 2); HongKong, Chief agrees to withdraw extradition, law (Sep. 04); Boris Johnson sweeps, UK polls (Dec. 13).

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General Knowledge, , 2020: Top Iran general Soleimani, killed in US drone strike (Jan. 3); UK, finally left the EU (Jan. 31); Arab, League rejects US Middle East plan, (Feb. 1); Russia holds 75th Victory, day parade in Moscow (June 24);, Micheal Martin elected new Prime, Minister of Ireland (June 30);, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, (SCO) Summit held in Moscow (Sep., 04); Joe Biden elected new President, of US (Dec. 14); Steve Smith gets ICC, Men’s Test Cricketer of the Decade, Award-2020 (Dec. 28)., , 2021: Asian Development Bank, (ADB) and European Investment, Bank (EIB) join Hands to protect, Oceans by supporting blue, economy (Jan. 15); Joe Biden takes, over as the 46th President of the, USA (Jan. 20); Ist ever Treaty for, prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, adopted by UN Comes into force, (Jan. 22); Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, Re-elected as President of Uganda, for 6th term (Jan. 25); Irakli, Garibashvili elected new Prime, Minister of Georgia (Feb. 26); China, announces sanctions on British, individuals & entities (March 26).

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General Knowledge, , 45, , THE UNIVERSE, THE SOLAR SYSTEM :, SOME FACTS, , Oxygen (28%), Calcium (1.2%), Nickel, (2.7%), Magnesium (17%), Iron (35%), , Number of Planets: 8—Mercury, Venus,, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune., Largest most, Massive planet, Jupiter, Brightest planet, Venus, Brightest star, Sirius, Fastest orbiting planet, Mercury, Longest (Synodic)day, Mercury, Most moons, Saturn-82, Planet with largest moon, Jupiter, Greatest average density, Jupiter, Tallest mountain, Earth, Strongest magnetic fields, Jupiter, Most circular orbit, Venus, Shortest (synodic) day, Jupiter, Hottest planet, Venus, No moons, Mercury, Venus, Planet with moon with, most eccentric orbit, Neptune, Lowest average density, Saturn, Deepest Oceans, Jupiter, Greatest amount of, liquid on the surface, Earth, , The Earth: Facts and Data, Composition of the Earth: Aluminium, (0.4%), Sulphur (2.7%), Silicon (13%),, 45, , Surface area, Land Surface (29.1%), Ocean Surface, (70.9%), Type of water, Total area of water, Equatorial, diameter, Equatorial, Circumference, Polar Circumference, Polar diameter, Equatorial radius, Polar radius, Mass (estimated, weight), Mean distance, from the Sun, Earth’s orbit, speed (around sun), Period of Revolution, (round the sun), , Time of Rotation, (on its axis), Inclination of the, axis (to the plane, of the eclipitc), , : 510100500 sq km, : 148950800 sq km, : 361149700 sq km, : 97% salt, 3% fresh, : 382672000 sq km, : 12753 km, :, :, :, :, :, :, , 40075 km, 40007 km, 12710 km, 6376 km, 6335 km, 594 × 1019 metric, tons, , : 149407000 km, : 107320 kmph, : 365 days 5 hrs, 48 min. 45.51, seconds, : 23 hrs 56 min, 4.09 seconds, , : 23º27'

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General Knowledge, , Solar Statistics, Distance from the Earth, Absolute Visual, Magnitude, Diameter, Core Temperature, Photosphere, Temperature, Rotation as seen, from the Earth, (at the equator), , : 149.8 million km, : 4.75, : 1,384,000 km, : 15000000 K, , Rotation as seen, from the Earth, (near the poles), Chemical, Composition, , : 5770 K, , Age, , : 25.38 days, , Expected lifetime, of a normal star, , : 33 days, : Hydrogen 71%, Helium 26.5%, Other elements 2.5%, : About 4.5 billion, years, : About 10 billion, years, , Oceans of the World, Pacific, Atlantic, , 166,241,000 sq km, 86,557,000 sq km, , Indian, Arctic, , 73,427,000 sq km, 9,485,000 sq km, , Longest Rivers, Name, Nile, Amazon, MississippiMissouri, YangtzeKiang, Ob-Irtysh, Hwang Ho, Lena, , Country/, Continent, Africa, S. America, , Length, Kilometres, 6690, 6437, , USA, , 6020, , China, Russia, China, Russia, , 5494, 5410, 4344, 4400, , Name, Niger, MurrayDarling, Volga, St. Lawrence, Orinoco, Danube, Indus, , Country/, Continent, Africa, , Length, Kilometres, 4180, , Australia, Russia, Canada (USA), S. America, Europe, Asia, , 3780, 3690, 4023, 2575, 2850, 2900, , Major Riverside Cities, City, Alexandria, Amsterdam, Ankara, Baghdad, Bangkok, Belgrade, Berlin, Budapest, Cairo, Chittagong, Karachi, Khartoum, , River, Nile, Amsel, Kizil, Tigris, Menam, Danube, Spree, Danube, Nile, Karnaphuli, Indus, Blue &, White Nile, , Country, Egypt, Netherland, Turkey, Iraq, Thailand, Yugoslavia, Germany, Hungary, Egypt, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sudan, , City, Lahore, Lisbon, Liverpool, London, Moscow New, Orleans, New York, Paris, Rangoon, (Yangon), Rome, , River, Ravi, Tagus, Mersey, Thames, Moskva, Mississipi, Hudson, Seine, Irawadi, , Country, Pakistan, Portugal, England, England, Russia, USA, USA, France, Myanmar, , Tiber, , Italy

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General Knowledge, , India’s Cities, Rivers, States, City, Agra, Ahmedabad, Ayodhya, Badrinath, Cuttack, Delhi, Dibrugarh, Guwahati, Haridwar, Hyderabad, Jabalpur, Kanpur, , River, Yamuna, Sabarmati, Saryu, Alaknanda, Mahanadi, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Brahmaputra, Ganges, Musi, Narmada, Ganges, , State, U.P., Gujarat, U.P., Uttarakhand, Odisha, Delhi, Assam, Assam, Uttarakhand, Telangana, M.P., U.P., , City, Kolkata, Kota, Lucknow, Ludhiana, Nasik, Patna, Sambalpur, Srinagar, Surat, Tiruchirapalli, Varanasi, Vijayawada, , River, Hooghly, Chambal, Gomti, Sutlej, Godawari, Ganga, Mahanadi, Jhelum, Tapti, Cauvery, Ganges, Krishna, , State, W. Bengal, Rajasthan, U.P., Punjab, Maharashtra, Bihar, Odisha, J&K, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, U.P., A.P., , Largest Deserts of the World, Subtropical, Sahara, North Africa, 94,00,000 sq. km., Kalahari,, Southern Africa, 9,00,000 sq. km., Thar, India/Pakistan, 2,00,000 sq. km., Great Sandy, Australia 4,00,000 sq. km., , Cool Coastal, Atacama, Chile S.A., 1,40,000 sq. km, Cool Winter, Gobi, China, 13,00,000 sq. km., Colorado, Western, USA, 3,37,000 sq. km., (also called the painted desert), , Atmosphere, (Composition of Gases in Atmosphere), Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen, , 78.03%, 20.99%, 0.93%, 0.03%, 0.01%, , Neon, Helium, Crypton, Xenon, Ozone, , 0.0018%, 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.000,005%, 0.000,0001%, , Principal Mountain Peaks of the World, S., No., 1., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., , Mountains, Mount Everest, Mount Everest, K-2 (Godwin Austen), Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu I, Dhaulagiri I, Mansalu I, Chollyo, Nanga Parbat, , Height in, Metres, 8,848, 8,848, 8,611, 8,597, 8,511, 8,481, 8,167, 8,156, 8,153, 8,124, , Range, Himalayas, Himalayas, Karakoram, Himalayas, Himalayas, Himalayas, Himalayas, Himalayas, Himalayas, Himalayas, , Date of First, Ascent, May 29, 1953, May 29, 1953, July 31, 1954, May 25, 1955, May 18, 1956, May 15, 1955, May 13, 1960, May 9, 1956, Oct. 19, 1954, July 3, 1953

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General Knowledge, S., No., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., , Mountains, Annapurna I, Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak I, Gasherbrum II, Shisha Pangma (Gosainthan), Gasherbrum III, , Height in, Metres, 8,091, 8,068, 8,047, 8,034, 8,014, 7,952, , INTERNATIONAL DATE, LINE, It roughly corresponds to 180ºE or W, meridian of longitude which falls on, the opposite side of the Greenwich, , Range, Himalayas, Karakoram, Karakoram, Karakoram, Himalayas, Karakoram, , Date of First, Ascent, June 3, 1950, July 5, 1958, June 9, 1957, July 7, 1956, May 2, 1964, Aug. 11, 1975, , meridian and the date changes by one, day (i.e. 24 hours), as this line is crossed., On crossing this line from east to west, a day is added, and a day is subtracted, on crossing it from west to east., , Important Boundary Lines, Boundary Line, Durand Line, Hindenberg Line, Maginot Line, Mannerhein Line, Mc Mahon Line, Order Niesse Line, Radcliff Line, Seigfrid Line, , Countries, Pakistan and, Afghanistan, Germany-Poland, France and, Germany, Russia-Finland, India and China, Germany-Poland, India-Pakistan, Germany-France, , Boundary Line, , Countries, , 17th Parallel, , The, line, which, defined the boundary, between North Vietnam and South Vietnam before the two, were united., North Korea and, South Korea, U.S.A. and Canada, , 38th Parallel, 49th Parallel, , Famous Straits of the World, Strait, Malacca Strait, , Between, Andaman Sea and South China Sea, , Country, Indonesia, , Palk Strait, , Mannar and Bay of Bengal, , India-Sri Lanka, , Magellan Strait, , Pacific and South Atlantic Ocean, , Chile, , Dover Strait, , English Channel and North Sea, , England-France, , Berring Strait, , Berring Sea and Chukasi Sea, , Alaska-Russia, , Sugaroo Strait, , Japan Sea and Pacific Ocean, , Japan, , Sunda Strait, , Java and Indian Ocean, , Indonesia, , Gibralter Strait, , Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, , Spain, , Harmuj Strait, , Persia and Bay of Oman, , Oman-Iran, , Hudson Strait, , Bay of Hudson and Atlantic Ocean, , Canada

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General Knowledge, , WORLD’S FAMOUS, OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS, White Paper: India; Orange Book:, Netherlands; Yellow Book: France;, , Green Book: Italy and Iran; White, Book: Portugal, China and Germany;, Grey Book: Japan and Belgium., , Famous Newspapers of the World, Newspaper, , Place of Publishing, , Language, , Daily News, Guardian, Pravada, Al-Ahram, Merdeca, Times, People’s Daily, New Statesman, Daily Mirror, Hindu, Hindustan, Times of India, Tribune,, Statesman, Indian Express, Economic Times, Hindustan, Nav Bharat Times, Dainik Bhaskar,, Dainik Jagaran, Punjab Kesari, , New York (America), London (Britain), Moscow (Russia), Cairo (Egypt), Jakarta (Indonesia), London (Britain), Beijing (China), Britain, Britain, India, , English, English, Russian, Arabic, Indonesian, English, Chinese, English, English, English, , India, , Hindi, , Signals/Signs and Meaning, Signal/Sign, Red Triangle, Red Cross, Red Light, Green Light, Olive Branch, White Pigeon, or Dove, Black Strip on, Arm, Black Flag, Red Flag, White Flag, , Meaning, Family Planning, Medical Help, Danger, ‘Stop’ for the, movement of vehicles, Go, Peace, Peace, (i) Opposition, (ii) Sorrow, Opposition, (i) Danger, (ii) Revolution, Treaty or Surrender, , Signal/Sign, Yellow Flag, , Meaning, Vehicles with patients, of contagious diseases, Two Bones across Danger of electricity, with a Skull, Half mast flown, National mournning, Flag, Lotus, Sign of civilization, and culture, Wheel (Chakra), Sign of Progress, A blind folded, woman with, scale in hand, Sign of Justice, Reversed flown, National calamity flag, , National Emblems of Important Countries, Country, America, Australia, Ireland, , National Emblem, Golden Rod, Kangaroo, Shamrock, , Country, Italy, Israel, Iran, , National Emblem, White Lily, Candelabrum, Rose

