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15, , Light, , Y, , ou might have seen a beam of, sunlight when it enters a room, through a narrow opening or a hole., You may have also seen beams of light from, the headlamps of scooters, cars and engines, of trains [Fig. 15.1 (a)]. Similarly, a beam, of light can be seen from a torch. Some of, , (a) Rail engine, , (b) Light house, Fig. 15.1 Beams of light, , you may have seen a beam of searchlight, from a light house or from an airport, tower [Fig. 15.1 (b)]., What do these experiences suggest?, , 15.1 LIGHT TRAVELS ALONG A, STRAIGHT LINE, Boojho recalls an activity he performed, in Class VI. In that activity he looked, , (a), , (b), , Fig. 15.2 Looking at a candle through a straight and a bent pipe, 174, , SCIENCE, , 2020-21

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Any polished or a shiny surface can, act as a mirror. What happens when, light falls on a mirror?, You have learnt in Class VI that a, mirror changes the direction of light that, falls on it. This change of direction by a, mirror is called reflection of light. Can, you recall the activity in which you got, the light of a torch reflected from a, mirror? Let us perform a similar activity., , Activity 15.1, , Fig. 15.3 Reflection of objects in water, , at a lighted candle first through, a straight pipe and then through, a bent pipe (Fig. 15.2). Why was, Boojho not able to see the candle, flame through a bent pipe?, This activity showed that, light travels along straight lines., How can we change the path, of light? Do you know, what, happens when light falls on a, polished or a shiny surface?, , 15.2 REFLECTION, , OF, , Take a torch. Cover its glass with a chart, paper which has three narrow slits as, shown in Fig. 15.5. Spread a sheet of, , Paheli remembers the story of the lion and the, rabbit from the Panchtantra, in which the, rabbit fooled the lion by showing him his, reflection in water (Fig. 15.4)., , LIGHT, , One way to change the direction, of light is to let it fall on a shiny, surface. For example, a shining, stainless steel plate or a shining, steel spoon can change the, direction of light. The surface of, water can also act like a mirror, and change the path of light., Have you ever seen the reflection, of trees or buildings in water, (Fig. 15.3)?, , Fig. 15.4 Reflection of the lion in water, , LIGHT, , 175, , 2020-21

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Look into the mirror along the, direction of the reflected light. Do you, see the slits in the mirror? This is the, image of the slits., This activity shows how light gets, reflected from a plane mirror., Let us play around with the images, formed in mirrors and know a little more, about them., , Activity 15.2, CAUTION, Fig. 15.5 Reflection of light from a mirror, , chart paper on a smooth wooden board., Fix a plane mirror strip vertically on the, chart paper (Fig. 15.5). Now direct the, beam of light on the mirror from the, torch with slits. Place the torch in such, a way that its light is seen along the, chart paper on the board. Now adjust, its position so that the light from the, torch strikes the plane mirror at an, angle (Fig. 15.5)., Does the mirror change the direction, of light that falls on it? Now move the, torch slightly to either side. Do you find, any change in the direction of reflected, light?, , Handle the lighted candle with care., It is better if this activity is performed, in the presence of a teacher or an elder, person., Place a lighted candle in front of a plane, mirror. Try to see the flame of the candle, in the mirror. It appears as if a similar, candle is placed behind the mirror. The, candle, which appears behind the, mirror, is the image of the candle formed, by the mirror (Fig. 15.6). The candle, itself is the object., Now move the candle to different, positions in front of the mirror. Observe, the image in each case., , Paheli wants to know, what, makes things visible to us?, Boojho thinks that objects are, visible only when light reflected, from them reaches our eyes. Do, you agree with him?, , Fig. 15.6 Image of a candle in a plane mirror, , 176, , SCIENCE, , 2020-21

