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Message from Director, The National Talent Search Examination (NTSE) is a, prestigious talent-based evaluation system designed for Class X, appearing students. The assessment is based on the syllabus of, state and central education board., It basically focuses on understanding how well have the students, understood the concepts and skills learnt in the school syllabus., It helps the students analyze their strength and weaknesses., [Prof. Santosh Gajbhiye], , 1. The NTSE is held in two Stages:, The NTSE Stage 1 and Stage 2 - Stage 1 is directed by different states and Union, Territories. Those hopefuls who clear the NTSE Stage 1 meet all requirements for the, Stage 2 specifically. The NTSE Stage 1 conducted, effectively by first week on, November. The individuals who pass the NTSE Stage 1 exam will be qualified to show, up for the NTSE Stage 2, which will be directed by the NCERT, New Delhi on May., 2. Exam Pattern:, I. Mental Ability Test (MAT) – To judge their reasoning power, thinking ability,, judging/evaluating/discriminating ability, lateral thinking etc. hence would have, varieties of questions based on analogies, classification, series, pattern, hidden figures,, coding-decoding,etc., II. Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). – includes Maths, Science and Social Science., 3. NTSE Scholarship Amount 2021, As mentioned above, the NTSE scholars are provided with monetary support by the, Central Government all through their education. Students receive the scholarship at the, different stages of their education as follows:, NTSE Scholarship during Class 11 and 12, Rs 1250 per month, NTSE Scholarship during UG and PG, Rs 2000 per month, NTSE Scholarship during PhD. As per UGC norms., 4. Addition Advantages, An NTSE scholar can pass the admission test of a college and get direct entry to it., Qualifying the scholarship exam is an added advantage when you apply for jobs. An, NTSE scholar is given more preference in government jobs and is also helpful when, appearing for interviews in different prestigious jobs.

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SCIENCE, , Section-3 : BIOLOGY, , Cell & Tissues, , Chapter, , •, •, , •, , •, , •, , In 1665, Robert Hooke saw cells for the first time in a thin, slice of cork with his crude microscope., Cork under microscope resembled “honeycomb” like, structures made up of several compartments. Robert Hooke, called them ‘cells’., A tissue is a group of cells of similar structure and function, arranged in the body so as to give the highest possible, efficiency to the function they perform., All living organisms are made up of cells. In unicellular or, acellular organisms a single cell may constitutes a whole, organism. E.g. Amoeba, Chlamydomonas. In multicellular, organisms many cells group together in a single body and, assume different functions. E.g. fungi, plants., Various cells of human body vary in structure according to, their function., , Bone cell, , Nerve, Smooth, muscle cell cell, , Human, sperm, , Various cells from the human body, •, •, , •, , •, , Each living cell perform certain basic functions that are, characteristic of all living forms., Prokaryotes — Bacteria and some other organisms lack a, well defined nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane., Membrane-bound cell organelles are absent., Eukaryotes — Organisms with a well defined nucleus, surrounded by nuclear membrane. Membrane-bound cell, organelles are present., Structural Organisation of a Cell :, (i) Plasma membrane or Cell membrane : It is the, outermost covering of the cell which separates the contents, of the cell from its external environment. It allows entry and, exit of only certain materials so it is also called selectively, permeable membrane. CO2 and O 2 move across the, membrane through diffusion., , It is made up of lipids and proteins. Fluid Mosaic Model of, Plasma membrane was proposed by Singer and Nicolson., Diffusion — It is the movement of a substance from a region, of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration., Osmosis — It is the movement of water through a, selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water, concentration to a region of low water concentration., Fate of animal or plant cell in Hypertonic, Hypotonic and, Isotonic solution :, •, Hypertonic solution — The concentration of solution is, more than that of cell. Therefore, the cell will loose water by, exosmosis and shrink., •, Hypotonic solution — The concentration of solution is less, than that of cell. Therefore, the cell will gain water by, endosmosis and swell up., •, Isotonic solution — The concentration of solution is same, as that of cell. Therefore, there will be no movement of water,, and cell size will remain same., Functions : (i) It separates contents of the cell from external, environment., (ii) It helps in engulfing food by endocytosis as in Amoeba., (ii) Cell wall — It is outermost covering which lies outside the, plasma membrane. Plant cell wall is composed of a complex, substance cellulose which provides structural strength to, plants. Due to cell wall, plants, fungi and bacteria withstand, much greater changes in the surrounding medium than, animal cell., Plasmolysis :Shrinking of protoplasm of a cell due to, exosmosis when kept in hypertonic solution., Functions : (i) It provides rigidity and strength to the cell., (ii) It helps to sustain during unfavourable conditions., (iii) Nucleus — It is the dark coloured, spherical or oval structure, near the centre of a cell. It has a double layered covering, called nuclear membrane Nucleus contains hereditary, material called chromosomes., Functions : (i) It plays an important role in cellular, reproduction., (ii) It plays an important role in inheritance of characters, from parents to the offsprings., •, Cytoplasm : A large region of each cell enclosed by the cell, membrane. It contains many specialised cell organelles, which perform specific functions for the cell., (iv) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) — It is a large network of, membrane - bound tubules. It is two types(a) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)-contains, ribosomes attached to its surface. Ribosomes are site, of protein synthesis.

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(b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) – It helps in, manufacture of fats and lipids., Functions: (i)It act as a channel for transport of materials, within cytoplasm or between cytoplasm and nucleus., (ii) In liver cells of vertebrates, SER detoxifies poisons, and drugs, , Animal cell, , (v), , (vi), , Plant cell, Golgi apparatus — Discovered by Camillo Golgi. It consists, of membrane bound vesicles arranged parallel to each other, in stacks called cisternae, connected with ER., Functions : (i) It helps in transport of substances, synthesised near ER inside and outside the cell., (ii) It helps in storage, modification and packaging of, products in vesicles., Lysosomes – These are membrane bound sacs filled with, digestive enzymes. When cell gets damaged, lysosomes, burst and enzymes digest their own cell. So, they are also, called “suicide bags” of a cell., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Functions: It keeps the cell clean by digesting foreign, materials and old worn-out cell organelles., (vii) Mitochondria — These are double membrane bound, organelles. The outer membrane is porous while the inner, membrane is deeply folded providing large surface for ATP–, generating chemical reactions. So, they are also called, “Power houses” of the cell. Mitochondria have its own, DNA and ribosomes., Functions : It helps in ATP and Protein synthesis., (viii) Plastids — They are present only in plant cells. They are, two types – Chromoplasts (coloured plastids) and, Leucoplasts (white plastids). Plastids that contain green, colour pigment, chlorophyll are called chloroplasts. They, also have their own DNA and ribosomes., Functions: (i) Chloroplasts play an important role in, photosynthesis in plants., (ii) Leucoplasts store starch, oil and protein granules., (ix) Vacuoles — These are storage sacs for solid or liquid, contents. They are small sized in animal cell and large sized, in plant cells., Functions : (i) Vacuoles provide turgidity and rigidity to the, cell., (ii) Contractile vacuoles help in expelling excess water and, wastes in some animals., •, Cells specialising in one function is carried out by a cluster, of cells at a definite place in the body called a tissue. Blood,, phloem and muscle are all example of tissues., •, Are plants and animals made of same types of tissues :, (i) Plants are stationary, adopted for sedentary mode of, life while animals live active locomotive life., (ii) The growth in plants is limited to certain regions while, there is no such demarcation of dividing and non –, dividing regions in animals., •, Plant tissues : On the basis of dividing capacity plant, tissues can be classified as :, (i) Meristematic tissue : Growth of plants occurs only in, regions where meristematic tissues are present., Depending on the region where they are present, they, are classified as apical, lateral and intercalary meristem., (a) Apical meristem – It is present at the growing tips of, stem and root and increases the length of the stem and, root., (b) Lateral meristem– It increases the girth of stem or, root. It is also called cambium., (c) Intercalary meristem– It is located at the base of, leaves or internodes on twigs., (ii) Permanent tissue: The cells formed by meristematic, tissue acquire permanent shape, size and function and, lose the ability to divide., (a) Simple permanent tissue –, (1) Parenchyma – It consists of unspecialised cell, with thin cell walls. The cells are loosely packed, with large intercellular spaces. When it contains, chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis it is, called chlorenchyma. In aquatic plants, they have, large air cavities and give buoyancy to the plants, called aerenchyma., , EBD_7042, , B-170

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Cell and Tissues, , B-171, , Various type of complex tissues : (a) Xylem (i) Tracheid, (ii) Vessel (b) Phloem as shown below, , Functions– (i) It provides support to the plants, (ii) It stores food and water in stems and roots., (2) Collenchyma– The cells are living, elongated and, irregularly thickened at the corners. They have, very little intercellular spaces., Functions– (i) It provides flexibility to plant parts, like leaf and stem. (ii) It provides mechanical, support., , Pit, , (3) Sclerenchyma– The cells are dead. They are long, and narrow. Walls are thickened due to deposition, of lignin., , Pits, , Functions – (i) It makes plant hard and stiff., eg., Coconut husk. (ii) It provides mechanical strength., Various types of simple tissues (a) parenchyma,, (b) collenchyma and (c) sclerenchyma as shown, below :, , Intercellular, spaces, , (a) (i)Tracheid, , Wall, thickenings, Nucleus, Vacuole, Cell wall, , (a) (ii)Vessel, , Sieve plate, Sieve tube, Phloem, parenchyma, Companion cell, , (a), , (b), , Simple, pit pair, , •, , (i), (c), (b) Complex permanent tissue– It is made of more than, one type of cells. All cells perform same function. It is, of two types – xylem and phloem., (i), , Xylem– It consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem, parenchyma and xylem fibres. Cell are thick walled, and mostly dead., , Functions : (i) Tracheids and vessels transport water, and minerals vertically., (ii) Fibres are supportive., (ii) Phloem– It is made of sieve tubes, companion, cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma., Except phloem fibres, phloem cells are living., Function– (i) Transports food from leaves to other, parts of the plant., , (b) Phloem, Animals Tissues– On the basis of functions performed,, animal tissues are divided as :Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and, nervous tissue., Epithelial tissue– It forms protective covering in the animal, body, covers organs and separates different body systems., Different types of epithelial tissues on the basis of functions, are–, (1) Simple squamous epithelium – Cells are extremely thin,, flat and form delicate lining. Oesophagus, lining of mouth, are made of it., (2) Stratified squamous epithelium– In the skin epithelial, cells are arranged in many layers to prevent wear and, tear., (3) Columnar epithelium – It is present in the inner lining, of intestine, pillar like tall cells. In respiratory tract the, epithelial cells have hair– like projections called cilia, on the outer surface., (4) Cuboidal epithelium – It is made of cube– shaped cells., It forms lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary, glands., (E) Glandular epithelium– In glands, a portion of the, epithelium tissue folds inwards.

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(ii), , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Various types of muscles fibres : (a) striated muscle,, (b) smooth muscle and (c) cardiac muscle as shown below :, Light bands, Dark bands, (I-Bands), (A-Bands), Sarcolemma, , Connective tissue – The cells are loosely packed and, embedded in intercellular matrix. It is of following types :(1) Areolar tissue – It is found between skin and muscles,, around blood vessels, nerves and bone marrow. It fills, space inside organs, helps in repair of tissues., (2) Adipose tissue – It is fat storing, found below the skin, and between internal organs., (3) Bone – It forms framework to support the body. Bone, cells lie embedded in hard matrix composed of calcium, and phosphorous., (4) Ligament – connects two bones., (5) Tendons – connect muscles to bones., (6) Cartilage – It has widely spaced cells. It is present in, nose, ear, trachea, larynx., (7) Blood – It is a fluid connective tissue. Fluid matrix is, called plasma that contains red blood cells (RBCs),, white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets unit., , Striped, muscle fibres, , Nuclei, , (a), Plasma, membrane, Myofibrils, , Histocyte, Matrix, Mast cell, Fibroblast, Bundle of, White fibres, Yellow, Fibres, , Nucleus, Sarcoplasm, , (a), , Nucleus, Empty, Adipose, cell, , (b), , Cytoplasm, Matrix, Fine white fibres, Fat, globule, , Nucleus, Cell Membrane, Oblique bridge, Intercalated disc, Dark bands, Light bands, , Blood vessel, Yellow fibre, , Muscle fibres, , Adipose cell, (b), Connective tissues : (a) areolar tissues and (b) adipose tissue, shown above, (iii) Muscular tissue – It consists of elongated cells called muscle, fibres. They are responsible for movement in our body. The, three types of muscles are :–, (1) Striated muscles – They have alternate light and dark, bands or striations. The cells are long, cylindrical,, unbranched and multinucleate. They move according, to our will so as called voluntary muscles. Eg. muscles, of hands and legs., (2) Smooth muscles – The cells are long with pointed ends, and uninucleate. They are also called involuntary, muscles eg. muscles found in iris of eye, ureters, bronchi, of lungs, alimentary canal., (3) Cardiac muscles – The muscle cells are cylindrical,, branched and uninucleate. They are involuntary. E.g.the, muscles of heart., , (c), , (iv), , Nervous tissue – They are found in brain, spinal cord and, nerves. They transmit the stimulus. A neuron consists of a, cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm. It has a long part, called axon and many short, branched parts called dendrites., Many nerve fibres together form a nerve., , Nucleus, Dendrite, , Axon, , Nerve ending, , Cell body, Neuron-unit of nervous tissue, , EBD_7042, , B-172

