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Chapter, , 3.2, , Biomolecules, , , , Micromolecules, , ‘These are molecules of low molecular weight and have higher, solubility. These include minerals, water, amino acid, sugars and, nucleotides, All molecules or chemicals functional in life activity are, alled biomolecules,, , (1) Elements : On the basis of presence and requirement in, plants and animals, they are grouped into major (Ca, P, Na, Mg, S,, K, Nyand minor (Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, Mo, Zn, 1) bioelements,, , On the basis of function, they may be of following types,, , (i) Framework elements : Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen., , (ii) Protoplasmic, chlorophyll, enzymes, ete., , (ii) Balancing elements : Co, Mg and K., , (2) Biological compounds, , (i) Inorganic compounds : Water 80%, inorganic salts 1-3%., , (i) Organic compounds : Carbohydrates (1.0%), Lipids, (8.5%), Proteins (12.0%) Nucleotides (2.0%), Other compounds (0.5)., , (3) Cellular pool : Aggregated and interlinked various kinds, of biomolecules in a living system. So cell is called cellular pool. It, Includes over 5000 chemicals. Inorganic chemicals are present, ‘mostly in aqueous phase while organic in both, aqueous and nonaqueous. Cellular pool comprises of both aystelloid and colloidal, Particles. Hence called as crystal colloids., , (4) Water : Liquid of life, major constituent of cell (about 6090%) and exists in intracellular, intercellular and in vacuoles, In, cells it occurs in free state or bound state (KOH, CaOH etc.),, , lements : Protein, nucleic acid, lipids,, , , , , , , , Properties of water : It is colourless, transparent, tasteless, and odourless, neutral (pH-7) liquid. It is universal solvent, as it, can dissolve both polar and non-polar solutes. High boiling point, due to hydrogen bonding. Shows high degree of cohesion and, adhesion. It can undergo three states of matter Le, solide> liquid», gas. Itis dense and heaviest at 4C and solid below it., , (5) Carbohydrates, plant starch and cellulose., , e.g., sugars, glycogen (animal starch),, , , , Source of carbohydrate : Mainly photosynthesis, It exists, only in 1% but constitutes 80% of the dry weight of plants., , Composition : It consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in, the ratio C,Hy,0, .Itis also called saccharide and sugars are their, basic components. Classification of carbohyeirates are, , (i) Monosaccharides : These are single sugar units which, can not be hydrolysed furthur into smaller carbohydrates. General, formula is C,H2,0,, €9, Trioses-3C, (Glyceraldehyde,, dihydroxyacetone etc), tetroses-4C, pentoses-5C, hexoses-6C ete., , , , Important Hexoses, , Glucose : C,H;20, . Grape sugar is dextrose. Grape is sour, due to presence of tartaric acid, Fructose is called fruit sugar, (sweetest among natural sugars) and glucose {s called " sugar of, body" (blood sugar|. Normal level of blood glucose is 80120mg/100mi. If it exceeds then condition is called "glucosuria"., , Fructose : Occurs naturally in fruit juices and honey., Hydrolysis of cane sugar in body also yields fructose. The sweetest, carbohydrate is fructose, which is also called fruit sugar because of, its common occurrence in fruits (except grapes). It is also called, levulose (because of its laevorotatory nature, i.e., rotates the plane, of polarized light towards left). It has a sweetening index of 170, (whereas the sweetening index of glucose is 70)., , Galactose + It is called as brain sugar. Its an important, constituent of glycolipids and glycoproteins., , Properties of monosaccharide, , 1 Monosaccharides are colourless, sweet tasting, solids and, show oxidation, esterification and fermentation., , 1 Due to asymmetric carbon, they exist in different isomeric, forms. They can rotate polarized light hence they are, dextrorotatory and laevorotatory., , C1 Deglucose after reduction gives rise to a mixture of, polyhydroxy alcohol, sorbitol or mannitol.