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Boojho noted in his notebook: Is, it not surprising that my image is, of the same size as me whether, the mirror is small or large?, , Was the image upright in each case?, Did the flame appear on top of the candle, as in the object? Such an image is called, erect. An image formed by a plane, mirror is erect and of the same size as, the object., Now place a vertical screen behind, the mirror. Try to obtain the image of, the candle on this screen. Can you get, the image on the screen? Now place the, screen in front of the mirror. Can you, get the image on the screen now? You, will find that the image of the candle, , cannot be obtained on the screen in, either case., What about the distance of the image, from mirror? Let us perform another, activity., , Activity 15.3, Take a chess board. If a chess board is, not available, draw on a chart paper 64, (8×8) squares of equal size. Draw a thick, line in the middle of the paper. Fix a, plane mirror vertically on this line. Place, any small object, such as a pencil, sharpner, at the boundary of the third, square counting from the mirror, (Fig. 15.7). Note the position of the, image. Now shift the object to the, boundary of the fourth square. Again, note the position of the image. Did you, find any relation between the distance, of the image from the mirror and that of, the object in front of it?, , Fig. 15.7 Locating image in a plane mirror, , Paheli made a note in her notebook:, In a plane mirror the image is, formed behind the mirror. It is erect,, of the same size and is at the same, distance from the mirror as the, object is in front of it., , LIGHT, , You will find that the image, is at the same distance behind, the mirror as the object is in front, of it. Now verify this by placing, the object anywhere on the chart, paper., 177, , 2020-21

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15.3 RIGHT, , OR, , LEFT!, , When you see your image in a plane, mirror, is it exactly like you? Have you, ever noticed that there is one interesting, difference between you and your image, in a mirror? Let us find out., , Activity 15.4, Stand in front of a plane mirror and look, at your image. Raise your left hand., Which hand does your image raise, (Fig. 15.8)? Now touch your right ear., Which ear does your hand touch in your, image? Observe carefully. You will find, that in the mirror the ‘right’ appears ‘left’, and the ‘left’ appears ‘right’. Note that, only sides are interchanged; the image, does not appear upside down., Now write down your name on a piece, of paper and hold it in front of a plane, , Fig. 15.8 Left hand appears on the right side in, the image, , Fig. 15.9 An ambulance, , mirror. How does it appear in the, mirror?, , Boojho saw an ambulance on, the road. He was surprised to, see that the word ‘AMBULANCE’, in front was written in a strange, manner., Can, you, now, understand, why the word ‘AMBULANCE’ is written, as in Fig. 15.9 ? When the driver of a, vehicle ahead of an ambulance looks in, her/his rear view mirror, she/he can, read ‘AMBULANCE’ written on it and, give way to it. It is the duty of every one, of us to allow an ambulance to pass, without blocking its way., You might have observed that in the, side mirror of a scooter or a car the, images of all the objects appear smaller, than the objects themselves. Have you, ever wondered why is it so?, , 178, , SCIENCE, , 2020-21

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15.4 PLAYING WITH S PHERICAL, MIRRORS, Paheli and Boojho were waiting for their, dinner. Boojho lifted a stainless steel, plate and saw his image in it. Oh! This, plate acts as a plane mirror. My image, is erect and is of the same size. Paheli, saw her image using the back of a steel, spoon. “Boojho look here! I can also see, my erect image though it is smaller in, size. This spoon also acts as a mirror of, some kind”, said Paheli., You can also use a spoon or any, curved shining surface to see your, image., , Now look at your image using the, inner side of the spoon. This time you, may find that your image is erect and, larger in size. If you increase the distance, of the spoon from your face, you may, see your image inverted (Fig. 15.11). You, can also compare the image of your pen, or pencil instead of your face., , Activity 15.5, Take a stainless steel spoon. Bring the, outer side of the spoon near your face, and look into it. Do you see your image, in it (Fig. 15.10)? Is this image different, from what you see in a plane mirror? Is, this image erect? Is the size of the image, the same, smaller or larger?, , Fig. 15.11 Image from the inner side of a spoon, , The curved shining surface of a spoon, acts as a mirror. The most common, example of a curved mirror is a spherical, mirror., If the reflecting surface of a spherical, mirror is concave, it is called a concave, mirror. If the reflecting surface is convex,, then it is a convex mirror (Fig. 15.12)., , (a), , Fig. 15.10 Image from the outer side of a spoon, , (b), , Fig. 15.12 (a) A concave and (b) a convex mirror, , LIGHT, , 179, , 2020-21