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Cell and Tissues, , B-173, , Exercise, DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice, questions. Each question has 4 choices (1), (2), (3) and (4), out of which only one is correct., 1., 2., 3., , 4., , 5., 6., , 7., 8., 9., 10., , 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., , Cell were first discovered by, (1) Robert Hooke, (2) Leeuwenhoek, (3) Purkinje, (4) Virchow, The plasma membrane is, (1) permeable, (2) impermeable, (3) selectively permeable (4) both (1) and (2), Nuclear material without cover is found in, (1) mycoplasma and green algae, (2) bacteria and fungi, (3) bacteria and blue green algae, (4) none of the above, The word ‘prokaryote’ means a cell, (1) with many nuclei, (2) with one nucleus, (3) with diffused nucleus, (4) without chloroplast, Minute structures on bacterial cell are called, (1) hair, (2) cilia, (3) flagella, (4) pili, Cell theory was proposed by, (1) Schleiden and Schwann, (2) Robert Brown, (3) Leeuwenhoek, (4) Purkinje, The undefined nuclear region in a bacteria is, (1) nucleoid, (2) nucleus, (3) chromosome, (4) nucleolus, Nucleus plays a crucial part in, (1) metabolism, (2) cellular reproduction, (3) lipid synthesis, (4) protein synthesis, Which of the following is not present in prokaryotes ?, (1) Ribosomes, (2) Cell wall, (3) Plasma membrane, (4) Nuclear membrane, Chemical nature of carrier molecules facilitating transport, across plasma membrane is, (1) starchy, (2) sugary, (3) proteinaceous, (4) fatty acidic, ER remains associated with, (1) dictyosomes, (2) mitochondria, (3) karyotheca, (4) chloroplast, Vacuole is surrounded by, (1) plasmalemma, (2) cell wall, (3) tonoplast, (4) plasmodesmata, The organisms that lack membranes are, (1) Viruses, (2) Bacteria, (3) Protozoans, (4) Fungi, The organelle attached to the ER is, (1) ribosomes, (2) lysosomes, (3) golgi bodies, (4) proteins, Golgi bodies help in, (1) excretion of steroids (2) storage and secretion, (3) translation, (4) transcription, , 16., , 17., , 18., 19., , 20., 21., 22., 23., , 24., , 25., 26., 27., , 28., 29., , According to fluid mosaic model plasma membrane is, composed of, (1) phospholipids, extrinsic and intrinsic proteins, (2) phospholipids and oligosaccharides, (3) phospholipids and hemicellulose, (4) phospholipids and integral glycoproteins, The presence of .................... organelle is only revealed by, electron microscope., (1) chloroplast, (2) mitochondria, (3) Golgi bodies, (4) lysosome, One of these is the smallest in size, (1) Ribosome, (2) Lysosome, (3) Mitochondria, (4) Chloroplast, The SER helps in building the cell membrane. This process, is called, (1) protein synthesis, (2) membrane abiogenesis, (3) membrane biogenesis (4) glycogenesis, Golgi apparatus is involved in the formation of :, (1) lysosome, (2) vacuoles, (3) plastids, (4) mitochondria, DNA is a component of, (1) mitochondria, (2) chloroplast, (3) cytoplasm, (4) peroxisome, One of these is single membrane organelle, (1) lysosome, (2) mitochondria, (3) nucleus, (4) endoplasmic reticulum, The cell organelle containing the flattened membrane, bounded cisternae are located near the nucleus is, (1) mitochondria, (2) Golgi, (3) centrioles, (4) nucleolus, The entry of mineral ions in a plant cell during absorption is, by, (1) passive absorption, (2) active absorption, (3) osmosis, (4) endocytosis, The suicide bags of the cells are, (1) plastids, (2) mitochondria, (3) lysosomes, (4) ribosomes, The power houses of the cells are, (1) mitochondria, (2) plastids, (3) golgi complex, (4) ribosomes, Vesicles are essential for the normal functioning of the Golgi, apparatus because, (1) they provide energy for chemical reactions., (2) they move proteins and lipids between different parts, of the organelle., (3) they contribute to the structural integrity of the, organelle., (4) they produce the sugars that are added to proteins., Amino acid chains built by the ribosomes then move to the, (1) golgi apparatus, (2) lysosome, (3) endoplasmic reticulum (4) mitochondria, Simple tissues are, (1) parenchyma, xylem and collenchyma, (2) parenchyma, collenchyma and, sclerenchyma, (3) parenchyma, xylem and sclerenchyma, (4) parenchyma, xylem and phloem

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30., 31., 32., 33., 34., 35., , 36., , 37., , 38., 39., 40., , 41., , 42., 43., , 44., 45., , 46., , The living cells providing tensile strength are, (1) parenchyma, (2) collenchyma, (3) sclerenchyma, (4) sclerotic cells, The energy currency of the cell is, (1) ADP, (2) ATP, (3) NADP, (4) FADP, The organelle that is present only in plant cells is, (1) mitochondria, (2) endoplasmic reticulum, (3) ribosomes, (4) plastids, Quiescent centre is found in, (1) root tip, (2) cambium, (3) shoot tip, (4) leaf tip, The conducting cells of xylem are, (1) tracheary elements, (2) sieve elements, (3) companion cells, (4) all the above, The chief function of vessels in the plant body is, (1) to translocate food material, (2) to conduct water and mineral salts, (3) to support living cells, (4) all the above, Inner surface of fallopian tubes, bronchi and bronchioles, are lined by, (1) squamous epithelium (2) ciliated epithelium, (3) columnar epithelium (4) cubical epithelium, The organelles that contain their own genetic material are, (1) Mitochondria, Vacuoles, (2) Plastids, Golgi complex, (3) Mitochondria, Plastids, (4) Ribosomes, Nucleolus, The photosynthetic pigment is, (1) chlorophyll, (2) chronophyll, (3) xanthophyll, (4) fucoxanthin, Average life span of human R.B.C. is, (1) 100 days, (2) 90 days, (3) 120 days, (4) 80 days, Which set clearly identify striated muscles ?, (1) Cylindrical, syncytial and unbranched, (2) Spindle, unbranched and uninucleated, (3) Cylindrical, striped and nucleated, (4) Cylindrical, striped and branched, Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical branched, (1) uninucleate and voluntary, (2) uninucleate and involuntary, (3) multinucleate and voluntary, (4) multinucleate and involuntary, Blood, phloem and muscle are, (1) tissues, (2) organs, (3) cells, (4) organ system, Certain specific regions where growth takes place in plants, is called, (1) perisperm, (2) endosperm, (3) meristem, (4) stele, The fibrous tissue which connects the two bone is, (1) connective tissue, (2) tendon, (3) ligament, (4) adipose tissue, Largest number of cell bodies of neuron in our body are, found in, (1) retina, (2) spinal cord, (3) brain, (4) tongue, Neurons are classified on the basis of, (1) number of nucleus present, (2) number of processes arising from the cell body, (3) number of dendrites present, (4) number of axons present, , 47., 48., , 49., 50., , 51., 52., 53., 54., , 55., , 56., , 57., , 58., , 59., 60., , 61., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, The girth of the stem or root increases due to, (1) apical meristem, (2) intercalary meristem, (3) lateral meristem, (4) None, The process of formation of permanent tissue in plants is, called, (1) scalarification, (2) differentiation, (3) cell thickening, (4) specialisation, Tissues that have long and narrow cells are called, (1) cuboidal epithelium, (2) squamous epithelium, (3) germinal epithelium, (4) columnar epithelium, The vascular tissues of the plant function in, (1) support, (2) support and transport of materials, (3) secretion of plant hormones, (4) All of the above, Which tissue lacks blood supply and heals slowly?, (1) Nervous, (2) Muscle, (3) Cartilage, (4) Bone, The basic packing tissue is, (1) sclerenchyma, (2) collenchyma, (3) xylem, (4) parenchyma, The tissue in leafstalks below the epidermis is made up of, (1) collenchyma, (2) sclerenchyma, (3) parenchyma, (4) xylem, The thickening of the walls of the sclerenchyma tissues is, due to, (1) suberin, (2) magnesium, (3) lignin, (4) calcium, The waxy, water resistant layer in the xerophytic plants is, secreted by, (1) endodermis, (2) cortex, (3) phloem, (4) epidermis, Which of these options are not a function of Ribosomes ?, (i) It helps in manufacture of protein molecules., (ii) It helps in manufacture of enzymes., (iii) It helps in manufacture of hormones., (iv) It helps in manufacture of starch molecules., (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (ii) and (iii), (3) (iii) and (iv), (4) (iv) and (i), A person met with an accident in which two long bones of, hand were dislocated. Which among the following may be, the possible reason ?, (1) Tendon break, (2) Break of skeletal muscle, (3) Ligament break, (4) Areolar tissue break, While doing work and running, you move your organs like, hands, legs etc. Which among the following is correct ?, (1) Smooth muscles contract and pull the ligament to move, the bones., (2) Smooth muscles contract and pull the tendons to move, the bones., (3) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the ligament to move, the bones., (4) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the tendon to move, the bones., The two kidney shaped cells of the stomata are called, (1) epidermis, (2) guard cells, (3) stoma, (4) phloem, Xylem and Phloem are, (1) parenchyma, (2) simple tissues, (3) simple permanent tissues, (4) complex permanent tissues, The only living tissue in the xylem is, (1) tracheids, (2) vessels, (3) xylem parenchyma, (4) xylem fibres, , EBD_7042, , B-174

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Cell and Tissues, , 62., 63., , 64., , 65., , 66., , B-175, , In Phloem the materials can move in, (1) upward direction, (2) downward direction, (3) both the directions, (4) None, Which muscles act involuntarily ?, (i) Striated muscles, (ii) Smooth muscles, (iii) Cardiac muscles, (iv) Skeletal muscles, (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (ii) and (iii), (3) (iii) and (iv), (4) (i) and (iv), A nail is inserted in the trunk of a tree at a height of 1 metre, from the ground level. After 3 years the nail will, (1) move downwards, (2) move upwards, (3) remain at the same position, (4) move sideways, Geeta was asked to prepare a temporary mount of onion, peel and list the steps. While writing, she wrote the following, steps which may not be in proper sequence. The correct, sequence would be, (i) Add a few drops of safranine stain and transfer to a, slide., (ii) Cover it with a cover slip., (iii) Add a drop of glycerine., (iv) Take out onion peel., (v) Keep the peel in water in a petridish., (1) i, ii, iii, iv, v, (2) iv, v, iii, ii, i, (3) iv, v, i, iii, ii, (4) v, iv, i, iii, ii, Anuradha observed a slide of nerve cell and drew its, diagram. Choose the correct labelling., , 69., , 70., , (IV) Dendron, (I) Dendrite, (V) Nucleus, , 71., , Onion peel cells were placed in hypertonic solution for some, time and then observed under the microscope out of A, B,, C, D which is the correct observation ?, , (1) A, (2) B, (3) C, (4) D, Students observed the epidermal peel of a leaf under the, high power of a microscope. The following are the sketches, made by them., , (A), (B), (C), (D), The correct sketch is, (1) A, (2) B, (3) C, (4) D, Four slides were observed under the microscope for spot, test as shown below. The correct identification of the four, spots is, , (II) Axon, , (II) Never endings, , 67., , 68., , (1), (2), (3), (4), The, (1), (2), (3), (4), The, (1), (2), (3), (4), , I, II, III, IV, V are correct., V, II, III are correct., IV, V, II, III are correct., Only I and IV are correct., lining of the kidney tubules is formed by, squamous epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, columnar epithelium, simple squamous epithelium, hard matrix of the bone consists of, calcium & sodium, magnesium & sodium, phosphorous & magnesium, calcium & phosphorous, , 72., , (A), (B), (C), (D), (1) A : onion peel, B : cheek cells, C : sclerenchyma,, D : parenchyma, (2) A : cheek cells, B : parenchyma, C : sclerenchyma,, D : onion peel, (3) A : parenchyma, B : cheek cells, C : onion peel,, D : sclerenchyma, (4) A : sclerenchyma, B : onion peel, C : parenchyma,, D : cheek cells, Four students observed a thin transverse section of plant, stem and sketched the parenchyma tissue as given below., , The correct diagram is, (1) A, (3) C, , (2) B, (4) D

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Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, , Exercise, Matching Based MCQ, , 5., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), , DIRECTIONS (Qs 1 to 8) : Match Column-I with Column-II, and select the correct answer using the codes given below, the columns., 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , Column I, Column II, (A) Structures with one, (p) Lysosome, unit membrane, (B) Structures with two, (q) Ribosome, membranes, (C) Structures without, (r) Plastids, membrane, (D) Structure with membrane (s) Endoplasmic reticulum, bound tubules, (1) A – (r) ; B – (p) ; C – (q) ; D – (s), (2) A – (p) ; B – (r) ; C – (q) ; D – (s), (3) A – (p) ; B – (q) ; C – (r) ; D – (s), (4) A – (p) ; B – (r) ; C – (s) ; D – (q), Column I, Column II, (A) Cell wall, (p) Workbench for protein, synthesis, (B) Cell membrane (q) External support and protection,, made up of cellulose, (C) Nucleus, (r) Containment of cytoplasm,, osmosis, (D) Ribosomes, (s) Location of chromatin, (1) A – (q) ; B – (r) ; C – (s) ; D – (p), (2) A – (r) ; B – (q) ; C – (s) ; D – (p), (3) A – (r) ; B – (q) ; C – (p) ; D – (s), (4) A – (r) ; B – (p) ; C – (q) ; D – (s), Column I, Column II, (A) Endoplasmic, (p) Sorting, packaging, labeling, reticulum, of cell products, (B) Chloroplast, (q) Production and segregation, of proteins to be secreted, (C) Golgi body, (r) Digestion of nutrients, and wornout cell parts, (D) Lysosomes, (s) Organelle of photosynthesis, (1) A – (s) ; B – (q) ; C – (p) ; D – (r), (2) A – (s) ; B – (q) ; C – (r) ; D – (p), (3) A – (s) ; B – (r) ; C – (q) ; D – (p), (4) A – (q) ; B – (s) ; C – (p) ; D – (r), Column I, Column II, (A) Nerve cells, (p) Protection, (B) Muscle cells, (q) Carry messages, (C) Blood, (r) Movement, (D) Epithelial cells (s) Transport of oxygen, (1) A – (r) ; B – (q) ; C – (p) ; D – (s), (2) A – (q) ; B – (r) ; C – (p) ; D – (s), (3) A – (q) ; B – (r) ; C – (s) ; D – (p), (4) A – (q) ; B – (s) ; C – (r) ; D – (p), , 6., (A), (B), , (C), , (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 7., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 8., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), , Column I, Column II, Jute, (p) Cutin, Bottle cork, (q) Lignin, Cuticle, (r) Suberin, Pear, (s) Sclereids, A – (r) ; B – (q) ; C – (p) ; D – (s), A – (q) ; B – (r) ; C – (p) ; D – (s), A – (q) ; B – (r) ; C – (s) ; D – (p), A – (q) ; B – (s) ; C – (r) ; D – (p), Column I, Column II, Dermal tissue, (p) Covers, protects, Meristematic, (q) Makes up bulk of plant;, tissue, stores nutrients, photosynthesizes, Ground tissue, (r) Conduct water and, plant; regulates, dissolved nutrients, gas exchange, Vascular tissues, (s) Adds new cells, through growth, A – (r) ; B – (s) ; C – (p) ; D – (q), A – (s) ; B – (r) ; C – (p) ; D – (q), A – (s) ; B – (r) ; C – (q) ; D – (p), A – (s) ; B – (q) ; C – (r) ; D – (p), Column I, Column II, Loose connective (p) Ears and joints, Dense connective (q) Circulatory system, Blood, (r) Under skin, Cartilage, (s) Ligaments and, tendons, A – (s) ; B – (r) ; C – (p) ; D – (q), A – (r) ; B – (s) ; C – (p) ; D – (q), A – (r) ; B – (s) ; C – (q) ; D – (p), A – (r) ; B – (q) ; C – (s) ; D – (p), Column I (Cell), Column II (Function), Parenchyma, (p) Water transport, Sclerenchyma, (q) Provide buoyancy to, aquatic plants, Tracheids, (r) Storage, division, Aerenchyma, (s) Mechanical strength, A – (r) ; B – (s) ; C – (p) ; D – (q), A – (s) ; B – (r) ; C – (p) ; D – (q), A – (s) ; B – (r) ; C – (q) ; D – (p), A – (s) ; B – (q) ; C – (r) ; D – (p), , Statement Based MCQ, 9., , Consider the following statements:, (a) In living organisms, the mitochondria are the only cell, organelle outside the nucleus that contain DNA., (b) Nuclei and mitochondria are surrounded by a double, membrane., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), , EBD_7042, , B-176

