Page 1 :
CHAPTER-09, , SPEAKINGSKILLS, I. STRESSIN ENGLISH, , What is Stress?, , Stress is a characteristic of speech. It is, comparatively a greater amount of force that is use, , , , , , , , in the pronunciation of a thabie:, syllable is a unit of sound in a spoken word., Examples:, man man one unit of sound, so one, syllable, manly man-ly two units of sound, so, , two syllables, , , , , , , , , , manliness|man-li-ness|three units of sound, so, three syllables, , , , , , oU\inite speaking a word,we use extra force in, , uttering some syllable or syllables in that word--- this", extra force is called stress, and the syllable is called, , stressed syllable. In the following words, the syllables, , in bold letters show stress:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , father fa-ther first syllable is, stressed, , insult (noun) |in-sult first syllable is, stressed, , insult (verb) |in-sult second syllable is, stressed, , important im-por-tant|second syllable is, : stressed ,, , , , , , ., te tl ith

Page 2 :
Two Types of Stress:, There are two types of stress: ©, (1) Word Stress, (1) Stress in Words, In single words, stre, (examples given above). There are, , about word stress:, “Tay One word has only one primary stress init:one ~, word cannot have two stresses;, (4) We stress according to the quality of vowels,, , (2) Sentence Stress, , ss is placed on syllables., two simple rules, , not consonants. ., There are certain rules which guide us whether the _, , stress is to be placed on the first, second or third, syllable. For example, if a word is used as noun, we, place the stress on the first syllable, and_if the same, word is used as verb, we place the stress on the, , second syllable. Three most important rules are as, , follows:, Examples: ‘, insult--noun (in-sult) ; insult--verb (in-sult);, desert--noun (de-sert); desert--verb (de-sert)., Stress. on first syllable: on two-syllable nouns —, anid adjectives: 7, table (noun), happy (adjective), > Stress on last syllable: on two-syllable verbs:, export (verb); decide (verb), > Stress on compound words (words with two, , parts), Nouns- on first part: blackbird, , ’ Adjectives- on second part: bad-tempered, Verbs- on second part: underline, , (2) Stressin Sentences, In sentences, we place the stress on words., Sentence Stress is accent on certain words within a, iia te * e, , >, wuyuuriiwnu vith

Page 3 :
TO, , sentence. There are two classes of words:, (a) ~ Co ntent words: words carrying the meanings:, they are stressed., , , , , , , , , , , , , , main verbs sell, give, write, go, come, , nouns chair, book, table, man,, anger, , adjectives red, big, interesting,, intelligent, , adverbs Yquickly, loudly, never,}., always, , all question|when, where, how, why, , words (adv.), , , , , , , , , , (b) Structure words: words showing grammatical, , relationship: they are not stressed., , , , , , , , , , pronouns we, you, he, they...., prepositions in, on, at, from...., articles a, an, the, conjunctions and, but, because...., , , , auxiliary verbs |do, be, have, can, must...., , "to be " as afis, are, am, was, were..., main verb., , , , , , , , , , , , Examples:, \~ Iam going to college. _ ., (verb, noun---stressed), The boy worked poll, mh . (noun, verb, adverb---stressed), , Where do votitalke exercise in the morning?, (adverb, verb, noun, noun---stressed), , , , tkkih, , it tel wih

Page 4 :
SyeeeE = FeO, , 1 INTONATION IN ENGLISH, , SE and fal fa pyte ae, Intonation: can be defined as the "Linguistic use of, , pitch in utterances." Every language has melody itt,, no language is spoken on the same pitch all the time., “The voice goes up and down and the different pitches, of the voice combine to make the melody of a, ldnguage. Tf we say the English word "No’ with, different tunes; falling or rising, itis-still the same, word but, tune plays an important part in adding, meanings. We can say a word group definitely. or, , hesitatingly or angrily, or politely. Each attitude is, expressed by a particular tune. This particular use of, tunes adds to the speaker's feelings. This way of, using tunes is called "Intonation." ~, , We can discuss intonation under two headings:, , 1. Form of Intonation (Structure), 2. Function of Intonation ( Meaning), , I. Structure of Intonation ., Structurally, Intonation has tone groups,, which consist of tail, nucleus, head and pre-head., Tone group or tone unit is the basic unit of intonation., These groups consist of a series of rises and falls in, the pitch of the voice. The most important part, contains the syllable ich a nge of pitch, begins: the tonic syllable. It is also called nucleus. It, is_the most heavily Stressed syllable in a tone group., Usually, there types of ructeuses. They are: Falling, Tones, Rising Tones, Fall-Rise Tones, Rise-Fall, Tones. :, 1. Falling Tones Used for statements:, He is very old. N |, d for questions q, z with question _ A

Page 5 :
2.RisingTones Used for questions, without a question word:, , Are the books on the table? 7, Used for tag questions:, He is very old. Isn't he? A, , 3.Fall-Rise Tanes Used for showing, surprise:, She has got a new car, Really! \ aA, 4.Rise-FallTones Used for bein g, impressed: ., Really, she is very lucky. / NX, , II. Functions of Intonation., , Actually, Intonation is a very difficult area of, phonetic investigation When a foreign learner tries to, observe intonation, it is.often difficult for him to, recognize, w at falling tone is, what a rising tone is., But in conversation we perceive and react to these, differences and it plays an important part in, conversation. Intonation has the following main, functions., , (a) Attitudinal Function:, , It enables us to express emotions and attitudes, , when we speak. This adds a-special kind of meaning, , to speech. This is often called the attitudinal function, , of intonation. e.g., >When can_you come? (normal question, falling tone), > When can you come? (polite question, rising tone.), , , , , , (b) Grammatical Function:, , It enables u : ical and, syntactical structure of what is being said and it is, Se a ee a rae ° 7 ., the grammatical function of intonation. This unction, , may show that an utterance is a question or a, statement: ,, , woul rrr vit