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First semester 2021-2022, , GE 9, , Life and Works of, Dr. Jose Rizal, , BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT, ..UNLEASHING WORK SKILLS..

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SELF – PACED LEARNING MODULE, , IN, , GE 9, Life and Works of Rizal, (MIDTERM), , PREPARED BY:, MARY JOY A. ROLDAN, , Executed by:, , LEAH GRACE R. BAGUILAT, , { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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Module 2, , Competencies, , Discussion, , Lesson 5: Rizal’s Life: Exile, Trial, and Death, Lesson 6: Annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas, Filipinas, Lesson 7: Noli Me Tangere, Lesson 8: El Filibusterismo, 1. Analyze the factors that led to Rizal’s execution, the effects of Rizal’s, execution on Spanish colonial rule and the Philippine Revolution and, Rizal’s ideas on how to rewrite Philippine history;, 2. Compare and contrast Rizal and Morga’s different views about, Filipinos and Philippine culture;, 3. Appraise important characters in the novel and what they represent, 4. Examine the present Philippine situation through the examples, mentioned in the Noli Me Tangere; and, 5. Compare and contrast the characters, plot, and theme of the Noli Me, Tangere and the El Filibusterismo., Lesson 5: Rizal’s Life: Exile, Trial, and Death, Rizal’s Trial, Exile and Death, The First Investigation, The preliminary investigation against Rizal began on, November 20, 1896. Rizal as the accused appeared before Judge, Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive. He was subjected to a 5-day, investigation. Rizal was informed about his charges and was given, the chance to answer the questions they have on him though he, was never permitted to confront those people who testified against, him. He was put under interrogation without the benefit of, knowing who testified against him. Presented before him were two, kinds of evidences – documentary and testimonial., There were a total of fifteen exhibits for the documentary, evidence. Testimonial evidences, on the other hand, were, comprised of oral proofs provided by Martin Constantino, Aguedo, del Rosario, Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo, Franco, Deodato Arellano, Pio Valenzuela, Antonio Salazar,, Francisco Quison, and Timoteo Paez., These evidences were endorsed by Colonel Olive to, Governor Ramon Blanco who designated Captain Rafael, Dominguez as the Judge Advocate assigned with the task of, deciding what corresponding action should be done. Dominguez,, after a brief review, transmitted the records to Don Nicolas de la, Peña, the Judge Advocate General, for an opinion. Peña's, recommendations were as follows:,  Rizal must be immediately sent to trial., • He must be held in prison under necessary security., • His properties must be issued with order of attachment,, and as indemnity, Rizal had to pay one million pesos., Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer was, allowed to defend Rizal. Although given with “privilege” to choose, his own defense counsel, this was limited to a list of 100 names –, both first and second lieutenants - that the Spanish authorities, provided him. Of the list, one familiar name stood out – Lt. Luis, Taviel de Andrade. Rizal discovered that the said lieutenant was, the brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade who worked as Rizal's, personal body guard in Calamba in 1887., , { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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Charges against Rizal, On the 11th of December 1896, in the presence of his, Spanish counsel, charges against Rizal were read. When asked, regarding his sentiments or reaction on the charges, Rizal replied, that:, • He does not question the jurisdiction of the court, • He has nothing to amend except that during his exile in, Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in political matters., • He had nothing to admit on the charges against him., • He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the, witnesses, he had not met nor knew, against him., Two days after, Rizal's case was endorsed to Blanco's, successor, Governor Camilo de Polavieja, who had the authority to, command that the case be court martialed. On December 15,, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote the controversial, Manifesto addressed to his countrymen – a letter denouncing, bloody struggle, and promoting education and industry as the best, means to acquire independence. However, Judge Advocate General, Nicolas de la Peña requested to Gov. Polavieja that the publication, of the manifesto be prohibited, and so, the governor did., Rizal's trial, Accustomed to share the merry season with family, friends, and relatives, the 1896 Christmas was indeed, Rizal's saddest., Confined in a dark, gloomy cell, Rizal was in despair and had no, idea of what his fate may be. Under this delusion, he wrote a letter, to Lt. Taviel de Andrade requesting the latter to visit him before his, trial for there was a very important matter they need to discuss., Likewise, Rizal greeted the lieutenant a joyous Christmas., The next day, December 26, about 8 o'clock in the, morning, the court-martial of Rizal commenced. The hearing was, actually a kind of moro-moro – a planned trial wherein Rizal,, before hearing his verdict, had already been prejudged. Unlike, other accused, Rizal had not been allowed to know the people who, witnessed against him. The trial took place at Cuartel de España,, a military building, with a court composed of seven military, officers headed by Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona. Present at the, courtroom were Jose Rizal, the six other officers in uniform (Capt., Ricardo Muñoz Arias, Capt. Manuel Reguera, Capt. Santiago, Izquierdo Osorio, Capt. Braulio Rodriguez Nuñez, Capt. Manuel, Diaz Escribano, and Capt. Fernando Perez Rodriguez), Lt. Taviel de, Andrade, Judge Advocate Capt. Rafael Dominguez, Lt. Enrique de, Alcocer (prosecuting attorney) and a number of spectators,, including Josephine Bracken., After Judge Advocate Dominguez opened the trial, it was, followed by Atty. Alcocer's reiteration of the charges against Rizal,, urging the court that the latter be punished with death., Accordingly, the three crimes accused to him were rebellion,, sedition and illegal association – the penalty for the first two being, life imprisonment to death, while the last, correctional, imprisonment and a charge of 325 to 3,250 pesetas., Lt. Taviel de Andrade, on the other hand, later took the, floor reading his speech in defense of Rizal. To supplement this,, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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Rizal read his own defense which he wrote in his cell in Fort, Santiago. According to Rizal, there are twelve points to prove his, innocence:, 1. As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal was against, rebellion., 2. He had not written a letter addressed to the Katipunan, comprising revolutionary elements., 3. Without his knowledge, his name was used by the, Katipunan; if he really was guilty, he could have escaped while he, was in Singapore, 4. If he was guilty, he should have left the country while, in exile; he shouldn't have built a home, bought a parcel of land or, established a hospital in Dapitan., 5. If he was really the leader of the revolution, the, revolutionists should have consulted him., 6. He did not deny that he wrote the by-laws of the La, Liga Filipina, but to make things clear, the organization was a civic, association, not a revolutionary society., 7. After the first meeting of La Liga, the association, banished because of his exile in Dapitan, thus, did not last long., 8. If the La Liga was reorganized nine months later, he, had no idea about it., 9. If the La Liga had a revolutionary purpose, then, Katipunan should not have been organized., 10. If the Spanish authorities found his letters having, bitter atmosphere, it was because in 1890 when his family was, being persecuted resulting to their dispossession of properties and, deportation of all his brothers-in-law., 11. He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan – the politicomilitary commanders and missionary priests in the province could, attest to that., 12. If according to witnesses the speech he delivered at, Doroteo Ongjunco's house had inspired the revolution, then he, want to confront these persons. If he really was for the revolution,, then why did the Katipunan sent an unfamiliar emissary to him in, Dapitan? It was so because all his friends were aware that he, never advocated violence., But the