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Cell and Tissues, , 10., , 11., , Consider the following statements :, (a) Connective tissue functions in binding and supporting, animal tissues., (b) Histology is the study of cells and tissues., (c) Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue., (d) Blood is a type of connective tissue., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a), (b) and (c), (2) (a), (c) and (d), (3) (b), (c) and (d), (4) All are correct, Consider the following statements:, , B-177, , 16., , Consider the following statements :, (a) Lysosomes are called as ‘suicide bags’ of a cell., (b) The folds of inner membrane of mitochondria increase, the area for ATP generating chemical reactions., (c) Lysosomes are produced by endoplasmic reticulum., (d) Chlamydomonas is a multicellular organism., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) and (c), (3) (c) and (d), (4) All are correct, , (a) The ER functions both as a passageway for intracellular, transport and as a manufacturing surface., (b) Ribosomes are present in eukaryotic cells only., , 12., , (c) SER detoxifies many poisons and drugs., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) and (c), (3) (a) and (c), (4) All are correct, Consider the following statements:, (a) Epithelial cells have a lot of intercellular spaces., (b) Epithelial tissue is the simplest tissue., (c) Ciliated epithelium helps in removing unwanted, particles from trachea., (d) Epithelial layer does not allow regulation of materials, , 13., , between body and external environment., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (b) and (c), (2) (c) and (d), (3) (b) and (d), (4) All are correct, Consider the following statements :, (a) Unstriped muscles are always innervated by nerves, from autonomous nervous system., (b) Striated muscles are voluntary muscles., (c) Cardiac muscles undergo rhythmic contraction and, , 14., , 15., , relaxation throughout life., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) and (c), (3) (a) and (c), (4) All are correct, Consider the following statements:, (a) Lysosomes are formed by endoplasmic reticulum., (b) The inner membrane of mitochondria is porous., (c) The enzymes found inside lysosomes are synthesized, by rough endoplasmic reticulum., (d) Osmosis is a special type of diffusion of water from a, dilute solution to a concentrated solution., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) (c) and (d), (4) All are correct, Consider the following statements :, (a) A nerve is a bundle of axons of the neurons., (b) Collenchyma cells are dead and have irregular, thickenings at the corners., (c) Skin epithelium is called stratified squamous epithelium, because it has one layer of cells., (d) Tendons connect muscles to bones., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (c) only, (3) (a) and (d), (4) All are correct, , Passage Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 17 to 23) : Read the passage(s) given, below and answer the questions that follow., PASSAGE - 1, Mitochondria are called power house or storage batteries or ATP, mills as there are sites for ATP formation (Respiration) through, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation which is used, in various metabolic activities or functions of the cell., 17. ATP is formed in, (1) mitochondria, (2) nucleus, (3) lysosome, (4) ribosomes, 18. The site for cellular respiration is, (1) nucleus, (2) ribosome, (3) mitochondria, (4) endoplasmic reticulum, 19. Mitochondria are the site for, (1) phosphorylation, (2) oxidative phosphorylation, (3) transpiration, (4) carboxylation, PASSAGE - 2, Eukaryotic cells have more DNA than prokaryotic cells because, in eukaryotic cells complex chromosomes composed of DNA and, histone proteins. But in prokaryotic cells histone protein is absent., 20. Which of the following is absent in prokaryotes ?, (1) DNA, (2) RNA, (3) plasma membrane (4) Mitochondria, 21. The cell organelles are found in, (1) bacterial cells, (2) cyanobacterial cells, (3) prokaryotic cells (4) eukaryotic cells, PASSAGE - 3, In any cell, nucleus controls cellular activities and ribosomes are, the sites of protein synthesis. While lysosomes are bags of, digestive enzymes, energy formation takes place in the, mitochondria., 22. Which cells are likely to posses the highest numbers of, mitochondria?, (1) Hair cells, (2) Skin surface cells, (3) Red blood cells, (4) Muscle cells, 23. Which cells are likely to show much lysosomal activity?, (1) Damaged cells, (2) Gland cells, (3) Hair cells, (4) Skin cells

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Assertion Reason Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 24 to 30) : Following questions consist, of two statements, one labelled as the ‘Assertion’ and the, other as ‘Reason’. You are to examine these two statements, carefully and select the answer to these items using the, code given below., Code :, (1) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct, explanation of A:, (2) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct, explanation of A., (3) A is true but R is false, (4) A is false but R is true., 24., 25., , 26., 27., 28., , 29., 30., , Assertion : Larger cells are less efficient., Reason : Surface volume ratio is more in large cells., Assertion : Schleiden and Schwann were the first to put, forward cell theory., Reason : The cells are always living unit., Assertion : Lysosomes help in photorespiration., Reason : Lysosome have hydrolytic enzymes., Assertion : Cell wall is not found in animal cell., Reason : Animal cells are covered by cell membrane., Assertion : Eukaryotic cells have more DNA than, prokaryotic cells., Reason : Eukaryotic are genetically more complex than, Prokaryotes., Assertion : Endoplasmic reticulum acts as a circulatory., Reason : Endoplasmic reticulum functions as cytoskeleton., Assertion : Mitochondria is known as power house of cell., Reason : ATP production takes place here., , 32., , 33., , Feature Based MCQ, 34., , 35., , Correct Definition Based MCQ, 31., , Choose the best definition of ‘tissue’?, (1) A living multicellular organism that has several organ, system., (2) A group of similar cells performing a specific function., (3) A spherical body, which can be seen under higher, magnification of microscope., (4) Green coloured part present in leaves., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Choose the best definition of ‘vacuole’?, (1) An fluid filled structure surrounded by membrane., (2) A thread like structure containing nuclear material., (3) A jelly like substance which is present between nucleus, and cell membrane., (4) The basic structural units of an organism., Choose the best definition of ‘multicellular’?, (1) The single celled organism., (2) The cytoplasmic projection which helps in locomotion, and feeding of Amoeba., (3) Organisms made of more than one cell., (4) A group of tissues which together perform specific, function., , 36., , On the basis of following features identify the correct, option., (I) Large, spherical structure., (II) Present in all cell., (III) In animal cell it present at the centre of the cell., (IV) In plant cells it is present at the periphery., (1) Plastid, (2) Chloroplast, (3) Nucleus, (4) Cytoplasm, On the basis of following features identify the correct, option., (I) Smooth, flattened sac like structure., (II) Stacked together in parallel rows., (III) Present in all eukaryotic cells., (IV) Absent in prokaryotic cells., (1) Endoplasmic reticulum, (2) Mitochondria, (3) Golgi bodies, (4) Ribosome, On the basis of following features identify the correct, option., (I) Fluid filled organelles closed by membrane., (II) Appears as an empty space under the microscope., (III) Large size in plants., (IV) Small size in animals., (1) Cell wall, (2) Lysosome, (3) Ribosome, (4) Vacuoles, , EBD_7042, , B-178

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Cell and Tissues, , B-179, , &, Exercise 1, , 1., , (1) Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of cork under the, microscope. He observed small box like structures which he named, as cells., , 2., , (3) The plasma membrane allows the entry and exit of some of, the materials in and out of the cell. It also prevents movement of, some other materials. Some substances like carbon-dioxide or oxygen, move across the cell membrane by a process called diffusion. On, the other hand, substances like water moves across the cell, membrane through the process called osmosis. Therefore, the cell, membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane., 4., , (3), , (2), , 31., , (2) Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional, nucleotide that is most important as a "molecular currency" of, intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within, cells for metabolism. It is produced as an energy source during the, processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and consumed, by many enzymes and a multitude of cellular processes including, biosynthetic reactions, motility and cell division., , (1), , 28. (4), , 29. (2), , 30. (2), , 7., , (1) In prokaryotes, the nucleoid is an irregularly shaped region, within the cell where the genetic material is localised., , 32., , 8., , (2) Cell division is a process by which a cell, called the parent, cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. In meiosis, however, a cell is permanently transformed and cannot divide, again. Cell division takes from 3 minutes to 6 hours to complete., The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the, original cell's genome. Before division can occur, the genomic, information which is stored in chromosomes must be replicated,, and the duplicated genome separated cleanly between cells., , (4) Plastids are major organelles found in plants and algae., Plastids are responsible for photosynthesis, storage of products, like starch and for the synthesis of many classes of molecules, such as fatty acids and terpenes which are needed as cellular, building blocks and/or for the function of the plant., , 33., , (1), , 37., , (3) Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell, nucleus, mitochondria have their own independent genomes. As, mitochondria contain ribosomes and DNA, and are only formed, by the division of other mitochondria, it is generally accepted that, they were originally derived from endosymbiotic prokaryotes., Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated, with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'., Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the, plastid DNA., , 38., , (1) Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae,, and cyanobacteria. Chlorophyll absorbs most strongly in the blue, and red but poorly in the green portions of the electromagnetic, spectrum, hence the green color of chlorophyll-containing tissues, like plant leaves.Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis, which, helps plants obtain energy from light., , 9., , (4), , 13., , (1) A virus is a sub-microscopic particle (ranging in size from 20, - 300 nm) that can infect the cells of a biological organism. Viruses, can replicate themselves only by infecting a host cell., , 14., , (1) The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded, with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough", appearance. The ribosomes only bind to the ER once it begins to, synthesize a protein destined for sorting. The membrane of the, rough endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the outer layer of, the nuclear envelope., 16. (1), , (3), , 6., , 27., , (3), , 11., , (4), , (1) In cell biology, a mitochondrion is a membrane-enclosed, organelle, found in most eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are, sometimes described as "cellular power plants," because they, generate most of the cell's supply of ATP, used as a source of, chemical energy., , 3., , 10. (3), , 5., , 26., , 17. (4), , 12. (3), , 15., , (2), , 18. (2), , 19., , (3) The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has functions in several, metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids, metabolism of, carbohydrates and calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins., , 20., , (1) The Golgi apparatus is integral in modifying, sorting, and, packaging the substances for cell secretion or for use within the, cell. It primarily modifies proteins delivered from the rough, endoplasmic reticulum, but is also involved in the transport of, lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes., , 21., , (4), , 25., , (3) Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes, (acid hydrolases). They digest excess or worn out organelles, food, particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. The membrane, surrounding a lysosome prevents the digestive enzymes inside, from destroying the cell., , 22. (1), , 23. (2), , 34. (1), , 36. (2), , 39., , (3), , 42., , (1) Muscle tissue is separated into three distinct categories:, visceral or smooth muscle, which is found in the inner linings of, organs; skeletal muscle, which is found attached to bone in order, for mobility to take place; and cardiac muscle which is found in, the heart.Vascular tissue is a complex tissue found in vascular, plants, meaning that it is composed of more than one cell type., The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and, phloem. Connective tissue - It holds everything together. Blood is, a connective tissue., , 43., , (3) A meristem is a tissue in plants consisting of undifferentiated, cells (meristematic cells) and found in zones of the plant where, growth can take place., , 44., , (3), , 24. (2), , 40. (1), , 35. (2), , 45. (3), , 41. (2), , 46. (2)

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47., , 48., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, , (2) The intercalary meristem increases the girth of the stem or, root. The intercalary meristems occur only in monocot stems, between mature tissues. They are cylindrical meristems located, around the nodes and are an adaptation to grazing herbivores and, landmowers., (2) Differentiated plant cells generally cannot divide or produce, cells of a different type. Therefore, cell division in the meristem is, required to provide new cells for expansion and differentiation of, tissues and initiation of new organs, providing the basic structure, of the plant body., , 49., , (4), , 50. (2), , 52., , (4) Parenchyma cells are thin-walled cells of the ground tissue, that make up the bulk of most nonwoody structures, although, sometimes their cell walls can be lignified. Parenchyma cells in, between the epidermis and pericycle in a root or shoot constitute, the cortex, and are used for storage of food., , 70., , (2), , Guard cells have nucleus as well as chloroplasts., , 71., , (4), , Correct identification of the four tissues., , 72., , (1), , The cells of parenchyma tissue are thin walled, isodiametric,, , nucleated and have dense cytoplasm., , Exercise 2, 1., , (2), , 2., , (1), , 3., , (4), , 4., , (3), , 5., , (2), , 6., , (2), , 7., , (3), , 8., , (1), , 9., , (2) Mitochondria are present in animals as well as in plants that, contain DNA but in plants, plastids are also present that have, their own DNA and ribosomes., , 10., , (4), , 11., , (3) Ribosomes are present in prokaryotic as well as in eukaryotic, cells., , 12., , (1) Epithelial cells are tightly packed and form a continuous, sheet.They have only a small amount of cementing material between, them and almost no intercellular spaces. The permeability of the, cells of various epithelia plays an important role in regulating the, exchange of materials., , 51. (3), , 53., , (1) Collenchyma tissue is composed of elongated cells with, unevenly thickened walls. They provide structural support,, particularly in growing shoots and leaves., , 54., , (3) Sclerenchyma is a supporting tissue. Two groups of, sclerenchyma cells exist: fibres and sclereids. Their walls consist, of cellulose and/or lignin. Sclerenchyma fibres are of great, economical importance, since they constitute the source material, for many fabrics flax, hemp, jute, ramie., , 13., , (4), , 14., , (4) A xerophyte or xerophytic organism is an organism, which, is able to survive in an ecosystem with little to no water or moisture;, usually in environments where heat accounts for a similar amount, of water loss to that of transpiration., , (3) Lysosomal membrane is formed in ER, later it is modified, and transferred to the cis face of Golgi apparatus where further, processing release lysosome. In mitochondria, the outer membrane, is porous while the inner membrane is deeply folded., , 15., , (3) Collenchyma cells are living, elongated and irregularly, thicknened at the corners. Skin epithelium is called stratified, squamous epithelium because their cells are arranged in many, layers to prevent wear and tear., , 16., , (1) Chlamydomonas is a single-celled gree alga. Lysosome, membrane formed in ER and further processing done in Golgi, apparatus to form lysosome., , 17., , (1) ATP is formed in mitochondria because mitochondria is the, power house of a cell., , 18., , (3), , 19., , (2) Mitochondria act as sites for ATP formation through oxidative, phosphorylation and electron transport., , 20., , (4), , 21., , (4) This is one of the feature of eukaryotic cells that distinguish, them from prokaryotic cells., , 22., , (4) Muscle cells possess highest number of mitochondria because, mitochondria is the power house of cell of ATP formation., , 23., , (1), , 24., , (3) Small cells function more efficiently than large cells. Small, cells can exchange substances more readily than large cells because, small objects have a higher surface area-to -volume ratio than, larger objects., , 25., , (3) No, the cells are not always living unit. In sclerenchyma, tissue, the cells are dead which provide mechanical strength to the, plants. Cells are always wearing out. They are then replaced by, new ones., , 26., , (4) Lysosomes help to keep the cell clean by digesting any foreign, material as well as worn-out cell organelles., , 27., , (1), , 55., , 56., , (3), , 59., , (2) A stoma is a tiny opening or pore, found mostly on the, underside of a plant leaf, and used for gas exchange. The pore is, formed by a pair of specialized sclerenchyma cells known as, guard cells which are responsible for regulating the size of the, opening., , 60., , 57. (3), , 58. (4), , (4) Vascular tissue is a complex tissue found in vascular plants,, meaning that it is composed of more than one cell type. The, primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem., These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally., , 61., , (3) Xylem parenchyma is the only living tissue of the xylem, while the tracheids , vessels and the fibres are all dead tissues., , 62., , (3) In the xylem, the substances move only in the upward, direction but in the phloem substances move in both the directions., , 63., , (2), , 67., , (2) Cuboidal cells have a shape similar to a cube, meaning its, width is the same size as its height. The nuclei of these cells are, usually located in the center. The lining of the kidney tubules is, formed by it., , 68., , (4) The matrix comprises the other major constituent of bone., It has inorganic and organic parts. The inorganic is mainly, crystalline mineral salts and calcium, which is present in the form, of hydroxyapatite. The matrix is initially laid down as, unmineralized osteoid Mineralisation involves osteoblasts, secreting vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase. This cleaves, the phosphate groups and acts as the foci for calcium and, phosphate deposition., , 69., , 64. (3), , 65. (3), , 66. (2), , (2) It shows cytoplasm shrunk and collected on a side of the cell, due to loss of water., , Mitochondria are present in eukaryotes only., , Lysosomes keep the cell clean by digesting damaged cells., , 28. (1), , 29. (2), , 30. (1), , 33. (3), , 34. (3), , 31., , (2), , 32. (1), , 35., , (3), , 36. (4), , EBD_7042, , B-180