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534 Biomolecules, , , , Functions of monosaccharides, , Q Glucose is the ultimate source of ATP in the cell, respiration., , O._Polymerisation of these molecules forms macromolecules,, , CO. Ribose and deoxyribose are cor, and nucleotides., , rent of nucleic acids, , , , 2 Sugars have free aldehyde or ketone group which can, reduce Cu** to Cut and are called reducing sugars. Benedicts or, Fehling's test are used to confirm the presence of reducing sugars., , (i) Oligosaccharides : Formed due to condensation of 2-10, monosaccharide units, the Oxygen bridge is known as “glycoside, linkage” and water molecule is eliminated. The bond may be « and, , (a) Disaccharides : Composed of two molecules of same or, different monosaccharide units. Also called "double sugars’, Molecular formula is CyzH2.03,, , , , Maltase : Also called "malt sugar’ stored in germinating, seeds of barley, oat, etc. It is formed by enzymatic (enzyme, amylase) action on starch. It is a double sugar (disaccharide) made, up of two molecules on each of a-D glucose and AD glucose, joined by a 1 + 4 glycosidic bond. It is a reducing sugar., , , , Sucrose : "Cane sugar’ or " table-sugar’. Obtained from, sugarcane and beet root and on hydrolysis splits into glucose and, fructose. It is a non reducing sugar., , Lactose : Mik sugar or 5% in mammalian milk. On, hydrolysis yields glucose and galactose. Streptococcus. lacti, converts lactose into lactic acid and causes souring of milk., , (b) Trisaccharides : Composed of three molecules of sugars., Molecular formula is CigH 20,5., , Raffinose : Found in sugar beet, cotton and in some fungi. It, is made up of glucose, fructose and galactose., , Gentianose : Found in thizomes of gentian species, made up, of glucose and fructose., , (c) Tetrasaccharides : Composed of four molecules of same, or different sugars. Stachyose is found in Stachys tubefera, It is, made up of two unit of galactose, one unit of glucose and one unit, of fructose., , (d) Polysaccharides : General formula is (CoH00s),, formed by condensation of several molecules (300-1000) of, monosaccharides, (Described under " Macromolecules’)., , (6) Lipids : Term lipid was coined by Bloor (1943). These are, esters of fatty acids and alcohol. They are hydrophobic insoluble in, water but soluble in benzene, ether and chloroform. Lipids are, classified into three groups, , (i) Simple lipids : These are the esters of fatty acids and, slycerol, Again they are typed as, , (a) Fats and Oils : (Natural lipids or true fats). These are, triglycerides of fatty acid and glycerol. Fats which are liquid at, room temperature are called oils,, , , , (b) Fatty acids : Obtained by hydrolysis of fats. Formic acid, is simplest fatty acid (HCOOH). These are of 2 types :, , Q Saturated fatty acids : The fatty acids which do not, have double bond in between carbon atoms. e.g., butyric acid,, palmitic acid, hexanoic acid, etc. They have high melting points, and solid at room temperature, , O. Unsaturated fatty acids : The fatty acids which have, double bonds (D.B,) in carbon atoms. eg, oleic acid (1 D.B.),, linolic acid (2 D.B), linolenic acid (3 D.B.), arachidmic acid (4, DB) one D.B. containing fatty acid is called MUFA, and with, more than one D.B. fatty acid is called PUFA. They have lower, melting points mostly found in plant fats and liquid at room, temperature., , Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid are essential, fatty acid (Evans and Burr 1928), Deficiency of essential fatty acid, causes follicular hyper keratosis disease,, , (c) Waxes : These are simple lipids composed of one, molecule of long chain fatty acid and long chain monohydric, alcohol. Waxes have high melting point, insoluble in water. They, reduce rate of transpiration by making plant tissue water proof., ‘Wax present in blood called cholestrol., , Bees wax is a common example of wax. Itis a combination of, palmitic acid and mericyl alcohol (CypH,)OH). Candil contains, paraffin wax and stearic acid., , (i) Compound lipids ; They contain some additional, element. Group with fatty acid and alcohol they may be of, following types =, , (a) Phospholipids : It is amphipathic molecule. These, ‘contain phosphoric acid. It helps in transport, metabolism, blood, clotting and permeability of cell membrane. e.g., Lecithin, cephalin, (Soyabean oil)., , {b) Glycolipids : These contain nitrogen and carbohydrate, beside fatty acids. Generally found in white matter of nervous, system. e.g., Sesocine frenocin,, , (c) Chromolipids : It includes pigmented lipids e.g,, carotene., , (d) Aminolipids / Sulpholipids : It contains sulphur and, amino acids with fatty acid and glycerol. Cutin and suberin are also, compound lipids., , (ii) Derived lipids, simple and compound Ii, components, , {a) Sterols : Lipids without straight chains are called sterols., They are composed of fused hydrocarbon rings and a long, hydrocarbon side chain. Best known sterol is cholesterol., , (b) Digitalin : It is prepared from leaves of Foxglove, (Digitalis Jantana) is a heart stimulant., , (c) Ergosterol : Present in food, found in ergot and yeast., , (d) Coprosterol : It is found in faeces. It is formed as a result, of the reduction by bacteria in intestine from the double bond of, cholesterol between C; and C,., , {e) Terpenes : It is essential oil and present mostly in oils of, camphor, eucalyptus, lemon and mint. Phytol is a terpencid, alcohol present in Vitamin A, K, E and in pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoid., , , , , , These are obtained by hydrolysis of, ;. Derived lipids include following

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Biomolecules 535, , , , , , Functions of lipids, , Oxidation of lipids yields comparatively more energy in, the cell than protein and carbohydrates., , O The oil seeds such as groundnut, mustard, coconut store, fats to provide nourishment to embryo during germination., , Q They function as structural constituent ie., all the, membrane system of the cell are made up of lipoproteins,, , Q Amphipathic li, , Q it works as heat insulator and Used in synthesis of, hormones., , are emulsifier, , , , 1 Fats provide solubility to vitamins A, D, E, and K., , (7) Amino acids : Amino acids are basic units of protein and, made up of C, H, O, N and sometimes S. Amino acids are organic, acids with a carboxyl group (COOH) and one amino group, (-NH,) on the a -carbon atom, Carboxyl group attributes acidic, Properties and amino group gives basic ones. In solution, they, serve as buffers and help to maintain pH. General formula is, R-CHNH, COOH . They are 20 in number specified in genetic, code and universal in viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which, take part in protein synthesis,, , , , Amino acids are amphoteric or bipolar ions or Zwitter ions., ‘Amino acids link with each other by peptide bond and long chains, are called polypeptide chains. Total known amino acid are more, than 200 out of these only 20 amino acid takes part in protein, synthesis called protein amino acid., , Classification, , (i) Based on R-group of amino acids, , Simple amino acids : These have no functional group in, the side chain. e.g., glycine, alanine , leucine, valine etc. Glycine is, a simplest amino acid., , Hydroxy amino acids : They have alcohol group in side, chain. e.g,, threonine, serine, etc,, , Sulphur containing amino acids : They have sulphur, atom in side chain. e.g, methionine, cysteine., , Basic amino acids : They have basic group (~NH;) in side, chain. e.g., lysine, arginine., , Acidic amino acids : They have carboxyl group in side, chain, e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid,, , Acid amide amino acids : These are the derivatives of, acidic amino acids. In this group, one of the carboxyl group has, been converted to amide (~CO, .NH2). ¢.g., asparagine, glutamine., , , , Heterocyclic amino acids : These are the amino acids in, which the side chain includes a ring involving atleast one atom, other than carbon. e.g,, tryptophan, histidine., , Aromatic amino acids : They have aromatic group, (benzene ring) in the side chain. eg, phenylalanine, tyrosine, etc., , i) On the basis of requirements : On the basis of the, synthesis amino acids in body and their requirement, they are, categorized as, , , , Essential amino acids : These are not synthesized in body, hence to be provided in diet e.g., valine, leucine, isoleucine,, theronine lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine etc., , Semi-essential amino acids : Synthesized partially in the, ‘body but not at the rate to meet the requirement of individual. e.g.,, arginine and histidine,, , , , Non-essential amino acids : These amino acids are, derived from carbon skeleton of lipids and carbohydrate, metabolism. In humans there are 12 non- essential amino acids, g,, alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid etc. Proline and, hydroxyproline have, NH (imino group) instead of NH» hence are, called imino acids., , (8) Nucleotides : Structurally a nucleotide can be regarded, as a phosphoester of a nucleoside. A combination of nitrogenous, base and a sugar is called nucleoside and combination of a base, a, sugar and phosphate group is known as nucleotide., , N, base + Pentose sugar—> ‘Nucleoside’, , Nucleoside + Phosphoric acid —+ ‘Nucleotide’ + HO, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Table : 3.2-1, Types of nitrogen base | Nucleoside | Nucleotide, Adenine Adenosine | Adenvlic acid, Guanine Guanosine | Guanylic acid, Cytosine Gytidine | Cutidiic acid, Thymine Thymidine | Thymidylic acid, Urecil Uridine Uridytic acid, , , , , , , , There are two types of pentose sugars, ribose found in RNA, and deoxyribose found in DNA. There are two types of bases, which occur in the nucleic acids., , (i) Purines : Purines are 9 membered double ringed, nitrogenous bases which possess nitrogen at 1’ ,3' .7' and 9, positions. They are adenine (A) and guanine (G)., , (li) Pyrimidines : They are smaller molecule than purines., ‘These are 6 membered single ringed nitrogenous bases that, contain nitrogen at 1' and 3' positions like cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). In DNA adenine pairs with thymine by two Hz, bond and cytosine pairs with quanine by three Hy bond,, , , , A nucleotide may have one, two or three phosphates, as, one in AMP, two in ADP. The Il and Ill phosphate bond is, called high energy bond and it release about 8 K cal. ATP was, discovered by Karl Lohmann (1929). Formation of ATP is, endergonic reaction,, , Functions of nucleotides, , O Formation of nucleic acids : Different nucleotides, polymerize together to form DNA and RNA., , Q Formation of energy cartier : They help in formation, of ATP.AMP, ADP, GDP, GTP, TDP,TTP, UDP, ete, which on, breaking release energy., , Q Formation of Coenzymes : Coenzymes like NAD,, NADP, FMN, FAD, CoA, etc are formed.

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536 Biomolecules, , , , Macromolecules, , Macromolecules are polymerisation product of micromolecules,, have high molecular weight and low solubility. They include, mainly polysaccharide, protein and nucleic acids,, , (1) Polysaccharide : They are branched or unbranched, polymers of monosaccharides jointed by glycosidic bond. Their, general formula is (CiHy905),- Polysaccharides are amorphous,, tasteless and insoluble or only slightly soluble in water and can be, easily hydrolysed to monosaccharide units, , Types of polysaccharides, , (i) On the basis of structure, , Homopolysaccharides : These are made by polymerisation of, single kind of monosaccharides. e.g, starch, cellulose, alycogen, ete,, , Heteropolysaccharide : These are made by condensation, of two or more kinds of monosaccharides. e.g,, chitin, pectin, etc., , (i) On the basis of functions, , Food storage polysaccharides : They serve as reserve, food. e.g, starch and glycogen., , Structural polysaccharides : These take part in structural, framework of cell wall e.g, chitin and cellulose., , Description of some polysaccharides, , Glycogen : It is a branched polymer of glucose and contain, 30,000 glucose units. It is also called animal starch. It is also found, as storage product in blue green algae, slime moulds, fungi and, bacteria. It is a non-reducing sugar and gives red colour with, iodine. In glycogen, glucose molecule are linked by 1 — 4 alycosi, linkage in straight part and 1 6 linkage in the branching part, slycogen has branch points about every 8-10 glucose