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General Knowledge, Country, Canada, Great Britain, Chile, Germany, Japan, Zimbabwe, Denmark, Turkey, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, , National Emblem, White Lily, Rose, Candor and Huemul, Corn Flower, Chrysanthemum, Zimbabwe Bird, Beach, Crescent and Star, Lion, Kiwi, Fern, Southern Cross, Lion, , Country, Nepal, Pakistan, Polond, France, Belgium, Bangladesh, Mongolia, Russia, Lebanon, Sudan, Syria, India, , National Emblem, Kukri, Crescent, Eagle, Lily, Lion, Water Lily, The Soyombo, Double headed eagle, Cedar Tree, Secretary Bird, Eagle, Lioned Capital, , The Continents of the World, Name, , Area, (In sq. km.), , Per cent of Total, Land Area on Earth, , Asia (Including the, Middle East), Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia (Plus Oceania), , 44,579,000, , 30.0, , 30,065,000, 24,256,000, 17,819,000, 13,209,000, 9,938,000, 7,687,000, , 20.3, 16.3, 12.0, 8.9, 6.7, 5.2

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General Knowledge, , 51, , INDIAN CONSTITUTION, AND POLITY, Indian Constitution is a comprehensive, document and it is the lengthiest, written Constitution in the World., The Preamble of the Constitution: “We, the people of India, having solemnly, resolved to Constitute India into a, Sovereign, Socialist, Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its, citizen: Justice: Social, economic and, political; Liberty: Of thought,, expression, belief, faith and worship;, Equality: Of status and of opportunity,, and to promote among them all;, Fraternity: Assuring the dignity of the, individual and the unity and integrity, of the nation. In our Constituent, Assembly, this twenty-sixth day of, November, 1949, do hereby adopt,, enact and give to ourselves this, constitution.”, , PARLIAMENT, Parliament is the national legislature, of the Indian Union. It consists of two, Houses known as the Council of States, or the Rajya Sabha and the House of, People or Lok Sabha. The President is, an integal part of Parliament., , Rajya Sabha: The Rajya Sabha is the, Upper House of the Parliament and it, is constituted of representatives from, the States or the Constituent units of, the Indian Union. It is a permanent, body, one third of its members retiring, after every two years. Its maximum, strength is 250. Out of these, twelve, members are nominated by the, President from well-known personalities in the realm of Science, Art,, Literature and Social Service. Rest of, 238 representatives of the States and, Union Territories are elected. Rajya, Sabha at present consists of 245, members., Lok Sabha: The Lok Sabha whose life is, five years, is the Lower House of, Parliament and comprises of members, directly elected by the people. The, House of the people (Lok Sabha) at, present consists of 545 members, of these, 543 members are directly, elected from the states and Union, Territories while 2 are nominated by, the President from Anglo-Indian, community. The House of the People, shall continue for five years (unless, , 51

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General Knowledge, , sooner dissolved) from the date of its, meeting and no longer and the expiry, of the said period of 5 years shall, operate as dissolution of the House., Parliamentary Committees: There are, several Parliamentary Committees to, assist the Parliament in its deliberations. These are appointed or elected, by the respective Houses of Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha on a motion made or, are nominated by their presiding, officers, i.e., the Speaker of Lok Sabha, and the Chairman of Rajya Sabha, respectively. Broadly, Parliamentary, Committees are of two kinds–standing, committees and ad-hoc committees., Among the Standing Committees, three, are financial Committees: (i) Public, Account Committee; (ii) Estimate, Committee; (iii) Public undertaking, Committee., Ad-hoc Committees are appointed as, the need arises and cease to exist when, the work is over., , PRESIDENT, The President is the Constitutional, head of the Republic of India. He is, more or less the titular head of the, executive. Really speaking, he is the, constitutional head but not the real, , executive.The real power is vested in, the hands of the Council of Ministers., Qualifications: (i) Indian citizen, (ii) age, not less than 35 years, (iii) should, have qualification for election to Lok, Sabha, (iv) should not hold any office, of profit, (v) should not be a Member of, Parliament or State Legislature., Powers: He makes appointments to all, the constitutional posts. He can, address either House of Parliament and, dissolve Lok Sabha. All Bills passed by, Parliament must receive his assent to, become an Act. He issues ordinances, when Parliament is not in session. No, Money Bill can be introduced in Lok, Sabha without his recommendation. He, can grant pardon, reprieve or remit, punishment and he can commute death, sentences, can declare national, emergency, state emergency and, financial emergency., Term of Office: The President holds the, office for a period of five years. He is, eligible for re-election., Procedure for the removal of, President: The President may be, removed from office for violation of, the constitution before the expiry of, his term by impeachment (Article 56)., , Presidents of India, Name, Dr. Rajendra Prasad*, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, Dr. Zakir Hussain**, V.V. Giri (Acting), M. Hidayatullah (Acting), V.V. Giri, , 26 January, 1950, 13 May, 1962, 13 May, 1967, 3 May, 1969, 20 July, 1969, 24 August, 1969, , Tenure, —, 13 May, 1962, —, 13 May, 1967, —, 3 May, 1969, —, 20 July 1969, —, 24 August, 1969, —, 24 August, 1974

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General Knowledge, Name, , Tenure, , Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed**, B.D. Jatti (Acting), Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy***, Giani Zail Singh, R. Venktaraman, Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma, K.R. Narayanan, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Pratibha Patil, Pranab Mukherjee, Ram Nath Kovind, , 24, 11, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, , August, 1974, February, 1977, July, 1977, July, 1982, July, 1987, July, 1992, July, 1997, July, 2002, July, 2007, July, 2012, July, 2017, , —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, , 11 February, 1977, 25 July, 1977, 25 July, 1982, 25 July, 1987, 25 July, 1992, 25 July, 1997, 25 July, 2002, 25 July, 2007, 25 July, 2012, 25 July, 2017, ............, , * Rajendra Prasad was the only president who was elected for two consecutive terms., ** Dr. Zakir Hussain and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed expired in office., *** Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, the only president who was elected unopposed., , VICE-PRESIDENT, The Vice-President acts as the ex-officio, Chairman of the Council of States, (Rajya Sabha). He is elected by an, electoral college consisting of the, members of both Houses of Parliament, in accordance with the system of, proportional representation by means, of the single transferable vote. He must, , be a citizen of India, not less than 35, years of age, and should be eligible for, election as a member of the Council of, States. Disputes in connection with, election of a president or a vicepresident are to be a dealt with in, accordance with Article-71. Such, disputes shall be decided by the, Supreme Court., , Vice-Presidents of India, Name, Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Dr Zakir Hussain, Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Gopal Swarup Pathak, B.D. Jatti, Justice Muhammad Hidayatullah, R. Venkataraman, Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma, K.R. Narayanan, Krishan Kant, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, Mohammad Hamid Ansari, M. Venkaiah Naidu, , May 13, 1952, May 13, 1962, May 13, 1967, August 31, 1969, August 31, 1974, August 31, 1979, August 31, 1984, Sept. 03, 1987, August 21, 1992, August 21, 1997, August 19, 2002, August 11, 2007, August 11, 2017, , Tenure, —, May 12, 1962, —, May 12, 1967, —, May 03, 1969, —, August 30, 1974, —, August 30, 1979, —, August 30, 1984, —, July 24, 1987, —, July 24, 1992, —, July 24, 1997, —, July 21, 2002, —, July 21, 2007, —, August 10, 2017, —, ............

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General Knowledge, , PRIME MINISTER, The Constitution lays down that there shall be a Council of Ministers headed by, the Prime Minister to aid and advise the President in the exercise of his functions., The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet. Other Ministers are appointed by, the President on his advice. He is the leader of the majority party in the Lok, Sabha., Prime Ministers of India, Name, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Gulzari Lal Nanda (Acting), Lal Bahadur Shastri, Gulzari Lal Nanda (Acting), Indira Gandhi, Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Chandrashekhar, P.V. Narasimha Rao, Atal Behari Bajpayee, H.D. Deve Gowda, I.K. Gujral, Atal Behari Bajpayee, Dr. Manmohan Singh, Narendra Modi, , August 15, 1947, May 27, 1964, June 9, 1964, January 11, 1966, January 24, 1966, March 24, 1977, July 28, 1979, January 14, 1980, October 31, 1984, Dec. 2, 1989, Nov. 10, 1990, June 21, 1991, May 16, 1996, June 1, 1996, April 21, 1997, March 19, 1998, May 22, 2004, May 26, 2014, , The Attorney General of India: The, Attorney General of India is the first, law officer of the Government of India., Though he is not a member of cabinet, he has the right to speak in the House, of Parliament, but he has no right to, vote. The Attorney General of India, shall be appointed by the President, and shall hold office during his, pleasure. His duty shall be to give, advice on such legal matter from time, to time as may be referred to him by the, President., , Tenure, — May 27, 1964, — June 9, 1964, — January 11, 1966, — January 24, 1966, — March 24, 1977, — July 28, 1979, — January 14, 1980, — October 31, 1984, — December 2, 1989, — November 10, 1990, — June 21, 1991, — May 16, 1996, — June 1, 1996, — April 21, 1997, — March 19, 1998, — May 22, 2004, — May 26, 2014, — ............., , The Comptroller and Auditor General, of India: The Comptroller and Auditor, General of India is guardian of the, public purse and it is his duty to see, that not a paisa is spent out of, consolidated fund of India or of a state, without the authority of the appropriate, legislature. He is appointed by, President of India., Speaker of Lok Sabha: Speaker is elected, by the Lok Sabha from among its, members. The Speaker will have the

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General Knowledge, , final power to maintain order within, the House of the People and to interpret, its rules of procedure. Speaker decides, whether a bill is a money bill or a nonmoney bill., The Governor: The Governor is, appointed by the President and holds, office during the pleasure of the, President. Apart from the power to, appoint the council of ministers, if the, governor finds that the government of, state cannot be carried on in, accordance with the provisions of the, constitution (Art. 356), he may send, his report to the President who may, assume to himself the functions of the, government of the state. (This is, popularly known as ‘President’s Rule’)., Inter-State Councils: Article 263, provides for inter-state councils. The, power of the President to set up InterState Councils not only for advising, upon disputes but also for investigating, and discussing subjects in which some, or all of the states, or the Union and, one or more of the states have common, interest., , SCHEDULES TO THE, CONSTITUTION, The Constitution of India originally, contained only eight schedules., , Presently there are 12 schedules in the, constitution., First Schedule: It consists the list of the, States and Union territories. Second, Schedule: This Schedule is related to, salary and allowances of the President,, Governors, Speaker, Supreme Court and, High Court Judges etc. Third Schedule:, Contains forms of oath and affirmation., Fourth Schedule: Contains allocation, of seats to each State and Union, territory in the Council of States. Fifth, Schedule: Provides for administration, and control of scheduled areas and, scheduled tribes. Sixth Schedule:, Provides for administration of Tribal, Areas in Assam, Meghalaya and, Mizoram. Seventh Schedule: Distribution of powers and functions, between the centre and state, governments under three lists. Eighth, Schedule: The languages recognised by, Parliament. Ninth Schedule: It contains, laws passed by the Union or States, which cannot be taken to courts. Tenth, Schedule: Provisions as to disqualification on the ground of political, defection. Eleventh Schedule: Provisions, regarding powers, authority etc. of, Panchayati Raj institutions. Twelfth, Schedule: Provisions regarding powers,, authority etc. of Municipalities etc., , Foreign Sources of Indian Constitution, Foreign, Sources, Britain, America, , Subject, Parliamentary system, collective, responsibilities of Cabinet, Fundamental right, Citizenship,, Independent Judiciary, Judicial, review, , Foreign, Sources, Canada, Ireland, Germany, Russia, Australia, , Subject, Division of powers, Directive principles, Emergency provisions, Fundamental duties, Concurrent list