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Chapter, , Diversity in Living Organism, & Their Mode of Reproduction, , •, , Life has evolved on planet Earth over millions of years ago., , •, , Different kinds of life forms exist on Earth which ranges, from microscopic bacteria of few micrometre to red wood, trees of 100 metres and blue whale of 30 metres in size., , •, , The 5 kingdoms of Whittaker are –, Organisms, Prokaryotes, , For our convenience, we put them into different classes,, groups and sub groups on the basis of similarities and, differences among them., , Eukaryotes, , Unicellular, Monera, , •, , The process of reproduction ensures continuing of life on, earth., , Protista, , •, , Reproduction gives rise to more organisms with the same, basic characterstics as their parents., , With cell wall, , Basis of Classification : Aristotle classified animals on the basis, of their habitat - land and water. Later on organisms were divided, into groups and sub groups on the basis of particular, characteristics like form and function. A whole hierarchy of, mutually related characteristics is used for classification, Some Important characteristics are :, (i), , Presence and absence of nucleus in the cell., , (ii), , Body composed of single cell or group of cells., , (iii), , Autotrophs (producing own food) and heterotrophs (getting, food from outside)., , Multicellular, , Unicellular, , Without, cell wall, , Do not perform, photosynthesis, , Able to perform, photosynthesis, , Fungi, , Plantae, , (i), , Animalia, , Fig. The five kingdom classification, Monera – They are usually unicellular, do not have well, defined nucleus and organelles. Cell wall may be present or, absent. Mode of nutrition is autotrophic or heterotrophic., E.g. Bacteria, Blue-green algae, Mycoplasma., , (iv) Development and organisation of different body parts., Classification and Evolution :, •, , The life forms that we see today have arisen by accumulation, of changes in the body design that help the organisms to, survive in a better way i.e. through evolution., , •, , Older organisms are simpler while younger organisms are, complex. The complexity in design comes during evolution., , •, , Charles Darwin was a British scientist who gave the Theory, of Evolution. He wrote the famous book “The Origin of, Species”., , The Hierarchy of Classification – Groups :, •, Ernst Haeckel (1894), Robert Whittaker (1959) and Carl, Woese (1977) classified organisms into kingdoms. Whittaker, divided them into 5 kingdoms, Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia on the basis of their cell structure, mode and source, of nutrition and body organisation., •, , Bacteria, Protista – They are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms. Cilia, or flagella help in movement. They have autotrophic or, heterotrophic mode of nutrition. E.g. Algae, Diatoms,, Protozoans., , Water vacuole, Cilia, Macronucleus, Micronucleus, Oral groove, Cytosome, Food vacuole, , Various levels of classification are –, Kingdom ® Phylum (animals)/ Division (plants) ® Class, ® Order ® Family ® Genus ® Species., , •, , (ii), , Species is the basic unit of classification., , Paramaecium, Paramecium

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3., , 4., , (i), , Fungi – They are heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms. They, are saprophytes that use decaying organic material as food., Cell wall is made of chitin. The symbiotic relation with blue, green algae forms lichens. E.g. Yeast, Mushrooms., , Aspergillus, Plantae – They are multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls., They have autotrophic mode of nutrition. All plants are, included in this group. Plants are divided into following 5, groups –, Thallophyta – Plant body is like a thallus, not differentiated, in root, stem and leaves. Commonly called algae. eg., Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Chara., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, (iv) Gymnosperms – They bear naked seeds, and are usually, perennial, and woody. Eg. Pines, Deodar., , (v), , 5., , (i), , (ii), , (ii), , Ulothrix, Bryophyta – It is also called amphibians of the plants, kingdom. Body is differentiated to form stem and leaf. e.g., Funaria, Marchantia., , (iii), , (iv), , (v), , (vi), (iii), , Marchantia, Pteridophyta – Plant body is differentiated into root, stem, and leaves. Specialised water conducting tissues present., E. g. Ferns, Marsilea., , (vii), , (viii), , (ix), , (x), Fern, , Pinus, Angiosperms – They are flowering plants in which seeds, are enclosed within fruit. Angiosperms are of two types :, Monocots – Seeds with single cotyledon., Dicots – Seeds with two cotyledons., Animalia – They are eukaryotic, multicellular and, heterotrophic organisms that do not have cell wall. On the, basis of extent and type of body design, they are classified, as–, Porifera – It includes non-motile animals. Holes or pores, are present all over the body. They are commonly called, sponges. E.g. Spongilla, Sycon., Coelenterata – Also called cnidaria. They have more, differentiated body organisation. They are water animals, with coelenteron (body cavity). E.g. jelly fish, Sea anemone,, etc., Platyhelminthes – Body is dorsiventrally flat so they are, called flatworms. Body is bilaterally symmetrical and, triploblastic. E.g. Planaria, Tapeworms., Nematoda – Body is triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical,, and has tissue level of organisation, Pseudocoel is present., E.g. Ascaris, Wuchereria., Annelida – Body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic., True body coelom is present. True organs are present., Eg. Earthworms, Leeches etc., Arthropoda – Body is bilaterally symmetrical and segmented., They have open circulatory system, jointed legs are present., E.g. Prawns, Butterflies. etc., Mollusca – Body is bilaterally symmetrical with little, segmentation. Coelom is reduced. They have open, circulatory system. Foot, kidney like organs are present., E.g. Snails, Mussels etc., Echinodermata – They are spiny skinned animals. Body is, triploblastic. They have tube system for movement of body., E.g. Starfish, Sea urchins., Protochordata – Body is bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, with a coelom. Notochord is a long rod like structure running, along the back of animal. E.g. Balanoglossus, Herdmania., Vertebrata – Animals have vertebral column and skeleton., Body is bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and, segmented., , EBD_7042, , B-182

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Diversity in Living Organism and Their Mode of Reproduction, , •, , Important features of vertebrates :, (i) Presence of notochord, (ii) Presence of dorsal nerve cord, (iii) Triploblastic, (iv) Presence of paired gill pouches, (v) Coelomic body, •, Vertebrates are divided into 5 classes :, (i) Pisces – Include fishes which are aquatic. Skin is, covered with scales or plates. Gills are present. E.g., Shark, Rohu., (ii) Amphibia – They have mucus glands in skin., Respiration is through gills or lungs. Animals are found, both in water and on land. They have 3- chambered, heart. E.g. Toads, Frogs, Salamander., (iii) Reptilia – They are cold blooded animals with scales, and breathe through lungs. They have 3 – chambered, heart. They lay eggs in water. E.g. Snakes, Turtles,, Crocodiles etc., (iv) Aves – They are warm blooded animals with 4 –, chambered heart. They have feathers and forelimbs, are modified for flight. They breathe through lungs., E.g. Pigeon, Sparrow, Ostrich., (v) Mammalia – They are warm blooded animals with 4 –, chambered heart. They have mammary glands for milk, production. They show care for young ones, skin has, hairs and sweat glands. They give birth to young ones., Reproduction : The production of new organisms from the, existing organisms of the same species is known as reproduction., •, Asexual Reproduction :, (i) Fission :, (1) Binary fission – The parent organism divides to form, two new organisms. E.g. Amoeba., (2) Multiple fission – The parent organism divides to form, many new organisms at the same time. E.g. –, Plasmodium., (ii), , Budding : A small part of the body of the parent organism, grows out as a ‘bud’ which then detaches and becomes a, new organism. E.g. Hydra., (iii) Spore formation : The parent plant produces hundreds of, microscopic reproductive units (spores). Under favourable, conditions, they germinate and produce new plants., (iv) Regeneration : The process of getting back full organism, from its body parts is called regeneration. E.g. Hydra., (v) Vegetative propagation : New plants are obtained from the, parts of old plants (like stems, roots, and leaves), without, the help of any reproductive organs. E.g. banana, orange,, rose., (vi) Tissue culture: The production of new plants from a small, piece of plant tissue (or cells) removed from the growing, tips of a plant in a suitable growth medium (culture solution)., (vii) Fragmentation : The breaking up of the body of a simple, multicellular organism into two (or more) pieces on maturing,, each of which subsequently grows to form a complete new, organism, e.g. Spirogyra and Sea anemones., •, Artificial propagation of plants includes — cutting, layering, and grafting., , B-183, , Sexual Reproduction, In sexual reproduction, a male gamete (germ cells) fuses with a, female gamete to form a new cell called ‘zygote’., •, Male gametes are known as sperms and these are produced, in testes. Female gametes are known as ovum and are, produced in ovary., •, When male gamete and female gamete fuse, they form a, zygote and the process is known as fertilization., Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, •, Flower is meant essentially for sexual reproduction. Different, parts of the flowers are sepals, petals, stamens and carpels., •, Stamens and carpel are directly concerned with the process, of sexual reproduction. Stamen is the male reproductive part., Carpel is the female reproductive part., •, Pollination is the process in which pollen grains are, transferred from the anther to stigma of the carpel. It is of, two types self-pollination and cross-pollination., , Fig. Longitudinal section of flower, In the fertilization process primary endospermic nucleus is, formed., •, After the fertilization process, ovary develops into the fruit, whereas ovules into the seed., Reproduction in Human Beings, •, The reproductive organs of human beings become functional, after attaining puberty stage. It occurs in between the age, group of 13 – 14 years in male and 10 – 12 years in female., •, The sex organ in males are testes and ova in females., •, Male reproductive organ consist of a pair of testes, vas, deferens, a pair of epididymis, a pair of ejaculatory duct,, urethra, pairs of accessory gland., •, Leydig’s cells secrete male sex hormone testosterone which, is concerned with the production of male sexual characters., •, , Fig. Human-male reproductive system

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•, •, , •, •, , •, •, •, , Penis transfers the sperms to female reproductive tract., Female reproductive part consist of a pair of ovaries, a pair, of fallopian tube, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary, glands and accessory glands., If sperms are present, fertilization of ovum takes place in the, upper end of the fallopian tube., In the uterus, embryo gets implanted and develops for nine, months during pregnancy. Cervix is the lower tip of uterus., , Fig. Human-female reproductive system, Vagina acts as a birth canal during child birth., Fertility phase lies between tenth and sixteenth days from, onset of menses and there is viability of ovum., Fertilization process occurs in fallopian tube. In this process, zygote is formed. Umbilical cord is produced which is, attached to foetus. During this process two hormones are, , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, produced which are estrogen and progesterone., Progesterone stops mensturation and prevents ovulation., •, If the egg is not fertilized, it lives for about one day. Since, the ovary releases one egg every month, the uterus also, prepares itself every month to recieve a fertilized egg., Reproductive Health, Barrier methods, (i) Mechanical barrier method:- They prevent contraception, by preventing either sperms from entering uterus or, preventing implantation if fertilization has occurred. The, instruments are condom, cervical cap, diaphragms & IUDs, method., (ii) Hormonal method: They are used by women for suppresing, the production of ovum. i.e, oral pills., (iii) Surgical techniques:–, 1. Vasectomy – A small part of the vas deferens is, removed or tied up through a small incision on the, scrotum. This prevents the passage of sperms from, testes to semen., 2. Tubectomy– A portion of both the fallopian tubes is, excised to ligated to block the passage of ovum., •, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) : It is a group of, infections caused by different types of pathogens that are, transmitted by sexual contact between a healthy person, and an infected person. Some sexually transmitted diseases, (STDs) are Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis, Genital, worts and AIDS etc., , Exercise, DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice, questions. Each question has 4 choices (1), (2), (3) and (4), out of which only one is correct., 1., 2., , 3., 4., 5., , Plants that grow in the desert are called, (1) hydrophytes, (2) mesophytes, (3) xerophytes, (4) epiphytes, Binomial system of a nomenclature means that every, organism has, (1) two names, one scientific and one popular., (2) one scientific name consisting of a generic and a, specific part., (3) one name given by two scientists., (4) two names, one denoting the latinised name of the, place and the other of the person, who determined it., The main plant body of pteridophyte is, (1) sporophyte, (2) epiphyte, (3) saprophyte, (4) gametophyte, 'The Origin of Species' was written by, (1) Linnaeus, (2) Whittaker, (3) Parasara, (4) Darwin, The kingdom Protista is primarily made up of organisms, that are, (1) eukaryotic and multicellular, (2) prokaryotic and multicellular, (3) prokaryotic and single-celled, (4) eukaryotic and single-celled, , 6., , 7., , 8., 9., , 10., , 11., , What were the key evolutionary innovations of the Plantae ?, (1) Seeds, organelles, flowers, (2) Roots, cuticle, seeds, flowers, (3) Roots, hyphae, flowers, (4) Hyphae, cuticle, organelles, Choose the correct combination, (1) Aves and Chordata – Classes, (2) Annelida and Porifera – Phyla, (3) Mollusca and Hydrozoa – Classes, (4) Oligochaeta and Arthropoda – Phyla, Five kingdom classification was proposed by, (1) Woese, (2) Haeckel, (3) Darwin, (4) Whittaker, The unique feature of bryophytes being member of kingdom, plantae is that, (1) they lack roots., (2) they produce spores., (3) they lack vascular tissue., (4) their sporophyte is attached to gametophyte., ‘Sanjeevani booti’ is, (1) Selaginella kraussiana, (2) Selaginella chrysocaulos, (3) Selaginella bryopteris, (4) None of the above, A plant having vascular supply, producing spores but, lacking seeds can be grouped under, (1) bryophyta, (2) pteridophyta, (3) gymnosperms, (4) angiosperms, , EBD_7042, , B-184