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Why are concave and convex mirrors, called spherical mirrors?, Take a rubber ball and cut a, portion of it with a knife or a hacksaw blade [Fig. 15.13 (a)]. (Be careful., Ask an elder person to help you in, cutting the ball). The inner surface, of the cut ball is called concave and, the outer surface is called convex, (Fig. 15.13 (b))., Fig. 15.14 A concave mirror forms a real image, of the sun, Convex surface, , Concave surface, (a), , (b), , Fig. 15.13 A spherical mirror is a part of a, sphere, , The inner surface of a spoon acts like, a concave mirror, while its outer surface, acts like a convex mirror., We know that the image of an object, formed by a plane mirror cannot be, obtained on a screen. Let us investigate, if it is also true for the image formed by, a concave mirror., , Activity 15.6, CAUTION, You will conduct Activity 15.6 in the, sunlight. Be careful, never look, directly towards the Sun or its image, as it may damage your eyes. You may, look at the image of the Sun when it, is thrown on a screen or a wall., , Take a concave mirror. Hold it facing, the Sun. Try to get the light reflected by, the mirror on a sheet of paper. Adjust, the distance of the paper until you get a, sharp bright spot on it (Fig. 15.14). Hold, the mirror and the sheet of paper steady, for a few minutes. Does the paper start, burning?, This bright spot is, in fact, the image, of the Sun. Notice that this image is, formed on a screen. An image formed, on a screen is called a real image., Recollect that in Activity 15.2 the image, formed by a plane mirror could not be, obtained on a screen. Such an image is, called a virtual image., Now let us try to obtain on the screen, the image of a candle flame formed by a, concave mirror., , Activity 15.7, Fix a concave mirror on a stand (any, arrangement to keep the mirror steady, would do) and place it on a table, (Fig. 15.15). Paste a piece of white paper, on a cardboard sheet (say about, , 180, , SCIENCE, , 2020-21

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Fig. 15.15 Real images formed by a concave mirror, , 15 cm × 10 cm). This will act as a screen., Keep a lighted candle on the table at a, distance of about 50 cm from the mirror., Try to obtain the image of the flame on, the screen. For this, move the screen till, a sharp image of the flame is obtained., Make sure that, the screen does not, , Fig. 15.16 Virtual image formed by a concave, mirror, , obstruct the light from the candle falling, on the mirror. Is this image real or, virtual? Is it of the same size as the flame?, Now move the candle towards the, mirror and place it at different distances, from it. In each case try to obtain the, image on the screen. Record your, observation in Table 15.1. Is it possible, to obtain the image on the screen when, the candle is too close to the mirror, (Fig. 15.16)?, We see that the image formed by a, concave mirror can be smaller or larger, in size than the object. The image may, also be real or virtual., Concave mirrors are used for many, purposes. You might have seen doctors, using concave mirrors for examining, eyes, ears, nose and throat. Concave, mirrors are also used by dentists, to see an enlarged image of the teeth, (Fig. 15.17). The reflectors of torches,, headlights of cars and scooters are, concave in shape (Fig. 15.18)., , LIGHT, , 181, , 2020-21

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if the bell is also a kind of spherical, mirror. Can you recognise the type of, the mirror?, Note that the reflecting surface of the, bell is convex., , Activity 15.8, , Fig. 15.17 A dentist examining a patient, , Boojho observed his image in the, shiny surface of the bell on his new, bicycle. He found that his image was, erect and smaller in size. He wondered, , Repeat Activity 15.7 now with a convex, mirror in place of a concave mirror, (Fig. 15.19). Record your observations, in a Table similar to Table 15.1., Could you get a real image at any, distance of the object from the convex, , Concave surface, , Fig. 15.18 Reflector of a torch, , Fig. 15.19 Image formed by a convex mirror, , Table 15.1 Image formed by a concave mirror for object, placed at different distances from it, Distance of the object from, the mirror, , Smaller/larger, than the object, , Character of the image, Inverted/ erect, Real/virtual, , 50 cm, , …, , …, , 40 cm, , …, , …, , 30 cm, 20 cm, 10 cm, , …, , 5 cm, 182, , SCIENCE, , 2020-21