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General Knowledge, , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , the right to choose one’s own, profession, the right to reside in, any part of the Indian Union., Right to Freedom to Religion: Except, when it is in the interest of public, order, morality, health or other, conditions, everybody has the right, to profess, practice and propagate, his religion freely., Cultural and Educational Rights: The, Constitution provides that every, community can run its own, institutions to preserve its own, culture and language., Right against Exploitation: Traffic in, human beings and forced labour, and the employment of children, under 14 years in factories or mines,, are punishable offences., Rights to Constitutional Remedies:, When a citizen finds that any of his, fundamental rights has been, encroached upon, he can move the, Supreme Court, which has been, empowered to safeguard the, fundamental rights of a citizen, (Article 32)., , FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES, The fundamental duties for the Indian, citizens have been incorporated in the, Constitution through the Constitution, (42nd) Amendment Act, 1976. These, duties are: (i) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and, institutions, the National Flag and the, National Anthem; (ii) to cherish and, follow the noble deeds which inspired, our national struggle for freedom;, (iii) to uphold and protect the sovereignty,, , unity and integrity of India; (iv) to, defend the country and render national, service when called upon to do so;, (v) to promote harmony and the spirit, of common brotherhood amongst all, the people transcending religious,, regional or sectional diversities and, to renounce practices derogatory to the, dignity of women; (vi) to value and, preserve the rich heritage of our, composite culture; (vii) to protect and, improve natural environment including, forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and, to have compassion for living, creatures; (viii) to develop the scientific, temper, humanism and the spirit of, inquiry and reform; (ix) to safeguard, public property and to abjure violence;, (x) to strive towards excellence in all, spheres of individual and collective, activity so that the nation constantly, rises to higher levels of endeavour and, achievement. (xi) who is parent or, guardian to provide opportunities for, education to his child or, as the case, may be, ward between age of six and, fourteen years., , DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES, OF STATE POLICY, The Directive Principles of State Policy, are contained in Article 36 to 51 in, Part IV of the constitutions. Directive, principles are not enforceable through, courts. Main aim of Directive, principles is to provide social and, economic base of a genuine democracy., Some Important Directive Principles:,  Provisions for adequate means of, livelihood for all citizens (Art. 39)., R-1 (GK)–4

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General Knowledge, , Right to work (Art. 41)., Right to human condition of work, and maternity relief (Art. 42).,  Right to a living wage and condition, of work ensuring decent standard, of life of worker (Art. 43).,  Common Civil Code (Art. 44).,  Prohibit consumption of liquor, (Art. 47).,  Prevent slaughter of useful cattle, (Art. 48).,  Organise Panchayati Raj (Art. 40).,  Separate the judiciary from the, executive (Art. 50).,  Protect and maintain places of, historic monuments (Art. 49).,  International peace (Art. 51)., Voting Age: The voting age in the, election to the Lok Sabha and State, Legislative Assemblies has been, reduced from 21 to 18 years by the, Constitution (61st) Amendment Act,, 1989., , , , UNION PUBLIC SERVICE, COMMISSION (U.P.S.C.), This Commission is responsible for (i), recruitment to all civil services and, posts, under the Union Government by, written examinations, interviews and, promotions, and (ii) advising the, , Government on all matters relating to, methods of recruitment, principles to, be followed in making promotions and, transfers. Its Chairman is appointed, by the President., , STAFF SELECTION, COMMISSION, The Union Government has constituted the Staff Selection Commission, for recruitment to non-technical, Group C and some of Group B posts in, the central departments and in subordinate offices. The administrative Reforms Commission had recommended, the setting up of such a Commission., , THE SUPREME COURT, Supreme Court of India, the highest, Court of the country, consists of a Chief, Justice and not more than 33 Judges, appointed by the President. The Judges, hold office till the age of 65. For, appointment as a Judge of the Supreme, Court, a person must be a citizen of, India and must have been for at least, five years a Judge of a High Court or, Advocate of a High Court for at least, ten years or he must be, in the opinion, of the President, a distinguished jurist., The Supreme Court normally sits in New, Delhi., , Chief Justices of India, S.No. Name, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., , Harilal J. Kania, M. Patanjali Sastri, Mehar Chand Mahajan, B.K. Mukherjee, S.R. Das, , Tenure, Jan. 26, 1950, Nov. 7, 1951, Jan. 4, 1954, Dec. 23, 1954, Feb. 1, 1956, , —, —, —, —, —, , Nov. 6, 1951, Jan. 3, 1954, Dec. 22, 1954, Jan. 31, 1956, Sept. 30, 1959

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General Knowledge, S.No., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., 31., 32., 33., 34., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., 41., 42., , Name, Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha, P.B. Gajendragadkar, A.K. Sarkar, K. Subba Rao, K. N. Wanchoo, M. Hidayatullah, J.C. Shah, S.M. Sikri, A.N. Roy, M.H. Beg, Y.V. Chandrachud, Prafullachandra, Natvarlal Bhagwati, R.S. Pathak, E.S. Venkataramiah, Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Ranganath Mishra, Kamal Narain Singh, M.H. Kania, Lalit Mohan Sharma, M.N. Venkatachaliah, Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi, Jagdish Sharan Verma, M.M. Punchhi, A.S. Anand, S.P. Bharucha, B.N. Kirpal, G.B. Pattanaik, V.N. Khare, S. Rajendra Babu, R.C. Lahoti, Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal, K.G. Balakrishnan, S.H. Kapadia, Altamas Kabir, P. Sadashivam, R.M. Lodha, H.L. Dattu, , Oct. 1, 1959,, Feb. 1, 1964, March 16, 1966, June 30, 1966, April 12, 1967, Feb. 25, 1968, Dec. 17, 1970, Jan. 22, 1971, April 26, 1973, Jan. 28, 1977, Feb. 22, 1978, July 12, 1985, Dec. 21, 1986, June 19, 1989, Dec. 18, 1989, Sept. 26, 1990, Nov. 25, 1991, Dec. 13, 1991, Nov. 18, 1992, Feb. 12, 1993, Oct. 25, 1994, March 25, 1997, Jan. 18, 1998, Oct. 10, 1998, Nov. 1, 2001, May 6, 2002, Nov. 8, 2002, Dec. 19, 2002, May 2, 2004, June 1, 2004, Nov. 1, 2005, Jan. 14, 2007, May 12, 2010, Sept. 29, 2012, July 19, 2013, April 27, 2014, Sept. 28, 2014, , Tenure, — Jan. 31, 1964, — March 15, 1966, — June 29, 1966, — April 11, 1967, — Feb. 24, 1968, — Dec. 16, 1970, — Jan. 21, 1971, — April 25, 1973, — January 27, 1977, — Feb. 21, 1978, — July 11, 1985, — Dec. 20, 1986, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, , June 18, 1989, Dec. 17, 1989, Sept. 25, 1990, Nov. 24, 1991, Dec. 12, 1991, Nov. 17, 1992, Feb. 11, 1993, Oct. 24, 1994, March 24, 1997, Jan. 17, 1998, October 9, 1998, Oct. 31, 2001, May 5, 2002, Nov. 7, 2002, Dec. 18, 2002, May 1, 2004, May 31, 2004, Oct. 31, 2005, Jan. 13, 2007, May 11, 2010, Sept. 28, 2012, July 18, 2013, April 26, 2014, Sept. 27, 2014, Dec. 2, 2015

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60, , General Knowledge, , S.No., 43., 44., 45., 46., , Name, T.S. Thakur, J.S. Khehar, Dipak Mishra, Ranjan Gogoi, , Dec. 3, 2015, Jan. 4, 2017, August 28, 2017, Oct. 3, 2018, , 47., , Sharad Arvind Bobde, , Nov. 18, 2019, , Tenure, — Jan. 3, 2017, — August 27, 2017, — Oct. 2, 2018, — Nov. 17, 2019, —, , .........., , Chief Election Commissioners of India, S.No. Name, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., , Sukumar Sen, K.V.K. Sundaram, S.P. Sen Verma, Dr. Nagendra Singh, T. Swaminathan, S.L. Shakdhar, R.K. Trivedi, R.V.S. Peri Sastri, Smt. V.S. Rama Devi, T.N. Sheshan, M.S. Gill, J.M. Lyngdoh, T.S. Krishnamurthy, B.B. Tandan, N. Gopalaswami, Navin Chawla, S.Y. Quraishi, V.S. Sampath, H.S. Brahma, Nasim Zaidi, Achal Kumar Joti, Om Prakash Rawat, Sunil Arora, , Tenure, 21 March, 1950, 20 Dec., 1958, 1 Oct., 1967, 1 Oct., 1972, 7 Feb., 1973, 18 June, 1977, 18 June, 1982, 1 Jan., 1986, 26 Nov., 1990, 12 Dec., 1990, 12 Dec., 1996, 14 June 2001, 8 Feb., 2004, 16 May, 2005, 30 June, 2006, 21 April, 2009, 30 July, 2010, 11 June, 2012, 16 Jan., 2015, 19 April, 2015, 6 July, 2017, 23 Jan., 2018, 2 Dec., 2018, , —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, —, , 19 Dec., 1958, 30 Sept., 1967, 30 Sept., 1972, 6 Feb., 1973, 17 June, 1977, 17 June, 1982, 31 Dec., 1985, 25 Nov., 1990, 11 Dec., 1990, 11 Dec., 1996, 13 June, 2001, 7 Feb., 2004, 15 May, 2005, 29 June, 2006, 20 April, 2009, 29 July, 2010, 10 June, 2012, 15 Jan., 2015, 18 April, 2015, 5 July, 2017, 22 Jan., 2018, 1 Dec., 2018, ........

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General Knowledge, , 61, , OUR INDIA, INDIA: AT A GLANCE, Capital : New Delhi, Area : 32,87,263 sq. km, Areawise place in the world : 7th, Location : India extends between, latitudes 8º4'N and 37º6' N. It is a, country of the east with its landmass, lying between longitudes 68º7' E and, 97º 25' E., Stretch : 3,214 Kilometres from north, to south 2,933 Kilometres from east, to west, Land Frontier : 15,200 km, Coastline : 7516.5 km, Neighbouring Countries : India shares, its political borders with Pakistan, and Afghanistan on the west and, Bangladesh and Myanmar on the, east. The northern boundary is made, up of the Sinkiang province of China,, Tibet, Nepal and Bhutan. India is, separated from Sri Lanka by a, narrow channel of sea formed by, the Palk Strait and the Gulf of, Mannar., Physical Feature : The mainland, consists of four well-defined, , regions: (i) The great mountain zone;, (ii) The Indo-Gangetic plain; (iii) The, desert region and (iv) The Southern, Peninsula, Rivers : (a) The main rivers of the, Himalayan group are the Indus, the, Ganga and the Brahmaputra., (b) The major Deccan rivers are the, Godavari, the Krishna, the Cauvery,, the Pennar, the Mahanadi, the, Damodar, the Sharavati, the, Netravati, the Bharatpuzha, the, Periyar, the Pamba, the Narmada, and the Tapti., Climate : There are four seasons which, are recognised by the — Indian, Meteorological department. They, are – Cold weather, hot weather,, rainy season and the season of the, retreating south-west monsoon., Fauna : Approximately 89,451 species, National Parks : 101 (2019), Wildlife Sanctuaries : 553 (2019), Official Language : Hindi, Recognised Languages : 22, Populationwise place in the world : 2nd, , 61

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General Knowledge, , The 2011 Census: The population of India has crossed 1.21 billion mark. Of the, six persons in the world one is an Indian., 2011 Census Highlights, Population of India, : Total 1,21,08,54,977 (1.21 billion), Male, : 62,32,70,258, Females, : 58,75,84,719, Indian population is 17.8% of total world population., Decadal Growth (2001-2011), : 17.7 per cent, Highest Decadal Growth (Statewise) : Meghalaya (27.82 per cent), Lowest Decadal Growth (Statewise) : Nagaland (–0.6 per cent), Most populous State, : Uttar Pradesh (16.49 per cent of, Population), National Density of population, : 382 persons per sq. km., Most densely populated State, : Bihar : 1106 per sq. km, Sex Ratio, : 943 females per 1000 males, Total Literacy Rate, : 73% (Males – 80.9%), (Females – 64.6%), Highest Literacy (Statewise), : Kerala (94%), Lowest Literacy (Statewise), : Bihar (61.8%), , IMPORTANT FACTS, States, , , , , , , , , Highest density — Bihar, of population, Lowest density — Arunachal, of Population, Pradesh, Highest Literacy — Kerala, Lowest Literacy — Bihar, First to achieve — Haryana, 100% electrification, , Union Territories, , , First to achieve — Lakshadweep, 100% Literacy, , , , Highest density — Delhi, of population, , NATIONAL SYMBOLS, National Emblem: State, emblem of India is an, adaptation from the, Sarnath Lion Capital of, Ashoka. It was adopted, by the Government of, India on January 26,, 1950. In the adapted, form, only three lions are visible, the, fourth being hidden from the view. The, wheel (Dharma Chakra) appears in