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Diversity in Living Organism and Their Mode of Reproduction, , 12., 13., , 14., , 15., , 16., 17., , 18., 19., 20., , 21., , 22., 23., , 24., , 25., 26., , Mycoplasma belongs to:, (1) Protista, (2) Monera, (3) Thallophyta, (4) Nematoda, Which of the following are absent in gymnosperms ?, (1) Xylem vessels, (2) Xylem fibres, (3) Tracheids and fibres, (4) All of these, Porifers are, (1) generally marine, but few are found in fresh water., (2) generally found in fresh water, but few are marine., (3) marine only., (4) found in fresh water only., If a Hydra is cut into two pieces it will result in, (1) growth of mouth and disc according to their position, in the parent., (2) growth without mouth and basal disc., (3) no regeneration., (4) growth of mouth and disc at any end., Amphibians of the plant kingdom is, (1) angiosperms, (2) bryophyta, (3) gymnosperms, (4) pteridophyta, Which is not a feature of Annelida ?, (1) Metameric segmentation, (2) Nephridia, (3) Pseudocoelom, (4) Clitellum, Which of the following is an edible ‘Fungi’ ?, (1) Mucor, (2) Penicillium, (3) Agaricus, (4) Rhizopus, Radial symmetry is found in, (1) Hydra, (2) Starfish, (3) Sponge, (4) Spider, Notochord, Dorsal nerve chord and Gill-slits are features, seen in :, (1) vertebrata, (2) protozoa, (3) mollusca, (4) porifera, Which of the following pairs is correctly matched ?, (1) Water-vascular system - Sponge, (2) Flame cell-Flat worm, (3) Blubber-Kangaroo, (4) Marsupium-Platypus, Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in, (1) Amoeba, (2) Yeast, (3) Plasmodium, (4) Leishmania, Which of the following is not a part of the female, reproductive system in human beings?, (1) Ovary, (2) Uterus, (3) Vas deferens, (4) Fallopian tube, The structures that carry information for inheritance is, (1) chromosomes, (2) nucleolus, (3) endoplasmic reticulum, (4) mitochondria, The anther contains, (1) sepals, (2) ovules, (3) carpel, (4) pollen grain, In the list of organisms given below, those that are, reproduced by the asexual method are, (i) banana, (ii) dog, (iii) Yeast, (iv) Amoeba, (1) (ii) and (iv), (2) (i), (iii) and (iv), (3) (i) and (iv), (4) (ii), (iii) and (iv), , 27., , 28., , 29., , 30., , 31., , 32., , 33., , 34., , 35., , 36., 37., , 38., , B-185, , In a flower, the parts that produce male and female gametes, (germ cells) are, (1) stamen and anther (2) filament and stigma, (3) anther and ovary (4) stamen and style, The capacity of organisms to reproduce after being cut into, many pieces is called, (1) budding, (2) fission, (3) regeneration, (4) reproduction, Which of the following is the correct sequence of events of, sexual reproduction in a flower?, (1) Pollination, fertilisation, seedling, embryo, (2) Seedling, embryo, fertilisation, pollination, (3) Pollination, fertilisation, embryo, seedling, (4) Embryo, seedling, pollination, fertilisation, Offspring formed by asexual method of reproduction have, greater similarity among themselves because, (i) asexual reproduction involves only one parent., (ii) asexual reproduction does not involve gametes., (iii) asexual reproduction involves two parents., (iv) asexual reproduction occurs before sexual, reproduction., (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (i) and (iii), (3) (ii) and (iv), (4) (iii) and (iv), Characters transmitted from parents to offspring are present, in, (1) cytoplasm, (2) ribosome, (3) Golgi bodies, (4) genes, The main method of propagation of banana, orange, rose, and jasmine is, (1) sexual reproduction, (2) vegetative reproduction, (3) fission, (4) fusion, Characters that are transmitted from parents to offspring, during reproduction show, (1) only similarities with parents., (2) only variations with parents., (3) both similarities and variations with parents., (4) neither similarities nor variations., A feature of reproduction that is common to Amoeba,, Spirogyra and Yeast is that, (1) they reproduce asexually., (2) they are all unicellular., (3) they reproduce only sexually., (4) they are all multicellular., Which among the following has specialised tissue for, conduction of water?, (i) Thallophyta, (ii) Bryophyta, (iii) Pteridophyta, (iv) Gymnosperms, (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (ii) and (iii), (3) (iii) and (iv), (4) (i) and (iv), The reptile with a four chambered heart is, (1) crocodile, (2) turtle, (3) lizards, (4) snakes, Which among the following have scales?, (i) Amphibians, (ii) Pisces, (iii) Reptiles, (iv) Mammals, (1) (i) and (iii), (2) (iii) and (iv), (3) (ii) and (iii), (4) (i) and (ii), Which among the following have open circulatory system?, (i) Arthropoda, (ii) Mollusca, (iii) Annelida, (iv) Coelenterata, (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (iii) and (iv), (3) (i) and (iii), (4) (ii) and (iv)

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39., , 40., , 41., , 42., , 43., , 44., , Organisms without nucleus and cell organelles belong to, (i) fungi, (ii) protista, (iii) cyanobacteria, (iv) archae bacteria, (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (iii) and (iv), (3) (i) and (iv), (4) (ii) and (iii), The fertilized egg or the zygote gets implanted in the, (1) fallopian tube, (2) ovary, (3) uterus, (4) vagina, Meena and Hari observed an animal in their garden. Hari, called it an insect while Meena said it was an earthworm., Choose the character from the following which confirms, that it is an insect., (1) Bilateral symmetrical body, (2) Body with jointed legs, (3) Cylindrical body, (4) Body with little segmentation, Factors responsible for the rapid spread of bread mould on, slices of bread are, (i) large number of spores., (ii) availability of moisture and nutrients in bread., (iii) presence of tubular branched hyphae., (iv) formation of round shaped sporangia., (1) (i) and (iii), (2) (ii) and iv), (3) (i) and (ii), (4) (iii) and (iv), Which of the following statements are true for flowers?, (i) Flowers are always bisexual., (ii) They are the sexual reproductive organs., (iii) They are produced in all groups of plants., (iv) After fertilisation they give rise to fruits., (1) (i) and (iv), (2) (ii) and (iii), (3) (i) and (iii), (4) (ii) and (iv), The following figures illustrate binary fission in Amoeba, , 48., , 49., , 50., , 51., , 45., , 46., , 47., , The correct sequence is, (1) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii), (2) (ii), (iii), (iv), (i), (3) (iv), (iii), (ii), (i), (4) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i), Which among the following statements are true for unisexual, flowers?, (i) They possess both stamen and pistil., (ii) They possess either stamen or pistil., (iii) They exhibit cross pollination., (iv) Unisexual flowers possessing only stamens cannot, produce fruits., (1) (i) and (iv), (2) (ii), (iii) and (iv), (3) (iii) and (iv), (4) (i), (iii) and (iv), Which among the following statements are true for sexual, reproduction in flowering plants?, (i) It requires two types of gametes., (ii) Fertilisation is a compulsory event., (iii) It always results in formation of zygote., (iv) Offspring formed are clones., (1) (i) and (iv), (2) (i), (ii) and (iv), (3) (i), (ii) and (iii), (4) (i), (ii) and (iv), Which among the following is not the function of testes at, puberty?, (i) Formation of germ cells., (ii) Secretion of testosterone., (iii) Development of placenta., , 52., , 53., , 54., , 55., , 56., , 57., , 58., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, (iv) Secretion of estrogen., (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (ii) and (iii), (3) (iii) and (iv), (4) (i) and (iv), Four students were asked to draw the diagram after viewing, a prepared slide of ‘Budding in Yeast’ under a compound, microscope. The diagrams are given below. Mark the correct, diagram which is not depicting budding in yeast., , (1) A, (2) B, (3) C, (4) D, Following figure represents :, , (1) Budding in Hydra, (2) Budding in Planaria, (3) Regeneration in Planaria, (4) None of these, The organ modified for flight in birds is, (1) hindlimbs, (2) neck, (3) forelimbs, (4) fingers, Mucus glands in the skin and three chambered heart are, seen in, (1) Reptilia, (2) Aves, (3) Pisces, (4) Amphibia, Cartilaginous skeleton is seen in, (1) Tuna, (2) Sharks, (3) Mandarin fish, (4) Pterois volitans, Calcium carbonate structures form the skeleton of, (1) Mollusca, (2) Echinodermata, (3) Protochordata, (4) Nematodes, The largest group of animals is seen in, (1) Porifera, (2) Annelida, (3) Arthropoda, (4) Nematoda, Marsilea and Horse-tails belong to, (1) thallophyta, (2) angiosperms, (3) pteridophyta, (4) bryophyta, Naked seeds, perennial, evergreen, woody plants are, characteristic features of, (1) gymnosperms, (2) bryophyta, (3) angiosperms, (4) pteridophyta, The highest taxon in the hierarchy of classification is, (1) kingdom, (2) class, (3) phyllum, (4) genus, Unicellular organisms divide due to, (1) fusion, (2) fission, (3) budding, (4) sexual reproduction, , EBD_7042, , B-186

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Diversity in Living Organism and Their Mode of Reproduction, , 59., 60., , 61., , 62., , Plasmodium divides by, (1) budding, (2) fusion, (3) multiple fission, (4) binary fission, Advantage of vegetatively reproduced organism is, (1) dissimilar organisms, (2) genetic similarity in offsprings, (3) genetic variation, (4) varied offsprings, Vegetative propagation in Bryophyllum is due to, (1) buds in the notches of leaves, (2) corm, (3) stem, (4) root, The structures involved in asexual reproduction of Rhizopus, is, (1) buds, (2) sporangia, (3) callus, (4) cell, , 63., , 64., , 65., , 66., , B-187, , Variations in a population is due to, (1) DNA copying, (2) error in DNA copying, (3) cell division, (4) budding, The germ cell in plants are seen in, (1) stem, (2) leaves, (3) root, (4) stamens and carpels, The embryo gets nutrition from the mothers blood with the, help of, (1) placenta, (2) ovary, (3) corpus luteum, (4) fallopian tube, The formation of germ cells in males occur in, (1) testes, (2) ovary, (3) ureter, (4) urethera, , Exercise, (1), (2), (3), (4), , Matching Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1 to 10) : Match Column-I with, Column-II and select the correct answer using the codes, given below the columns., 1., , 2., , 3., , Column II, Column I, (A) Animals which give, (p) Hydra, birth to young one, (B) Animal which produces, (q) Planaria, bud, (C) An animal which, (r) Viviparous, shows regeneration, (D) Provides nutrition, (s) Placenta, to the developing, embryo from the mother, (1) A – (p); B – (r); C – (q); D – (s), (2) A – (r); B – (p); C – (q); D – (s), (3) A – (r); B – (p); C – (s); D – (q), (4) A – (r); B – (s); C – (p); D – (q), Column I, Column II, (A) The pollen transferred, (p) Germination, from one flower to another, (B) The process in which, (q) Pollination, embryo develops, into seedling, (C) Fertilised egg in humans, (r) Menstruation, gets implanted in, (D) When egg in humans, (s) Uterus, is not fertilised process occur, (1) A – (q); B – (p); C – (s); D – (r), (2) A – (p); B – (q); C – (s); D – (r), (3) A – (p); B – (q); C – (r); D – (s), (4) A – (p); B – (r); C – (q); D – (s), Column I, Column II, (A) Algae, (p) Chalmydomonas, (B) Fungi, (q) Rosa indica, (C) Angiosperm, (r) Adiantum, (D) Pteridophyte, (s) Rhizopus, , 4., , 5., , 6., , 7., , A – (s); B – (p); C – (r); D – (q), A – (p); B – (s); C – (r); D – (q), A – (p); B – (s); C – (q); D – (r), A – (p); B – (q); C – (s); D – (r), Column I, Column II, (A) Theophratus, (p) New systematics, (B) J. Huxley, (q) Systematics, (C) Carlous Linnaeus (r) Father of Botany, (D) Lamarck, (s) Dynamic concept of species, (1) A – (s); B – (r); C – (p); D – (q), (2) A – (r); B – (s); C – (p); D – (q), (3) A – (r); B – (p); C – (s); D – (q), (4) A – (r); B – (p); C – (q); D – (s), Column I, Column II, (A) Flatworms, (p) Nematoda, (B) Round worms, (q) Platyhelminthes, (C) Segmented, (r) Porifera, worms, (D) Sponges, (s) Annelida, (1) A – (q); B – (p); C – (s); D – (r), (2) A – (p); B – (q); C – (s); D – (r), (3) A – (p); B – (q); C – (r); D – (s), (4) A – (p); B – (r); C – (q); D – (s), Column I, Column II, (A) Thallophyta, (p) Algae, (B) Phanerogam, (q) Mosses, (C) Bryophyta, (r) Microphyllus, (D) Pteridophyta, (s) Gymnosperm, (1) A – (q); B – (r); C – (t); D – (p), (2) A – (p); B – (s); C – (q); D – (r), (3) A – (s); B – (r); C – (q); D – (p), (4) A – (s); B – (q); C – (p); (D) – (r), Column I, Column II, (A) Protozoan, (p) Jointed legs, (B) Chordata, (q) Spiny skeleton, (C) Echinoderms, (r) Primitive organism, (D) Arthropoda, (s) Notochord present, (1) A – (s); B – (q); C – (p); D – (r), (2) A – (s), B – (r), C – (q); D – (p), (3) A – (q); B – (r); C – (p); D – (s), (4) A – (r); B – (s); C – (q), D – (p)

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8., , Column I, (A) Virus, (B), (C), (D), , (E), , (1), (2), (3), (4), 9., (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (1), (2), (3), (4), 10., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), , Column II, (p) Fungus which used, to make a drug, Cyanobacteria, (q) A kind of protozoan, Plasmodium, (r) They are bacteria having, chlorophyll, Spirogyra, (s) An ultramicroscopic, organism that is visible only, through electron microscope, Penicillium, (t) Green filamentous alga, commonly found in fresh, water habitats, A – (s); B – (r); C – (q); D – (t); E – (p), A – (r); B – (p); C – (q); D – (t), E – (s), A – (p); B – (q), C – (r); D – (s); E – (t), A – (q); B – (t), C – (p), D – (r), E – (s), Column I, Column II, Naked seed, (p) Angiosperms, Covered seed, (q) Gymnosperms, Flagella, (r) Bryophytes, Marchantia, (s) Euglena, Marsilea, (t) Pteridophyta, A – (q); B – (p); C – (s); D – (r); E – (t), A – (q); B – (s); C – (p); D – (r); E – (t), A – (q); B – (s); C – (p); D – (t); E – (r), A – (q); B – (p); C – (s); D – (t); E – (r), Column I, Column II, Seminal vesicle, (p) Latex sheath, Urinogenital duct, (q) Semen plasma, Condom, (r) Protozoan, Trichomoniasis, (s) Corpus spongiosum, A – (s); B – (q); C – (r); D – (p), A – (q); B – (s); C – (r); D – (p), A – (q); B – (s); C – (p); D – (r), A – (q); B – (p); C – (s); D – (r), , 13., , 14., , 15., , 16., , 17., , Statement Based MCQ, 11., , 12., , Consider the following statements :, (a) The binomial nomenclature is a way to identify vast, diversity of life around us., (b) Species is the lowest taxonomic category having minimum, similarities., (c) Homologous structures are structures sharing an, evolutionary origin., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) and (c), (3) (a) and (c), (4) All are correct, Consider the following statements :, (a) Plants are divided into five groups: Thallophytes,, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and, Angiosperms., (b) Lichens are examples of liverworts., (c) The algae are vascular plants., (d) Angiosperm is the least diversified form than any other, plant groups., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a), (b) and (c), (2) (b), (c) and (d), (3) (a) and (d), (4) All are correct, , 18., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Consider the following statements :, (a) The kingdom Animalia includes single-celled and, multicellular organisms., (b) Notochord is present in all adult vertebrates., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Stamens are male reproductive part whereas carpels, are female reproductive parts., (b) In Spirogyra, asexual reproduction takes place by, fragmentation., (c) Vegetative propagation by leaves occurs in sweet, potato., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) and (c), (3) (a) and (c), (4) All are correct, Consider the following statements :, (a) Testes produces sperm and hormone called, testosterone., (b) The only function of the testes is to produce sperm., (c) Fertilization is the fusion of sperm and ovum., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) and (c), (3) (a) and (c), (4) All are correct, Consider the following statements :, (a) One advantage of sexual reproduction is that it allows, for genetic sameness., (b) Animal development is limited to the period prior to, birth hatching., (c) Onset of menstruation is termed as menopause., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) and (c), (3) All are correct, (4) All are wrong, Consider the following statements :, (a) Basic event in reproduction is creation of DNA copy., (b) Plasmodium multiplies by binary fission., (c) Bryophyllum propagates through spore formation., (d) Hibiscus has unisexual flowers., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) and (c), (3) (c) and (d), (4) (a) only, Consider the following statements :, (a) Copper–T is a contraceptive device used by women., (b) Sexually transmitted diseases can be prevented by, using condoms., (c) The ovulation takes place 10-12 days after the start of, mensuration., (d) In human-beings, male can produce sperms upto the, age of 45-50 years., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) and (c), (3) (a) only, (4) (a), (b) and (c), Assertion Reason Based MCQ, , DIRECTIONS (Qs. 19 to 25) : Following questions consist, of two statements, one labelled as the ‘Assertion’ and the, other as ‘Reason’. You are to examine these two, statements carefully and select the answer to these items, using the code given below., , EBD_7042, , B-188