military court remained indifferent to the pleads of, Rizal. After a short deliberation, he was sentenced to be shot in, musketry until death at 7 o'clock in the morning of December 30,, 1896 at Bagumbayan. The decision was submitted to Gov., Polavieja who immediately sought the opinion of Nicolas de la Peña, – the latter found the verdict just and final. Two days later, the, governor general signed the court's decision and ordered Rizal's, execution., 1. On 29th December, 1896 when Rizal was notified of the, Report (sentence by the Council of War), he refused to sign it, stating that he was innocent of the charges against him and that, he was not a Chinese mestizo as stated in the Report but an Indio., 2. That it was a firing squad composed of eight native, (Filipino) soldiers who shot Rizal at Babumbayan field., 3. That he was not only shot once but twice., 4. That a dog (mascot) ran around the lifeless body of Rizal,, whining., 5. That Rizal was buried at Paco Cemetery without a coffin., 6. That it was only in 1911 during the American, Occupation of the Philippines that Rizal’s remains where, transferred to where a monument now stands in his honor., { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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The following, abovementioned facts:, , tidbits, , of, , history, , attest, , to, , the, , The Trial Of Jose P. Rizal, On the 20th December, 1896, Rizal together with his, counsel, Lt. Taviel de Andrade of the Spanish Artillery, prepared, for his defense. Five days later, on 25th December, Christmas Day,, Rizal was informed that on the following day, at 10:00 am, the, Council of War would convene. Rizal wrote his counsel Taviel,, asking for a conference prior to appearing before the Council., However, it was not known whether such pre-trial conference, between Rizal and his counsel took place., On the 26th December, at the Cuartel General de Espana,, a soldier’s dormitory was converted into an improvised courtroom., The trial proceeded with the reading of the accusations against, Rizal “as principal organizer” and “moving spirit of the Philippine, insurrection, founder of societies, of newspapers and [who] has, written books designed to foment and propagate ideas of rebellion, and sedition among the people, as well as the principal leader of, the anti-government in the country.”, Taviel de Andrade, Rizal’s defense counsel, argued that in, the law applying the Penal Code of Spain in the Philippines, none, exists to establish the guilt of the accused; he likewise challenged, the veracity and impartiality of those who had given statements, incriminating Rizal; he closed his defense requesting the court to, reject the images of war, for they could only provoke ideas of, vengeance, and that judges should not be vengeful but fair and, just., After giving Rizal an opportunity to speak in his defense,, the Court after deliberations rendered its decision finding Rizal the, author of rebellion and sentenced him to death., On the 28th December, Governor General Polavieja, approved the sentence of the Council of War after knowing that, none of the members of the Council of Authorities recommended, the commutation of the sentence against Rizal., On the 29th December, Judge Dominguez went to Fort, Santiago to notify Rizal officially of the sentence. Rizal read the, report or verdict but refused to sign it, stating that he was, innocent. He also alleged that he was not a Chinese mestizo as, stated by the auditor in the report but a pure Indio. Rizal was, informed that no modifications were allowed in the text of the, judgment., In the morning of 30 December, 1896, Rizal was executed, at Bagumbayan field by musketry., “Eight native soldiers composed the firing squad. Behind, them were eight Spanish soldiers with Mauser rifles, ready to, shoot the native soldiers if they refused to shoot Rizal.”, The Execution Of Rizal, At 6:30 a.m. on the 30th day of December, 1896, Jose Rizal,, bound elbow-to-elbow, left Fort Santiago by foot for Bagumbayan, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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field, accompanied by a bugler, a drummer and two Jesuit priests,, Fr. Estanislao March and Fr. Jose Villaclara. They took the Paseo, de Maria Cristina, now called Bonifacio Drive. Behind Rizal was, his defense counsel Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade. A squad of, soldiers surrounded them as they walked slowly. Upon reaching, Bagumbayan field, Rizal placed himself in the middle of the, square, filled with 400 men, with a band playing., Eight native soldiers composed the firing squad. Behind, them were eight Spanish soldiers with Mauser rifles, ready to, shoot the native soldiers if they refused to shoot Rizal., Rizal refused to be shot in the back, saying he had not, been a traitor to the country or to Spain. But the Spanish captain, in charge of the execution told him that he had orders to shoot, him in the back. Rizal reluctantly agreed, but he firmly refused to, kneel or be blindfolded. One last request of Rizal was that the, soldiers spare his head and instead shoot him in the back near the, heart. The captain agreed. Rizal then shook hands with his, defense counsel, Lt. Taviel de Andrade and thanked him for his, efforts in defending him. A military doctor came to take his pulse;, it was normal. The Jesuits raised a crucifix for him to kiss, but, Rizal had already turned away silently and prepared himself for, death., The order to fire was given. Before the shots rang out,, Rizal shouted,“Consumatum est!” (It is finished!). When the, bullets hit their mark, Rizal made a last effort to turn around,, thus, falling lifeless with his back on the ground, his face to the, sky. Another soldier gave the body a “tiro de gracia” -- one last, shot to make sure Rizal was dead. Shouts of “Viva Espana!” rent, the air. The band of the regiment struck the first chords of, “Marcha de Cadiz.” By 7:03 a.m. the execution was over., It is said that a dog (mascot) ran around the lifeless body,, whining. Whose mascot was it? Nobody knows, or nothing was, written about it except that it was captured by the camera’s eye as, being among the crowd that witnessed the execution that morning., Rizal Buried Without A Coffin, After the execution of Rizal his body was placed in a van, and with utmost secrecy, was buried in the old Paco Cemetery., Sra. Teodora, the mother of Rizal, wanted to comply with the last, wish of her son, that the family take charge of his remains. After, several objections on the part of some Spanish officials, Civil, Governor Manuel Luengo agreed to her petition. However, when, the funeral coach left, they had already secretly taken the body, away, and Rizal's sister, Narcisa, went to all the cemeteries of, Manila looking for the remains in vain., On the way back, she saw, through the open gate of the, Paco Cemetery, some guardia civils. This gave her a hint. She, entered the cemetery and after much searching found a freshly, dug grave covered with earth. She gave the gravedigger some, money and placed a plaque with the initials of her brother in, reverse, R.P.J., which means Rizal, Protacio Jose. (Jose Rizal,, Filipino Doctor and Patriot, by Jose Baron Fernandez, Paragon, Printing Corporation, Manila, 1992, pp 370-371)., { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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A few days after the Americans occupied Manila in August, 1898, Rizal's sister Narcisa asked permission from the new, authorities to exhume the remains of Rizal. Permission was, granted. When the body was exhumed, it was discovered that, Rizal's body had not even been placed in a coffin. The shoes were, identified, but whatever had been hidden inside them had already, disintegrated (Fernandez, p. 393)., In 1911, Rizal’s remains were transferred from the Paco, Cemetery to the base of the monument which had earlier been, erected at the Luneta (now Rizal Park). His aged, beloved mother, was still able to attend the ceremonies of the transfer. A few weeks, later Sra. Teodora Alonso Quintos died. It appears she made the, effort to survive her son, to go on living until such time that her, son’s memory would be officially vindicated., Annotations of Dr. Antonio Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, (1609), As a child, Jose Rizal heard from his uncle, Jose Alberto,, about an ancient history of the Philippines written by a Spaniard, named Antonio de Morga. The knowledge of this book came from, the English Governor of Hong Kong, Sir John Browning, who had, once paid his uncle a visit. While in London, Rizal immediately, acquainted himself with the British Museum where he found