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INTRODUCTION, Difference between drawing and engineering drawing?, Drawing is the graphical representation of an object but engineering drawing of an object that contains all the information like actual shape, actual size, manufacturing method etc. that required for its construction., Drafting: Drafting is the systematic representation and dimensional specification of a mechanical structure., It is the graphical representation of orthographic views (2D views) of a three dimensional (3D) object on a drawing sheet with proper geometrical dimensions, tolerance and symbols.

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Manufacturing of a product is the main activity in engineering profession.so as a mechanical engineer you have to good grip on , Designing, Analysis, Programming, Instrumentation, Design: design is an approach of solving problems by understanding user needs and developing insights to solve those needs., Design thinking process undergoes some specific processes such as understand,observe,synthesis,creation,modification,simplification,design sheet preparation, prototype.

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CAD/CAM/CAE, Designing software is divided into 3 modules such as,, CAD(Computer aided designing and drafting): Computer aided design is the technology concern with the use of computer systems to assist in the creation,modification,analysis and optimization of a design. , CAE(Computer aided engineering): Computer aided engineering is the technology concern with the use of computer system to analyse CAD geometry ,allowing the designer to simulate and study how the product will behave ., CAM(Computer aided manufacturing): Computer aided manufacturing is the and control the manufacturing operation. technology concerned with the use of computer systems to plan, manage .

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INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD, AutoCAD is a 2D and 3D modelling software and it is developed by U.S.A based Autodesk company., It is widely used in the industry for 2d drawing and 3d modelling., The word AutoCAD made up of two words “Auto(logo of company)” And CAD”(computer aided design)”., AutoCAD is a lowend,semiparametric,command based, non associative and best drafting software., Low-end: No of module is less i.e. only one module is present in that software., Semiparametric: The parameters can be modified up to certain limits., Command Based: All option can be used by the help of command., Non Associative: No interlink between workbenches.

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VERSION OF AUTOCAD, AutoCAD software was firstly lunched by Autodesk company in Dec 1982 and it comes in India 1988., The first version of AutoCAD was R1 after that R2,R3,R4…………… and so on., In 2000, Autodesk launched a version of AutoCAD 2000 after that 2001, 2002, …… 2019 so on., This time we have the latest version of AutoCAD is 2016 which is lunched on 20th march 2015.

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ADVANTAGES AND DIS ADVANTAGES, Improve productivity in drafting., Shorter preparation time for drawing., Reduced manpower requirement., Running cost is low as compare to others., More efficient operation in drafting., , , AutoCAD software is not so much suited for 3D as it has fewer options, It can not be used in the complex designs., the initial costs are high., Requires a skilled manpower.

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HARDWARE REQUIREMENT, Operating system- Window XP onwards service pack -2, Processor- Dual-core, Ram- 2Gb & more, Hard disk - 3GB n more, Graphic code –it should support 1024 x768 VGA, Option- printer , plotter, , TITLE BAR: it will give the information about the software, MENUBAR: it will gives the information about the uses of software and also we can find the location of the option., RIBBONBAR/TOOL BAR: it helps to easy the access the drawing., STATUSBAR:status bar is equal to functional keys.

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SOFTWARE INTERFACE, 1, 2, 3, 5, 4, 6, 7, 1:Titlebar, 2:Menubar, 3:Ribbon bar, 4:Drawing area, 5:WCS/UCS, 6:Command bar, 7:Status bar

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SHORTCUT KEYS, CTRL+0(ZERO) =CLEAR THE SCREEN, CTRL+9= SHOW/HIDE THE COMMAND BAR, ESC= RELEASE FROM COMMAND OR DIS SELECT THE OBJECT ., CTRL+Z=UNDO, CTRL+Y=REDO, CTRL+8 = CALCULATOR, CTRL+3 = TOOL PALLET WINDOW

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MOUSE FUNCTION &SELECTION WINDOW, MB1: SELECT THE OBJECT, MB2: ZOOM IN/ZOOM OUT AND PANNING, MB3: POP-UP WINDOW APPEAR, , Blue window-window by selection top to bottom & left to right for selection we want to select the full object ., Green window-window by selection bottom to top & right to left . For selection just we Want to select one point of the object, * Select right to left is better than the left to right .