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Fig. 15.20 Convex mirror as side view mirror, , Fig. 15.21 A magnifying glass, , mirror? Did you get an image larger in, size than the object?, Can you now recognise the mirrors, used as side mirrors in automobiles?, These are convex mirrors. Convex mirrors, can form images of objects spread over a, large area. So, these help the drivers to, see the traffic behind them (Fig. 15.20)., , which feel thinner in the middle than, at the edges are concave lenses, [Fig. 15.22 (b)]. Notice that the lenses, are transparent and light can pass, through them., , 15.5 IMAGES FORMED BY LENSES, , (b), , (a), , You might have seen a magnifying glass., It is used to read very small print, (Fig. 15.21). You might have also used, it to observe the body parts of a, cockroach or an earthworm. The, magnifying glass is actually a type of a lens., Lenses are widely used in spectacles,, telescopes and microscopes. Try to add, a few more uses of lenses to this list., Get some lenses. Touch and feel, them. Can you find some difference just, by touching? Those lenses which feel, thicker in the middle than at the edges, are convex lenses [Fig. 15.22 (a)]. Those, , Fig. 15.22 (a) A convex lens and (b) a concave, lens, , Let us play with lenses., CAUTION, It is dangerous to look through a lens, at the Sun or a bright light. You, should also be careful not to focus, sunlight with a convex lens on any, part of your body., , LIGHT, , 183, , 2020-21

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Activity 15.9, , A convex lens converges (bends, inward) the light generally falling on it, [Fig. 15.24 (a)]. Therefore, it is called a, converging lens. On the other hand, a, concave lens diverges (bends outward), the light and is called a diverging lens, [Fig. 15.24 (b)]., , Take a convex lens or magnifying glass., Put it in the path of sunrays. Place a, sheet of paper as shown (Fig. 15.23)., Adjust the distance between the lens and, the paper till you get a bright spot on, the paper. Hold the lens and the paper, in this position for a few minutes. Does, the paper begin to burn?, Now replace the convex lens with a, concave lens. Do you see a bright spot, , (a), , (b), , Fig. 15.24, , Fig. 15.23 Real image of the sun by a convex, lens, , on the paper this time, too? Why are, you not getting a bright spot this time?, We have seen in the case of mirrors, that for different positions of the object, the nature and size of the image change., Is it true for lenses also?, Let us find out., , Activity 15.10, , of the candle on a paper screen placed, on the other side of the lens. You may, have to move the screen towards or away, from the lens to get a sharp image of, the flame. What kind of image did you, get? Is it real or virtual?, Now vary the distance of the candle, from the lens [Fig. 15.25 (b)]. Try to, obtain the image of the candle flame, every time on the paper screen by, moving it. Record your observations as, you did in Activity 15.7 for the concave, mirror., , Take a convex lens and fix it on a stand, as you did with the concave mirror. Place, it on a table. Place a lighted candle at a, distance of about 50 cm from the lens, [Fig. 15.25 (a)]. Try to obtain the image, 184, , It means that we can see the, image formed by a lens from the, side opposite to that of the object., , SCIENCE, , 2020-21

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(b), , (a), , Fig. 15.25 Image by a convex lens for object placed at different distance from it, , Fig. 15.26 Virtual image formed by, the convex lens, , Fig. 15.27 Image formed by a concave lens, , Did you get in any position of the, object an image which was erect and, magnified (Fig. 15.26). Could this image, be obtained on a screen? Is the image, real or virtual? This is how a convex lens, is used as a magnifying glass., In a similar fashion study the images, formed by a concave lens. You will find, that the image formed by a concave lens, , is always virtual, erect and smaller in, size than the object (Fig. 15.27)., , 15.6 SUNLIGHT — WHITE, COLOURED?, , OR, , Have you ever seen a rainbow in the, sky? You might have noticed that it, appears usually after the rain when the, Sun is low in the sky. The rainbow is, , LIGHT, , 185, , 2020-21