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General Knowledge, , Locomotive Industry, , Heavy Electrical, Hindustan Machine, , Hindustan Teleprinters, Coach Factory, Lignite Factory, Telephone Industry, Petroleum Industry, , Iron and Steel Industry, , : Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (W.Bengal) and, Diesel Locomotive Works Varanasi (U.P.), Diesel, Components Works Patiala (Punjab)., : Bhopal (M.P.), Hardwar (Uttarakhand), Hyderabad, (A.P.), Tiruverumbur (Tamil Nadu)., : Jalahalli (Bangaluru), Pinjore (Chandigarh),, Kalamassery (Kerala), Kukatpalli (Hyderabad),, Zainkot, Srinagar (J&K)., : Bangaluru and Chennai., : Integral Coach Factory, Perambur (TN), Railway, Coach Factory in Kapurthala (Punjab)., : Neyvelli (Tamil Nadu)., : Bangaluru (Karnataka)., : The present refining capacity in the country as on, 1st June 2011 was 193.386 Million Metric Tonnes, Per Annum (MMTPA). Out of 21 refineries operating, in the country, 17 are in public sector, 3 are in, private sector and 1 is in JV (Joint venture) of Public, Sector., : (i) Rourkela Steel Plant: Odisha-German, collaboration; (ii) Bhilai Steel Plant: Chattisgarh —, Russian collaboration; (iii) Durgapur Steel Plant:, W.Bengal --- British collaboration; (iv) Bokaro Steel, Plant: Jharkhand — Russian collaboration; (v) Indian, Iron & Steel Co. — Burnpur & Kulti — Nationalised, in July 1975; and (vi) Tata Iron and Steel Works:, Jamshedpur — In the Private Sector., , INDIAN BANKS, Reserve Bank of India: It was, established in 1935 and nationalised, in 1949. It is the Central Bank of the, country and issues all currency notes, except one rupee note. It acts as a, banker to the Government and exercises, control over other commercial banks, in the country. Headquarters of Reserve, Bank of India is in Mumbai., , The State Bank of India: Largest, commercial bank, was nationalised in, 1955. Now State Bank of India has more, than 22,106 branches in India and, world., Nationalisation of Banks: The, Government of India on July 19, 1969,, took over 14 biggest commercial, banks incorporated in the country. On, April 15, 1980, six more banks were

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General Knowledge, , nationalised. In March 1994, the, Parliament passed the Banking, Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 1994, which inter alia provided for establishment of private sector banks., , INSURANCE, Life Insurance Corporation of India:, Since September 1, 1956, when the L.I.C., of India was established, life insurance, business in India is transacted by the, Corporation and, in a restricted sphere, by the Posts and Telegraphs Department of the Government of India and, by some State Governments., General Insurance Corporation of India:, It was established in November, 1972, and with effect from January, 1974 the, erstwhile 107 Indian and Foreign, insurers were grouped by this, corporation into four operation, companies, namely National Insurance,, New India Assurance, Oriental, Insurance and United India Insurance., , INTERNET COMES TO INDIA, Internet, the U.S. dominated world’s, largest network of computer networks, is available in its full blown version in, , the country from August 15, 1995. The, service has been ushered in India by, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL), which has lined up a countrywide, network spanning the locations of the, four metros through high speed, data links. Internet Services are opened, for private participations since, November 1998. Till 2019 there were, more than 627 million Internet users, in India., , ACADEMIES, Sangeet Natak Academy: Established, in 1953, aims at the preservation of, Indian culture and promoting and, developing drama., Lalit Kala Academy: Established in 1954,, its main function is to encourage and, promote study and research in various, fields of art., Sahitya Academy: Established in 1954., Prizes are given by the academy on the, most outstanding books, published, every year in all the 24 languages, recognised by Constitution of India,, and in English., All the three academies are situated in, New Delhi., , DANCE, Classical Dance, Dance, Bharat Natyam, , State, Tamil, Nadu, , Kathakali, Kuchipudi, , Kerala, Andhra, Pradesh, , Famous Artists, Yamini Krishnamurthy, Rukmini Devi, Arundale,, Swapna Sundari, Sonal Mansingh, Vaijanti Mala, Mrinalini, Sarabhai, Chandralekha, Indrani, Ram Gopal, Bal Saraswati, Gopinath, K.K. Nayar, Kunju-Kurup, T.K. Chandu, Sapna Sundari, Raja Reddy, Shobha Nayar,, Radha Reddy, Vedantam Satyanarayan, Vimpanti Chinna, Satyam.

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General Knowledge, Musical, Instrument, Pakhawaj, , Artists, , Govind Rao, Anokhe Lal,, Kanthi Maharaj, Mridanga, Palghat R. Raghu, U.S., Burman, Harmonium Purushottam Walawakar, M., Dhaulpuri, , POSTS, The Postal system in India is, perhaps,, as ancient as her temples. The basis of, authority of existing postal system in, India is Act 6 of 1858. The Indian postal, network, one of the largest in the world,, is the second biggest state enterprise, of the country, the first being the, Railways. Till 2018 there were 1,54,965, post offices in the country. The, Department also discharges certain, agency functions like the work of Post, Office Savings Bank, National Savings, Certificates and Postal Life Insurance., From August 15, 1972, the Posts &, Telegraphs Department started ‘PIN’, (Postal Index Number) coding system, for delivery of mail purpose. Speed Post, was introduced from August 1, 1986., With the introduction of Speed Post, Money Order Service in 1988, India has, become the first country in the world, to provide this service. Satellite Money, Order Service was introduced from, December 16, 1994. Hybrid Mail was, launched on January 14, 1995., , RADIO AND TELEVISION, All India Radio (A.I.R.) started, functioning from June 3, 1936. In Oct,, 1957, Vividh Bharti Programme was, , Musical, Instrument, Guitar, , Ghatam, Janjira, Symphony, , Artists, Pt. Vishnu Mohan Bhatt,, Mohan Bhatt, Brij Bhushan, Kalra, T.H. Vinayakaram, V. Nagarajan, Jubin Mehta, , introduced. Today A.I.R. is one of the, major broadcasting organisations in the, world with 469 radio stations and 662, transmitters. National Channel was, commissioned on May 18, 1988. The, FM Channel from Delhi broadcasts for, 24 hours., Radio Paging was launched by AIR on, January 14, 1995. This facility enables, subscribers to send messages to, persons on move. AIR is the first in, Asia to use this technology., Doordarshan: The television net-work, in the country has been separated from, All India Radio and brought under a, Director General from April 1, 1976., The new set-up is known as, Doordarshan. The first TV station was, set up in Delhi on September 15, 1959., Five new channels of Doordarshan were, introduced on August 15, 1993., International Channel for Doordarshan, was started on March 14, 1995. DDCNN news channel opened on June 30,, 1995. Doordarshan started Sports, Channel on 18 March, 1999., Now more than 92% of the population, of the country can receive Doordarshan, programmes through a network of more, than 1,416 terrestrial transmitters.

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General Knowledge, , FAMOUS PLACES AND, TOWNS IN INDIA, Ajanta Caves: Rock cut shrines and, monastries at Ajanta in Maharashtra., These Buddhist cave temples,, constructed between 100 BC and 7th, century AD contain astonishing wall, paintings., Elephanta Caves: Situated on an island, 15 miles away from Mumbai; famous, for a number of large and remarkable, well-executed images of Brahmanical, gods., Ellora: These are 34 cave-temples, situated near Aurangabad in Maharashtra. Famous for its rock-cut, Kailash Temple., Gomateswara (Karnataka): The statue, (57 feet high) of Jain sage Gomateswara;, it is 2000 years old and made out of a, single rock., Jagannath Temple: Famous Hindu, Temple situated at Puri in Odisha;, annual Rath Yatra Festival is celebrated, with great enthusiasm., Khajuraho: Situated in Bundelkhand, (M.P.). It is famous for Mahadeva, Temple, built in 10-11th century., Konark Temple: Famous for the Sun, Temple built in the 13th century, 85, kilometers from Puri in Odisha., Nalanda: A famous university of, Buddhist learning in Bihar (near Patna), founded in the 5th Century but now in, ruins., Sanchi (Bhopal, M.P.): Known for, Buddhist stupas., Taj Mahal (Agra, U.P.): A white marble, mausoleum built by Shahjahan, the, , Mughal Emperor, in 1653, in memory, of his beloved queen Mumtaz Mahal., Sarnath: A place near Varanasi where, Lord Buddha preached his first sermon., Karwar: In Karnataka, INS Sea Bird, the, biggest and most sophisticated naval, base in South Asia., Shakti Sthal: The cremation spot in New, Delhi of late Prime Minister Indira, Gandhi., National Theatre, Mumbai: The 1040seat Tata Theatre is India’s first, national theatre which is as beautiful, as any of its size in the world., National Science Centre: Built at a cost, of Rs. 15 crores and is situated at, Pragati Maidan in New Delhi., Pokhran: The first Indian nuclear test, was carried out in the Pokhran (May, 18, 1974) in Rajasthan desert. Again, on May 11 & 13, 1998 India conducted, 5 tests to attain status of nuclear power, state., Koradi: It is near Nagpur. India’s, biggest super thermal power station is, situated here., Bombay High: It is a point 120 km., north-west of Mumbai where vast oil, deposits have been found., Dilwara Temple: Near Mount Abu, (Rajasthan) where Hindu and Jain, Temples built in 11-13 century exist., Buland Darwaja: A high gate in Fatehpur, Sikri near Agra, built by Akbar., Anand Bhawan (Prayagraj): Ancestral, home of the Nehrus., Gaya (Bihar): Famous Pilgrimage Centre., Darjeeling (West Bengal): Beautiful hill, station and tea gardens.

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General Knowledge, , 81, , DEFENCE, The Supreme Command of the Armed, Forces is vested in the hands of the, President of the Country. The, responsibility for national defence,, however, rests with the Cabinet. All, important questions having a bearing, on defence are decided by the Cabinet, Committee on Political Affairs, which, is presided over by the Prime Minister., , The Defence Minister is responsible to, Parliament for all matters concerning, the Defence Services. All the, administrative and operational control, of Armed Forces are exercised by the, Ministry of Defence. The three services, – Army, Navy and Air Force function, through their respective service headquarters headed by the chief of Staff., , Commissioned Ranks in Defence Services, Army, General, Lieutenant-General, Major-General, Brigadier, Colonel, Lieutenant-Colonel, Major, Captain, Lieutenant, , Navy, Admiral, Vice-Admiral, Rear-Admiral, Commodor, Captain, Commander, Lt.Commander, Lieutenant, Sub-Lieutenant, , Air Force, Air Chief Marshal, Air Marshal, Air Vice-Marshal, Air Commodor, Group Captain, Wing Commander, Squadron Leader, Flight Lieutenant, Flying Officer, , Internal Security Organisations of India, S.No., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., , Name of Organisation, Year of Creation, Assam Rifles (A.R.), 1835, Central Reserve Police Force (C.R.P.F.), 1939, Territorial Army, 1948, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, 1962, Home Guard, 1962, Coast Guard, 1978, Border Security Force (B.S.F.), 1965, Central Industrial Security Force (C.I.S.F.), 1969, National Security Guard, 1984, Police, —, , 81, , Headquarters, Shillong, New Delhi, In different States, New Delhi, In different States, New Delhi, New Delhi, New Delhi, New Delhi, In different States

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General Knowledge, , COMMANDER-IN-CHIEFS OF INDIA, 1., 2., 3., 4., , General Roy Bucher, Jan. 1, 1948 — Jan. 14, 1949, General K. M. Kariappa, Jan. 15, 1949 — Jan. 14, 1953, General Maharaj Rajendra Sinhji, Jan. 15, 1953 — March 31, 1955, First Marshal of the Indian Air Force, Arjan Singh, , FIRST CHIEFS OF STAFF OF INDIAN FORCES, 1. General Maharaj Rajendra Sinhji, (Army Staff), 2. Vice Admiral R D. Katari (Naval Staff), 3. Air Marshal Sri Thomas Elmherst, (Air Staff), , April 1, 1955 — May 14, 1955, April 22, 1958 — June 4, 1962, Aug. 15, 1947 — Feb. 21, 1950, , ARMY INSTITUTES, 1. Sainik Schools upto, 33 places in India, 2. Rashtriya Indian Military College, Dehradun, (prepare for entrance to N.D.A), 3. National Defence Academy (three services), Khadakwasla, Pune, 4. Indian Military Academy (Army), Dehradun, 5. Officers Training Academy (3 services) Short Courses, Chennai, 6. National Defence College, New Delhi, , AIR FORCE INSTITUTIONS, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , Air Force Academy, Helicopter Training School, Flying Instructors School, The College of Air Warfare, Air Force Administrative College, Air Force Technical College, , Hyderabad, Hakimpet, Tambaram, Chennai, Secunderabad, Coimbatore, Jalahalli, , DEFENCE PRODUCTION UNITS, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., , Bharat Dynamites Ltd., Hyderabad, Praga Tools, Hyderabad, Mishra Dattu Nigam, Hyderabad, Bharat Electronics Ltd., Bengluru, Bharath Earthmovers Ltd., Bangalore, Heavy Vehicles Ltd., Avadi, Chennai, Garden Reach Ship Builders and Engineers Ltd., Kolkata, Mazagaon Dock, Mumbai, Goa Shipyard, Marmugao, Hindustan Shipyard Ltd., Vishakhapatnam, Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Bengluru, Hyderabad, Nasik,, Koraput, Kanpur, Lucknow