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Draw tool bar, Where d is the distance of line and a is the angle of inclination in degrees., , PLINE:, This is a poly line which allows continuous segment of the line and it is drawn similar to the line command. The polyline allows changing the thickness of the line according to the requirement. From the Draw tool bar choose the Polyline flyout., Draw pull down menu: Polyline, At the command prompt, enter pline Syntax, Specify start point: Specify a point (1), Current line-width is <current>, Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify a point (2) or enter an Option, , LINETYPE, Creates, loads, and sets linetypes. The LINETYPE command defines line characteristics consisting of dashes, dots, and spaces., Format menu: Linetype or Command line: linetype, , CIRCLE: This command draws the circle by using four methods:, Center point and radius Two point circle, Three point circle Tangent circle, At the command prompt, enter circle, Specify centre point for circle or [3P (Three Points)/2P (Two Points)/Ttr]: Specify a point or enter an option

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Draw tool bar, Isocircle: Creates an isometric circle in the current isometric drawing plane. At the command prompt, enter ellipse Arc: The arc is a curve specified by center and radius as well as the start angle and end angle. There are seven method used for drawing an arc. 1. Three point method 2. Start point-centre point –end point 3. Start point-centre point-length of chord 4. Start point-end point –angle of inclusion 5. Start point-end point-direction 6. Start point-centre point-angle of inclusion 7. Start point-end point-radius These methods can be used by executing the arc command ARC: creates an arc. At the command prompt, enter arc Center/: specify a point, enter c, or press enter Polyarc: the second method of the drawing the arc is poly arc by use of pline command. This command allows drawing of filled arc of any width .it also allows for drawing of a regular or irregular curve. RECTANGLES: draws a rectangular polyline At the command prompt, enter rectangle First corner: specify point (1) Other corner: specify point (2) SOLID: creates solid –filled polygons .solids are filled only when fill system variable is set to on view is set to plan. At the command prompt, enter solid First corner: specify point (1) Other corner: specify point (2) The first two points define one edge of the polygon. Third point: specify a point (3) diagonally opposite the second Forth point: specify a point (4) or press enter

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Draw tool bar, DRAWING OF POLYGON Creates an equilateral closed polyline .A polygon is a polyline object. AUTOCAD draws polyline with zero width and no tangent information. At the command prompt enter polygon Number of sides : enter a value between 3 and 1024 or press enter Edge/: specify a point (1) or enter. POINT Creates a point object .points can act as nodes to which you can snap objects .you can specify a full 3D location for a point. At the command prompt, enter point Point: specify a point HATCH This fills an area with a pattern. HATCH fills the specified hatch boundary with non-associative hatch A non –associative hatch is not updated when its boundaries are modified .a hatch boundary consists of an object or objects that completely enclose an area At the command prompt, enter hatch Pattern (? Or name/ U, style) : enter a predefined pattern name, enter u, enter? Or press enter

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Draw&Modify tool bar, A line is specified by giving its two end points or first point and the distance of line along with its angle of inclination. A line can be drawn by using two commands., Command: line, Specify first point: Specify a point (1), Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify a point (2) The second point can be indicated by @d<a, Where d is the distance of line and a is the angle of inclination in degrees., , PLINE:, This is a poly line which allows continuous segment of the line and it is drawn similar to the line command. The polyline allows changing the thickness of the line according to the requirement. From the Draw tool bar choose the Polyline flyout., Draw pull down menu: Polyline, At the command prompt, enter pline Syntax, Specify start point: Specify a point (1), Current line-width is <current>, Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify a point (2) or enter an Option, , LINETYPE, Creates, loads, and sets linetypes. The LINETYPE command defines line characteristics consisting of dashes, dots, and spaces., Format menu: Linetype or Command line: linetype, , CIRCLE: This command draws the circle by using four methods:, Center point and radius Two point circle, Three point circle Tangent circle, At the command prompt, enter circle, Specify centre point for circle or [3P (Three Points)/2P (Two Points)/Ttr]: Specify a point or enter an option, , TRIM: Trims objects at a cutting object defined by other objects. Objects that can be trimmed include arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D and 3Dpolylines,rays and splines, At the command prompt, enter trim, Select cutting edges:, Select objects: use object selection method, <Select object to trim>/project/edge/undo: select an object, enter an option, or press enter

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CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM, Few previously used commands, CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM, The co- ordinate system can be modified in the AutoCAD. There are two types of co- ordinate systems used. The WCS (World co- ordinate system) is a universal system in which its origin is at the fixed position. The UCS (User co- ordinate system) is a system in which user can fix its origin at any point., , UCS : This manages user co- ordinate systems At the command prompt enter UCS, Origin / z axis/ 3 point/ object/ view/ X/Y/Z / Prev/ Restore/Save/ Del/?/< world>: enter an option or press enter, , WCS: This manages world co- ordinate system, , TRANSFORMATIONS: These are the modifications in the drawn objects. There are different types of transformations used, MOVE: This allows to move or displace objects a specified distance in a specified direction At the command prompt, enter move, Select objects: use an object selection method, Base point or displacement: specify a base point (1), Second point of displacement: specify a point (2) or press enter, , COPY: This is used for producing a duplicate copy of the drawing. At the command prompt, enter copy, Select objects: use an object selection method, <Base point or displacement >/multiple: specify a base point (1) For a single copy or enter m for multiple copies, , ROTATE: It moves objects about a base point At the command prompt, enter rotate, Select objects: use an object selection method, <Rotate angle >/reference: specify an angle or enter r

