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SYSTEMS APPROACH, , » Management practices are developed for individual crops and recommendations are made fy, individual crops. The residual effects of individual crops are not considered in crop base, recommendation. In this approach, resources are not utilized efficiently. To a farmer, instead, of a crop, land is a unit and management practices should be for all crops that are to be grown, on a piece of land. Systems approach is applied to agriculture for efficient utilization of aj, Tesources, maintaining stability in production and obtaining higher net returns. ~, , Farming Systems, , A system consists of several components which depend on each other. A system is, defined as a.set of elements or components that are inter related and interacting among, themselves enterprises like cropp, , IgE >. These en 5 p g) The end products, and wastes of one enterprise are used as inputs in others. The wastes o dairying like dung, umine, refilse etc., are used for the preparation of farmyard manure which is an input it, cropping systems. The straw obtained from the crops is used as fodder for cattle. Cattle a, , used for different field operations for growing crops. Thus different enterprises of fami, systems are highly interrelated.), , Farming systems represent an appropriat, system, livestock, poultry, fisheries, forestry., them for increasing profitability. They, , - the ecological and socio-economic ba, goals on the other., , , , , , , , , , , , € combination of farm enterprises viz. eroppllé, and the means available to the farmer to Tal, interact adequately with environment without dislocalité, lance on the one hand and attempt to meet the nall, , , , s

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CROPPING SYSTEMS _, , «vets “farming systems’ and ‘mixed farming’ are used lnverdhan ged, s some subtle differences between these 1. aT, i seaspaitio n which. includes ion raising, , , , , , , , , , , , , me), rn, CROPPING SYSTEMS, , fone eC., , pone, , , , , , , , , , , , , , available ;, of area under various crops at a point of time in a unit g, {ial arrangement of crops and fallé fa., , angiSpa, generally used synonymously,, , , , ; ece)ol Jana Por (, _ Types of Cropping Systems 2, , Depending on the resources and technology available, different types of cropping systems, , are adopted on farms., , 2 ()), , Ww, , ping of monoculture refers to rowing of only one, , , , , , , It may be due to climatalogical and socioeconomic conditions or d, farmer in growing a particular crop: Leer groundnut or cotton or sorghum, are grown year after year due to limi, , district of Andhra Pradesh year after year, In canal irrigated areas, under waterlogged, to grow any other crop., , tation of rainfal). Flue-cured tobacco is grown in-Guntur, due to specialization of the farmer in growing it., condition, rice crop is grown as it is not possible, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ition of cropping nd, ar and more nur of crops on the s, , at any given period. It includes, ing, 2 —@®, , Intercropping is growing mor, nde example, g, , ‘very 5 rows of setaria,, , in pase on the per cent of plant population used for each crop, lw Opping system, itis divided into 2. ad series and replacem, , Us ry, , Intergro|, , , , , , , , , , , etly adoptec, , ries, which is op n, in pure stand which is, , known as intercrop is introduced into the base crop by a

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“PRINCIPLES OF AGRONOMY Sa, , Byfpa “¢ rtain, odu ed. (a 1i8), , , , crop 1, , , , of pe Lic i onent, anothe, , , , Et of inter, \. Intercropping system utilizes resources efficiently and, dnocropping of groundnut, climatic resources like rainfal{,, , utilized only during rainy season. When redgram.is, urces are used up to the end of winter season., , , , their productivity is increased. In, temperature and solar radiation are, , introduced as an intercrop, these reso, thefe are certain important requirements. (1) The time of, , crops should not overlap. (2) Competition for light, omple ry should exist between, f compor Tops "Should be ail, , For successful intercropping,, peak nutrient demands of component, should be minimum among the component crops. (3) C, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , opping is be, e r crops succeeds in, drought years and there is every chance to get two crops in good rainfall years (Dwivedi and, Namdeo, 1992). The different intercropping systems are followed in different regions of the, Country based soil, rainfall, market price and marketing facilities (Yellamanda Reddy et al.,, 2003). Groundnut inercropping with mixed pulses (red gram, cowpea and horse gram) sown, across the slope reduced runoff (Padmalatha e¢ al. 2001)) Intercroppine svstems are subiect