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Diversity in Living Organism and Their Mode of Reproduction, , Code :, (1) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct, explanation of A:, (2) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct, explanation of A., (3) A is true but R is false, (4) A is false but R is true., 19., , 20., , 21., 22., 23., 24., 25., , Assertion : Whittaker’s classification for algae is not, acceptable., Reason : Whittaker grouped algae in different kingdoms., Assertion : Systematics is the branch of biology that deals, with classification of living organisms., Reason : The aim of classification is to group the organisms., Assertion : Root hairs are present on whole root surface., Reason : Root hairs absorb water., Assertion : Runners are underground stem., Reason : Runners bear nodes and internodes., Assertion : Sponges are less specialized ones., Reason : Sponges show a high power of regeneration., Assertion : Bats and whales are classified as mammals., Reason : Bats and whales have four chambered heart., Assertion : Sponges belong to Porifera., Reason : Sponges have canal system., , PASSAGE - 3, The body temperature is constant in homeothermal (warm, blooded) animals such as Birds and Mammals. These animals, don’t change their body temperature according to environmental, temperature., Vertebrate animals who can’t change their body temperature, according to environmental temperature are called cold blooded, animals., 30. Temperature regulation is found in, (1) rat, (2) fish, (3) frog, (4) lizard, 31. Which one is a poikilothermic (cold blooded) animal?, (1) Penguin, (2) Whale, (3) Otter, (4) Tortoise, Correct Definition Based MCQ, 32., , 33., , Passage Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 26 to 31) : Read the passage(s) given, below and answer the questions that follow., PASSAGE - 1, Seed is a ripened ovule having a dormant embryo and food reserve, for subsequent development of embryo into a plantlet. It is, covered by one or two seed coats. It contains an embryo or future, plant. A separate food laden tissue or endosperm is present in, some seeds. In other, the food is stored in the cotyledon part of, the embryo. Embryo has an axis called tigellum. One end of embryo, axis or tigellum bears radicle or future root. The other end bears, plumule or future shoot. Under favourable conditions, the seed, absorbs water. The radicle and plumule resume growth. The seed, coats break. The growing radicle passes into soil. It forms root, system. The growing plumule comes above the soil. It forms shoot, system., 26. Seed is formed from, (1) unfertilised ovary (2) fertilised ovary, (3) fertilised ovule, (4) unfertilised ovule, 27. Embryo has an axis called, (1) tigellum, (2) radicle, (3) plumule, (4) cotyledon, , 34., , 35., , PASSAGE - 2, Sponges are the lowest multicellular animal but they have simple, structures. Organs and tissues are absent. The constitution cells, perform their functions more or less independently exhibiting, division of labour performing specialized functions. Hence they, possess cellular level of organization., 28. Sponges are, (1) sessile, (2) planktonic, (3) free swimming, (4) pelagic, 29. Sponges are porifers because their bodies have, (1) spicules in skeleton, (2) several pores, (3) canal system, (4) All the above, , B-189, , Herbs are, (1) plants have branched, and hard stem., (2) plants with very tall and have hard and thick brown, stem., (3) plants with green and tender stem., (4) plants with tall and have soft and brown stem., Autotrophs are, (1) organism which make food themselves from simple, substances., (2) organism which take ready made food prepared by the, plants., (3) organism which take food from the host plant., (4) organism which take food from the dead and decaying, matter., Choose the best definition of ‘Cross pollination’–, (1) the pollen grains are transferred from one flower to, another flower, of another plant of different species., (2) the pollen grains are transferred from one flower to, another flower, of another plant of the same species., (3) the pollen grains of male flower are transferred to the, stigma of the female flower of another plant., (4) the pollen grains of one flower are transferred to the, stigma of the same flower., Thallophyta is a, (1) group of plants, where body is not differentiated into, stem, root and leaves but is in the form of thallus., (2) group of plant, where body is differentiated into stem,, root and leaves., (3) group of plants, where body is flat and lack true leaves, and roots., (4) group of plants, where body is differentiated into stem,, root leaves and having flowers, seeds, etc., Feature Based MCQ, , 36., , Identify the plant which indicates the following features ?, (I) Auto-trophic in nature, (II) Grow in water logged swampy soils, (III) They capture and digest insect to fulfill the requirement, of nitrogen compound., (1) Saprophytic plants, (2) Parasitic plants, (3) Semi-parasitic plants, (4) Insectivorous plants

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37., , 38., , 39., , Identify the phylum of animal which indicates the following, features ?, (I) Body possess a chitinous exoskeleton., (II) A pair of jointed appendages., (III) Compound eyes present., (1) Porifera, (2) Annelida, (3) Mammalia, (4) Arthropoda, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) Spikes present on skin., (II) Free living marine animals., (III) Triploblastic and have a coelomic cavity., (IV) Have peculiar water driven tube system that is used as, a skeleton., (1) Echinodermata, (2) Arthropoda, (3) Mollusca, (4) Platyhelminthes, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) They are cold blooded., (II) Heart is three chambered., (III) Fertilization is external., , 40., , 41., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, (IV) Respiration through lungs on land and through moist, skin when in water., (1) Amphibian, (2) Aves, (3) Reptiles, (4) Mammals, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) Streamlined body., (II) Hollow and light bones., (III) Forelimbs are modified into wings., (IV) Warm blooded animals, heart with four chambers., (1) Echinodermata, (2) Arthropoda, (3) Mollusca, (4) Aves, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) Water living animals., (II) Body is made of two layers of cells., (III) Some of them live in colonies corals, while others have, solitary life-span (Hydra)., (IV) Body cavity present., (1) Platyhelminthes, (2) Echinodermata, (3) Coelenterata, (4) Arthropoda, , &, Exercise 1, 1., 4., , 5., 8., , 9., 12., , 13., 16., , 17., 20., , 21., 24., , 25., , (3), 2. (2), 3. (1), (4) Charles Darwin's Origin of Species is a seminal work in, scientific literature and arguably the pivotal work in evolutionary, biology. It introduced the theory that populations evolve over the, course of generations through a process of natural selection., (4), 6. (2), 7. (2), (4) Whittaker was most active in the areas of plant community, analysis, succession, and productivity. He also first proposed the, five-kingdom taxonomic classification of the world's biota into the, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera., (3), 10. (3), 11. (2), (2) Monera is an obsolete biological kingdom of the former fivekingdom system of scientific classification. It comprised most, organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization. For this reason the, kingdom was sometimes called Prokaryota or Prokaryotae., (1), 14. (1), 15. (1), (2) The bryophytes are those embryophyte plants ('land plants'), that are non-vascular they have tissues and enclosed reproductive, systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids., Although they are land plants they require water for the process, of reproduction, (3), 18. (3), 19. (4), (1) The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is considered the, backbone or spinal cord, a brain case, and an internal skeleton, but, the latter do not hold true for lampreys, and the former is arguably, present in some other chordates., (2), 22. (2), 23. (3), (1) A chromosome is a single large macromolecule of DNA, and, constitutes a physically organized form of DNA in a cell. It is a, very long, continuous piece of DNA (a single DNA molecule),, which contains many genes, regulatory elements and other, intervening nucleotide sequences., (4), 26. (2), 27. (3), , 28., , 29., 32., , 33., 36., , 37., 40., , 41., 44., 45., 48., 49., 50., , 51., , 52., , (3) In biology, regeneration is an organism's ability to replace, body parts. It is a specific method of healing that is ability to, regrow lost limbs, severed nerve connections, and other wounds., It can be seen in the organisms of Planaria and starfish., (3), 30. (1), 31. (4), (2) When an individual organism increases in size via cell, multiplication and remains intact, the process is called "vegetative, growth". However, in vegetative reproduction, the new plants, that result are new individuals in almost every respect except, genetically., (3), 34. (1), 35. (3), (1) A crocodile is any species belonging to the family, Crocodylidae sometimes classified instead as the subfamily, Crocodylinae. Its a reptile with four chambered heart., (3), 38. (1), 39. (2), (3) The fertilized egg or zygote gets implanted in the uterus, after the process of fertilization. The uterus is a bag like structure, that holds the embryo till the birth of the child., (3), 42. (3), 43. (4), (2) When Amoeba undergoes fission nucleus divides first and, then the cytoplasm., (2), 46. (3), 47. (3), (1) There is no bud on the parent cell., (3), (3) The forelimbs of the birds are modified as the flight organs., The Aves have been able to specialize in the art of flight due to the, wings they have developed., (4) Amphibians are a taxon of animals that include all living, tetrapods that do not have amniotic eggs, are ectothermic and, generally spend part of their time on land. Amphibians are able to, breathe through their skin., (2) Cartilage is another common component of skeletal systems,, supporting and supplementing the skeleton. The human ear and, nose are shaped by cartilage. Some organisms have a skeleton, consisting entirely of cartilage and without any calcified bones at, all, for example sharks., , EBD_7042, , B-190

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Diversity in Living Organism and Their Mode of Reproduction, 53., , 54., , 55., , 56., , 57., , 58., , 59., , 60., , 61., , 62., , 63., , 64., , 65., , (2) All echinoderms exhibit five fold radial symmetry in portions, of their body at some stage of life, even if they have secondary, bilateral symmetry. They also have a mesodermal endoskeleton, made of tiny calcified plates and spines, that forms a rigid support, contained within tissues of the organism., (3) Arthropods are the largest phylum of animals and include, the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. More than 80% of, described living animal species are arthropods, with over a million, modern species described and a fossil record reaching back to the, late proterozoic era., (3) The term pteridophytes has traditionally been used to, describe all seedless vascular plants so is synonymous with "ferns, and fern allies". Marsilea and Horse-tails belong to Pteridophytes., (1) Gymnosperms are a group of Spermatophyte seed-bearing, plants with ovules on the edge or blade of an open sporophyll, the, sporophylls usually arranged in cone-like structures. The term, gymnosperm, meaning "naked seeds" and referring to the unenclosed, condition of the seeds, as when they are produced they are found, naked on the scales of a cone or similar structure., (1) A taxon is assigned a rank and can be placed at a particular, level in a systematic hierarchy reflecting evolutionary, relationships.The Kingdom is the highest taxon in the hierarchy of, classification., (2) Binary fission is the form of asexual reproduction in singlecelled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the, same size, used by most prokaryotes., (3) Merogony is an asexual replication process used by some, Protozoan parasites that increases the number of infective cells by, multiple fission. It is the process by which the Plasmodium, increases the infective cells., (2) Vegetatively reproduced organisms show genetic similarity, in offsprings. This genetic similarity is because the offsprings are, produced from a single parent., (1) The Bryophyllum is a section in the plant genus Kalanchoe, of the Crassulaceae family. There are about twenty to thirty species, in the group, native originally of South Africa, Madagascar, Australia, and Asia. The group is notable for vegetatively growing small, plantlets on the fringes of the leaves; these eventually drop off and, develop into new plants., (2) A sporangium (pl., sporangia) is a plant or fungal structure, producing and containing spores. Sporangia occur on angiosperms,, gymnosperms, ferns, fern allies, mosses, algae, and, fungi.Microsporangia are the structures on the stamens of flowers, called anthers, and the pollen-producing structures on the, microsporophylls of male conifer cones.Megasporangia are the, comparable "female" structures on these plants, associated with, the flower carpel and the megasporangial cone., (2) Variations are caused due to errors resulting the DNA copying, during the process of meiosis.Crossing over is the process seen, during meiosis resulting in the genetic variations.An error during, crossing over results in an error in the DNA copying., (4) Androecium possess one or two whorls of stamens, each a, filament topped by an anther where pollen is produced. Pollen, contains the male gametes. Gynoecium possess one or more pistils., The female reproductive organ is the carpel: this contains an ovary, with ovules which contain female gametes., (1) Placenta is a structure that is formed out of the fingerlike, projection both from the mother and child. It later on becomes like, a tube like structure that has both arteries and veins. The embryo, gets the nutrition from the mothers blood with the help of the, placenta., , 66., , B-191, , (1) The testicle is the male generative gland in animals. Male, mammals have two testicles, which are often contained within an, extension of the abdomen called the scrotum. It produces the germ, cells., , Exercise 2, 1., 5., 9., 11., , 12., , 13., , 14., 15., 16., , 17., , 18., 21., 22., 23., , 24., , 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., 34., 38., , 3. (3), 4. (4), (2), 2. (1), (1), 6. (2), 7. (4), 8. (1), (1), 10. (3), (3) Species is the lowest taxonomic category. It is one or more, potentially interbreeding natural populations of morphologically, similar individuals which is genetically distinct and reproductively, isolated from others., (3) Some fungal species live in permanent mutually dependent, relationship with blue-green algae (or cyanobacteria) such, relationships are called symbiotic. These symbiotic life forms are, called lichens. Algae are non-vascular plants, with simple and little, differentiation of body design., (4) Animalia includes all organisms which are multicellular, eukaryotes without cell wall. Among the vertebrates, notochord is, retained by the adults of the lower vertebrates of class Agnatha, in, higher vertebrates it is replaced by the vertebral column., (1) Vegetative propagation by buds or notches occurs in potato., (3) Testes are male gonads or primary sex organs which produce, sperms and secrete the male sex hormone testosterone., (4) Advantage of sexual reproduction is that it allows for genetic, variation. Stoppage of menstruation is termed as menopause., Animal development is not limited to the period prior to birth, hatcting but it occurs throughout different stages of their life., (4) Merogony is an asexual replication process used by some, protozoan parasites that increses the number of infective cells by, multiple fission. It is the process by which the Plasmodium, increases the infective cells. Buds produced in the notches along, the margin of Bryophyllum fall on the soil and develop into new, plants. Hibiscus has bisexual flowers., (4), 19. (1), 20. (2), (4) Root hairs are present on the region of maturation formed by, some of the epidermal cells., (4) Runners ae special, narrow, green, above ground horizontal or, prostrate branches which develop at the bases of erect shoots., (2) Sponges are non-motile animals attached to some solid support., The body design involves very minimal differentiation and division, into tissues., (2) Mammals have mammary glands for the production of milk to, nourish their young ones. Their skin has hairs as well as sweat and, oil glands., (2) Sponges belong to Porifera means organism with holes. These, are non-motile animals attached to some solid-support., (3) Seed is formed from fertilised ovule having a dormant embryo, and food reserve for subsequent development of embryo., (1), (1) Sponges are sessile because they are non-motile animals, attached to some solid support., (2) Sponges are porifers because their bodies have holes or ‘pores’, all over the body., (1), 31. (4), 32. (3), 33. (1), (2), 35. (1), 36. (4), 37. (4), (1), 39. (1), 40. (4), 41. (3)