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Fig. 15.29 A CD placed in sun, Fig. 15.28 A rainbow, , seen as a large arc in the sky with many, colours (Fig. 15.28)., How many colours are present in a, rainbow? When observed carefully, there, are seven colours in a rainbow, though, it may not be easy to distinguish all of, them. These are — red, orange, yellow,, green, blue, indigo and violet., , You might have seen that when you, blow soap bubbles, they appear, colourful. Similarly, when light is, reflected from the surface of a, Compact Disk (CD), you see many, colours (Fig. 15.29)., On the basis of these experiences,, could we say that the sunlight is a, mixture of different colours? Let us, investigate., , Activity 15.11, Does this mean that the, white light consists of, seven colours?, , Take a glass prism. Allow a narrow beam, of sunlight through a small hole in the, window of a dark room to fall on one, face of the prism. Let the light coming, out of the other face of the prism fall on, , Paheli wants to tell you, that you can see a, rainbow only when your, back is towards the sun., Fig. 15.30 A prism splits a beam of sunlight into seven colours, 186, , SCIENCE, , 2020-21

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a white sheet of paper or on a white wall., What do you observe? Do you see colours, similar to those in a rainbow (Fig., 15.30)? This shows that the sunlight, consists of seven colours. The sunlight, is said to be white light. This means that, the white light consists of seven colours., Try to identify these colours and write, their names in your notebook., Can we mix these colours to get white, light? Let us try., , Activity 15.12, Take a circular cardboard disc of about, 10 cm diameter. Divide this disc into, , seven segments. Paint the seven, rainbow colours on these segments, as shown in Fig. 15.31 (a). You can, also paste, coloured papers on, these segments. Make a small hole, at the centre of the disc. Fix the, disc loosely on the tip of a refill of a, ball pen. Ensure that the disc rotates, freely [Fig. 15.31 (a)]. Rotate the disc, in the daylight. When the disc is, rotated fast, the colours get mixed, together and the disc appears, to be whitish [Fig. 15.31 (b)]. Such, a disc is popularly known as Newton’s, disc., , Fig. 15.31 (a) A disc with seven colours (b) It appears white on rotating, , Paheli has a brilliant idea! She, has prepared a small top with, a small circular disc with, seven rainbow colours, painted on it (Fig. 15.32)., When the top rotates it, appears nearly white., Fig. 15.32 A top with seven colours, LIGHT, , 187, , 2020-21

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Keywords, Concave lens, Concave mirror, Convex lens, Convex mirror, Erect image, , Magnified image, Magnifying glass, Prism, Rainbow, Real image, , Rear view mirror, Side mirror, Spherical mirror, Virtual image, , What you have learnt, n, , Light travels along straight lines., , n, , Any polished or a shining surface acts as a mirror., , n, , An image which can be obtained on a screen is called a real image., , n, , An image which cannot be obtained on a screen is called a virtual image., , n, , The image formed by a plane mirror is erect. It is virtual and is of the, same size as the object. The image is at the same distance behind the, mirror as the object is in front of it., , n, , In an image formed by a mirror, the left side of the object is seen on the, right side in the image, and right side of the object appears to be on the, left side in the image., , n, , A concave mirror can form a real and inverted image. When the object is, placed very close to the mirror, the image formed is virtual, erect and, magnified., , n, , Image formed by a convex mirror is erect, virtual and smaller in size, than the object., , n, , A convex lens can form real and inverted image. When the object is, placed very close to the lens, the image formed is virtual, erect and, magnified. When used to see objects magnified, the convex lens is called, a magnifying glass., , n, , A concave lens always forms erect, virtual and smaller image than the, object., , n, , White light is composed of seven colours., , 188, , SCIENCE, , 2020-21

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Exercises, 1. Fill in the blanks:, (a), , An image that cannot be obtained on a screen is called, ____________., , (b), , Image formed by a convex __________ is always virtual and smaller, in size., , (c), , An image formed by a __________ mirror is always of the same size, as that of the object., , (d), , An image which can be obtained on a screen is called a _________, image., , (e), , An image formed by a concave ___________ cannot be obtained on, a screen., , 2. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false:, (a), , We can obtain an enlarged and erect image by a convex mirror. (T/F), , (b), , A concave lens always form a virtual image. (T/F), , (c), , We can obtain a real, enlarged and inverted image by a concave, mirror. (T/F), , (d), , A real image cannot be obtained on a screen. (T/F), , (e), , A concave mirror always form a real image. (T/F), , 3. Match the items given in Column I with one or more items of Column II., Column I, , Column II, , (a), , A plane mirror, , (i), , Used as a magnifying glass., , (b), , A convex mirror, , (ii), , Can form image of objects, spread over a large area., , (c), , A convex lens, , (iii), , Used by dentists to see, enlarged image of teeth., , (d), , A concave mirror, , (iv), , The image is always inverted, and magnified., , (e), , A concave lens, , (v), , The image is erect and of the, same size as the object., , (vi), , The image is erect and smaller, in size than the object., , 4. State the characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror., 5. Find out the letters of English alphabet or any other language known to, you in which the image formed in a plane mirror appears exactly like, the letter itself. Discuss your findings., , LIGHT, , 189, , 2020-21