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General Knowledge, , 83, , TRANSPORT, RAILWAYS, Important Facts, 1. Indian Railways are the biggest, national undertaking., 2. The first Indian railway train, rolled on its 34 km track from, Mumbai to Thane on April 16,, 1853., 3. In 1853 Railways begin in India, with private funds and government, support., 4. The Chittaranjan Locomotive, works, first of its kind in the, country, was established after, independence on January 26,, 1950 but now electric engines are, manufactured here. First of all it, manufactured steam engines., 5. The number of stations, till 31st, March, 2019 is 7,321., 6. As on 31 March, 2019 the total, length of Indian railways is, 67,415 km., 7. Till 31st March 2019 Indian, railways have 12,147 locomotives, 74,000 passenger coaches,, and 2,89,185 wagons., 83, , 8. About 50.9% of the route, kilometres, has been electrified till, March, 2019., 9. At present there are thirteen, undertakings under the administrative control of the Ministry of, Railways., 10. Railway finance was separated, since 1924-25 from the general, revenue. It have been merged in, general revenue in 2017-18., 11. The only oldest running engine is, Fairy Queen., 12. The first electric train rolled on, from Mumbai to Kurla on 3rd, February, 1925., 13. Kolkata Metro Rail is the first, underground rail., 14. Delhi Metro Railways started on, 24th December, 2002., 15. The longest railway journey which, takes 82.30 hours from Dibrugarh, to Kanyakumari (4,286 km)., 16. The longest railway platform of, the world is Gorakhpur. Its length, is 1355.4 m.

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84, , General Knowledge, , 17. The longest tunnel of Indian, railways between Banihal and, Qazigund stations in J&K is 11.21, km long., 18. Indian Railway Board was, established in 1905., 19. Indian Railways have three, gauges—Broad gauge, metre, gauge and narrow gauge., 20. In railways, there are A.C., first, class and second class. Third, class was removed in 1974., 21. Computer reservation facility is, covering the 95% of the passenger, population., 22. Nehru Setu is built on river Sone., Zones and Headquarters, of Indian Railways, S. Zone, No., 1. Central, 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., , Eastern, Northern, North-Eastern, North-East, Frontier, Southern, South-Central, South-Eastern, Western, East Coast, East Central, North Central, North Western, South Western, West Central, South East Central, Kolkata Metro, Railway, South Coast, Railway (Proposed), , Headquarters, Mumbai (Victoria, Terminus), Kolkata, New Delhi, Gorakhpur, Maligaon, Guwahati, Chennai, Secunderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai, Churchgate, Bhubaneswar, Hajipur, Allahabad, Jaipur, Bangaluru (Hubli), Jabalpur, Bilaspur, Kolkata, Vishakhapatnam, , ROAD TRANSPORT, Important Facts, 1. The road network in India is one, of the largest in the world., 2. The total length of roads, till, March 31, 2018 is 59.64 lakh km., 3. The Border Roads Organization, (BRO) is a road construction, executive force., 4. The Central Government owns the, responsibility of 1,32,499 km long, national highways., 5. Border Road Organisation was, established in 1960., 6. Though the national highways do, not constitute even 2 per cent of, the total road length of the, country, they bear about 40% of, the traffic., 7. In our country, Maharashtra has, the highest length of roads, whereas the lowest length of road, has Lakshadweep., 8. National Highways Development, Project has been launched to link, the four corners of the country by, four or six lanes in a network. The, four major cities—Kolkata, Delhi,, Chennai and Mumbai will be, linked by 5,882 km long roads in, golden quadrilateral., 9. Indian roads have been divided, into three parts—(a) National, Highways (b) State Highways, (c) Border Roads., 10. NH44 is the longest and NH47A is, smallest highway of India.

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General Knowledge, , SHIPPING, Important Facts, 1. India has 7,516 km long coast line., 2. India has the largest merchant, shipping fleet among the, developing countries and ranks, 17th in the world in shipping, tonnage., 3. Cochin Shipyard Ltd., Kochi is the, largest shipyard in the country., 4. Mumbai is the biggest port in the, country. It is a natural harbour, and handles more than one-fifth, of the total traffic of the ports., 5. The public sector company, The, Shipping Corporation of India, Limited was established on 2nd, October, 1961., 6. There are 13 major ports in the, country apart from about 200, minor ports. Major ports are, under Central Government and, others are maintained by State, Governments., Major Ports of the Country, 1. Kolkata/Haldia 2. Mumbai, 3. Nhava, Sheva (J.L. Nehru Port), 4. Tuticorin,, , 5. Chennai, 6. Mormugao, 7. New, Mangalore, 8. Paradeep, 9. Kandla, 10., Vishakhapatnam, 11. Cochin, 12. Port, Blair, 13. Ennore., , CIVIL AVIATION, Consequent upon merger of erstwhile, Air India Ltd. and Indian Airlines, a, new company viz., National Aviation, Company of India Limited (NACIL) was, incorporated. Consequently post, merger, the new entity is known as “Air, India” and the appointed date of the, merger is 1 April, 2007. The “Maharaja”, is retained as its mascot. The Registered, Office of the Company is in New Delhi., Air India Ltd. is basically a passenger, orientated airlines operating to 72, online domestic stations (including, Alliance Air) and 42 international, destinations in 28 countries., Major International Airports : Delhi, (Indira Gandhi International Airport),, Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji Airport),, Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, Airport), Chennai (Anna Airport),, Amritsar (Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee, Airport) and Kerala (Trivendrum, Airport).

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General Knowledge, , PLANNING IN INDIA, The need for planning was felt in India, even before independence. The, Planning Commission was set up in, 1950. It was an advisory body engaged, , in the task of meaningful national, planning. The government on January, 1, 2015 replaced Planning Commission, with a NITI Aayog., , Five Year Plans in India, Plans, , Period, , Investment, Objectives, (Rs. Crore), 1,960, Priority to agriculture, electricity and irrigation., , First Plan, , April 1, 1951-March 31, 1956, , Second Plan, , April 1, 1956—March 31, 1961, , 4,672, , Development of basic and, heavy industries., , Third Plan, , April 1, 1961—March 31, 1966, , 8,577, , Long term development of, India’s economy., , Annual Plan, , April 1, 1966—March 31, 1967, , 2,137, , Annual Plan, , April 1, 1967—March 31, 1968, , 2,205, , Annual Plan, , April 1,1968—March 31, 1969, , 2,283, , Fourth Plan, , April 1, 1969—March 31, 1974, , 15,779, , Enlarge the income of rural, population and supply of, goods of mass consumption., , Fifth Plan, , April 1, 1974—March 31, 1979, , 39,426, , Attain increased self reliance, and employment avenues., , Annual Plan, , April 1, 1979—March 31, 1980, , 12,176, , Sixth Plan, , April 1, 1980—March 31, 1985, , 1,09,292, , Removal of unemployment, , Seventh Plan April 1, 1985—March 31, 1990, , 2,18,730, , Food work and productivity, were the basic priorities., , Eighth Plan, , April, 1992—March 31, 1997, , 4,95,670, , Raising employment, , Ninth Plan, , April 1, 1997—March 31, 2002, , 9,41,041, , Agriculture and rural development

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General Knowledge, Plans, Tenth Plan, , Period, , Investment, (Rs. Crore), , Objectives, , April 1, 2002—March 31, 2007 14,91,610, , Growth rate 7.8 per cent per, annum., , Eleventh Plan April 1, 2007—March 31, 2012 36,44,718, , Literacy, Employment, Rural, development & Transport, development., , Twelfth Plan, , Longterm development of, India’s economy., , April 1, 2012–March 31, 2017, , 15-YEAR VISION PLAN, With the end of the Twelfth Plan in, March 2017 the era of five year plans, came to an end. NITI Aayog has come, forward with a draft 15-year vision, plan to catapult the country’s economy, to more than three times as compared, to the present day. The new plan is set, to replace the centralised five-year, plans the country has been following, for decades. The new plan is accompanied by shorter sub-plans—a sevenyear strategy for 2017-24, and a threeyear ‘Action Agenda’ from 2017-18 to, 2019-20. No less than 300 specific, action points covering a wide range of, sectors have been drawn up as part of, the 15-year vision., , FINANCE COMMISSION, Article 280 of the Constitution provides, for the appointment of a finance, commission every five year. President, appoints chairman and members of, this commission. Finance commission, are to recommend to President the, basis for the distribution of the net, proceeds of taxes between the centre, and the states and the principles which, , 43,30,000, , should govern the grants-in-aid to be, given to the states out of the, consolidated funds of India., , NITI AAYOG, NITI Ayog is formed on the place of, Planning Commission in 2015. It is not, a constitutional body. Chairperson of, this Aayog is Prime Minister., , NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, COUNCIL, The National Development Council, setup in 1952, consists of representatives, of the Central Government as well as, the State governments. It is the supreme, body insofar as planning is concerned, and it determines policies, issues, guidelines, reviews working of the plan, and finally approves the plan. The, Council consists of the Prime Minister, (Chairman), all Union Cabinet Ministers,, Chief Ministers of all States and Union, Territories and the Chairman and, members of the NITI Aayog. For matters, relating to Plans and planning, the, Union Minister of Planning is, responsible to the Parliament.

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88, , General Knowledge, , ATOMIC ENERGY AND, SPACE RESEARCH, Atomic Energy: Atomic Energy, Commission (AEC) was set up in, August 1948. It is responsible for the, application of atomic energy in India, for peaceful purposes. At Trombay near, Bombay (Maharashtra) there are, (a) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, (BARC) and (b) six nuclear research, reactors named (i) Apsara, (ii) Cirus,, (iii) Zerlina, (iv) Purnima I, (v) Purnima, II, and (vi) Dhruva: Dhruva is the, country’s biggest research reactor., There are seven nuclear power stations:, (i) Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), (ii) Rawatbhata (Rajasthan), (iii) Tarapur, (Maharashtra), (iv) Narora (U.P.),, (v) Kakrapara (Gujarat), (vi) Kaiga, (Karnataka) and (vii) Kudankulam, (Tamil Nadu)., , Atomic Blast by India: On May 18, 1974, India carried out an underground, “peaceful nuclear explosion experiment” at Pokhran (Rajasthan) at 8.05, a.m. at a depth of more than 100 metres, and thus she became the world’s sixth, nuclear power: the first five being—, USA, Russia, UK, France and China., Again, India conducted 5 Nuclear Tests, on May 11 and 13, 1998 in Pokhran, (Rajasthan)., Space Research: In June 1972, Space, Commission was set up. The Thumba, Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, (TERLS) in Kerala was dedicated to the, U.N.O. in February 1968. The Satellite, Launching Station has been established, at Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh., , FIRST IN SPACE, First creator of rules regarding space research — Isaac Newton, First artificial satellite launched in space, — Sputnik-1 (1957), First living being sent in space, — Louika (a dog), Firstever manned spacecraft, — Vostok-I, First man in space, — Yuri Gagarin U.S.S.R. (1961), First woman in space, — Valentina Tereshkova U.S.S.R., (June 1963), 88

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General Knowledge, , GENERAL SCIENCE, BRANCHES OF SCIENCE, Anatomy: The Science dealing with the, structure of animals, plants or human, body., Acoustics: The study of sound., Astrology: The science that deals with, the influence of heavenly bodies on, human affairs., Aeronautics: Study of flight., Calisthenics: The systematic exercises, for attaining strength and gracefulness., Ceramics: The art and technology of, making objects from clay etc. (Pottery), Chronology: The Science of arran-ging, time in periods and ascertaining the, dates and historical order of past, events., Ecology: The study of the relation of, animals and plants to their surroundings animates and inanimates., Entomology: The study of insects., Horticulture: The science dealing with, cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants., Mycology: The study of fungi and fungus, diseases., , Numismatics: The study of coins and, medals., Ornithology: The study of birds., Philology: The study of written record, (any languages) and their authenticity, etc., Philately: The study and collection of, postage stamps., Phycology: The study of algae., Toxicology: The study of poisons., , UNITS, watts-Power; ohm-Electric resistance;, hertz-frequency of wave; dyne-relative, units of force; calorie-Heat; fathomDepth of Sea; light year-unit of, astronomical distance; candelaLuminescence;, ampere-Electric, Current; knot-Speed of Ship; barAtmospheric Pressure; decibelLoudness of Sound; angstromWavelength of light (angle); caratWeight of Gold; newton-Force;, coulomb-Charge., , SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, Barometer: Used for measuring the, atmospheric presssure.