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Chapter, , •, , •, •, •, , •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, , Control And Coordination, Of Life Processes, , The various processes essential for maintenance of life are, called life processes, which are nutrition, respiration,, transportation and excretion., These processes are needed to prevent damage and breakdown for which energy is required., Living organisms take energy from outside in the form of food, to the inside by the process of nutrition., The living organisms use the chemical energy for carrying out, various life processes which obtained from food through, chemical reactions., Most of the food sources are carbon-based, because of the, dependency of life on carbon-based molecules., Most common chemical means of break-down molecules is, oxidising-reducing reactions., For the break-down of molecules oxygen is taken inside from, outside the body., During the occurrence of chemical reactions inside the body,, by-products are also formed which are harmful to the body., The adjustment of all the vital activities of life is called as, coordination., The vital processes of life are controlled by endocrine system, and nervous system., The response of the part of plant to light is called, phototropism., Nutrition, Nutrition is a process by which an organism obtains its food., There are different types of nutrition :, (i) Autotrophic Nutrition : Autotrophs contain chlorophyll, pigment, which is capable of trapping and fixing the solar, energy. This energy is utilized for synthesising food from, the raw materials like carbon dioxide, water and a few, minerals. E.g. green plants, Euglena., (ii) Heterotrophic Nutrition : A heterotrophic organism is a, consumer which derives its nutrition from other, organisms. E.g. all animals, most bacteria and fungi., (iii) Parasitic Nutrition : These animals live on or inside the, body of the host and obtain their food. E.g. Tapeworm,, Cuscuta (amarbel), etc., (iv) Saprophytic Nutrition : Animals depend on dead, decaying organic matters. E.g., fungi, bacteria., (v) Holozoic Nutrition: The complex organic food material is, taken into its body by the process of ingestion, the, ingested food is digested and then absorbed into the, body cells of the organism. E.g. man, cat, dog, fish, Amoeba,, etc., , Food particle, , Food vacuole, Food particle, Pseudopodia, , Nucleus, , •, , Nutrition in Amoeba, Nutrition in Plants, Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic, chlorophyll containing organisms manufacture their own, energy sources (simple sugars) from intracellular chemical, reaction of carbon dioxide and water in presence of sunlight, and chlorophyll., Sunlight, Chlorophyll, , 6CO2 + 12H 2O ¾¾¾¾¾® C6 H12O6 + 6H 2O + 6O2, •, , Chlorophyll remains present in chloroplasts which is of green, colour., • CO2 is obtained through stomata, which opens and closes by, the turgidity of guard cells. The guard cells swell when water, flows into them, causing the stomatal pore to open. Similarly, the pore closes if the guard cells shrink., • The factors which affect photosynthesis are light, CO2, water,, temperature., Nutrition in Animals, • Human Digestive System is made up of two parts, (i) Alimentary canal and (ii) Digestive Glands., • Alimentary canal is about nine meters long which starts from, mouth and extends to anus., • Saliva has an enzyme named ptylain which digests starch into, maltose., • The lining of alimentary canal has muscles that contract, rythmically in order to push the food forward. This movement, occurs all along the gut and the movement is called peristaltic, movement., • Oesophagus opens into J-shaped stomach and is on the left, side of abdomen., • Protein digestion starts in the stomach., • Small intestine is a coiled and narrow tube which is divided, into three parts : duodenum, middle jejunum, distal ileum., • Small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of, carbohydrates, proteins and fats., • Gall bladder stores bile salts and pigments, secreted by the, liver., , EBD_7042, , B-192

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Control and Coordination of Life Processes, , •, •, •, , B-193, , Pancreas lies parallel to and beneath the stomach., Liver produces bile which emulsifies fat and make food alkaline., Assimilation is the process in which the absorbed food is, taken in body cells and used for energy, growth and repair., , Mouth, (Buccal cavity), Oesophagus, , Tongue, , Diaphragm, Gall bladder, (stores bile), Bile duct, Liver, Pancreas, , Stomach, Small, intestine, Large intestine, (Colon), , Appendix, , Anus, , Fig. Human alimentary canal, Respiration, Respiration is a complex process which includes breathing i.e., exchange of O2 and CO2 and oxidation of food to release energy., •, , There are two types of Respiration :, , •, , Aerobic Respiration occurs in the presence of O2. It involves, two steps :, (a) Glycolysis,, , (b) Krebs cycle., , Glycolysis, Glucose ¾¾¾¾¾¾, ® Pyruvic acid, (in cytoplasm), , Oxygen (Krebs cycle), (in mitochondria), , ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾, ® 6CO2 + H 2 O + 38ATP, TP, •, , ATP is the main source of energy. One ATP releases 30.5 KJ/, mol energy. ATP can be used in the cells for the contraction of, muscles, protein synthesis, conduction of nerve impulses and, many other activities., , •, , Anaerobic Respiration takes place in certain bacteria and, yeast which release energy in the absence of O2., Glycolysis, ® Pyruvic acid, Glucose ¾¾¾¾¾¾, , •, , Air travels through, Nostril ® Nasal passage ® Pharynx ® Larynx ® Trachea, ® Bronchi ® Bronchioles ® Alveoli., • Trachea is wind pipe supported by cartilaginous rings., • Bronchioles terminate in a sac called alveolar sac., • Inspiration is by which atmospheric air reaches lungs. In this, volume of thorax increases and outside air reaches lungs., • Expiration is the process by which foul air of lungs is released., It occurs by relaxing intercostal muscles and diaphragm., • Rings of cartilage are present in throat to ensure not to collapse, air passage., • In human beings respiratory pigment is haemoglobin which, remains present in RBC., • CO2 is more soluble in water than oxygen is and hence is, mostly transported in the dissolved form in blood., • In tissues, O2 is used, CO2 is released., • Due to difference in concentration of gases, exchange takes, place between tissues and blood capillaries., • Emphysema, asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis are the, respiratory disorders., Transportation, Transportation in human beings :, • Transportation is a process in which substances are absorbed, in one part and move to the other parts of the body., • Transportation in human beings is done through heart by, pumping and receiving blood., • Erythrocytes, Leucocytes, blood platelets are the three types, of blood-cells., • RBCs are circular shaped without nucleus., • WBCs do not have Hb, they are large nucleated cells and, provide immunity to the human body., • Blood platelets are rounded, colourless, biconvex, nonnucleated which help in coagulation of blood., • Blood clotting is a protective function and helps to prevent, its own loss from the body., • Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups A, B and AB., • Arteries are thick-walled and transport blood from heart to the, various parts of the body., • Veins are thin walled and carry blood from various organs to, the heart., • Capillaries are narrow and thin walled., • Heart is situated in the thoracic cavity between two lungs., Heart is made up of cardiac muscles which works continuously., Human heart has four chambers i.e. two auricles and two, ventricles., , (in cytoplasm), , in absence of O, Yeast fermentation, , 2 ® 2C H OH +2CO +2ATP, ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾, 2 5, 2, , •, , Ethanol, , In lower plants, exchange of gases takes place through general, body surface., Respiration in Animals :, • Animals have specific organs for respiration like skin, lungs,, gills., • There should be large surface area, thin wall for efficient, diffusion, rich supply of blood capillaries., , Superior, Venacava, Blood, flow, through, the, Heart, , Inferior, Venacava, , Aorta, , •, , Right Auricle, , Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Artery, Oxygenation, occurs, Lungs, , Left, Ventricle, , Normal heart rate is 72/minute., , Left, Auricle, , Pulmonary, Vein

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•, •, •, , On contraction – Systolic phase – 120 mm of Hg, On Relaxation – Diastolic phase – 80 mm of Hg., Double Circulation in Man: The circulatory system of man is, called double circulation as the blood passes through the, heart twice in one complete cycle of the body. It involves two, circulations:, (i) Pulmonary Circulation: This circulation is maintained by the, right side of the heart. It begins in the right ventricle which, expels the blood into the pulmonary trunk. The blood flowing, into the vascular system of the lungs, becomes oxygenated, and returns to the heart (left atrium) through pulmonary veins., (ii) Systemic Circulation: This circulation is maintained by the, left ventricle which sends the blood into the aorta. The aorta, divides into arteries, arterioles and finally to capillaries and, thereby supplies oxygenated blood to various parts of the, body. From there deoxygenated blood is collected by venules, which join to form veins and finally vena cava and pour blood, back into the heart., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Excretion in Human Beings :, • Excretory system of human beings consists of a pair of kidneys,, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra., , Left renal artery, Left kidney, Left renal vein, Aorta, Left ureter, Vena cava, Urinary bladder, Urethra, , Fig : Excretory system in human beings, Kidneys are bean-shaped. The waste material is brought to, kidneys by renal arteries., • Every nephron has two parts one is Bowman’s capsule and, the other is the collecting tubule., • Bowman’s capsule consist of network of capillaries called, glomerulus and they are collectively called as Malpighian, body., • Kidneys also help to maintain osmotic potential in blood &, tissue fluid., • Improper functioning of the kidneys may lead to accumulation, of water in the body called Oedema, Nephritis, Kidney Stones,, Gout., • An artificial kidney is a device to remove nitrogenous waste, products from the blood through dialysis., Excretion in Plants :, • Oxygen is waste product of photosynthesis in plants., • Many waste products are stored as resins and gums in plants., • Co-ordination in Animals :, Nervous System, • It comprises neurons, nerves, nervous organs which control, the activities of different organs of the body., Nucleus, •, , Pulmonary, artery to, lungs, Pulmonary, Circulation, , Lung, capillaries, , Vena cava, from body, , Systemic, Circulation, , Pulmonary, vein from, lungs, , Aorta to, body, Capillaries in, body organs apart, from the lungs, , Fig : Double circulation in Man., Transportation in Plants :, • The movement of molecules from lower concentration to higher, concentration is known as osmosis., • Vascular system helps the plants for transportation of water, and minerals., • Xylem and Phloem are conducting tissues of plants., • Tracheids are long, thin, spindle shaped cells and have thick, cell walls., • The loss of water in the form of vapours from the leaf to the, atmosphere is called as transpiration., • Transpiration helps in the upward movement of sap or water, from the root to leaves., • Transport of food from leaves to other parts of the plant is, called translocation, which is carried out by phloem., Excretion, Excretion in Animals, • The removal of unwanted waste materials from the body is, called excretion., Contractile vacuole helps in the excretion in single celled, organisms., , Dendrite, , Axon, , •, •, , Nerve, ending, , Cell body, Fig. Structure of neuron, Neuron is the structural and functional unit of nervous system., Neuron (or nerve cell) has three components:, (i) Cell body is a rounded, stellate part of neuron that contains, a central nucleus, abundant cytoplasm and various cell, organelles except centrioles. It maintains the neuron, through its metabolic activity and growth., , EBD_7042, , B-194

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Control and Coordination of Life Processes, , B-195, , (ii) Axon has an insulating and protective sheath of myelin, around it. Myelin is made up of fat and protein., (iii) Dendrites are fine, short and branched protoplasmic, processes of cell body that pick up sensations (physical,, mechanical, electrical, chemical) and transmit the same to, the cell body., • The neurons transmit the messages to the nervous system in, the form of electrical signals. They pass the impulse to the cell, body and then along the axon. The axon passes the impulse, to another neuron through a function called synapse., • There are three types of neurons :, (i) Sensory Neuron : It transmits impulses from sensory cells, (or receptor) towards the central nervous system., (ii) Motor Neuron : It transmits impulses from the central, nervous system towards the muscle cells (or effectors)., (iii) Relay Neuron : It occurs in the central nervous system, where they serve as links between other neurons., Reflex Action :, Spinal cord Message, to brain, (CNS), , Sensory neuron, , Motor, neuron, Relay neuron, Effector = Muscle in arm, , Receptors = Heat/Pain, Receptors in skin, , Fig. Reflex Arc, Reflex Action : It is rapid, automatic, definite response to, stimulus by an organ without involving brain for its initiation., The pathway which is followed by this is called reflex arc., Stimulus ¾¾® Receptor Organ ¾¾® Sensory Neuron, ¯, Effector organ ¬¾¾ Motor Neurons ¬¾¾ Spinal Cord, E.g. Knee-jerk reflex, sneezing , yawning , blinking of eye., There are two types of reflexes :, (i) Simple or unconditioned reflexes – These reflexes are, regulated through spinal cord (CNS) and participation of, brain is not necessary., (ii) Conditional Reflexes : In these reflexes, the participation, of brain is essential., Human Brain :, Cerebrum, •, , Cranium (skull), , Midbrain, , ForeBrain, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Hind-brain, , Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum, , Fig. Human brain, , Spinal cord, , •, , Nervous system of man consists of three parts –, (i) Central Nervous System, which includes brain and spinal, cord., (ii) Peripheral Nervous System, comprises of nerves arising, from brain and spinal cord., (iii) Autonomic Nervous System., • Olfactory lobes are concerned with sense of smell., • Brain is inside the cavity called cranium, weighs about 1325, gm. It is covered by thin, non-nervous layer (piameter). It is, filled with cerebrospinal fluid. It is divided into three parts –, (a) Forebrain : (i) Olfactory lobes (ii) Cerebrum, (b) Midbrain, (c) Hind brain : (i) Cerebellum (ii) Medulla oblongata, (iii) Pons, • Fore brain (Cerebrum) is the main thinking part of the brain., All our thoughts, sensations, actions and movements are, controlled by the cerebrum., • Midbrain consist of nerve cells, connects forebrain to the, hind brain. It has reflex centres for eye movement and hearing, response., • Hind brain (Cerebellum) is the second largest part of brain., The surface is of grey matter, deeper part is of white matter., Cerebellum maintains posture, regulates muscle tone., • Medulla oblongata controls involuntary movement, acts as, reflex centre for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing etc., Co-ordination in Plants :, • The plants coordinate their behaviour against environmental, changes by using hormones., • Plants also use electro-chemical means to convey the, information from cell to cell, but unlike in animals, there is no, specialised tissue in plants for conduction of information., • Instead of the specialised proteins found in animal muscle, cells, plant cells change shape by changing the amount of, water in them resulting in swelling or shrinking and therefore, in changing shapes., • The plant movements made in response to external stimuli fall, into two main categories :, Tropisms (Tropic Movements) : A growth movement of a plant, part in response to an external stimulus in which the direction, of stimulus determines the direction of response is called, tropism., • Types of Tropism :, (i) Phototropism – movement in response to light., (ii) Geotropism – movement in response to gravity., (iii) Thigmotropism – movement in response to touch., Nastic (Nastic movements) : It is not a directional movement of, the plant part with respect to the stimulus., Thigmonasty : It is the non-directional movement of a plant part, in response to the touch of an object. E.g.- Mimosa pudica, (Chui-mui)., • The folding up of the leaves of a sensitive plant on touching, is due to the sudden loss of water from ‘Pulvini’ to droop and, fall., Photonasty : The non-directional movement of a plant part (usually, petals of flowers) in response to light is called photonasty., • Growth hormones are the natural growth substances which, are produced in any part of the plant.