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6. What is a virtual image? Give one situation where a virtual image is, formed., 7. State two differences between a convex and a concave lens., 8. Give one use each of a concave and a convex mirror., 9. Which type of mirror can form a real image?, 10. Which type of lens forms always a virtual image?, Choose the correct option in questions 11–13, 11. A virtual image larger than the object can be produced by a, (i), (iii), , concave lens, , (ii), , concave mirror, , convex mirror, , (iv), , plane mirror, , 12. David is observing his image in a plane mirror. The distance between, the mirror and his image is 4 m. If he moves 1 m towards the mirror,, then the distance between David and his image will be, (i), , 3m, , (ii), , 5m, , (iii), , 6m, , (iv), , 8m, , 13. The rear view mirror of a car is a plane mirror. A driver is reversing his, car at a speed of 2 m/s. The driver sees in his rear view mirror the, image of a truck parked behind his car. The speed at which the image of, the truck appears to approach the driver will be, (i), , 1 m/s, , (ii), , 2 m/s, , (iii), , 4 m/s, , (iv), , 8 m/s, , Extended Learning — Activities and Projects, 1. Play with a mirror, Write your name with a, sketch pen on a thin sheet, of paper, polythene or glass., Read your name on the sheet, while standing in front of a, plane mirror. Now look at, your image in the mirror., 2. A burning candle in water, Take a shoe box, open on one, side. Place a small lighted, candle in it. Place a clear, glass sheet (roughly 25 cm ×, 25 cm) infront of this candle, (Fig. 15.33). Try to locate the, image of the candle behind, , Fig. 15.33 Candle burning in water, , 190, , SCIENCE, , 2020-21

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the glass sheet. Place a glass of water at its position. Ask your friends to, look at the image of the candle through the sheet of glass. Ensure that, candle is not visible to your friends. Your friends will be surprised to see, the candle burning in water. Try to explain the reason., 3. Make a rainbow, Try to make your own rainbow. You can try this project in the morning, or in the evening. Stand with your back towards the Sun. Take a hosepipe, or a water pipe used in the garden. Make a fine spray in front of you., You can see different colours of rainbow in the spray., 4. Visit a laughing gallery in some science centre or a science park or a, village mela. You will find some large mirrors there. You can see your, distorted and funny images in these mirrors. Try to find out the kind of, mirrors used there., 5. Visit a nearby hospital. You can also visit the clinic of an ENT, specialist, or a dentist. Request the doctor to show you the mirrors used, for examining ear, nose, throat and teeth. Can you recognise the kind of, mirror used in these instruments?, 6. Role play, Here is a game that a group of children can play. One child will be, chosen to act as object and another will act as the image of the object., The object and the image will sit opposite to each other. The object will, make movements, such as raising a hand, touching an ear etc. The, image will have to make the correct movement following the movement, of the object. The rest of the group will watch the movements of the, image. If the image fails to make the correct movement, she/he will be, retired. Another child will take her/his place and the game will, continue. A scoring scheme can be introduced. The group that scores, the maximum will be declared the winner., , LIGHT, , 191, , 2020-21

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Did you know?, The mirrors can be used as weapons. Archimedes, a Greek scientist, is said, to have done just that more than two thousand years ago. When the, Romans attacked Syracuse, a coastal city-state in Greece, Archimedes used, mirrors arranged as shown in Fig. 15.34. The mirrors could be moved in any, direction. They were positioned such that they reflected the sunlight on the, Roman soldiers. The soldiers were dazzled by the sunlight. They did not, know what was happening. They got confused and ran away. This was an, example of triumph of ideas over military might., , Fig. 15.34 Archimedes mirrors, , 192, , SCIENCE, , 2020-21