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General Knowledge, , Audiometer: Used for measuring, intensity of sound., Gyroscope: Used to illustrate dynamics, of rotating bodies., Hygrometer: Used for measuring, humidity in air., Odometer: Used in vehicles to, measures the distance., Cardiogram: Used for tracing the, movement of heart., , Lactometer: Used for measuring the, purity of milk., Sextant: Used for measuring distance, of objects., Seismograph: Used for recording the, earthquake shocks., Spherometer: Used for measuring, curvature of a spherical body., Radiator: Used in vehicles to provide, cooling., , VITAMIN & DIET DEFICIENCY, Vitamin, Vitamin, Vitamin, Vitamin, Vitamin, Vitamin, Vitamin, Vitamin, Vitamin, Vitamin, Vitamin, , A, B, B2, B6, B3, B 12, C, D, E, K, , Disease, Night Blindness, Beri-Beri, Cheilosis, Anaemia, Pellagra, Bloodlessness, Scurvy, Rickets, Sterility, delay in Blood Clotting, , Sources, Carrot, milk, eggs, Papaya, Pulses, eggs, groundnut, Liver, milk, meat, Liver, milk, meat, Fish, eggs, Liver, eggs, Orange, tomato, lemon, Sunlight, eggs, butter, fish oil, Green vegetable, milk, liver, Green vegetable, , DISEASES AND THE PARTS OF BODY THEY AFFECT, Disease, , Part of body affected, , Disease, , Part of body affected, , AIDS, Arthritis, Asthma, Cataract, Conjunctivitis, Diabetes, Diphtheria, Glaucoma, Eczema, Goitre, , Immune system of body, Inflammation of joints, Lungs, Eyes, Eyes, Pancreas, Throat, Eyes, Skin, Front of the neck (due to, enlargement of thryroid, gland), , Gout, Jaundice, Meningitis, Pleurisy, Polio, Pneumonia, Pyorrhoea, Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Malaria, Leukaemia, Rickets, , Joints of bone, Liver, Brain or spinal cord, Pleara (inflammation of), molor neurons, Lungs, Sockets of teeth, Lungs, Intestine, Spleen, Blood, Bones

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General Knowledge, , INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES, Important Inventions, Name of Invention, Aeroplane, Ball-Point Pen, Barometer, Bicycle, Bifocal Lens, Car (Petrol), Celluloid, Cinema, Diesel Engine, Dynamo, Electric Lamp, Electric Motor (DC), Electric Motor (AC), Electromagnet, Electronic Computer, Fountain Pen, Gramophone, Helicopter, Jet Engine, Laser, Locomotive, Microphone, Microscope, Motor Cycle, Printing Press, Razor (safety), Refrigerator, , Inventor, Orville & Wilbur Wright, John J. Loud, Evangelista Torrcelli, Kirkpatrick Machmillan, Benjamin Franklin, Karl Benz, Alexander Parkes, Nicolas and Jean Lumiere, Rudolf Diesel, Hypolite Pixii, Thomas Alva Edison, Zenobe Gramme, Nikola Tesla, William Sturgeon, Dr. Alan M Turing, Lewis E. Waterman, Thomas Alva Edison, Etienne Oehnichen, Sir Frank Whittle, Charles H. Townes, Richard Trevithick, Alexander Graham Bell, Z. Janssen, G. Daimler, Johann Gutenberg, King C. Gillette, James Harrison &, Alexander Catlin, Safety Pin, Walter Hunt, Sewing machine, Barthelemy Thimmonnier, Ship (steam), J.C. Perier, Skyscraper, W. Le Baron Jenny, Slide Rule, William Oughtred, Steam Engine (condenser) James Watt, Steel Production, Henry Bessemer, Steel (stainless), Harry Brearley, Submarine, David Bushnell, Telegraph, M. Lammond, Telephone (perfected), Alexander Graham Bell, Television (mechanical), John Logie Baird, Television (electronic), P.T. Farnsworth, Thermometer, Galileo Galilei, Transformer, Michael Faraday, Transistor, Bardeen, Shockley & Brattain, Washing Machine (elect.) Hurley Machine Co., Zip-Fastener, W.L. Judson, , Nationality, U.S.A, U.S.A., Italy, Britain, U.S.A., Germany, Britain, France, Germany, France, U.S.A., Belgium, U.S.A., Britain, Britain, U.S.A., U.S.A., France, Britain, U.S.A., Britain, U.S.A., Netherlands, Germany, Germany, U.S.A., U.S.A., , Year, 1903, 1888, 1644, 1839-40, 1780, 1888, 1861, 1895, 1895, 1832, 1879, 1873, 1888, 1824, 1943, 1884, 1878, 1924, 1937, 1960, 1804, 1876, 1590, 1885, 1455, 1895, 1850, , U.S.A., France, France, U.S.A., Britain, Britain, Britain, Britain, U.S.A., France, U.S.A., Britain, U.S.A., Italy, Britain, U.S.A., U.S.A., U.S.A., , 1849, 1829, 1775, 1882, 1621, 1765, 1855, 1913, 1776, 1787, 1876, 1926, 1927, 1593, 1831, 1948, 1907, 1891

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94, , General Knowledge, , GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS/DISCOVERIES, Place, America, Hawaii Islands (Sandwich Islands), Newfoundland, New Zealand, North Pole, Sea Route to India, (via Cape of Good Hope), South Pole, , Explorer/Discoverers, , Nationality, , Year, , Christopher Columbus, Captain James Cook, John Cabot, Abel Janszoon Tasman, Robert Peary, Vasco da Gama, , Italy, England, England, Holland, USA, Portugal, , 1492, 1778, 1497, 1642, 1909, 1498, , Roald Amundsen, , Norway, , 1911, , Important Discoveries, Discovery, Aluminium, Atomic number, Chlorine, Electromagnetic induction, Electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetism, Electron, General theory of relativity, Hydrogen, Law of electric conduction, Law of electromagnetism, Laws of gravitation & motion, Laws of planetary motion, Magnesium, Neutron, Nitrogen, Oxygen, , Discoverer, Hans Christian Oerstedt, Henry Moseley, C.W. Scheele, Michael Faraday, Heinrich Hertz, Hans Christian Oersted, Sir Joseph Thomson, Albert Einstein, Henry Cavendish, Georg Ohm, Andre Ampere, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Sir Humphry Davy, James Chadwick, Daniel Rutherford, Joseph Priestly, C.W. Scheele, Ozone, Christian Schonbein, Plutonium, G.T. Seaborg, Proton, Ernest Rutherford, Radioactivity, Antoine Henery Bacquerel, Radium, Pierre and Marie Curie, Silicon, Jons Berzelius, Sun as centre of solar system Copernicus, Uranium, Martin Klaproth, X-rays, Willhelm Roentgen, , Nationality, Denmark, England, Sweden, England, Germany, Denmark, England, Switzerland, England, Germany, France, England, Germany, England, England, England, England, Sweden, Germany, U.S.A., England, France, France, Sweden, Poland, Germany, Germany, , Year, 1827, 1913, 1774, 1831, 1886, 1920, 1897, 1915, 1766, 1827, 1826, 1687, 1609-19, 1808, 1932, 1772, 1772, 1839, 1940, 1919, 1896, 1898, 1824, 1543, 1789, 1895

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General Knowledge, , BRITISH GOVERNORSGENERAL AND VICEROYS, BRITISH GOVERNORS-GENERAL, Warren Hastings (1772-1785): End of, dual government in Bengal; Foundation, of Asiatic society of Bengal (1784);, Chait Singh and Nand Kumar case., Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793): Introduction of the permanent settlement in, Bengal and Bihar (1793); Separation of, revenue and judiciary; Introduction of, civil service., Lord Wellesley (1798-1805): Introduction of the system of Subsidiary, Alliance (1798)., Lord Hastings (1813-1823): End of, Maratha Power (1818); Pidari-war, (1817-1818), Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835):, Prohibition of Sati (1829) + first, governor-general of India; ‘Macaulay’s, Minutes’ and introduction of English, as the medium of instruction (1835), Charles Metcalf (1835-36): “Librater of, press”, freed the Indian press of, restrictions (1835), Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856): Application of the ‘Doctrine at Lapse’;, Annexation of Punjab and Awadh;, Wood’s despatch on education (1854);, Introduction of the Railway, Telegraph,, Postal System., , VICEROYS, Lord Canning (1856-57): (Vice-roy1858-62) Establishment of three, Universities [at Calcutta (now Kolkata), Madras (now Chennai) and, Bombay (now Mumbai)] 1857; Revolt, of 1857/first viceroy of India., , Lord Mayo (1869-72): Organisation of, Statistical Survey of India; He was, assassinated in Andamans (1872)., Lord Lytton (1876-80): Verna-cular, Press Act and the Arms Act (1878);, Assumption of the title of ‘Empress of, India’ by Queen Victoria (1876). Delhi, Darbar (1877)., Lord Ripon (1880-84): First census in, India (1881); Introduction of Local self, government; Repeal of Vernacular press, act; first factory Act (1881); The ‘Ilbert, bill’ controversy (1883)., Lord Dufferin (1884-88): Foundation, of the Indian National Congress (1885), Lord Curzon (1899-1905): Partition of, Bengal (1905); Ancient Monuments, Preservation Act (1904); Indian, University Act (1904)., Lord Harding (1910-1916): Division of, Bengal taken back, Bomb thrown on, Viceroys, Capital changed from, Calcutta to Delhi., Lord Chelmsford (1916-21): Lucknow, Pact between the Congress and Muslim, League; Rowlatt Act (March 1919);, Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre (13 April,, 1919)., Lord Irwin (1926-31): Simon’s Commission boycotted (1927), first round, table conference (1930)., Lord Linlithgow (1936-43): Provincial, election (1937); Crips Mission (March, 1942); ‘Quit India’ Movement (8 August,, 1942)., Lord Wavell (1943-47): Wavell plan, (1945), Cabinet Mission (1946); First, meeting of constituent assembly,, (9 Dec. 46).

