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12. Adverbial clauses & phrases: Contrast, , You use contrast clauses & phrases, when you want to make two, statements, & one of the statements, makes the other seem surprising., The contrast clause is introduced by, conjunctions such as ‘although,’ ‘in, spite of’ or ‘though.’, , The contrast clause can come before, or after the independent clause.

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1 When you simply want to contrast two surprising, statements, you use ‘although,’ ‘though’ or ‘even, though.’, , Although he was late, he stopped to buy a sandwich., Though he has lived for years in London, he writes in, , German., 1 used to love listening to her even though I could only, , understand about half of what she said., , However, to add emphasis to the contrast, you can, use words like ‘still,’ ‘nevertheless’ or ‘just the same’ in, , the independent clause., , Although I was shocked, | still couldnt blame him., Although his company is profitable, it nevertheless needs to, face up to some serious problems., , Although she hated them, she agreed to help them just the, same., , When the subject of the contrast clause & the, independent clause are the same, you can often omit, the subject & the verb ‘be’ in the contrast clause., , Although poor, we still have our pride., (= Although we are poor, we still have our pride.), Though dying of cancer, he painted every day., (= Though he was dying of cancer, he painted every, day.)

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2 Another way of making a surprising contrast is to, use ‘despite’ or ‘in spite of,’ followed by a noun group., , Despite the difference in their ages, they were close friends., In spite of poor health, my father was always cheerful., , PZT You say ‘in spite of,’ but you do not say, ‘despite of.’ In other words, you say ‘despite’ without ‘of.’

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3 You can also use a present participle after, ‘despite’ or ‘in spite of.’, , Despite working hard, I failed my exams., Conservative MPs are against tax rises in spite of wanting, , lower inflation.

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4 You can also use ‘despite the fact that’ or ‘in spite, of the fact that,’ with an independent clause., , Despite the fact that it sounds like science fiction, most of it, is technically possible at this moment., They ignored this order in spite of the fact that they would, , probably get into trouble., , It is possible to omit ‘that,’ especially in spoken, English., , He insisted on playing in spite of the fact he had a bad, cold., , He insisted, ov! playing in, Spite of Ehe, fact hehoda, , bad cold.