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| Dous¥ . EC JC Varre, , | CHon2ont-Agcy lakon of Udy Qug TOE aULBUeS *, | Blove- HON20N-pisconKhnow caahng of £and ov ace LILA MEL, | CAMbIC- Hoys z0/n+: Due to physical NOVEM CNT OT GD, , , , , , , , ', , , , , , CHAPTER 9, , SOIL AND TILLAGE, , , , ’ n-floode, Aerobic soil : Well-aerated, having free oxygen, e.g.. most of upland, non flo |, , drained soils., Soil aggregation : Binding together of soil particles, i.e.,, in the cluster to form clods and crumbs. —_—__—_—_————— meee, Agric-horizon A diagnostic endopedon (sub-surface horizon) characterized by the a, of organic matter and clay just below the plough layer. low C:_N ratio and nearly neutr, , H 6.0-6.5) : discontinuous coating, he, , Albic horizon {A diagnostic surface or lower horizon that has such thin or :, of the sand.or silt particles that the hue and chroma of the horizon are determined mainly by t, , sand and silt particles) _ 7, diagnostic sub-surface horizon (endopedon) tormed due to alteration by physical ), , Cambic eras, , (movement or by chemical weathering>, , A-horizon : The surface horizon of mineral soil, having maximum biological activities or zone, of\eluviations (removal of materials dissolved in water),, , B-horizon : Sub-soil layer in which leached substances are deposited or zone oftiuviatiop), C-horizon : Mineral horizon beneath the solum that is relatively unaffected by biological! activity, , sand, silt, clay, etc. in a single mass or, , , , , , TERMINOLOGY, d, adequately, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , tt ees *, , and pedogenesis., Master horizons : O, A, E, B, C, R, | Bedrock : Solid rock underlying soils and the regolith., Solum : It is a weathered portion of soil (4 and B horizon), | Regolith : The layer of unconsolidated solid material covering the bedrock of a planet., , | Eluviation : Removal of soil material from A horizon to lower horizon in the soi profile), Illuviation : Deposition of soil material removed from 4 horizon to lower hendeon in the ent, Mollisols : Soils are having nearly (black organic-rich horizons jand high supph hs son profi, have mollicepipedons and base saturation higher than 50% in any ‘cambic’ i aie They, rizon., , | They lack the characteristics of vertisols and must not have ‘oxic’ oF “spade, | . . . - % ; ori, , | Oxisols : Soils with a residual accumulation of inactive clays, free oxi zons., | (found in tropical climates), , Andosols : Soils formed from materials(rich in volcanic ash with a dark surf., cases, andosols also are found outside active volcanic areas ace horizon. In some, , (12% of earth’s ice-free land surface,, ve-, , , , , , , , , eye, , , , des, kaolin and quartz, mostly, , Scanned by TapScanner

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>, , , , ee re ee NEAT ASST TEL SINISE TAI I PLES ey AP, , Gletzabon y Reduorfon of of £e, under ANDOLD be cou ., dw Pan ySubsurttace dfagnosi*e novizon sttea C4 | by ay, , S O| a A N D TI L LAG E SSN a SS SSS “2 6 re, , , , , , , Spodosols : Soils with subsurface illuvial accumulations of organic matter and compounds of Al, and Fe, formed in acid mainly coarse-textured materials in humid and mostly cool or temperate, climates., , Ultisols : Soils that are(low in bases and have subsurface horizons)of alluvial clay accumulation., These are usually moist) |, , Podsol soil : Soil is having an organic mat and a very thin organic mineral layer above a grey, leached layer, formed under a forest in a cool, humid climate., , —Chernozem soil : Dark black grassland soil high in organic matter as in humid regions.), rt grass _in, , “Chestnut soil : Soil is having dark brown surface developed under mixed tall and sho, (sub-humid to semi-arid regions), , Immature soil : Soil having slightly developed horizons because of relatively short time it has, been subjected to various soil forming processes., , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Intra-zonal soil : It is a soil order for genetic classification of soil. It includes soils that reflect |, the dominance of relief or permanent materials in their formation, e.g.,(bog soils, peat soils |, etc,, , , , , , i ee, SS oe ~~, , Bog soils :(An Intra-zonal group of soil with a muck or peaty surface —— developed), , under swamp or marsh type of vegetation as in humid and sub-humid regio, , Mellow soil : Soil that i is easily worked or penetrated., , Allophone (An alumino-silicate “mineral Lae has an amorphous or poorly <a, (found in soils developed from volcanic ash), , S>—, , Catena (A sequence of the soilyof about the same age, derived from similar parent material and, occurring under similar climatic conditions but having different characteristics due to variation in, relief and drainage., , Clay pan : A dense and heavy soil horizon underlying the upper part of the soil, hard when dry, and stiff or plastic when wet. _, , ail (uripan : : Sub-surface diagnostic horizon cemented by si silica, Hard pan: A hard and impermeable layer formed in soil profile by the accumulation of salts,, clay. etc. which impedes drainage., , Zeta potential (electro-kinetic potential) : The potential difference between the fixed part and, freely mobile portions of the double layer. _, , Ee, , leization : The reduction of Fe under the anaerobic soil with the production Of bluish to greenish, grey matrix colors with or without yellowish-brown, _brown and- black mottles and ferric and, , magniferous concentrations,), , Sesquioxide : An oxide which contains@ metallic atoms to every 3 of oxygen, 2.g., Fe oxides?, an 1 Al oxides, , Lateralization : In tropical humid, leaching of silica and accumulation of “sesquioxides (Fe), & Al oxides) a, _(Podsolization : In temperate humid, leaching of Sesquioxides and accumulation of silica), , Soil heaving : Swelling of soil resulting from natural forces like freezing. ., , Soil mottles : It is the repetitive color c change: that cannot be associated with compositional, properties of soil It indicates poor aeration and impeded drainage. . ietticesil, , \, , “Meiseas, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 4 en a ne ee eet nt te tee ee —, , Scanned by TapScanner