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General Knowledge, , 1659-: Reign of Aurangzeb; Beginning, of the end of the Moghul Empire, 1761: Third Battle of Panipat, 1764: Battle of Buxar (Bihar), 1835: Macaulay recommended, English to be the medium of, instruction, 1853: First Railway Line opened in, India, 1857: Indian Mutiny for Independence; Kolkata, Bombay and, Madras Universities founded, 1869 : Birth of Mahatma Gandhi, 1885: Indian National Congress, founded, 1889: Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru born, (Nov. 14), 1905 : Partition of Bengal, 1919 : Jalianwala Bagh Tragedy, 1920 : Non-cooperation Movement, started by Mahatma Gandhi, 1928 : Simon Commission boycotted, 1929 : Resolution for Purna Swaraj, passed at the Lahore Congress, under the Presidentship of Shri, Jawaharlal Nehru (Dec.31), 1932 : Third Round Table Conference in London, 1937 : Provincial Autonomy; Congress accepted Ministries in, provinces, 1942: Arrival of Cripps in India;, ‘Quit India’ resolution passed by, Congress, 1943-: Netaji Subhash Chandra, Bose forms Azad Hind Fauz, 1947: Division of India — India and, Pakistan formed into separate, Independent Dominions, , 1948 : Mahatma Gandhi assassinated (Jan. 30), 1950 : Indian Constitution signed, and adopted; India becomes a, Sovereign Democratic Republic;, Death of Sardar Patel, 1951 : First Five Year Plan started, 1952 : First General Elections in the, country, 1956 : States’ Reorganisation Act,, India divided into 14 States and 6, Union Territories, 1961 : The Portuguese possessions, in Goa, Daman and Diu liberated, (December 18), 1962 : China’s massive invasion of, India (October 20); Emergency, declared by the President (October, 26), 1964 : Death of Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru (May 27), 1965 : Pakistan attacked the Indian, territory at Kutch (April 24), 1966: Taskent Agreement signed, (Jan.10); Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri, died at Taskent (Jan 11); Mrs. Indira, Gandhi became the Prime Minister, of India (Jan 24); New States of, Punjab and Haryana came into, being (Nov. 1), 1969 : 14 big banks nationalised;, Congress divided., 1971 : General Insurance nationalised; Indo-Pak War; Emergency, declared (December 3); Dhaka, liberated by Indian Forces, 1972 : India’s N-East region reorganised — Meghalaya, Manipur, and Tripura became full-fledged

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General Knowledge, , States; Mizoram and Arunachal, Pradesh — the two new Union, Territories came into being; Shimla, Agreement, 1973 : 24th Amendment to the, Constitution empowering Parliament to amend any part of the, Constitution including the Fundamental Rights held valid by the, Supreme Court, 1974 : India explodes nuclear, device (May 18), 1975 : Sikkim became full-fledged, State of India; First Indian satellite, ‘Aryabhatta’ laun-ched (April 19);, Emergency declared due to internal, disturbances (June 26)., 1977 : Janata Party founded; 6th, General, Elections—Congress, routed, first ever non-Congress, government installed at the Centre., 1978 : High denomination currency, demonetized; Mrs Gandhi forms, Congress (I)., 1979 : Second satellite Bhaskara, launched; Mr. Morarji Desai resigns, as Prime Minister (July 15); Jaya, Prakash Narain dead (October 8)., 1980 : Massive win of Congress-I in, Mid-term polls; Mrs. Gandhi again, became the Prime Minister; Six more, commer-cial banks nationalised., 1982: Ninth Asiad held in New Delhi., 1984 : Sqn Ldr. Rakesh Sharma, became first Indian to go into space, through joint Indo-Soviet Space, Mission (April 3-11); Metro Rail, commences operation in Kolkata, (Oct. 24); Assassination of Mrs., Indira Gandhi (Oct. 31)., , 1988: Bill to reduce voting age to, 18 passed by Parliament (Dec. 15), 1989: India successfully launched, ‘Agni’ (May 22); V.P. Singh sworn in, as Prime Minister (Dec. 2)., 1990: V P Singh’s government voted, out of power (Nov. 7); Chandra, Shekhar sworn in as PM (Nov 10)., 1991 : PM Rajiv Gandhi assassinated (May 21); P V Narasimha Rao, sworn in as India’s 9th PM (June, 21)., 1992: Narasimha Rao elected, Congress President (Feb. 27); SD, Sharma elected 9th President of, India (July 16); Structure of Babri, Masjid in Ayodhya demolished, (Dec. 6)., 1993 : Autonomy for Bodo Areas, (Feb. 19); OBC job quota of 27%, effective (Sep. 8)., 1994: Panchayati Raj Act came into, force (April 23); New telecom policy,, allowing privatisation for basic, telephone services announced, (May 13)., 1995 : INSAT-2C launched into orbit, (Dec. 7); IRS-1C put into orbit (Dec., 28)., 1996: Enron Project revived (Jan., 8); PSLV-D3 launched from, Sriharikota (March 21); Atal Behari, Bajpayee became PM (May 16);, Bajpayee govt. resigned (May 28)., 1997 : Rocket ‘Pinaka’ testfired, successfully (Jan. 21); I.K. Gujral, took over as India’s 13th P.M. (April, 21); Shri K.R. Narayanan was swornin as President of India (July 25).

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General Knowledge, , 1998 : India conducts Nuclear Tests, (May 11 and 13); Formation of six, member National Security Council, (Nov 19)., 1999 : PM Vajpayee’s bus trip to, Lahore (Feb 20); ‘AGNI-II’ missile, testfired successfully (April 11);, Indian armed forces start, ‘Operation Vijay’ against Pakistani, armed intruders crossing LOC in, Kargil sector (May 25)., 2000 : INSAT-3B launched from, Kourou (Mar 22); Jharkhand State, bill passed by Rajya Sabha (Aug 10)., 2001: GSLV-D1 launched (April 18);, Terrorist attack on Parliament. All, five militants killed (Dec. 13), 2002: Mob attacked train in Gujarat,, 58 died (February 27); Dr. A.P.J. Abdul, Kalam sworn in as 12th President, (July 25); Metro train service started, in New Delhi (Dec. 24), 2003: GSLV-D2 launched (May 8);, India launches INSAT-3E from, Kourou in French Guiana (Sep. 28)., 2004: Maj RS Rathore got India its, first individual silver in Athens, Olympics (Aug. 17); South Coastal, India hit by earthquake Tsunami, (Dec. 26)., 2005: 20 States introduced VAT, regime (April 1); Rural job Bill, passed in LS (August 23); India,, France inked $ 3.5 bn Scorpene deal, (Oct. 6)., 2006: US President George Bush, arrived on a three day visit (March, 1); India, US inked nuclear deal, (March 2)., , 2007 : The Taj Mahel has been voted, as one of the New Seven Wonders of, the World (July 7)., 2008: Abhinav Bindra won the, Olympic Gold medal in Beijing for, 10-metre air rifle event (August 11);, Moon Mission Chandrayan I lifted, off successfully into its initial orbit, (Oct. 22)., 2009: Brahmos cruise missile, successfully test-fired (March 4);, Manmohan Singh took oath as PM, for second term (May 22)., 2010: Rupee symbol '`' cleared by, Cabinet (July 15); XIX Commonwealth Games held in New Delhi, (Oct. 3-14)., 2011: Results of Census 2011, released: Puts India’s population at, 1.21 billion (March 31); India won, World Cup Cricket 2011 (April 2)., 2012 : India became 6th nation to, have a nuclear submarine (Jan. 23);, Pranab Mukherjee Sworn in as new, President (July 25)., 2013 : Afzal Guru is hanged in Tihar, Jail (Feb. 9); India successfully tests, world’s first underwater Supersonic Cruise missile (March 20)., 2014: Narendra Modi takes oath as, India’s 15th PM (May 26);, Mangalyaan makes history as India, first to orbit Mars in maiden, attempt (Sept. 24)., 2015: NITI Aayog replaced Planning, Commission with PM its Head, (Jan. 1); India signs nuke MoU with, Japan (Dec. 12)., 2016: PM inaugurates ‘Make in, India’ centre in Mumbai (Feb. 13);

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General Knowledge, , Modi’s surgical hit on black money;, ` 500, ` 1,000 notes with- drawn, (Nov. 8); Ex-home secy., 2017: Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, held in Bengaluru (Jan. 7-9);, Ram Nath Kovind Sworn in as 14th, Presi-dent (July 25); M. Venkaiah, Naidu Sworn in as 13th Vice, President of India (August 11)., 2018: ISRO successfully launches, navigation satellite IRNSS-1I (April, 12); J&K under Governor rule (June, 20); Ranjan Gogoi takes Oath as, 46th CJI (Oct. 3)., 2019: India bombs Jaish Camp in, Pakistan’s Balakot (Feb., 26);, Narendra Modi took oath as the, Prime Minister for a second term, (May 30); Moon Mission, Chandrayan-2 lifted of successfully, into its Orbit (July 22); Art. 370, scrapped, J&K loses its special, status (Aug. 5); LS passes historic, Bill on 2 new UTs in J&K (Aug. 6)., 2020: Gen. Bipin Rawat became, India’s first CDS (Jan. 1). Citizenship, Amendment Act Comes into practice, (Jan. 10); Union Budget 2020-21, presented in Lok Sabha by FM, Nirmala Sitharaman. (Feb. 1);, Arvind Kejriwal took oath as the, CM of Delhi for a third term (Feb. 16);, National Sports Awards 2020, , Announced, Rohit Sharma,, Mariyappan T, Manik Batra, Vinesh, Phogat and Rani Rampal bag the, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, (Aug. 21); Former President Pranab, Mukherjee passes away (Aug. 31);, ISRO Successfully Launched Earth, Observation Satellite EOS-01 (Nov., 07); M.S. Dhoni gets ICC Spirit of, Cricket Award of the Decade-2020, (Dec. 28)., 2021: India launches 40th Indian, scientific expedition to Antarctica, from Mormugao Port, Goa (Jan. 5);, Govt. of India, West Bengal and, World Bank sign USD 105 million, project to improve waterways in, West Bengal (Jan. 5); Pravasi, Bharatiya Divas 2021 convention, held (Jan. 9); India launches world’s, largest COVID-19 Vaccination Drive, (Jan. 16); Finance Minister Nirmala, Sitharaman Presented the Union, Budget 2021-22 in Parliament, (Feb. 1); Manasa Varanasi wins, Femina Miss India 2020 crown, (Feb. 10); EC declares dates for, Assembly Elections in Assam, Tamil, Nadu, West Bengal, Kerala and, Puducherry (Feb. 26); 67th National, Film Awards announced, Marakkar, Arabikadalinte Simham (Malayalam), gets best film award (March 22).

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General Knowledge, , ABBREVIATIONS, A, AAI, AAAS, , Airport Authority of India, American Association of, Advancement of Science, ABC, Atomic,, Biological, and, Chemical (Warfare), ABM, Anti-Ballistic Missile, ACC, Auxiliary Cadet Corpse, ACD, Asian Co-operation Dialogue, AD, Anno Domini (in the year of Our, Lord), ADB, Asian Development Bank, AEC, Atomic Energy Commission, AFSPA Armed Forces Special Power, Act, AICC, All India Congress Committee, AI, Air India, Artificial Intelligence, AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency, Syndrome, AIMA All India Management Association, AIML, All India Muslim League, AIMO All India Manufacturer ’s, Organisation, AIIMS All India Institute of Medical, Sciences, AITUC All India Trade Union Congress, AMP, Auto Mission Plan, APPLE Ariane Passenger Payload, Experiment, ASEAN Association for South East, Asian Nations, , ASI, ASLV, ATM, , Archaeological Survey of India, Augmented Satellite Launch, Vehicle, Automated Teller Machine, , B, BA, BARC, BBC, BC, BCCI, BHEL, BIFR, BOP, BPO, BRAI, BSF, BSNL, , Bachelor of Arts, British Academy, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, British Broadcasting Corporation, Before Christ, Board of Control for Cricket in, India, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Board of Industrial and, Financial Reconstruction, Balance of Payments, Business Process Outsourcing, Broadcast Regulatory Authority, of India, Border Security Force, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, , C, CA, CAC, CBI, CBSE, CBDT, CDMA, CDRI, CDS, , Chartered Accountant, Consumer Access Codes, Central Bureau of Investigation, Central Board of Secondary, Education, Central Board of Direct Taxes, Code Division Multiple Axis, Central Drug Research Institute, Compulsory Deposit Scheme

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General Knowledge, , CHOGM Commonwealth Heads of, Government Meeting, CIBIL, Credit Informations Bureau of, India Limited, CISF, Central Industrial Security Force, CID, Criminal Investigation Department, CMAG Commonwealth Ministerial, Action Group, COCA Control of Organised Crime Act, COD, Central Ordinance Depot, CPCB, Central Pollution Control Board, CPI/M Communist Party of India/, Marxist, CRPF, Central Reserve Police Force, CRR, Cash Reserve Ratio, CSIR, Council of Scientific & Industrial, Research, CVC, Central Vigilance Commission, , D, DAVP, DENG, DGCA, DIG, DMK, DNA, DOD, DRDO, DSIDC, , Directorate of Audio-visual, Publicity, Digital Electronic News Gathering, Director General of Civil Aviation, Deputy Inspector General, Dravida Munnetra Kazagham, Deoxy-ribo Nucleic Acid, Department of Ocean Development, Defence Research Development, Organisation, Defence Scientific Information, and Documentation, , EMS, E&OE, ESI, ESRO, , European Monetary System, Errors and Omissions Excepted, Employees State Insurance, European Space Research, Organisation, , FAO, , Food and Agriculture Organisation, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Foreign Exchange Regulation, Act, Foreign Exchange Regulatory, Board, Federation of Indian Chambers, of Commerce and Industry, , F, FBI, FERA, FERB, FICCI, , G, GAIL, GATT, , GST, , Gas Authority of India Limited, General Agreement on Tariffs, and Trade, Greenwich Mean Time, Gross National Product, General Packet Radio Service, Geo-Satellite Launch Vehicle, Global System for Mobile, Communications, Goods and Services Tax, , HAL, HDC, HEC, HMT, , Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Hill Development Council, Heavy Engineering Corporation, Hindustan Machine Tools, , IAA, IA, IAF, IARI, , International Airports Authority, Indian Airlines, Indian Air Force, Indian Agricultural Research, Institute, Indian Administrative Service, Indian Audit and Accounts, Service, International Air Transport, Association, , GMT, GNP, GPRS, GSLV, GSM, , H, , E, EAS, ECA, , East Asia Summit, Economic Co-operation Administration, ECG, Electro Cardiogram, ECO, Economic Cooperation Organisation, ECOSOC Economic and Social Council, (UN), EEC, European Economic Commission, , I, , IAS, IAAS, IATA