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Modify tool bar, At the command prompt enter UCS, Origin / z axis/ 3 point/ object/ view/ X/Y/Z / Prev/ Restore/Save/ Del/?/< world>: enter an option or press enter, , 2. WCS: This manages world co- ordinate system, , TRANSFORMATIONS: These are the modifications in the drawn objects. There are different types of transformations used, MOVE: This allows to move or displace objects a specified distance in a specified direction At the command prompt, enter move, Select objects: use an object selection method, Base point or displacement: specify a base point (1), Second point of displacement: specify a point (2) or press enter, , COPY: This is used for producing a duplicate copy of the drawing. At the command prompt, enter copy, Select objects: use an object selection method, <Base point or displacement >/multiple: specify a base point (1) For a single copy or enter m for multiple copies, , ROTATE: It moves objects about a base point At the command prompt, enter rotate, Select objects: use an object selection method, <Rotate angle >/reference: specify an angle or enter r, , STRETCH: This moves or stretches objects .AutoCAD stretches lines, arcs, elliptical arcs, splines, rays and polyline segments that cross the selection window., At the command prompt, enter stretch, Select objects: use the CPOLYGON or cross object selection method (1,2) Base point or displacement: specify a point (3) or press, Second point of displacement: specify a point ($) or press, , EXTEND: This extends an object to meet another object. Objects that can be extended

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Modify tool bar, STRETCH: This moves or stretches objects .AutoCAD stretches lines, arcs, elliptical arcs, splines, rays and polyline segments that cross the selection window., At the command prompt, enter stretch, Select objects: use the CPOLYGON or cross object selection method (1,2) Base point or displacement: specify a point (3) or press, Second point of displacement: specify a point ($) or press, , EXTEND: This extends an object to meet another object. Objects that can be extended include arcs, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D, and 3Dpolylines and rays., At command prompt, enter extend, Select boundary edges, (projmode=UCS, edge mode=no extend) Select objects: use an object selection method, , SCALE: This enlarges or reduces selected objects equally in X and Y directions At the command prompt, enter scale, Select objects: use an object selection method Base point: specify a point (1), <Scale factor>/reference: specify a scale or enter r, , TRACE: This creates solid lines. From the miscellaneous tool bar choose At the command prompt, enter trace, Trace width<current>: specify a distance, enter a value, or press enter From point: specify point (1), To point: specify a point (2), To point: specify a point (3) or press to end the command, ARRAY: This creates multiple copies of objects in pattern. Each object in an array can be manipulated independently, At the command prompt enter, array, Rectangular or polar array<current>: enter an option or press enter specify a point

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Dimension style, DIMENSIONING IN DRAWINGS:, The dimensions are inserted in the drawing by use of DIM command. There are various types of dimensions used in AutoCAD., Linear dimensions:, Horizontal- this allows horizontal dimensions Vertical- this allows vertical dimensions Aligned- this allows inclined dimensions Rotated- this allows inclined dimensions, Angular dimensions:, This allows angular dimensioning of objects, Radial dimensions:, This allows radial dimensioning of arc or circle, Diametric dimensions:, , FILLET:, Rounds and fillets the edges of the object At the command prompt enter fillet, Polyline / Radius / Trim / <Select first object>: use an object selection method or enter an option Select first object, Select second object: use an object selection method Enter radius <current>: specify a distance or press, Chain / Radius <Select edge>: Select edges or enter c or r their intersection

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Boolean operation, EXTRUDE: This creates unique solid primitives by extruding existing two-dimensional objects extrudes also creates solids by extruding two-dimensional objects along a specified path .we can extrude multiple objects with extrude, At the command prompt enter, extrude, Select objects: use an object selection method Path/<height of extrusion>: specify a distance or enter p, UNION:, At the command prompt, enter union, Select object: Use an object selection method, , , SUBTRACT:, At the command prompt, enter union, Select object: Use an object selection method, , , EXPLODE:, This breaks a compound object into its component objects At the command prompt enter explode, Select objects: use an object selection method.

