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= The kings ruled by “Divine Right” theory, , + The right to rule Yr Go nw depucer of, , * is granted by God, * is passed on by heredity, Barons were the king’s direct subordinates, , * were given large portions of the king’s land, known as, manors / fiefs Winn Kewag, , * paid homage or “fealty” to the king fthy fax, * support to the king at all times, * governed the king’s land, , * provide troops and fight for the king, , * paid “shield money” with which the king maintained, 7 his army, Aristocracy spoke French and read French poetry, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Associated with the ideals of chivalry, , , , , , , , * The clergy were divided into, * High clergy (who were like the Barons), * Low clergy (who were like the serfs), , ¢ The church leaders, , + held great power over the peasants / serfs, * were active in politics og ernment f ab, e A diocese was like a “spirit toh }, headed by a bishop, “« Many bishops also governed real manors, , + Spoke and wrote in Latin (prose), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , munca: _ ——, , Extends from the Norman Conquest (1 c.) to the, , Renaissance (16" ¢,), eee ALO, , , , , , , , , Three phases in Europe, * Early Middle Ages (5" ¢ to 10 ¢: in England, this is, Old English Period) ~~, * High Middle Ages (11" to 13%c) Auk bey, * Late Middle Ages (14" to 16% c), French influence in culture and society, , Feudalism; strict social hierareh onl Cla,, : Three social classes (called Estates), , * Aristocracy (king, barons and knights), , * Episcopacy (clergy), * Peasantry (serfs, , , , , , , d key bras ne AtaiLe, AOA pied POV Ab tin :, , “Chivalry not Phyo, , tule) Knights constituted the lower nobility who became, , é p) identified with the ideals of chivalry during the Late Middle, m Ages. :, , =) A boy under training as a knight was called a squire., e; Chivalry was a knight’s code of behaviour hd, F Kt, , * Faith in, and deep love of, the Christian igidn; ready, to die for the Church, , 3 Generosity, f) ° Strength to protect women and the weak, * Fight against injustice and evil, = ° Courage in the face of the enemy, : zi * Wore special armour and clothing, OY . Songs about knights were sung by troubadours. E, , FS, , iT, , , , , , , , , , , , , The serfs / peasants, , * lived in “bondage” and were treated mercilessly, by the nobility and high clergy, , * were treated like animals, and were sold along, with land, , The peasants believed that their after-life, would be in heaven if, , * they gave more money to the church, , * served the clergy unquestioningly, , The peasants lived a life of squalor,, superstition and ignorance

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YON Pcie, eS], , a ea, , xt Rernorttante btnows y, books were drow ectecl da v, , Christianity & Islam, , SF In Early Middle Ages, much of the Eastern Roman, , H Empire became Islamic due to religious and political, , } conquests,, S) The Early Middle Ages coincided with Islamic Golden, , SB) Age (inventions, jnnovatjons, reservation pf GrecoSp) Roman classical knowledge) he ee A ay, The Crusades (between 11% and’13" cent.) C, GANS Aided by technolggical advances in Europe, , ) + Invention o aaa roduction of gunpowder, the, t compass, the astrolabe, improvements in ships and, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , oo Sito prleqrous U, , : Early Middle English Period (11 to 13" c), , Transformation of the English language, , + Simplified in spelling, grammar, _* Influence of Norman French, London became the administrative centre, * This later determined the spoken and written forms of, , standard English, Aristocratic society and taste for French Literature, 5 + This affected the nature and scope of English literature, + England became aggressive, confident and militaristic,, which later determined the boundaries of a vast empire,, , England entered the full current of European life;, , , , , , , i Population increased, leading to calamities, like the Black Death in the Late Middle, Ages, + Economy prospered, , . H. Intellectual, spiritual and artistic flowering |, in the Christian monasteries, , , , , , , , Cale, , Ny, a reed, , , , Urddias eau Creve cpoitHul Fea, , Ab) brutality and hostility toward Tsfam, , , , The Crusades, , A serie igion-driven military campaigns, waged by much of Christian Europe against, external and internal opponents, mainly Muslims, who were very powerful in the Middle Ages, The Crusades originally had the goal of, , S ing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from, , Muslim rule, 9 major Crusades from | 1" to 13" centuries, For Muslims the Crusades is a symbol of Westem, , For Christians, the Crusades is a war to protect, , Christendom, , , , , , , , * Fora brief history of the city of London, , , , London on You Tube, , from the time of William the conqueror,, watch the video “London” uploaded by, “britannica”, , , , , , , , , , , , , , f° 6Beset with famines, plague and revolts, , , , Late Middle English Period, M4 to 16" century, following High Middle Ages, , * Great Famine (1315-17), , + Black Death (1348 onwards), , + Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453), + Peasants’ Revolt (1381), , * Fallof Constantinople (1453), , * Invention of printing by movable types (1456), , * Wars of the Roses (1455-1485), , , , + Awakenings of Renaissance and Reformation, , , , , , , , , , , , , The Famine (13, , By 1300, Europeans were farm, land they could cultivate, , A population crisis developed., Climate changes in Europe pro, crop failures between 1315-17, , rain., ——, , As many as 15% of the peasar, , villages died., , One consequence of starvatior, , was susceptibility to disease., vas suscepubdity He, , 1347: Plagu