units, , Starch (CjH,,0;) : Starch is formed in photosynthesis and, function as energy storing substance. It is found abundantly in rice,, wheat, legumes, potato (oval and ecentric shaped), banana, etc., Starch is of two types. Straight chain polysaccharides known as, amylose and branched chain as amylopectin, Both composed of D, = glucose units jointed by @—1-4 linkage and @—1-6 linkage., It is insoluble in water and gives blue colour when treated with, iodine,, , Inulin : Alo called “dahlia starch"(found in roots). It has, unbranched chain of 30 - 35 fructose units linked by #-2~ 1, lycosidic linkage between 1 and 2 of carbon atom of D-fructose unit., , Cellulose : An important constituent of cell wall (20 ~ 40%),, made up of unbranched chain of 6000 A-D glucose units linked by, 1—4 glycosidic linkage. It is fibrous, rigid and insoluble in water. It, doesn't give any colour when treated with iodine. It is a most, abundant polysaccharide., , Chitin : It is a polyglycol consisting of N-acetyl-Dglucosamine units connected with f-1,4 glycosidic linkage., Mostly itis found in hard exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans, and some times in fungal cell wall. Second most abundant, carbohydrate. It is a most abundant heteropolysaccharide., , Agar-Agar : It is a galactan, consisting of both D and L, galactose and it is used to prepare bacterial cultures. Itis also used, as luxative and obtained from cell wall of red algae e.g., Gracilaria,, Gelidium ete., , , , , , , , , , Peetin : It is a cell wall material in collenchyma tissue may, also be found in fruit pulps, rind of citrus fruits ete. It is water, soluble and can undergo sol +» gel transformation. It contain, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid., , Neutral sugars : It is found associated with cellulose in cell, wall. The common sugars in hemicellulose are D-xylose, Larabinose, D-galaciose, D-mannose and D-glucusonic acid. e.g,, hemicellulose., , Gum : It secreted by higher plants after injury or pathogenic, attacks. It is viscous and seals the wound. It involves sugars like Larabinose, D-galactose, D-glucusonic acid. e.g,, gum arabic,, , (2) Mucopolysaccharides : These are gelatinous substance,, containing amino sugars, uronic acid, etc. All slimy substances of, plant are mucopolysaccharide. e.g., hyaluronic acid, vitreous, humour, chondridine sulphate, heparin, husk of isabgol and, mucilage also., , Glycoproteins : They include some plasmaprotein and, blood group substances. They doesn’t contain uronic acid., , , , Murein : It is a peptidoglycan, linked to short chains of, peptides. It is constituent of cell wall of bacteria and blue, green algae., , Functions, , (i) Cellulose pectin and chitin are constituents in cell wall of, higher plants but peptidoglycan in the cell wall of prokaryotes,, , (ii) They are reserve food material and form protective, ‘covering., , (ii) Fibres obtained are used in making cloth and rope., , (iv) Nitrocellulose and trinitrate cellulose (gun-cotton) used as, explosive, , (3) Protein : The word protein was coined by Berzelius in, 1838 and was used by G. J. Mulder, first time 1840. 15% of protoplasm is oO, made up of protein. Average proteins = _yy_G_, contain 16% nitrogen, 50-55% carbon,, oxygen 20-24%, hydrogen 7% and — Peptidelinkage, sulphur 0.3 - 0.5%. Iron, phosphorous,, copper, calcium, and iodine are also present in small quantity, , Structure of proteins : It is due to different reanangement, of amino acids. When carboxyl group (-COOH) of one amino, acid binds with amino group (NH,) of another amino acid the, bond is called peptide bond., , (i) Primary structure : The primary structure is the covalent, connections of a protein. It refers to linear sequence, number and, nature of amino acids bonded together with peptide bonds only., eg,, ribonuclease, insulin, myoglobin and lysozyme., , (i) Secondary structure : The folding of a linear polypeptide, chain into specific coiled structure (a—helix) is called secondary, structure, This a. helix structure was discovered by Linus Pauling, and Robert Corey (1952) using x-ray diffraction technique in silk, fibres. e.g., fur, keratin of hair claws, and feathers.