one, of the few remaining copies of that work. At his own expense, he, had the work republished with annotations that showed the, Philippines was an advanced civilization prior to the Spanish, conquest. Austin Craig, an early biographer of Rizal, translated, into English some of the more important of these annotations., By the Christian religion, Dr. Morga appears to mean the, Roman Catholic which by fire and sword he would preserve in its, purity in the Philippines. Nevertheless in other lands, notably in, Flanders, these means were ineffective to keep the church, unchanged, or to maintain its supremacy, or even to hold its, subjects., Great kingdoms were indeed discovered and conquered in, the remote and unknown parts of the world by Spanish ships but, to the Spaniards who sailed in them we may add Portuguese,, Italians, French, Greeks, and even Africans and Polynesians. The, expeditions captained by Columbus and Magellan, one a Genoese, Italian and the other a Portuguese, as well as those that came, after them, although Spanish fleets, still were manned by many, nationalities and in them were negroes, Moluccans, and even men, from the Philippines and the Marianes Islands., These centuries ago it was the custom to write as, intolerantly as Morga does, but nowadays it would be called a bit, presumptuous. No one has a monopoly of the true God nor is, there any nation or religion that can claim, or at any rate prove,, that to it has ben given the exclusive right to the Creator of all, things or sole knowledge of His real being., The conversions by the Spaniards were not as general as, their historians claim. The missionaries only succeeded in, converting a part of the people of the Philippines. Still there are, Mohammedans, the Moros, in the southern islands, and Negritos,, Igorots and other heathens yet occupy the greater part territorially, of the archipelago. Then the islands which the Spaniards early, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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held but soon lost are non-Christian -- Formosa, Borneo, and the, Moluccas. And if there are Christians in the Carolines, that is due, to Protestants, whom neither the Roman Catholics of Morga's day, nor many Catholics in our own day consider Christians., It is not the fact that the Filipinos were unprotected before, the coming of the Spaniards. Morga himself says, further on in, telling of the pirate raids from the islands had arms and defended, themselves. But after the natives were disarmed the pirates, pillaged them with impunity, coming at times when they were, unprotected by the government, which was the reason for many of, the insurrections., The civilization of the Pre-Spanish Filipinos in regard to the, duties of life for that age was well advanced, as the Morga history, shows in its eighth chapter., The islands came under Spanish sovereignty and control, through compacts, treaties of friendship and alliances for, reciprocity. By virtue of the last arrangement, according to some, historians, Magellan lost his life on Mactan and the soldiers of, Legaspi fought under the banner of King Tupas of Cebu., The term "conquest" is admissible but for a part of the, islands and then only in its broadest sense. Cebu, Panay, Luzon,, Mindoro, and some others cannot be said to have been conquered., The discovery, conquest and conversion cost Spanish blood, but still more Filipino blood. It will be seen later on in Morga that, with the Spaniards and on behalf of Spain there were always more, Filipinos fighting than Spaniards., Morga shows that the ancient Filipinos had army and navy, with artillery and other implements of warfare. Their prized krises, and kampilans for their magnificent temper are worthy of, admiration and some of them are richly damascened. Their coats, of mail and helmets, of which there are specimens in various, European museums, attest their great advancement in this, industry., Morga's expression that the Spaniards "brought war to the, gates of the Filipinos" is in marked contrast with the word used by, subsequent historians whenever recording Spain's possessing, herself of a province, that she pacified it. Perhaps "to make peace", then meant the same as "to stir up war." (This is a veiled allusion, to the old Latin saying of Romans, often quoted by Spaniard's that, they make a desert, calling it making peace. -- Austin Craig), Magellan's transferring from the service of his own king, (i.e. the Portuguese) to employment under the King of Spain,, according to historic documents, was because the Portuguese King, had refused to grant him the raise in salary which he asked., Now it is known that Magellan was mistaken when he, represented to the King of Spain that the Molucca Islands were, within the limits assigned by the Pope to the Spaniards. But, through this error and the inaccuracy of the nautical instruments, of that time, the Philippines did not fall into the hands of the, Portuguese., { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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Cebu, which Morga calls "The City of the Most Holy Name, of Jesus," was at first called "The village of San Miguel." The image, of the Holy Child of Cebu, which many religious writers believed, was brought to Cebu by the angels, was in fact given by the, worthy Italian chronicler of Magellan's expedition, the Chevalier, Pigafetta, to the Cebuan queen., The expedition of Villalobos, intermediate between, Magallan's and Legaspi's gave the name "Philipina" to one of the, southern islands, Tendaya, now perhaps Leyte, and this name, later was extended to the whole archipelago., Of the native Manila rulers at the coming of the Spaniards,, Raja Soliman was called "Rahang mura", or young king, in, distinction from the old king, "Rahang matanda". Historians have, confused these personages., The native fort at the mouth of the Pasig river, which, Morga speaks of as equipped with brass lantkas and artillery of, larger caliber, had its ramparts reinforced with thick hardwood, posts such as the Tagalogs used for their houses and called, "harigues", or "haligui.", Morga had evidently confused the pacific coming of Legaspi, with the attack of Goiti and Salcedo, as to date. According to other, historians it was in 1570 that Manila was burned, and with it a, great plant for manufacturing artillery. Goiti did not take, possession of the city but withdrew to Cavite and afterwards to to, Panay, which makes one suspicious of his alleged victory. As to, the day of the date, the Spaniards then, having come following the, course of the sun, were some sixteen hours later than Europe., This condition continued until the end of the year 1844, when the, 31st of December was by special arrangement among the, authorities dropped from the calendar for that year. Accordingly, Legaspi did not arrive in Manila on the 19th but on the 20th of, May and consequently it was not on the festival of Santa, Potenciana but on San Baudelio's day. The same mistake was, made with reference to the other earlyl events still wrongly, commemorated, like San Andres's day for the repulse of the, Chinese corsair Li Ma-hong., Though not mentioned by Morga, the Cebuanos aided the, Spaniards in their expedition against Manila, for which reason, they were long exempted from tribute., In the alleged victory of Morga over the Dutch ships, the, latter found upon the bodies of five Spaniards, who lost their lives, in that combat, little silver boxes filled with prayers and, invocations to the saints. Here would seem to be the origin of the, anting-anting of the modern tulisanes, which are also of a, religious character., In Morga's time, the Philippines exported silk to Japan, whence now comes the best quality of that merchandise., Morga's views upon the failure of Governor Pedro de, Acuña's ambitious expedition against the Moros unhappily still, apply for the same conditions yet exist. For fear of uprisings and, loss of Spain's sovereignty over the islands, the inhabitants were, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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disarmed, leaving them exposed to the harassing of a powerful and, dreaded enemy. Even now, though the use of steam vessels has, put an end to piracy from outside, the same fatal system still is, followed. The peaceful country folk are deprived of arms and thus, made unable to defend themselves against the bandits, or, tulisanes, which the government cannot restrain. It is an, encouragement to banditry thus to make easy its getting booty., Morga's remark that the Filipinos like fish better when it is, commencing to turn bad is another of those prejudices which, Spaniards