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The Famine (1315-1317), , By 1300, Europeans were farming almost all the, land they could cultivate, , A population crisis developed, , Climate changes in Europe produced three years of, Crop failures between 1315-17 because of excessive, rain ;, , —, , As many as 15% of the peas, , \ ants in some English., villages died., , One consequence of starvation & poverty, Was susceptibility to disease., feet eee tone, , , , , , , , , , , 1347: Plague Reaches, Constantinople!, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , several times, , Attack of bubonic plague that ravaged the, Middle East and Europe, , * Reached England in 1348; reappeared, , * Death of one third of English population, , Led to social chaos, labour shortages,, Peasants’ Revolt and the introduction of the, , , , , , wage system, , , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , From the German Toggenburg Bible, 1411, , , , , , , , , , Lancing a, 7 Buboe, (swelling), , , , , , , , , , Data hk Geen

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— —, , , , Amedieval street scene with a town crier and a two-wheeled cart, making the rounds and collecting the bodies of plague victims; a few, people have gathered around a small fire for warmth., , , , , , , , , , Doctors believed that disease was carrjeq in the, blood, and the way to cure a patient was to let, the “bad blood” by cutting one of the patient's, veins., , Many people bled to death., , Later on, doctors began to use leeches, which, would suck out smaller amounts of blood over, longer periods of time., , , , , , , , pe, , oe a H, BA 3, LSI, bes Ai S, , é, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , The doctors wore a costume consisting of an ankle, length overcoat and a bird-like beak mask often, filled with sweet or strong smelling substances,, along with gloves, boots, a brim hat and an outer, over-clothing garment., , ’ The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad, smells, which were thought to be the principal, cause of the disease., , , , etd en Nene:, , A Medieval Doctor’s |, Robe, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Flagellantism peaked in Europe during, the Black Death, , This was an extreme Catholic movement, , _ of self-inflicted violence (whipping) as, “penance” for Si, ac, Participation in Flagellant processions, , was believed to clear people of all sins., The Pope finally banned it., , , , , , , , Though the Jews died of the plague,, , rumours spread that they were spreading the, disease, , They were tortured until they “confessed”, to crimes that they could not possibly have |, committed, aaa, , Hundreds of Jewish communities were, destroyed by violence, , , , , , Pope Clement VI condemned the violence., a “eal

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For even more, , on the Black Death, , * Watch the “The Black Death, , Documentary” uploaded by, “HemTillMigard1” in You Tube, , , , , , , , , , ' Uprising of Beasrus across England, Afte lic be ath and resultant economic, and political insecurities, , Immediate cause: King Richard II (aged 14 then!), attempted to collect a poll tax, , Violence in all parts of the country, Peasants sought the end of unpaid serfdom, Led by Wat Tyler & clergyman John Ball, , Tyler beheaded., Reyolt described in Gower’s Vox Clamaniis,, , which was completed sometime after the Revolt, , , , War between France and England, Broke out in 1337 and ended in 1453, , First European War, , , , Covered the reigns of five English kings from, re, , Edward I, Qechad i, funny (y, Wepry, French gained ultimate victory following the, appearance of Joan of Arc (1429), , Since then, the English resented French, supremacy, leading to the decline of feudalism, and the nationalistic interest in English as a, , literary language., , , , , , , , , , , , The Peasants’ Revolt, , , , , , , , , , Constantinople, + The capital of Eastern Roman (Byzantine), , Empire, founded by Emperor Constantine I in, the 4% c. AD, , * Asecond Rome, the centre of culture, trade and, learning, , * In 1453, Emperor Constantine XI was defeated, by the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Mahomet II, , * The Christians subsequently lost all their, Pe rccarathe Otlcemn Takeo, , Jomp Fee