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Biomolecules 537, , , , , , (i) Tertiary structure : The arrangement and interconnection, Of proteins into specific loops and bends is called tertiary structure of, proteins. Itis found in e.g,, globular proteins., , (iv) Quarternary structure : It is shown by protein, containing more than one peptide chain. The protein consists of, identical units. It is known as homologous quartemary structure, e.g., lactic dehydrogenase. If the units are dissimilar, itis called as, heterogeneous quarternary structure e.g., haemoglobin,, , Classification of proteins : Proteins are classified on the, basis of their shape, constitution and function., , On the basis of shape, , Fibrous protein/Scleroprotein : Insoluble in water. Animal, protein resistant to proteolytic enzyme is spirally coiled thread like, structure form fibres. e.g., collagen (in connective tissue), actin and, myosin, keratin in hairs, claws, feathers, etc., , , , Globular proteins : Soluble in water. Polypeptides coiled, about themselves to form oval or spherical molecules e.g., albumin, insulin hormones like ACTH, oxytosin, etc, , On the basis of constituents, , Simple proteins : The proteins which are made up of amino, acids only. eg, afbumins, globulins, prolamines, glutelins,, histones, etc., , Conjugated proteins : These are complex proteins, combined with characterstic non-amino acid substance called as, prosthetic group. These ate of following types, , {i) Nucleoproteins : Combination of protein and nucleic, acids, found in chromosomes and ribosomes. e.g,, deaxyribonucleoproteins, ribonucleoproteins, etc., , (ii) Mucoproteins : These are combined with large amount, (more than 4%) of carbohydrates e.g, mucin., , , , (iii) Glycoproteins : In this, carbohydrate content is less, (about 2-3%) e.g, immunoglobulins or antibiotics, , (iv) Chromoproteins : These are compounds of protein and, coloured pigments. e.g., haemoglobin, cytochrome, etc., , (v) Lipoproteins : These are water soluble proteins and, conlain lipids. e.g., cholesterol and serum lipoproteins., , (vi) Metalloprotein : These are metal binding proteins, AB,, globin known as transferring is capable of combining with iron, zine, and copper e.g,, chlorophyll., , (vii) Phosphoprotein : They are composed of protein and, Phosphate e.g., casein (milk) and vitellin (egg)., , Derived proteins : When proteins are hydrolysed by acids,, alkalies or enzymes, the degredation products obtained from them, are called derived proteins., , On the basis of nature of molecules, , Acidic proteins : They exist as anion and include acidic, ‘amino acids. .g., blood groups., , Basic proteins : They exist as cations and rich in basic, amino acids e.g, lysine, arginine etc,, , Function of Proteins, , (i) Proteins occur as food reserves as glutelin, globulin casein, in milk., , (ii) Proteins are coagulated in solutions, alkaline to the, isoelectric pH! by positive ions such as Zn®,Cd**, Hg etc,, , Casein ~ pH 4.6, cyt. C - 9,8, resum globulin 5.4, pepsin 2.7,, lysozyme 11.0 ete., , ii) Proteins are the most diverse molecule on the earth, , , , (iv) They are biological buffers., , (v) Monelin is the sweetest substance obiained from Aftican, berry (2000 time sweeter than sucrose)., , (vi) Most abundant protein on earth is RUBP., , (vii) Myosin is structural as well as enzymatic protein (ATPase)., Nucleic acids, lucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotide made up of, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus and which, controls the basic functions of the cell. These were first reported by, Friedrich Miescher (1871) from the nucleus of pus cell. Altmann, called it fist time as nucleic acid, Nuclein was renamed nucleic, acid by Altman in (1889). They are found in nucleus. They help in, transfer of genetic information., , Types of nucleic acids : On the basis of nucleotides Le.,, sugars, phosphates and nitrogenous bases, nucleic acids are of two, types which are further subdivided. ‘These are DNA, (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid)., , (1) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acids) : Term DNA was given, by Zacharis., , (i) Types of DNA : It may be linear or circular in eukaryotes, and prokaryotes respectively., , Palindromic DNA : The DNA helix bears nucleotide in a, serial arrangement but opposite in two strands,, , -T-T-A-A-C-G-T-T-A-A.., , ~A-A-T-T-G-C-A-A-T-T., , Repetitive DNA : This type of arrangement is found near, centromere of chromosome and is inert in RNA synthesis, The, sequence of nitrogenous bases is repeated several times., , Satellite DNA : It may have base pairs upto 1 - 60 bp and, are repetitive in nature, Microsatellite has 1 — 6 bp and minisatellite, has 11 - 60 bp. They are used in DNA matching or finger printing, (lefferey). In eukaryotes, DNA is deutrorotatory and sugars have, Pyranose configuration., , (i) Chargaff's rule : Quantitaively the ratio of adenine (A) to, thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C) is equal. ie, “Purines are, always equal to pyrimidine”, , (il) C value : It is the total amount of DNA in a genome or, haploid set of chromosomes,, , (iv) Sense and Antisense strand : Out of two DNA strand, fone which carries genetic information in its cistrons is called sense, strand while the other strand does not cary genetic information,, therefore, doesn't produce mRNA. The non-functional DNA strand, is called antisense strand.