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Chapter ... 1, , aaa ae, PHARMACY PROFESSION AND, , PHARMACOPOEIA, , @ LEARNING OBJECTIVES ¢, After completing the chapter, students will be able to:, , * Recall the history of pharmacy and pharmacy practice, development of pharmacy, profession and pharmaceutical industry in India., , , , , , © Get acquainted with the official pharmaceutical literature, its importance and scope., ° Know about historical development of pharmacy education in India., ¢ Know career opportunities in the field of pharmacy., ¢ Understand the history of profession of pharmacy., {J INTRODUCTION, , , , The history of pharmacy profession can be traced back to third millennium BC in, Samaria. Samarian people, living in modern day Iraq, developed a cuneiform writing style on, clay tablets which included lists of drugs of animal, vegetable and mineral origin that were, used in the management of diseases, and prescriptions with details of the ingredients used, in their compounding. Greeks were one of the first patrons of pharmacy profession. Earliest, known records of preparation of medicines are Babylonian 2600 BC. The ‘Ebers Papyrus’ also, known as ‘Papyrus Ebers’ is a continuous of some 60 feet long and foot wide written, document dating back to 1550 BC. It includes 800 prescriptions (formulae), 700 drugs and, describes prescriptions and modes of administration of drugs., , In China, the text 'Huangdi Neijing' listed the basic principles of pharmaceutical drug use, in the third century BC. In India, Ayurvedic medicine was first described around 800 BC., Documents list the use of drugs together with charms for expelling demons. They make a, reference to the God of medicine, ‘Dhanvantari’. The ‘Charaka Samhita’ includes reference to, drugs of animal, plant and mineral origin used until the first century AD. Hippocrates, (460 BC) is considered to be the ‘Father of Medicine’. He was associated with ‘Hippocratic, Corpus’ dating to 420 — 370 BC, which lists 200 - 400 drugs of vegetable origin and, describes the method of preparation., , What is Pharmacy?, , “+ Pharmacy is the art and science of manufacturing and dispensing of drugs prepared, from natural and synthetic sources and using them for the treatment and, prevention of diseases., , (1.1)

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Pharmaceutics - First Year D. Pharm. 1.2 Pharmacy Profession & Pharmacopoeia, , King of Pontus (presently Turkey), Mithridates (134-63 BC) experimented with poisons, and antidotes, tried them on himself and prisoners of war. Dioscorides (40-90 AD) a Greek, physician and botanist, prepared the document ‘De Materia Medica’ around AD 60-78,, Galen, a physician around AD 160, compiled medical knowledge and described the use of, formulations made up of numerous plants which were referred to as 'Galenicals’. Profession, of pharmacy started acquiring shape during 9" century in the civilized world around, Baghdad. It slowly spread to Europe as alchemy and finally developed into chemistry., , Initially, the physician was a man of authority without formal education. When the, physician could no longer cope with his work, he hired assistants to collect herbs for him, and make preparations under his supervision. These assistants were called ‘Pharmacopolae’, but they were not ‘Pharmacists’. The Arabs were of thought that those who prepare, medicines could do so in an independent profession. Ultimately, this thought separated, medicine and pharmacy and resulted in opening of first pharmacy shop in Bagdad in 770, under Caliph Al-Mansur. Pharmacists that time had much experience with medicines but did, not possess the required education. During rule of Caliph Al Mamun (Bagdad) from 813 to, 833 pharmacists started acquiring professional education., , Frederic I, a Roman emperor, in 1231 divided medicine into dogmatic medicine which, makes diagnoses; manual medicine, which performs surgical interventions; and, pharmaceutical medicine, which collects mixes and conserves medicines. The earliest, recorded shop dealing with sales of medicines in London was opened in 1345. In England,, Chaucer in his treatise ‘The Knight's Tale’ (written around 1386) used the word ‘Pharmacy’ to, describe a medical preparation of plants “Farmacies of Herbs”. ‘Chemist and Druggist’ was a, term first used to describe both chemical and drug merchants and practitioners of the, emerging profession of pharmacy from the late 1700s. The term ‘Apothecary’, was often, used between the 1600s and 1800s, for individuals living in London who had passed the, examinations of the ‘Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London’, founded in 1617., , In America first hospital pharmacy began operations in 1752 with John Morgan as the, first hospital pharmacist. ‘Apothecaries Act’ was passed in 1815 which stated that, apothecaries will not have control over making medicines. Under this Act, apothecaries who, passed specified course of ‘Worshipful Society of Apothecaries’ were licensed to conduct, practice as general practitioners and called as ‘Licentiate’. From 1815, the ‘Society of, Apothecaries’ started assistants’ examination and qualifying candidates were to compound, and dispense drugs under the supervision of an apothecary, pharmacist or doctor., , The word ‘pharmacist’ was first used in a publication in England in 1834. By the time the, new ‘Pharmaceutical Society’ adopted the term in the 1840s. Legislation in 1852 stated that, the term ‘Pharmaceutical Chemist’ should only be used by people who had passed the, Society's major examination or by certain unexamined members of the Pharmaceutical, Society who owned their own businesses. A ‘Register of Pharmaceutical Chemists’ was, compiled, but not published, from 1852 onwards. The term Pharmaceutical Chemist was, retained after 1868, when registration became compulsory. Under the ‘Pharmacy Act 1868', in England the term ‘Chemist and Druggist’ was used by the Pharmaceutical Society to, denote those who had passed its minor examination, and those who met the minimum