like all other nations, have. In matters of food, each is, nauseated with what he is unaccustomed to or doesn't know is, eatable. The English, for example, find their gorge rising when they, see a Spaniard eating snails, while in turn the Spanish find roast, beef English-style repugnant and can't understand the relish of, other Europeans for beef steak a la Tartar which to them is simply, raw meat. The Chinamen, who likes shark's meat, cannot bear, Roquefort cheese, and these examples might be indefinitely, extended. The Filipinos favorite fish dish is the bagong and, whoever has tried to eat it knows that it is not considered, improved when tainted. It neither is, nor ought to be, decayed., The cannon foundry mentioned by Morga as in the walled, city was probably on the site of the Tagalog one which was, destroyed by fire on the first coming of the Spaniards. That, established in 1584 was in Lamayan, that is, Santa Ana now, and, was transferred to the old site in 1590. It continued to work until, 1805. According to Gaspar San Augustin, the cannon which the, pre-Spanish Filipinos cast were "as great as those of Malaga,", Spain's foundry. The Filipino plant was burned with all that was in, it save a dozen large cannons and some smaller pieces which the, Spanish invaders took back with them to Panay. The rest of their, artillery equipment had been thrown by the Manilans, then Moros,, into the sea when they recognized their defeat., Malate, better Maalat, was where the Tagalog aristocracy, lived after they were dispossessed by the Spaniards of their old, homes in what is now the walled city of Manila. Among the Malate, residents were the families of Raja Matanda and Raja Soliman. The, men had various positions in Manila and some were employed in, government work nearby. "They were very courteous and wellmannered," says San Agustin. "The women were very expert in, lace-making, so much so that they were not at all behind the, women of Flanders.", Morga's statement that there was not a province or town of, the Filipinos that resisted conversion or did not want it may have, been true of the civilized natives. But the contrary was the fact, among the mountain tribes. We have the testimony of several, Dominican and Augustinian missionaries that it was impossible to, go anywhere to make conversions without other Filipinos along, and a guard of soldiers. "Otherwise, says Gaspan de San Agustin,, there would have been no fruit of the Evangelic Doctrine gathered,, for the infidels wanted to kill the Friars who came to preach to, them." An example of this method of conversion given by the same, writer was a trip to the mountains by two Friars who had a, numerous escort of Pampangans. The escort's leader was Don, Agustin Sonson who had a reputation for daring and carried fire, and sword into the country, killing many, including the chief,, Kabadi., { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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"The Spaniards," says Morga, "were accustomed to hold as, slaves such natives as they bought and others that they took in, the forays in the conquest or pacification of the islands.", Consequently in this respect the "pacifiers" introduced no moral, improvement. We even do not know if in their wars the Filipinos, used to make slaves of each other, though that would not have, been strange, for the chroniclers tell of captives returned to their, own people. The practice of the Southern pirates, almost proves, this, although in these piratical wars the Spaniards were the first, aggressors and gave them their character., What is Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas?, It was one of the important works on the early history of, the Spanish colonization of the Philippines pulished in Mexico in, 1609 by Antonio de Morga; annotated by Jose Rizal with a, prologue by Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt., Antonio de Morga was a Spanish conquistador, government, official, and historical anthropologist; author of Sucesos De Las, Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Islands). He was a, doctorate in canon law and civil law., He wrote the first lay formal history of the Philippines, conquest by Spain. His history is valuable in that Morga had, access to the survivors of the earliest days of the colony and he,, himself, participated in many of the accounts that he rendered., The book (Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas) narrates the, history of wars, intrigues, diplomacy and evangelization of the, Philippines in a somewhat disjointed way., Modern historians (including Rizal) have noted that Morga, has a definite bias and would often distort facts or even rely on, invention to fit his defense of the Spanish conquest., Morga's purpose for Writing Sucesos, Morga wrote that the purpose for writing Sucesos was so, he could chronicle "the deeds achieved by our Spaniards i the, discovery, conquest, and conversion of the Filipinas Islands - as, well as various fortunes that they have from time to time in the, great kingdoms and among the pagan peoples surrounding the, islands. ", Taking issue with the scopes of these claims, Rizal argued, that the conversion and conquest were not as widespread as, portrayed because the missionaries were only successful in, conquering a portion of the population of certain Islands., Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas, CHAPTER 1 : Magellan and Legazpi's seminal expeditions., CHAPTERS 2 - 7: Chronological report on gov't, administration under Governor-General., CHAPTER 8 : Philippine Islands, the natives there, their, antiquity, custom and government., What leads Jose Rizal to Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas?, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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1. Rizal was an earnest seeker of truth and this marked, him as a historian., 2. He had a burning desire to know exactly the conditions, of the Philippines when the Spaniards came ashore to the islands, 3. His theory was that the country was economically selfsufficient and prosperous . Entertained the idea that it had a lively, and vigorous community., 4. He believed the conquest of the Spaniards contributed, in part to the decline of the Philippine's rich tradition and culture., Rizal's annotation of Morga's Sucesos, 1. Rizal commits the error of many historians in, appraising the events of the past in the light of present, standards., 2. Rizal's attacks on the church were unfair and, unjustified because the abuses of the friars should not, be construed to mean the Catholicism is bad., Ferdinand Blumentritt also wrote a preface emphasizing some, salient points:, 1. The Spaniards have to correct their erroneous, conception of the filipinos as children of limited intelligence., 2. That there existed three kinds of Spanish delusions, about the Philippines:,  Filipinos were an inferior race., were not, ready, for, parliamentary,  Filipinos, representation and other reforms,  Denial of equal rights can be compensated by strict, dispensation of justice, 3 Main Propositions in Rizal's New Edition of Morga's Sucesos, 1. The people of the Philippines had a culture on their own,, before the coming of the Spaniards, 2. Filipinos were decimated, demoralized, exploited and, ruined by the Spanish colonization, 3. The present state of the Philippines was not necessarily, superior to its past., RIZAL'S ANNOTATION, In his historical essay, which includes the narration of, Philippine colonial history, punctuated as it was with incidences of, agony, tensions, tragedies and prolonged periods of suffering that, many of people had been subjected to. He correctly observed that, as a colony of Spain, "The Philippines was depopulated,, impoverished and retarded, astounded by metaphor sis, with no, confidence in her past, still without faith in her present and, without faltering hope in the future.", He went to say:, "... little by little, they (Filipinos) lost their old traditions,, the mementoes of their past; they gave up their writing, their, songs, their poems, their laws, in order to learn other doctrines, which they did not understand, another morality, another, aesthetics, different from those inspired by their climate and their, manner of thinking. They declined, degrading themselves in their, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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own eyes. They become ashamed of what was their own; they, began to admire and praise whatever was foreign and, incomprehensible; their spirit was damaged and it surrendered.", Rizal's Annotation of Morga's Sucesos, To the Filipinos: "In my "NOLI ME TANGERE" I