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CROPPING SYSTEMS, , , , of n+ green gram ared to sdle.cott i cotton yi, gse™ mst RS. 1550/ha. (agvir Singh, 2011). - x, , tu, net vised cropping is growing of, Itisa, ec erent, , are mixed in certain proportion and are sown. The object is to meet ily requirement, of cereals. pulses and vegetables\ It is i i \e adr, , uence Cropping =( b>, , Seq :, Secs caine can be defined as growing of two or more crops,in sequence on the, game piece of land in a farming ved) epending on a number of crop) grown in an year,, , , , it is called as(double, triple and qifadruple cropping) involving two, three and four crops, gespectively. Inaddition to these systems, relay croppihg, ratoon cropping are also in vogue., Relay cropping refers to planting of the succeeding crop before harvesting the preceding, “crop. Ratoon cropping or ratooning refers to raising a crop with regrowth coming out of, roots, or stalks after harvest of the crop) v, , , , , , , , , E ity of | cropping is also possible with ram, , water harvested in farm ponds which is used”for establishing winter crop. ae the, important double cropping systems of different region under rainfed conditiéns are présented, , in table 15.2., TABLE 15.2. Important double cropping systems of different location in India, , , , , , , , Location Ro Rainfall (mm) Soils Double cropping, Ranchi y. 1370 Oxisols Rice-linseed or chickpea, Phulbani / 1440 Oxisols Rice—vegetables, , Indore 960 Vertisols sais Soybean—wheat, , Puna 1050 Vertisols Rice-chickpea, , Bangalore 890 Alfisols Cowpea-finger millet, , , , Contingency cropping we, , (Contingency cropping is growing of a suitable crop in plave of normally grown in the, fegion due to late receipt of rains.) Depending on the time of receipt of rainfall, crop and, Varieties are selected suitable to the region. Generally ontingene crops give low yields, *ompared to normally grown Crop., , ( _JUECOMPANION CROPPING, , a ompanion cropping is one specific type of polyculture, under which two plant species, , Be, Wn together that are known to synergistically improve one another's cows is,, , an s ate brought together because they directly mask the specific chemical cues that one, ther’s pests use to find their hosts, or because they hold and retain particularly effective, ral enemies of one another’s pests., , y is based on a nove!, , , , | cropping system di

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for integrated pest, weed and soil management in cereal-lives!, borers are attracted to Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), a trap, repelled from the main cereal crop using a repellent legume intercrop, , m root exudates effectively control the parasitic str, ‘hation) Desmodium also improves soil fertility through nitrogen, natural mulching, improved biomass and control of erosion. Both companion plants Provide, high value animal fodder, et ting milk production and diversifying farmers income, sources, The technology is appropriate to smallholder mixed cropping systems in Africa), , effecti maj liction constraints; inereases pes from below, ele is cognate aie on locally available plarits, not expensive ex!, Sth et al, 2011). :, Herbivorous insects use a wide-ariety of means differentiate hetween host and nonA host plants. C behaviour of the targets pest:, ing an effectixe companion plant. Typically, host plant selection by 1, involving stquences of behaviotyral acts influenced by many factors. These can, include\the use of chemical cues, assessitient of host plant size, and varying abilities to, navigate and identify hysts among the surrounding vegetation. Therefore, both visual and, chemical stimuli play key roles in host plant location and eventual acceptance. At longer, distances, host-location often is primaril) through the detection and tracking ‘of a chemical, plume. At this scale, abiotic factors may play a strong role.\For example, an odorous plume, , , , , , , , , , , , , , can be influenced not just by plant patch size, but also by temperature and wind speed, which, can change the plume spatial distribution and concentration. As the insect draws near to the, host plant, visual cues can increase in importance. Visual indications that a suitable host has, been located can include the size, shape and colour of the plant., , , , ap crops, , Trap crops are stands of plants grown that attract pest insects away from the target crop., Once pests are concentrated in the trap crop the pests can be removed by diferent me:, such as burning or tilling-under the trap crop or by making insecticide applications to the, trap. A highly effective trap crop can bring a relatively large number of pests into a relativel:, small area, such that pest management within the trap crop requires coverage of | ‘, or if ot planting of the protection target had to be treated. Even if left ae, Saige eR feeding within the trap are not damaging the protection target., due to pest ta) Thi ih a Petey ae usually tendered eae, eal es trap cfop must aa er re ae an Gone i, sco tlget value f crop-frotection within the, , nts crops, , i ertain plants contain chemical ‘ ;, , ' hohe Properties which c: ., , aromatic herbs\and certa an repel or det ,, \ . : certain plants are recommended for their sonoaifepeln i