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Pharmaceutics - First Year D. Pharm. 1.3 Pharmacy Profession & Pharmacopoeia, , requirement to register as a pharmacist. After 1868, the use of the title ‘Chemist and, Druggist’ became legally restricted to registered pharmacists only. The terms ‘Pharmacist’, and ‘Pharmaceutical Chemist’ came later in the 1800s and was shortened to ‘Chemist’. The, 19th century witnessed various milestones being set in the field of pharmacy., , [EE nisTory oF PROFESSION OF PHARMACY IN INDIA, , History of pharmacy profession in India can be divided in to three parts as ancient, preindependence and Post-independence history., , (a) Ancient Pharmacy Profession:, , In mythological literature it is reported that Lord Brahma was the first teacher of, Universe who wrote “Ayurveda” in 5000 BC. Sushruta, the son of Vishwamitra, did his work in, the field of surgery. Ayurveda works on internal medicine whereas Sushruta-Samhita deals, mainly with surgical medicine. Charaka and Sushruta were physicians as well as pharmacists, who studied more than 1000 herbs. Ayurveda had been used by their devotees for medical, Purposes. It eventually spread over Asia with the advanced evolution of Buddhism. Vedic, literature indicates that Lord Dhanvantari was worshiped as "God of Health”. The reference, to use of various herbs in treating diseases is mentioned in 'Rig-Veda” a text that contains, the hymns for Soma and those for herbs. The concept of hospital was developed and, practiced during rein of king "Ashoka the Great” in 226 BC. In Tamil Nadu during 900 AD,, organized practice of hospital activity for the treatment of patients with diseases was, discovered. In 1983, Portuguese practitioner Garcia de Orta reported use of Indian herbs in, his treatise ‘Cologuiousdos stroples a drogus da indica’, British traders brought the practice, of allopathic system to India in 15th century. The Indian system of medicine declined during, the Muslim rule while the Arabic or the Unani-Tibbi system flourished. The first general, hospital was setup at Madras in 1664. Under British Rule Allopathic system got state, patronage and become popular by the end of 19th century., , (b) Pre-independence Pharmacy Profession:, , The first chemist shop was opened by Scotch Bathgate at Calcutta in 1811. In 19%, century, various activities related to pharmacy practice were performed according to London, Pharmacopoeia. This situation forced back traditional practice of using medicines in India., The ‘Bengal Dispensatory and Pharmacopoeia’ was published in 1841 at Bishop's College, Press Calcutta published by order of the then Government. In 1868, ‘Pharmacopoeia of India’, was published under editorship of Waring. The compilation of vernacular names of Indian, medicinal plants and herbs was made by Mohideen Sheriff in 1869. The inception, of pharmacy profession in India was marked in 1870 through conduct of examination for, chemist and druggist. A formal training of the compounders was started in 1881 in Bengal., During 1901-1930 the systems of treatment for the prevalent diseases and ailment were, Ayurvedic, Unani and Allopathy., , Research activities were started in Bombay (now Mumbai) as early as 1832 and the, animal experiments for lymph started in Madras (now Chennai) in 1879, with initial success, in 1880. The British government established small centers for production of small pox

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|, , i, , =, , Pharmaceutics - First Year D. Pharm. 1.4 Pharmacy Profession & Pharmacopoeia, , vaccine and for plague at Haffkine Institute Mumbai in 1899 and King's Institute Madras in, 1905. In India, first pharmaceutical company ‘Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Work’, started in 1901 at Calcutta (now Kolkata) by Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray. In 1903, a small, pharmaceutical unit at Parel in Mumbai was started by Prof. T. K. Thakkar. Following the, experience of setting up an industry he started second unit ‘Alembic Chemical Works’ at, Baroda in Gujarat in 1907. Some of the British who owned pharmacies during independence, include ‘Spencer & Co.’ at Madras, ‘Madon & Co.’ and ‘Kemp & Co.’ at Bombay and, ‘Whitehall Pharmacy’ at Calcutta., , Drugs in India, all through this period, were mostly exported in crude form and imported, in finished form. During World War-I (1914 - 1920) the imports of drugs was slowed down,, There were no restrictions on the quality of drugs imported. The manufacturers abroad took, advantage of the situation and dumped inferior quality medicines and adulterated drugs in, India. In response to this situation and to control pharmacy practice in 1930, ‘Dangerous, Drug Act’ was passed. Government of India (GOI on 11th August 1930, appointed a Drug, Enquiry Committee’ (DEC) under the chairmanship of Late Col. R. N. Chopra to look into the, problems of pharmacy profession in India and recommend the measures to be taken. The, committee in its report, published in 1931, recommended