commenced, to sketch the present conditions obtaining in our country. The, effect produced by my efforts gave me to understand - before, proceeding to develop before your eyes other successive scenes that is necessary to first lay bare the past, in order the better to, judge the present and to survey the road trodden during three, centuries.", Like almost all of you, I was born and brought up in, ignorance of our country's past and so, without knowledge or, authority to speak of what I neither saw nor have studied, I deem, it necessary to quote the testimony of an illustrious Spaniard who, in the beginning of the new era controlled the destinies of the, Philippines and had personal knowledge of our ancient nationality, in its last days., It is then the shade of our ancestor's civilization which the, author will call before you. . . If the work serves to awaken in you, a consciousness of our past, and to blot from your memory or to, rectify what has been falsified or is calumny, then I shall not have, labored in vain. With this preparation, slight though it may be, we, can all pass to the study of the future. - Jose Rizal, The "SUCESOS" as annotated by Rizal, appeared for the, first time in the Philippines sixty eight years later when a, publisher in Manila, published the new work in 1958, to, contribute his bit to the national effort to honor Rizal. The present, work is the sixth volume of the Series of Writings of Jose Rizal, which the Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission has no, published in commemoration of his birth., “To foretell the destiny of a nation, it is necessary to open, the books that tell of her past." - Jose Rizal, NOLI ME TANGERE, , fidelity, , CROSS- sufferings, POMELO BLOSSOMS AND LAUREL LEAVES- honor and, , SILHOUETTE OF A FILIPINA- maria Clara, BURNING TORCH- rage and passion, SUNFLOWERS- enlightenment, BAMBOO STALKS THAT WERE CUT DOWN BUT GREW, BACK- resilience, A MAN IN A CASSOCK WITH HAIRY FEET- priests using, religion in a dirty way, CHAINS- slavery, WHIPS- cruelties, HELMET OF THE GUARDIA CIVIL- arrogance of those in, authority, The Main Characters of Noli me Tangere, Crisostomo Ibarra, Elias, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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Maria Clara, María Clara de los Santos, Padre Damaso, Pilosopo Tacio, The Espadañas, Doña Victorina, Doña Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña, Crisostomo Ibarra (Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin), Crisostomo Ibarra is depicted as one of the Filipinos who, managed to finish their studies abroad. He had been living abroad, for seven years. Unlike his countrymen, he has a liberal mind,, outspoken and idealistic., Crisostomo Ibarra was the son of Don Rafael, one the, wealthiest businessmen in San Diego. As such, he was also a, childhood friend of Maria Clara. He is a very patient and serious, man but when he provoked, he becomes very violent and, impulsive., Crisostomo Ibarra's great-grandfather was Don Pedro, Eibarramendia, an old, sunken-eyed Basque, who spoke Tagalog, well in his deep, hollow voice. His grandfather was Don Saturnino,, a Spanish mestizo who settled in San Diego and devoted himself in, planting and harvesting indigo. Despite his quiet but cruel, disposition, he managed to secure his father's tomb in the old, balite tree but rarely visited it. His son, Don Rafael, pursued, agriculture and encouraged their neighbors to do so. This made, the town of San Diego prosperous., Crisostomo Ibarra exemplified the vision that Jose Rizal, had aimed for the youth of the Philippines during his time. Others, attribute Ibarra as Rizal’s reflection of himself., Maria Clara, Maria Clara has an eyes like her mother. Its large black, orbs were large, had long lashes, and showed emotions openly., Her thick light-colored hair had curls and often strewn with, fragrant flowers. Her small shapely ears were assumed to be from, her father, Capitan Tiago, and her straight nose was just right., Her small mouth had dimples at the sides and her fair skin was as, fine as onion skins., Maria Clara often wore dainty dresses and religious, artifacts (such as rosaries and a locket that contained a sliver from, St Peter's boat). She also carries a silk pouch which holds Ibarra's, farewell letter. She sometimes carries a fan which she uses to hide, her face when embarrassed., Maria Clara's character is related to Rizal's childhood, sweetheart, Leonor Rivera. Like the real life Leonor, she plays the, piano and the harp and has a sweet voice. She was portrayed as a, faithful sweetheart, a good friend, and an obedient daughter. She, portrayed as the ideal woman during her time. She does not, impose her will except when she refused being married off to, Linares., Maria Clara had childish simplicity despite being showered, with love and attention by everyone. She gets easily nervous, especially when her loved ones are in trouble. She had shown her, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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love to Ibarra with such modesty that remained unsullied of, impure ideas., Maria Clara symbolizes the purity and innocence of a, sheltered native woman during the time of Spanish occupation., She does not value material things that were abundantly bestowed, upon her by admirers and family alike but holds in high esteem, her parents’ honor and the promise she had given to her, sweetheart., Padre Damaso (Padre Damaso Verdolagas), Dámaso Verdolagas, or Padre Dámaso is a Franciscan friar, and the former parish curate of San Diego. He is best known as a, notorious character who speaks with harsh words and has been a, cruel priest during his stay in the town. He is the real father of, María Clara and an enemy of Crisóstomo's father, Rafael Ibarra., Later, he and María Clara had bitter arguments whether she, would marry Alfonso Linares or go to a convent. At the end of the, novel, he is again re-assigned to a distant town and is found dead, one day., He symbolizes the Spanish friars of Rizal's time and is a, comment on the Spanish control of the Philippines., Elias, , Elias is a former boatman who became one of the most, wanted criminals in San Diego. He distrusts human judgment and, prefers God's justice instead. He is acquainted with the tulisanes, and other crooks, which he uses to his advantage in discerning the, troubles of the town., Elias used to have an affluent life with his twin sister. He, was educated in a Jesuit College with servants that wait upon, him. He prefers a revolution over the reforms that Ibarra has been, inclined to believe in., Elias represents the common Filipino who is not only, aware of the injustices done to their countrymen but would also, like to deliver them from their oppressors. He is said to be the, personification of Andres Bonifacio., Pilosopo Tacio, Filosofo Tacio, known by his Filipinized name Pilosopo, Tasyo, is another major character in the story. Seeking for reforms, from the government, he expresses his ideals in paper written in a, cryptographic alphabet similar from hieroglyphs and Coptic figures, hoping "that the future generations may be able to decipher it" and, realized the abuse and oppression done by the conquerors., His full name is only known as Don Anastasio. The, educated inhabitants of San Diego labeled him as Filosofo Tacio, (Tacio the Sage) while others called him as Tacio el Loco (Tacio the, Insane) due to his exceptional talent for reasoning., Tasio comes from a rich family. He is often the pessimist, and is untrusting of human altruism. He also does not believe in, the religious fanaticism that was in vogue during his time., Tasio is one of the characters in the novel that Rizal can, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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relate to, as the former is patterned after the latter's oldest, brother, Paciano Rizal., Tasio symbolizes the learned Filipinos who had once, embraced the culture of the Spanish regime. They eventually, became disenchanted when they return to the Philippines and, observe the stark contrast their countrymen receive from their, colonizers. The more they turn to learning, the more they become, eccentric to the masses they seek to enlighten., Padre Salvi (Symbolizes the lecherous friars of Rizal's time), He has a secret admiration to Maria Clara. On the Later, part of the story he and padre Damaso devised a plan to break, Ibarra and Maria Clara apart., , The Undesirables, These are characters that portray the pervading social, cancer in the novels of Rizal - The Espadañas, These are characters that portray the pervading social, cancer in the novels of Rizal - The Espadañas, Capitán