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GETROINTESTINAL AGENT, • The gastrointestinal agents are reduced to three major categories. First,, anti-ulcer, • agents act by reducing the stomach acid content either by directly, neutralizing H+, • or, • reducing the amount of acid produced. Some anti-ulcer agents may act to, coat existing, • ulcers to prevent further damage. Second, anti-emetics act on centers in, the brain to, • reduce the incidence of vomiting. The final category serves to either speed, up or slow, • down the intestinal system. This is accomplished by either increasing or, decreasing the, • water content of the stool or by increasing/decreasing gastrointestinal, motility
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ACIDIFIYING AGENT, • The condition of the absence of HCL, in the gastric Secretion, {achlorhydria} my be due to free of, gestric hydrochloric acid after, stimulation with histamins, phosphate or due to a lack of gastric, hydrochloric acid through there may, be stimulation by histamins.
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• The First Condition is found in person with a, gastectomy carcinoma atrophic gastritis of the, stomach or gastric polyps., • The second condition is caused by chronic, nephritis and alcoholism ,Tuberculosis, ,Hyperthyroidism, etc, • Acidifying agent given orally after absorption, hydrogen is formed.
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• Ammonium nitrate Ammonium chloride are, used as a acidifying agent., • Liver converts ammonium ions to urea which, is then excreted as diuretics., • When the PH of the gastric contents drops, below 6,pepsin is formed from pepsinogen, and its activity is greatest below PH 3.5 thus a, scarcity of HCL of responsible for GI disorders.
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DILUTE HCL, • Dilute HCL is 9.5 to 10.5% w/v of HCL, Prepared by mixing HCL (274g) with water, (726g)., • Its stored below 300 C in airtight containers of, glass., • When dilute HCL is further dilute with 25 to 50, volume of water it my be used as a gastric, acidifier to treat achlorhdria caused due to, low level of HCL on gastric juice
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ANTACID, • Antacids are substance which reduce gastric, acidity, Resulting in the PH of the stomach and, duodenum., • In addition to increase of PH above 4, they inhibit, the proteolytic Activity of pepsin., • They produce Symptomatic relief of the, uncomfortable feeling from overeating,, heartburn and a growing hungry feeling between, meals., • Cretan antacids like sodium bicarbonate may, raise it above PH 7.
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ANTACIDS, • The stomach PH may be from 1 due to high, concentration of endogenous hydrochloric, acid when empty to 7 when food is taken., • IN case of hyperacidity, Gastritis( a general, inflation of the gastric mucosa) And peptic, ulcer my develop., • A peptic ulcer may be present in lower, esophagus is called (esophageal ulcer), • In stomach (gastric ulcer).
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• In Duodenum (duodenal ulcer),or on the, jejunal side of gastro jejunostomy., • An ideal antacid is:• 1:- should be quick acting, • 2:-should not liberated CO2,and cause, rebound hyper acidity,, • 3:-hold not produce systemic alkalosis.
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• Antacids Which locally neutralize the, hyperacidity, are broadly grouped into;, • 1:- systemic (absorbable) antacids,e.g. Sodium, hydro carbonate, which is soluble, readily, absorbable and capable of producing systemic, electrolytic alteration and alkalosis., • 2:- Non systemic (non absorbable), antacid,e.g.Aluminium salt ,magnesium salt, calcium carbonate and sodium carboxymethyl, cellulose,
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ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE GEL, Al(H0)3 Mol.Wt.78.0, • Aluminium Hydroxide gel is an aqueous, suspension of hydrated aluminum oxide with, different amount of basic aluminium carbonate, and bicarbonate., • It contains about 3.5 to 4.4% of Al(H0)3., , • may contains glycerin ,sorbitol ,or sucrose or, saccharin as sweetening agents, • It may also contain suitable antimicrobial, agent.
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PREPARATION, • When an aluminium salt is treat with, ammonia or sodium carbonate, a white, gelatinous precipitate of aluminium hydroxide, is obtain., • The intermediate product, aluminum, carbonate ,is so unstable that it immediately, hydrolyzes to yield aluminium hydroxide and, carbonate oxide., AlCl3+ 3NH4OH→ Al (OH)3+3NH4Cl, • Al (OH)3+3NaOH→ Na3AlO3+3H2O