many measures to avoid unethical, practices. In 1940, British government bought ‘Drug Bill’ to regulate the import,, manufacturing, sale and distribution of drugs in British India. This Bill was finally adopted as, ‘Drug and Cosmetics Act 1940’ (D&C Act 1940). Up to 1940, all the allopathic drugs were, imported from Europe but in later years some of these drugs began to be produced in India., In 1941, the first ‘Drugs Technical Advisory Board’ (DTAB) under this act was constituted. The, first pharmacist post was created and filled at KEM hospital Mumbai. First ‘All India, Pharmaceutical Conference’ (AIPC) was held at Banaras in January 1941 organized by Indian, Pharmaceutical Association (IPA). Central Drugs Laboratory (CDL) in Calcutta was established, under Directorship of Col. Chopra in 1947 with four scientific divisions., , (c) Post-independence Pharmacy Profession:, , At independence in 1947, India inherited a system for the pharmacy profession from the, British rulers that was unorganized and there were no legal restrictions on the practice of, pharmacy. In 1948, the ‘Pharmacy Act’ was enacted as the nation’s first minimum standard of, educational qualification for pharmacy practice. Provisions of the Act are implemented, through the ‘Pharmacy Council of India’ (PCI). The Act requires individual states to establish, state pharmacy councils that are responsible for controlling and registering pharmacists in, their respective states. English was the only language of instruction for all pharmacy, institutions. Although slow initially, pharmacy education in India has undergone rapid and, significant changes in the last couple of decades., , Today pharmaceutical industry in India is one of the largest and most advanced among, the developing countries where pharmacists perform various tasks. Global pharmaceutical, companies are establishing long term relationships with Indian pharmaceutical companies, and the contract manufacturing affiliates in India, in addition to establishing manufacturing,, research and development (R&D) and marketing bases. In India, there are several hundreds

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Pharmaceutics - First Year D. Pharm. 1.5 Pharmacy Profession & Pharmacopoela, , of ayurvedic manufacturers, from small scale to very large companies. Now, the new, generation pharmacists perform their functions in the fields of community, hospital, clinical, research, regulatory, pharmaceutical bulk and finished product industries and in academics., , According to the Indian ‘Retail Druggists and Chemists Association’, in 1978, there were, roughly 10,000 distributors and 125,000 retail pharmacies in India. Currently, there are over, 8 lakh registered pharmacists involved in practice of pharmacy profession. Every year nearly, 60000 pharmacy students are entering the profession amongst which diploma pharmacy, people largely handle the pharmacy profession. State Pharmacy Council organizes various, refresher training programmes for retail/hospital Pharmacists and to improve consumer, awareness among the pharmacists to provide direct patient care, Since last three decades, PCI, IPA and leaders in pharmacy profession have collectively undertaken initiatives to, improve activities of this profession. Because of its wide scope and high demand people are, attracted to pharmacy profession. Changeover of pharmacy profession from pharmacy, practice to industry led to development of modern Indian pharmaceutical industry, which is, now the 3™ in terms of volume and 14" in terms of value. The recent development in, pharmacy profession is e-Pharmacy, the online sale of medicines. The e-pharmacy industry, in India is still in its embryonic Stages. Some of the well-known names in the market are, Netmeds, EasyMedico and MedLife. The segment is dotted with startups such as 1mg,, Practo, and Myra. Even traditional chemists such as Apollo Pharmacy have introduced, their e-pharmacy segment., , 1.2.1 Pharmacy Education in India, , The first college in India was Madras Medical, professional training was given to students for treati, Medical College was started at Kolkata. The first, in 1842 by the Portuguese. The first two, Diploma’ was started in Madras Medica, Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm.) program, of Pharmacy Education in India’ at Banaras, started a separate branch of Pharmaceutic., Varanasi. The first M. Pharm. program was i, appointed by Indian Government und, recommended 3-tier system for pharmacy, at the Punjab University Lahore, which w, later years Oriented more towards indust, Was-introduced at BHU. In 1947, GO! t, Tegulate, control and standardize phar:, College Of Pharmacy was establishe:, dependence in 1947, there were only, , College established in 1835 where, ng patients with drugs. In 1836, Calcutta, pharmacy college in Asia was started in Goa, “year professional course ‘Chemist and Druggist, | College in 1874. An industry oriented 3-year, was started by Mahadeva Lal Schroff ‘The Father, Hindu University Varanasi in 1932. Prof. Schroff, ‘al Sciences at Banaras Hindu University (BHU), ntroduced in 1940 at BHU. In 1943 a committee, ler the chairmanship of Sir Joseph Bhore, education. In 1944, B. Pharm. course was started, as oriented towards pharmacy practice which in, ty. In 1945, ‘Doctor of Philosophy’ (Ph.D.) program, hrough Legislature brought the ‘Pharmacy Bill’ to, Macy education in India. In the same year, L. M., d at Ahmadabad (Gujarat). Before India gained, 3 institutes offering pharmacy degree programs.