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3D FUNCTIONS, SECTION, This uses the intersection of a plane and solids to create a region., AutoCAD creates regions on the current layer and inserts them at the location of the cross– section. Selecting several solids creates separate regions for each solid., , SLICE, This slices a set of solids with a plane., , SHELL, This accesses operating system commands., , REVOLVE, This creates a solid by revolving a two dimensional object about an axis., , RENDER, This creates a realistically shaded image of a three dimensional wireframe or solid model. RENDER produces an image using information from a scene, the current selection set, or the, current view., TRANSFORMATIONS: These are the modifications in the drawn objects. There are different types of transformations used, , MOVE: This allows to move or displace objects a specified distance in a specified direction At the command prompt, enter move, Select objects: use an object selection method, Base point or displacement: specify a base point (1), Second point of displacement: specify a point (2) or press enter

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3D FUNCTIONS, 1. BOX, This creates a three dimensional solid box., At the command prompt enter box, Center/<corner of the box><0,0,0> :, Specify a point (1), enter c, or press enter Corner of a box, Specifying a point or pressing defines the first corner of the box. Cube/length /<other corner>: specify a point (2) or enter an option center Creates the box by a specified center point, , CONE, This creates a 3D solid cone. A cone is solid primitive with a circular or elliptical based tapering symmetrically to a point perpendicular to its base., At the command prompt enter cone, Elliptical /<center point> <0,0,0>: specify a point, enter e or press enter, , CYLINDER, This creates a 3D solid cylinder. A cylinder is solid primitive with a circular or elliptical based to a point perpendicular to its base without a taper., At the command prompt enter cylinder, Elliptical /<center point> <0,0,0> : specify a point, enter e or press enter, , SPHERE, This creates a 3D solid sphere. A sphere is positioned so that its central axis is parallel to the Z-axis of the current UCS. Latitudinal lines are parallel to the XY plane., At the command prompt enter sphere, center of the sphere <0,0,0> : specify a point , enter e or press enter, , WEDGE, This creates a three dimensional solid with a sloped face tapering along X axis. At the command prompt enter wedge, Center <corner of the wedge> <0,0,0> : specify a point, enter e or press enter Follow the prompting

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3D FUNCTIONS, SHADE, This displays a flat shaded image of the drawing in the current view port. SHADE removes hidden lines and displays a shaded picture of the drawing., From the render toolbar, choose, At the command prompt, enter shade, , REGION, This creates a region object from a selection set of existing objects. Regions are 2Dimensional areas you create from closed shapes., , RENDER, This creates a realistically shaded image of a three dimensional wireframe or solid model. RENDER produces an image using information from a scene, the current selection set, or the, current view., , REVOLVE, This creates a solid by revolving a two – dimensional object about an axis. From the solids toolbar, choose, At the command prompt, enter revolve, , SHAPE, This inserts a shape. Before inserting a shape, you must load the file containing the desired shape.

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Advance option used in AutoCAD, Loft :-The loft command in AutoCAD is used to create 3D solid or surface. The 3D solid or surface is formed within the space between various cross sections. The cross-sections determine the outer shape of the solid or surface. To create a 3D object using LOFT, we are required to specify at least two cross-sections, Sweep:-Creates a 3D solid or 3D surface by sweeping a 2D object or subobject along an open or closed path. Open-ended objects create 3D surfaces, while objects that enclose an area can be set to create either 3D solids or 3D surfaces

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Advance option used in AutoCAD, Polysolid:-Creates 3D solid in the shape of a wall or series of walls. You can create 3D walls with straight and curved segments of constant height and width. You can create a 3D solid with POLYSOLID just as you would a polyline., 3D Array:-Creates nonassociative, 3D rectangular or polar arrays. 3DARRAY functionality has been replaced with the enhanced ARRAY command, which allows you to create associative or nonassociative, 2D or 3D, rectangular, path, or polar arrays. 3DARRAY maintains legacy behavior

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Advance option used in AutoCAD, Shell:-The SHELL sub-command converts a 3D solid into a hollow shell with a wall of wanted thickness., THICKEN :-(Command) Converts a surface into a 3D solid with a specified thickness. A useful technique for modeling a complex 3D curved solid is to first create a surface and then convert it to a 3D solid by thickening it., WEDGE :-(Command) Creates a 3D solid wedge. The direction of the taper is always in the positive X-axis direction of the UCS. Entering a positive value draws the height along the positive Z axis of the current UCS., CONE :-(Command) Creates a 3D solid cone. Creates a 3D solid with a circular or elliptical base that tapers symmetrically to a point or to a circular or elliptical planar face. You can control the smoothness of 3D curved solids, such as a cone, in a shaded or hidden visual style with the FACETRES system variable, SPHERE:- (Command) Creates a 3D solid sphere. You can create a sphere by specifying a center point and a point on the radius. You can control the smoothness of curved 3D solids, such as a sphere, in a shaded or hidden visual style with the FACETRES system variable., , TORUS:- (Command) ... Creates a donut-shaped 3D solid. ... You can create a torus by specifying the center, then the radius or diameter of the torus, ...

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., THANK YOU