Tiago,, Doña Victorina, Don Tiburcio de Espadana, Donya Concolacion, Capitán Tiago, Don Santiago de los Santos, known by his nickname Tiago, and political title Capitán Tiago is a Filipino businessman and the, cabeza de barangay or head of barangay of the town of San Diego., He is also the known father of María Clara., In the novel, it is said that Capitán Tiago is the richest, man in the region of Binondo and he possessed real properties in, Pampanga and Laguna de Bay. He is also said to be a good, Catholic, friend of the Spanish government and was considered as, a Spanish by colonialists. Capitán Tiago never attended school, so, he became a domestic helper of a Dominican friar who taught him, informal education., Capitan Tiago was a typical character during the time of, Jose Rizal. He is a rich native-born Filipino who rubbed elbows, with the powers that be during that time. He symbolizes the rich, Filipinos who oppress their fellow countrymen in exchange for the, influence and the riches that they might gain from their powerful, associations., Donya Consolacion, Her adulation of the Spaniards leads her to imitate the, very actions and attitudes of the Spanish women. She symbolizes, the Filipinos in society who are ashamed of their race and, nationality., Commonly known as Doña Victorina, is an ambitious, Filipina who classifies herself as a Spanish and mimics Spanish, ladies by putting on heavy make-up.The novel narrates Doña, Victorina's younger days: she had lots of admirers, but she did not, choose any of them because nobody was a Spaniard. Later on, she, met and married Don Tiburcio de Espadaña, an official of the, customs bureau who is about ten years her junior However, their, marriage is childless., As one of the lesser evils in the novel, Doña Victorina, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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symbolizes those who have a distorted view of their identity., Everything that is indigenous is inferior and everything foreign as, superior. It is the comedic form of ‘’colonial mentality.’’, Don Tiburcio de Espadana, Don Tiburcio is the husband of Doña Victorina. He was, introduced as one of the invited guests of Capitan Tiago in the, latter's welcome party for Juan Crisostomo Ibarra. He was known, for charging exorbitant fees for his medical treatment., Don Tiburcio was intially a low rank official in the, Customs., Don Tiburcio is a caricature of ignorant Spaniards who, wreak havoc in the provinces during the colonial era. His, countrymen condone his actions for they do not want him to, become a burden to them., The Supporting Characters (Victims of poverty and ignorance), Sisa, Crispín, and Basilio represent a Filipino family, persecuted by the Spanish authorities., Sisa, Sisa (Narcisa) was the typical native wife. She endured her, husband's beatings and irresponsibility. She had been stripped of, her few jewels by her husband, Pedro, an inveterate gambler., Despite the abuse, she considered him her god., Sisa was described as a mother who considers her sons, her only treasure. She would often anticipate when they return, home as she would prepare their favorite dishes. She remembers, each son's features and when alone, remembers moments when, her sons were with her., Sisa is thought to have represented the motherland who, was suffering as her character have suffered with the loss of her, children. The tragic events that ruined her life represented the, abuse that the motherland received from her colonizers., Basilio, Sisa's 10-year-old son. An acolyte tasked to ring the, church bells for the Angelus, he faced the dread of losing his, younger brother and the descent of his mother into insanity. At, the end of the novel, Elías wished Basilio to bury him by burning, in exchange for a chest of gold located on his death ground. He, will later play a major role in El Filibusterismo., Crispin represents the innocents who have been wrongly, accused of the crime they did not commit. The injustice they, suffered under the hands of the authorities during their time were, silenced by their deaths and the cover-ups that follow it., Crispin and his brother, Basilio were introduced in, Chapter 15. He is a sacristan who had been accused of stealing, two gold pieces by the senior sacristan. Although he had implored, his older brother to pay for the said amount, the latter refuses as, their mother would have nothing to eat. He had not been eating, and he misses his mother for he had not gone home since the, money disappeared. He was last seen being dragged away from his, brother after pealing the bells. When his mother visited him, he is, said to have run away., { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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Crispin represents the innocents who have been wrongly, accused of the crime they did not commit. The injustice they, suffered under the hands of the authorities during their time were, silenced by their deaths and the cover-ups that follow it., Due to their tragic but endearing story, these characters, are often parodied in modern Filipino popular culture., Summary, Noli Me Tangere takes place in the Philippines during the, time of Spanish colonization. In the opening scene, a wealthy and, influential Filipino man named Captain Tiago hosts a dinner party, to welcome Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin back to the, Philippines. Ibarra has spent the last seven years studying in, Europe. In talking to the various guests at Captain Tiago’s dinner, party, he discovers that his father, Don Rafael, recently died,, though he doesn’t know why or how. During the dinner, Father, Dámaso, a loud-mouthed friar Ibarra has known since childhood,, stands up and insults Ibarra, disparaging him for having traveled, to Europe to pursue an education he could have obtained in the, Philippines. In response, Ibarra swallows his pride and refrains, from directing insults at the half-drunk friar. Instead, he leaves, the dinner early, ignoring Captain Tiago’s plea that he stay a little, longer in order to see his fiancée (and Captain Tiago’s daughter),, María Clara., On his way home, Ibarra walks with Señor Guevara, a, lieutenant of the Civil Guard, Spain’s colonial armed forces that, police the Philippines. The lieutenant explains that a few months, after Ibarra left, Father Dámaso accused Don Rafael of not going to, confession. Don Rafael was a very powerful man, which meant he, had many enemies in both the Spanish government and in the, church. The lieutenant tells Ibarra that one day Don Rafael came, upon a government tax collector beating a boy in the street. When, Rafael interfered, he accidentally pushed the man too hard,, causing the tax collector to hit his head on a rock. This injury, eventually led to the man’s death, and Ibarra’s father was thrown, in jail and accused of subversion and heresy. At this point, Father, Dámaso heaped new accusations on him and everybody, abandoned him. By the time he was finally proven innocent,, Guevara explains, Don Rafael had already died in prison., El Filibusterismo, El Filibusterismo, also known by its English title The Reign, of Greed, is the second novel written by Jose Rizal and the sequel, to Noli Me Tangere. Published in 1891, it continues the Noli's, criticisms of the abuses and corruption perpetrated by the, Spanish government., Simoun, Crisostomo Ibarra, who was the main character in Noli Me, Tangere, comes back as Simoun. He was described as a rich, bearded jeweler who likes to wear blue tinted glasses., Simoun is the main character of the sequel novel and is, known as a confidant of the Captain General, who became a, cynical saboteur who sought revenge against the Spanish regime, by masterminding a revolution. Simoun’s tactic was to influence, the decisions of the Captain General so that he will make bad, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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decisions, which would cause a revolution to break out., He sides with the upper classes and advises to abuse the, Filipinos so that the Filipino masses will have a reason to revolt, against the Spanish occupants., Two reasons why Simoun is instigating a revolution is to, rescue Maria Clara from the convent and to admonish the ills and, evils of the Philippine society. However, his cover is blown and his, true identity discovered by a boy named Basilio. This happened, while Basilio was visiting the grave of his mother Sisa, who was a, significant character in Noli me Tangere., Simoun offered to make Basilio his accomplice, but the boy, declined., Male Characters, Another major character in El Filibusterismo is Kabesang, Tales, who