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General Knowledge, , NMD, , National Missile Defence, , OCS, OECD, , Overseas Communication Service, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, On Line Tax Accounting System, Organisation of Petroleum, Exporting Countries, , O, , OLTAS, OPEC, , SEZ, SHO, SIM, , T, TAR, TISCO, TMO, TRAI, , P, Personal Assistant, Press, Association, PAN, Permanent Account Number, PERDA Pension Fund Regulatory &, Development, PIO, Persons of Indian Origin, POTA, Prevention of Terrorism Act, QMG, QMT, , Quarter Master General, Quantitative Management, Technique, , R, RADAR, RAF, RAW, RBI, RCC, RSP, , Radio Detecting and Ranging, Rapid Action Force, Research & Analysis Wing, Reserve Bank of India, Reinforced Cement Concrete, Rourkela Steel Plant, , S, SAARC South Asian Association for, Regional Cooperation, SAHR, South Asian for Human Rights, SALT, Strategic Arms Limitations, Talks, SC, Supreme Court, Scheduled Caste, SCRA, Special Class Railway Apprentices, SEBI, Securities and Exchange Board, of India, , Trans Asian Railways, Tata Iron and Steel Company, Telegraphic Money Order, Telecom Regulatory Authority, of India, , U, , PA, , Q, , Special Economic Zone, Station House Officer, Subscriber Identification Module, , UTI, Unit Trust of India, UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, UNICEF United Nations International, Children’s Emergency Fund, UNFCC United Nations Framework, Convention on Climate Change., , V, VAT, VCS, VDIS, VHP, VIP, VPP, , Value Added Tax, VAT Council of States, Voluntary Disclosure Income, Scheme, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Very Important Person, Value Payable Post, , W, WEF, WEF, WHO, WFP, WWF, WTO, , World Environment Forum, With Effect From, World Health Organisation, World Food Programme, World Wild-Life Fund, World Trade Organisation, , Z, ZETA, ZIP, ZPG, , Zero Energy Thermal-nuclear, Assembly or Apparatus, Zonal Improvement Plan, Zero Population Growth, R-1 (GK)–7-II

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General Knowledge, , 107, , BOOKS AND, AUTHORS, FOREIGN, Book, Aesop’s Fables, Adventures of Sherlok, Holmes, Alice in Wonderland, Arabian Nights, A Tale of Two Cities, A Tale of Two Gardens, August Coup, Ben Hur, Candida, Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital, Doctor’s Dilemma, Don Quixote, Famished Road, Freedom From Fear, Good Earth, Gulliver’s Travels, Hamlet, Iliad, Inferno, Ivanhoe, Julius Caesar, , Author, Aesop, Arthur Conan, Doyle, Lewis Carrol, Sir Richard Burton, Charles Dickens, Octavio Paz, Lapierre, Mikhail, S. Gorbachev, Lewis Wallace, G.B. Shaw, Karl Marx, Karl Marx, G.B. Shaw, Cervantes, Ben Okri, Aung San Suu Kyi, Pearl S. Buck, Jonathan Swift, William, Shakespeare, Homer, A. Dante, Walter Scott, William, Shakespeare, , Book, Lajja, Les Miserable, Leviathan, Lolita, Mein Kampf, Merchant of Venice, Midnight’s Children, Moor’s Last Sigh, Mother India, Nana, Ninteen Eighty Four, Odyssey, Origin of Species, Othello, Paradise Regained, Path to Power, Pride and Prejudice, Razor’s Edge, Republic, Rubaiyat-i-Omar, Khayyam, The Old Man and, the Sea, The Satanic Verses, , 107, , Author, Taslima Nasreen, Victor Hugo, Thomas Hobbes, V. Nobokov, Adolf Hitler, William, Shakespeare, Salman Rushdie, Salman Rushdie, Katherine Mayo, Emile Zola, George Orwell, Homer, Charles Darwin, William, Shakespeare, John Milton, Margaret, Thatcher, Jane Austen, Somerset, Maugham, Plato, Edward Fitzgerald, (Translator), Ernest, Hemingway, Salman Rushdie

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General Knowledge, , COMPUTER, AWARENESS, INTRODUCTION, This is the era of information, technology. We are bound to witness a, computer revolution in which, information processing and retrieval, are being done reliably at incredible, speeds. Today, computers are to be, found in every walk of life. This, miraculous device can even be found, in children's toys, word processors,, pocket calculators, industrial robots,, home appliances etc., to mention a few, of their innumerable uses; and there is, practically no new machine, instrument, control equipment or information system that does not have a microprocessor in it. Computers are no, longer just tools for industry or commerce. Now these are available for use, at home also and at low costs., , THE NEW GENERATION, Computer has already entered its Fifth, Generation. The first four generations, of computers being based on the technology of the age to which they, belonged., , ELECTRONIC BRAINS, The modern computers are capable of, such fantastic feats that these have, often been termed as electronic brains,, but these cannot been called intelligent, in the human sense. Their ‘brains’ are, not capable of thinking like a human, brain. In fact, these sophisticated, machines can only do what they are, commanded to., , THE DIGITAL COMPUTER, Most common among the computers,, the digital computers, are universal in, the sense that these have applications, not only in the scientific field but also, in the fields of business and administration. In fact, due to their flexibility, and accuracy, today, the digital computers dominate the scene. The latest, of these computers are called, microcomputers which are handy and, user-friendly., , BACKGROUND, If we look for the origin of the most, revolutionary invention of the modern

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General Knowledge, , age, known as Computer, then we would, have to go back to 17th century. Interestingly, the origins of the mechanical, digital calculators can be traced to the, mathematicians Blaise Pascal (162362) and Gotffried Wilhelm Liebnitz, (1646-1716). Charles Babbage (17921871) was the first to think of a, machine to produce and store the, tables of logarithms invented by John, Napier (1550-1617). First, he designed, a difference engine and later, an analytical engine, an all-purpose calculating machine. But, despite his best, efforts, the usage of all his resources, and a substantial British Government, subsidy, success eluded him., , TECHNOLOGICAL, REVOLUTION, The origins of the present technological, revolution can be traced to the 1930s., The thermionic valve discovered in, 1904, was found to be useful as an, accounting device by Wynn Williams, in 1931. The Harvard mark 1 Computer, designed by Howard Aikenis was the, world's first digital computer which, made usage of electro-mechanical, devices. It was developed jointly by the, International Business Machines (IBM), and the Harvard University in 1944., , THE FIRST COMPUTER, In February 1946, the world's first allelectronic digital computer, called, ENIAC, the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator, was formally, , dedicated. This was the first generation, computer based on vacuum tube technology. In June 1945, John Von, Neumann, an outstanding mathematician and logician, prepared the “First, draft of a Report on the EDVAC” (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic, Computer). The Von Neumann design, was based on a single Central Processor Unit (CPU) performing sequential, operations on an ordered sequence of, instructions, called a programme, to, produce the desired result., , OPERATION, Nu mber Crunching : Earlier,, calculating the payroll of a large, company required millions of, arithmetical calculations, but today, it, can be done by a central computer, because manipulating numbers—, number crunching—is what a computer does in a best manner., Data Processing : As a data processor,, the computer demonstrates another, strength. Professionals feed the, information (data) into it in the form of, figures. This is called data processing., Binary System : Zeros and ones, in their, endless combinations constitute binary system on which computer, operation is based. A scheme of, numeration with the base ten requires, ten symbols or ciphers (including zero),, whereas an arithmetic with the base, two requires only two ciphers: 0 and 1., Under the binary system all ordinary, arithmetical operations are reduced to, their simplest form.

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General Knowledge, , HARDWARE AND, SOFTWARE, A computer system is generally, considered to be made of two parts—, the hardware and the software. The, hardware consists of the physical parts, of the machine. The software consists, of the information and the instructions, given to the computer that enable it to, operate. The information is called data, and the set of instructions is called, program., , PROGRAMMING, Programming is the name given to the, ‘art’ of writing a program. Every machine, depending upon its internal, hardware architecture, has a unique, low level language called the machine, language. In a binary-coded digital, computer, the machine language is, made up of 0s and 1s. Assembly, Language uses mnemonics for machine, language . To relieve the programer from, the agony of writing a program in the, difficult low-level machine language,, several hundreds of easier, high-level, programming languages have been, developed. High level languages are, comprehensible representations of machine code using mnemonics in Assembly Language., Languages : Computer programming, languages are often distinguished as, being either compiled or interpreted, languages. The user’s program in the, high-level programming language is, , called the source code. The, manufacturer of the Computer supplies, the required software, either a, compiler or an interpreter, for every, user language implemented on it. The, complier translates the source code, into a machine language program, called the object code., , DIFFERENT COMPUTERS, Today computers can be classified as, Mainframe Computers, Minicomputers, and Microcomputers. Mainframe, Computers are expensive and large with, centralised computing facilities where, a Super Computer or a large computer, is connected to several terminals. A, multi-user mainframe computer has a, large memory and is capable of speeds, of the order of several millions of, floating-point operations per second., Minicomputers are also multi-user, computers having lesser memory and, operate at slower speeds., Personal Computers : Microcomputers, are often called Personal Computers, or PCs since they were originally, intended to be single user devices either, at the office or at home., , DESK TOP SYSTEM, The fourth generation micro computer, like the IBM-PC is a small desktop system with two floppy disk drives. It, employs a microprocessor and has a, RAM, five expansion slots and, functions under the Operating System, called MS-DOS.

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General Knowledge, , The Floppy Disk : The most widely, accepted form of auxiliary storage used, in microcomputers is the floppy disk, storage. A floppy diskette is a round, vinyl disk enclosed within a plastic, cover., Hard Disk : The Winchester or hard disk, drives can store much more data than, what can be stored on a floppy diskette., Hard disks come sealed and they cannot, be removed or changed like floppy, diskettes., , THE OPERATING SYSTEM, The Operating System of a computer is, a group of programs that manages or, oversees all the operations of the, computer such as CPU, Memory,, Keyboard, Floppy Diskette, VDU etc. The, operating system is responsible, primarily for managing the files on the, disk and the communication between, the computer and its peripherals., When power is supplied to the, microcomputer, the operating system, is first loaded (before the user program, is entered) and this process is called, booting., Commands : All operating systems have, inbuilt commands and small programs, residing on disk which, when run,, behave like commands., The Printer : The printer usually used, along with a microcomputer is a dot, matrix printer, wherein a 9 pin, (vertical) head creates matrix pattern, to form the characters. However,, , nowadays, laser printers are more in, vogue. A Laser (LASER : Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of, Radiation) is a device that harnesses, light to produce an intense beam of, radiation of a very pure and single, colour., , INFORMATION, TECHNOLOGY (IT), Today, computers are playing an everincreasing role in the process of improving the flow of information, between people and machines. This is, a field which is now known as, information technology (IT)., Network : A network is the means by, which computers share and exchange, information and resources across, either short distances (LAN : Local Area, Networks) or globally (WAN : Wide Area, Networks). Today, the networking system, is helpful in making better use of, business resources, enhancing productivity and efficiency, reducing cost, and gaining competitive advantage., The Present Scenario : Internet and IT, are dominating the world today. Till, the end of 2020, there were 4.66 billion, Internet connections around the globe., Internet is used for sending and, receiving E-mails,, conducting, E-commerce activities, hosting information on websites, downloading, information from websites and, entertainment. There are nearly 3,000, search engines on Internet today., 2104