was a former cabeza de barangay of the Sagpang. He, resurfaces as the most feared bandit in Luzon named, Matanglawin., Don Custodio is a known journalist who is asked by the, students about Academia de Castellano. Don Custodio married a, rich woman to become part of Manila’s high society., Isagani is Basilio’s friend who removed the explosive lamp, from Kapitan Tiyago’s house and prevents Simoun from being, successful in his plans to blow up the house of the Kapitan., Female Characters, Paulita Gomez is the girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of, Dona Victorina, who is a Peninsular., Macaraig is a classmate of Isagani at the University of, Santo Tomas and a rich student who serves as the leader of, students who wish for the construction of the Academia de, Castellano., Father Florentino is Isagani’s godfather and is a seculiar, priest who was engaged to be married., Other Characters, Other characters of Jose Rizal’s El Filibusterismo are Dona, Victorina, Father Florentino. Juli San Jose, Juanito Pelaez, Father, Camorra, Ben-Zayb, Placido Penitente, Hermana Penchang,, Tiburcio de Espadana, Father Irone, Quiroga, Don Timoteo Pelaez,, Tandang Selo, Father Fernandez, Sandoval, Hermana Bali, Father, Millon, Tadeo, Leeds, Tano, Pepay, Pecson, Pecson and Father, Hernando de la Sibyla., Simoun – Crisóstomo Ibarra in disguise, presumed dead at, the end of Noli Me Tángere. Ibarra has returned as the wealthy, jeweler Simoun. His appearance is described as being tanned,, having a sparse beard, long white hair, and large blue-tinted, glasses. He was sometimes crude and confrontational. He was, derisively described by Custodio and Ben-Zayb as an American, mulatto or a British Indian. While presenting as the arrogant, elitist on the outside, he secretly plans a violent revolution in order, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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to avenge himself for his misfortunes as Crisóstomo Ibarra, as well, as hasten Elias' reformist goals., Basilio – son of Sisa and another character from Noli Me, Tángere. In the events of El fili, he is an aspiring and so far, successful physician on his last year at university and was waiting, for his license to be released upon his graduation. After his, mother's death in the Noli, he applied as a servant in Kapitán, Tiago's household in exchange for food, lodging, and being allowed, to study. Eventually he took up medicine, and with Tiago having, retired from society, he also became the manager of Tiago's vast, estate. He is a quiet, contemplative man who is more aware of his, immediate duties as a servant, doctor, and member of the student, association than he is of politics or patriotic endeavors. His, sweetheart is Juli, the daughter of Kabesang Tales whose family, took him in when he was a young boy fleeing the Guardia Civil, and his deranged mother., Isagani – Basilio's friend. He is described as a poet, taller, and more robust than Basilio although younger. He is the nephew, of Padre Florentino, but is also rumored to be Florentino's son, with his old sweetheart before he was ordained as a priest. During, the events of the novel, Isagani is finishing his studies at the, Ateneo Municipal and is planning to take medicine. A member of, the student association, Isagani is proud and naive, and tends to, put himself on the spot when his ideals are affronted. His, unrestrained idealism and poeticism clash with the more practical, and mundane concerns of his girlfriend, Paulita Gomez. When, Isagani allows himself to be arrested after their association is, outlawed, Paulita leaves him for Juanito Peláez. In his final, mention in the novel, he was bidding goodbye to his landlords, the, Orenda family, to stay with Florentino permanently., Father Florentino – Isagani's uncle and a retired priest., Florentino was the son of a wealthy and influential Manila family., He entered the priesthood at the insistence of his mother. As a, result he had to break an affair with a woman he loved, and in, despair devoted himself instead to his parish. When the 1872, Cavite mutiny broke out, he promptly resigned from the, priesthood, fearful of drawing unwanted attention. He was an, indio and a secular, or a priest that was unaffiliated with the, orders, and yet his parish drew in a huge income. He retired to his, family's large estate along the shores of the Pacific. He is described, as white-haired, with a quiet, serene personality and a strong, build. He did not smoke or drink. He was well respected by his, peers, even by Spanish friars and officials., Father Fernández – a Dominican who was a friend of, Isagani. Following the incident with the posters, he invited Isagani, to a dialogue, not so much as a teacher with his student but as a, friar with a Filipino. Although they failed to resolve their, differences, they each promised to approach their colleagues with, the opposing views from the other party – although both feared, that given the animosity that existed between their sides, their, own compatriots may not believe in the other party's existence., Kapitán Tiago – Don Santiago de los Santos. María Clara's, stepfather. Having several landholdings in Pampanga, Binondo,, and Laguna, as well as taking ownership of the Ibarras' vast, estate, Tiago still fell into depression following María's entry into, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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the convent. He alleviated this by smoking opium, which quickly, became an uncontrolled vice, exacerbated by his association with, Padre Írene who regularly supplied him with the substance. Tiago, hired Basilio as a capista, a servant who given the opportunity to, study as part of his wages; Basilio eventually pursued medicine, and became his caregiver and the manager of his estate. Tiago, died of shock upon hearing of Basilio's arrest and Padre Írene's, embellished stories of violent revolt., Captain-General – the highest-ranking official in the, Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. The CaptainGeneral in El Fili is Simoun's friend and confidant, and is, described as having an insatiable lust for gold. Simoun met him, when he was still a major during the Ten Years' War in Cuba. He, secured the major's friendship and promotion to Captain-General, through bribes. When he was posted in the Philippines, Simoun, used him as a pawn in his own power plays to drive the country, into revolution. The Captain-General was shamed into not, extending his tenure after being rebuked by a high official in the, aftermath of Basilio's imprisonment. This decision to retire would, later on prove to be a crucial element to Simoun's schemes., Father Bernardo Salví – the former parish priest of San, Diego in Noli Me Tángere, and now the director and chaplain of the, Santa Clara convent. The epilogue of the Noli implies that Salví, regularly rapes María Clara when he is present at the convent. In, El fili, he is described as her confessor. In spite of reports of, Ibarra's death, Salví believes that he is still alive and lives in, constant fear of his revenge., Father Millon – a Dominican who serves as a physics, professor in the University of Santo Tomas., Quiroga – a Chinese businessman who aspired to be a, consul for China in the Philippines. Simoun coerced Quiroga into, hiding weapons inside the latter's warehouses in preparation for, the revolution., Don Custodio – Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de, Monteredondo, a famous "contractor" who was tasked by the, Captain-General to develop the students association's proposal for, an academy for the teaching of Spanish, but was then also under, pressure from the priests not to compromise their prerogatives as, monopolizers of instruction. Some of the novel's most scathing, criticism is reserved for Custodio, who is portrayed as an, opportunist who married his way into high society, who regularly, criticized favored ideas that did not come from him, but was, ultimately, laughably incompetent in spite of his scruples., Ben-Zayb – A columnist for the Manila Spanish newspaper, El Grito de la Integridad. Ben-Zayb is his pen name and is an, anagram of Ybanez, an alternate spelling of his last name Ibañez., His first name is not mentioned. Ben-Zayb is said to have the, looks of a friar, who believes that in Manila they think because he, thinks. He is deeply patriotic, sometimes to the point of jingoism., As a journalist he has no qualms embellishing a story, conflating, and butchering details, turning phrases over and over, making a, mundane story sound better than it actually is. Father Camorra, derisively calls him an ink-slinger., Father Camorra – the parish priest of Tiani. Ben-Zayb's, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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regular foil, he is said to look like an artilleryman in counterpoint, to Ben-Zayb's friar looks. He stops at nothing to mock and, humiliate Ben-Zayb's liberal pretensions. In his own parish,, Camorra has a reputation for unrestrained lustfulness. He drives, Juli into suicide after attempting to rape her inside the convent., For his misbehavior he was "detained" in a luxurious riverside villa, just outside Manila., Father Írene – Kapitán Tiago's spiritual adviser. Along with, Custodio, Írene is severely criticized as a representative of priests, who allied themselves with temporal authority for the sake of, power and monetary gain. Known to many as the final authority, who Don Custodio consults, the student association sought his, support and gifted him with two chestnut-colored horses, yet he, betrayed the students by counseling Custodio into making them, fee collectors in their own school, which was then to be, administered by the Dominicans instead of being a secular and, privately managed institution as the students envisioned. Írene, secretly but regularly supplies Kapitán Tiago with opium while, exhorting Basilio to do his duty. Írene embellished stories of panic, following the outlawing of the student association Basilio was part, of, hastening Kapitán Tiago's death. With Basilio in prison, he, then struck Basilio out of Tiago's last will and testament, ensuring, he inherited nothing., Placido Penitente – a student of the University of Santo, Tomas who had a distaste for study and would have left school if it, were not for his mother's pleas for him to stay. He clashes with his, physics professor, who then accuses him of being a member of the, student association, whom the friars despise. Following the, confrontation, he meets Simoun at the Quiapo Fair. Seeing, potential in Placido, Simoun takes him along to survey his, preparations for the upcoming revolution. The following morning, Placido has become one of Simoun's committed followers. He is, later seen with the former schoolmaster of San Diego, who was, now Simoun's bomb-maker., Paulita Gómez – the girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of, Doña Victorina, the old Indio who passes herself off as a, Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack doctor Tiburcio de, Espadaña. In the end, she and Isagani part ways, Paulita believing, she will have no future if she marries him. She eventually marries, Juanito Peláez., Characters from Barrio Sagpang:, Kabesang Tales – Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former kabesa, of Barrio Sagpang in Tiani. He was a sugarcane planter who, cleared lands he thought belonged to no one, losing his wife and, eldest daughter in the endeavor. When the Dominicans took over, his farm, he fought to his last money to have it retained in his, possession. While his suit against the Dominicans was ongoing, he, was kidnapped by bandits while he was out patrolling his fields., Having no money to pay his captors, his daughter Juli was forced, to become a maid in exchange for her mistress paying his ransom., When his son Tano was conscripted into the Guardia Civil, again, Tales had no money to pay for Tano's exclusion from the draft., When in spite of all Tales lost the case, he not only lost his farm, but was also dealt with a heavy fine. He later joined the bandits, and became one of their fiercest commanders. Tandang Selo, his, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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father, would later on join his band after the death of Juli., Tandang Selo – father of Kabesang Tales and grandfather, of Tano and Juli. A deer hunter and later on a broom-maker, he, and Tales took in the young, sick Basilio who was then fleeing, from the Guardia Civil. On Christmas Day, when Juli left to be, with her mistress, Selo suffered some form of stroke that impaired, his ability to speak. After Juli's suicide, Selo left town, permanently, taking with him his hunting spear. He was later seen, with the bandits and was killed in an encounter with the Guardia, Civil – ironically by the gun of the troops' sharpshooter Tano, his, grandson., Juli – Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the, youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales. When Tales was captured, by bandits, Juli petitioned Hermana Penchang to pay for his, ransom. In exchange, she had to work as Penchang's maid. Basilio, ransomed her and bought a house for her family. When Basilio, was sent to prison, Juli approached Tiani's curate, Padre Camorra,, for help. When Camorra tried to rape her instead, Juli jumped to, her death from the church's tower., Tano – Kabesang Tales's son, second to Lucia who died in, childhood. He was nicknamed "Carolino" after returning from, Guardia Civil training in the Carolines. His squad was escorting, prisoners through a road that skirted a mountain when they were, ambushed by bandits. In the ensuing battle, Tano, the squad's, sharpshooter, killed a surrendering bandit from a distance, not, knowing it was his own grandfather Selo., Hermana Penchang – the one among the "rich folks" of, Tiani who lent Juli money to ransom Kabesang Tales from the, bandits. In return, Juli will serve as her maid until the money was, paid off. Penchang is described as a pious woman who speaks, Spanish; however, her piety was clouded over by the virtues, taught by the friars. While Juli was in her service, she made her, work constantly, refusing to give her time off so she can take care, of her grandfather Selo. Nevertheless, when the rich folks of Tiani, shunned Juli because to support her family in any way might earn, some form of retribution from the friars, Penchang was the only, one who took pity upon her., Hermana Báli – Juli's mother-figure and counselor. She, accompanied Juli in her efforts to secure Kabesang Tales' ransom, and later on Basilio's release. Báli was a panguinguera – a gambler, – who once performed religious services in a Manila convent. When, Tales was captured by bandits, it was Báli who suggested to Juli, the idea to borrow money from Tiani's wealthy citizens, payable, when Tales' legal dispute over his farm was won., Student association for the teaching of Spanish:, Macaraig – the leader. He is described as wealthy, with his, own coach, driver, and set of horses. He is said to own several, houses, and that he is lending one to serve as the schoolhouse for, their planned Spanish language academy. After the outlawing of, the group, he was the first to post bail. He then left the country, after his release., Sandoval – a Peninsular who had come to Manila as a, government employee and was finishing his studies, and who had, { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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completely identified himself with the cause of the Filipino, students. After the outlawing of the group, he still managed to, pass his courses through sheer oratorical skill., Pecson – described as chubby, pessimistic, and having an, annoying grin. He is Sandoval's regular foil when Sandoval, launches into any kind of patriotic, optimistic speech. After they, receive disappointing news about their Spanish language academy, project, it was Pecson who suggested a torch-lit dinner at the, Panciteria Macanista de Buen Gusto, just a block away from the, Binondo Church and Convent, served by naked Chinese waiters., From there Sandoval and Pecson became more gracious to each, other., Tadeo – a truant and charlatan who regularly dreamed of, an eternal "holiday" from school, but was all the same beloved by, professors and passed courses. A longtime Manila resident, he is, seen having fun by telling outrageous stories about himself to a, newcomer student from his home province. After the outlawing of, the group, he alone seemed to welcome imprisonment as it meant, not going to school. His holiday realized at last, he "celebrated" by, setting up a bonfire using his books upon his release., Juanito Peláez – Isagani's rival for Paulita Gomez's, affection. He was the son of a Timoteo Peláez, a metalworks trader., He was a favorite of his professors. A regular prankster, he was, said to have developed a hump by playing some trick and then, hunching behind his classmates. He paid his dues to the student, association, but broke away just as easily when the association, was outlawed. Following Isagani's arrest, Paulita breaks off from, Isagani to marry Juanito., , { PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT } | P a g e

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