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Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, (iii) Pineal : It lies in the brain. It secretes biogenic amine, hormone called melatonin. It inhibits ovarian growth and, ovulation., (iv) Thyroid : Largest endocrine gland. It produces three, hormones thyroxine, tri-iodothyroxine, calcitonin., Thyroxine promotes the growth of body tissues., Calcitonin lowers blood calcium level., (v) Parathyroid : It increases blood calcium level from bone, to blood., (vi) Adrenal: Produces three hormones –, 1. Glucocorticoids : Increase blood glucose level,, reduces inflammation caused by allergies. Regulated, by ACTH., 2. Mineral corticoids : Controls sodium and potassium, ratio., 3. Sex corticoids : These stimulate secondary sex, characters in males such as voice, body hairs., (vii) Pancreas : It is exocrine as well as endocrine. The, endocrine part is called islets of Langerhans. It consists, of a and b cells. b cells secrete hormone insulin which, regulates blood sugar level. Excess of glucose starts, appearing in urine and the disease is called diabetes. a cells produce hormone glucagon which regulates the, amount of glucose by converting glycogen into glucose., (viii) Testes : It secretes hormone testosterone which is, responsible for secondary sex characters such as, hoarseness in voice, growth of moustaches, beard etc., (ix) Ovary : These produces hormones estrogen,, progesterone, relaxin. Estrogen stimulate secondary, sexual characters in females such as development of, breast, growth of uterus, vagina and onset of menstrual, cycle. Progesterone fixes foetus to the uterus, forms, placenta. Relaxin hormone is produced at the time of child, birth. It softens pelvic ligament which helps in easy, delivery., , (i) Auxins : It stimulates growth, phototropism, geotropism, 2, 4 - D is used to avoid pre-harvest fruit in oranges,, apples, used as weedicide., (ii) Gibberellins : These can increase the height of plant, can, induce parthenocarpy, stimulate flowering., (iii) Cytokinins : Promote cell division, inhibit or delay ageing,, organ formation., (iv) Ethylene : It’s a gaseous plant hormone, used in artificial, ripening of fruits, promote ageing in plants, breaks, dormancy of several organs., (v) Abscisic Acid (AB A) : Also known as stress hormone. It, is a growth inhibitor, inhibit the process of flowering, seed, development., Hormones in Animals :, • Hormones are the substances which help in control and, coordination of the body activities., • Exocrine glands : Mammary, salivary, sweat glands., • Endocrine glands : Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands., (i) Hypothalamus : The hypothalamic hormones are also, called releasing hormones : TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH., (ii) Pituitary gland : It has two lobes anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis)., 1. Anterior lobe : Secretes TSH (Thyroid Stimulating, hormone), ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone), GH, (Growth hormone), FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone),, LH (Luteinizing hormone), Prolactin., 2. Intermediate lobe : It is responsible for production of, melanin pigment., 3. Posterior lobe : Secretes oxytocin, vasopressin produced, in the hypothalamus and stored in posterior lobe., (a) Oxytocin : Released during child birth, during breast, feeding., (b) Vasopressin : It’s an antidiuretic hormone which controls, the secretion of urine by kidney., , Exercise, DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice, questions. Each question has 4 choices (1), (2), (3) and (4), out of which only one is correct., , 4., , 1., , 5., , 2., , 3., , Molecular movements are needed for life, (1) for repairing and maintaining structures, (2) for nutrition, (3) for respiration, (4) for repairing only, Enzymes are, (1) vitamins, (2) proteins, (3) carbohydrates, (4) fats, In which of the following animals, respiration occurs without any respiratory organ?, (1) Fish, (2) Frog, (3) Cockroach, (4) Earthworm, , 6., , 7., , The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) in a mammal takes, place in, (1) trachea, (2) bronchi, (3) bronchiole, (4) alveoli, The exchange of gases in the alveoli of the lungs takes, place by, (1) osmosis, (2) simple diffusion, (3) passive transport (4) active transport, The first step in photosynthesis is, (1) conversion of light energy to chemical energy, (2) reduction of carbondioxide, (3) absorption of light energy by chlorophyll, (4) formation of carbohydrates, The enzyme present in saliva is, (1) amylase, (2) lactase, (3) pepsin, (4) renin, , EBD_7042, , B-196

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Control and Coordination of Life Processes, , 8., , 9., , 10., , 11., , 12., , 13., , 14., , 15., , 16., , 17., , 18., , 19., , 20., , 21., , 22., , 23., , In anaerobic respiration, (1) oxygen is taken in., (2) carbon dioxide is taken in., (3) oxygen is given out., (4) carbon dioxide is given out., The blood returning to the heart from lungs via pulmonary, vein has more, (1) RBC per ml of blood., (2) haemoglobin per ml of blood., (3) oxygen per ml of blood ., (4) nutrient per ml of blood., The first heart sound is, (1) ‘Lubb’ sound at the end of systole., (2) ‘Dub’ sound at the end of systole., (3) ‘Lubb’ sound at the beginning of systole., (4) ‘Dub’ sound at the beginning of systole., The acid present in the stomach is, (1) sulphuric acid, (2) nitric acid, (3) hydrochloric acid (4) sulphurous acid, Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in, (1) Golgi bodies, (2) chloroplast, (3) mitochondria, (4) nucleus, Nature of valves in the heart is, (1) membranous, (2) muscular, (3) tendinous, (4) ligamentous, Heart beat can be initiated by, (1) sinu-auricular node, (2) atrio-ventricular node, (3) sodium ion, (s) purkinje’s fibres, Oxygenated blood is carried by, (1) pulmonary vein, (2) pulmonary artery, (3) renal vein, (4) hepatic portal vein, The longest part of the alimentary canal is, (1) small intestine, (2) large intestine, (3) stomach, (4) gall bladder, Blood from the heart enters the lungs from the, (1) right auricle, (2) right ventricle, (3) left auricle, (4) left ventricle, Largest heart is found in, (1) elephant, (2) giraffe, (3) crocodile, (4) lion, Heart beat originates from, (1) pacemaker, (2) cardiac muscles, (3) left atrium, (4) right ventricle, Which part of a nerve cell contains a nucleus ?, (1) Axon, (2) Dendrite, (3) Cyton, (4) Nerve endings, All informations from the environment is detected by, (1) receptors, (2) axon, (3) nucleus, (4) cell body, The respiratory pigment in the blood is, (1) haemocyanin, (2) haemoerythrin, (3) haemoglobin, (4) fucoxanthin, Reflex arc is formed by, (1) muscle ® brain ® receptor, (2) muscle ® spinal cord ® receptor, (3) receptor ® brain ® muscle, (4) receptor ® spinal cord ® muscle, , B-197, , 24., , 25., , 26., , 27., , 28., , 29., , 30., , 31., , 32., , 33., , 34., , 35., , 36., , 37., , Which of the following tissues provide control and, coordination in animals ?, (1) Nervous and Skeletal, (2) Muscular and Skeletal, (3) Muscular and Transport, (4) Nervous and Muscular, How many pairs of cranial nerves are present in man ?, (1) 12, (2) 2 1, (3) 3 1, (4) 4 1, The instrument used to measure the blood pressure is, (1) barometer, (2) sphygmomanometer, (3) anaeroid barometer, (4) haemocytometer, The process that helps in translocation of water and mineral, salts, (1) transpiration, (2) photosynthesis, (3) dark reaction, (4) glycolysis, Co-ordination is achieved through nervous system as well, as circulatory system by respective agents like, (1) neurotransmitters and proteins, (2) neurotransmitters and hormones, (3) neurotransmitters and sugars, (4) sugars and hormones, The main effect of cytokinin in plants is to, (1) improve the quality of fruits, (2) prevent the growth of lateral buds, (3) regulate opening and closing of stomata, (4) stimulate cell division, Growth of pollen tube towards ovule is called, (1) phototropism, (2) geotropism, (3) hydrotropism, (4) chemotropism, The unit of the filtration system is, (1) neuron, (2) glomerulus, (3) nephron, (4) bowmans capsule, In the event of kidney failure the process used to remove, nitrogenous wastes is, (1) dialysis, (2) osmosis, (3) diffusion, (4) plasmolysis, Plants bend towards a light source as a result of, (1) inability to synthesise chemical regulators., (2) increased amount of food synthesised by leaves., (3) necessity of light for transpiration., (4) unequal auxin distribution in their stems., Which statement is incorrect about auxins ?, (1) They promote the growth of root., (2) They promote the growth of shoot., (3) They influence the formation of flower and ripening of, fruit., (4) They inhibit the growth of root., Which hormone regulates the ionic balance in the body ?, (1) Glucagon, (2) Thyroxine, (3) Testosterone, (4) Vasopressin, The waste materials in plants are stored in the form of, (1) water, (2) gums and resins, (3) minerals, (4) sugar, Control and Co-ordination is provided by, (1) muscular System (2) excretory System, (3) nervous System (4) reproductive System

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38., , 39., , Which is the correct sequence of parts in human alimentary, canal?, (1) Mouth ® stomach ® small intestine ® oesophagus, ® large intestine., (2) Mouth ® oesophagus ® stomach ® large intestine, ® small intestine., (3) Mouth ® stomach ® oesophagus ® small intestine, ® large intestine., (4) Mouth ® oesophagus ® stomach ® small intestine, ® large intestine., The correct sequence of anaerobic reactions in yeast is :, , 44., , 45., , cytoplasm, mitochondria, (1) Glucose ¾¾ ¾ ¾ ¾® Pyruvate ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾, ®, Ethanol + Carbon dioxide, , cytoplasm, cytoplasm, (2) Glucose ¾¾¾¾¾® Pyruvate ¾¾¾¾¾®, Lactic acid, cytoplasm, mitochondria, (3) Glucose ¾¾ ¾ ¾ ¾® Pyruvate ¾¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾¾, ®, Lactic acid, , 40., , cytoplasm, cytoplasm, (4) Glucose ¾¾¾¾¾® Pyruvate ¾¾¾¾¾®, Ethanol + Carbon dioxide, Which of the following is most appropriate for aerobic, respiration?, mitochondria, cytoplasm, (1) Glucose ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾, ® Pyruvate ¾¾¾¾¾®, CO2 + H2O + Energy, , 46., , 47., , 48., , cytoplasm, mitochondria, (2) Glucose ¾¾¾¾¾® Pyruvate ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾, ®, CO2 + H2O + Energy, cytoplasm, (3) Glucose ¾¾¾¾¾® Pyruvate + Energy, mitochondria, ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾, ® CO2 + H2O, , cytoplasm, (4) Glucose ¾¾¾¾¾® Pyruvate + Energy, , 41., , 42., , 43., , mitochondria, ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾, ® CO2 + H2O + Energy, The information acquired at the end of the dendritic tip sets, off a chemical reaction. This creates an / a, (1) action, (2) reaction, (3) electrical impulse (4) potential, The chemicals cross a region called, (1) synapse, (2) reflex arc, (3) impulse, (4) reception, Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about, respiration?, (i) During inhalation, ribs move inward and diaphragm is, raised., (ii) In the alveoli, exchange of gases takes place i.e., oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into blood and carbon, dioxide from blood into alveolar air., (iii) Haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon dioxide, than oxygen., (iv) Alveoli increase surface area for exchange of gases., (1) (i) and (iv), (2) (ii) and (iii), (3) (i) and (iii), (4) (ii) and (iv), , 49., , 50., , 51., , 52., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Which is the correct sequence of air passage during inhalation?, (1) Nostrils ® larynx ® pharynx ® trachea ® lungs., (2) Nasal passage ® trachea ® pharynx ® larynx ®, alveoli., (3) larynx ® nostrils ® pharynx ® lungs ® trachea., (4) Nostrils ® pharynx ® larynx ® trachea ® alveoli., Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about heart?, (i) Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from different, parts of body while right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from lungs., (ii) Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different, body parts while right ventricle pumps deoxygenated, blood to lungs., (iii) Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to right ventricle which sends it to different body parts., (iv) Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body while left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of the body., (1) (i), (2) (ii), (3) (ii) and (iv), (4) (i) and (iii), The nervous tissue is made up of, (1) nephrons, (2) neurons, (3) cells, (4) capillaries, The process of detecting the input and a quick response to, it is called, (1) impulse, (2) action, (3) sensation, (4) reflex arc, Which of the following equations is the summary of photosynthesis?, (1) 6CO2 + 12H2O ® C6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6H2O, (2) 6CO2 + H2O + Sunlight ® C6H12O6 + O2+ 6H2O, (3) 6CO2 + 12H2O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight ®, C6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6H2O, (4) 6CO2 + 12H2O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight ®, C6H12O6 + 6CO2+ 6H2O, Choose the forms in which most plants absorb nitrogen, (i) Proteins, (ii) Nitrates and Nitrites, (iii) Urea, (iv) Atmospheric nitrogen, (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (ii) and (iii), (3) (iii) and (iv), (4) (i) and (iv), Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?, (i) Pyruvate can be converted into ethanol and carbon, dioxide by yeast., (ii) Fermentation takes place in aerobic bacteria., (iii) Fermentation takes place in mitochondria., (iv) Fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration., (1) (i) and (iii), (2) (ii) and (iv), (3) (i) and (iv), (4) (ii) and (iii), The communication between CNS and other parts of the, body is facilitated by, (1) peripheral nervous system, (2) brain, (3) spinal cord, (4) reflexes, The main thinking part of the brain is, (1) fore-brain, (2) mid-brain, (3) hind-brain, (4) medulla oblongata, , EBD_7042, , B-198

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Control and Coordination of Life Processes, , 53., , 54., , 55., , 56., , 57., , 58., , 59., , 60., , 61., , Choose the correct path of urine in our body, (1) kidney ® ureter ® urethra ® urinary bladder., (2) kidney ® urinary bladder ® urethra ® ureter., (3) kidney ® ureters ® urinary bladder ® urethra., (4) urinary bladder ® kidney ® ureter ® urethra., Electrical impulse travels in a neuron from, (1) dendrite ® axon ® axonal end ® cell body., (2) cell body ® dendrite ® axon ® axonal end., (3) dendrite ® cell body ® axon ® axonal end., (4) axonal end ® axon ® cell body ® dendrite., Which is the correct sequence of the components of a reflex, arc?, (1) Receptors ® muscles ® sensory neuron ® motor, neuron ® spinal cord., (2) Receptors ® motor neuron ® spinal cord ® sensory, neuron ® muscle., (3) Receptors ® spinal cord ® sensory neuron ® motor, neuron ® muscle., (4) Receptors ® sensory neuron ® spinal cord ® motor, neuron ® muscle., Involuntary actions like blood pressure, vomiting and, salivation are controlled by, (1) cerebral cortex, (2) spinal cord, (3) central nervous system, (4) medulla in the hind brain, The brain is protected by, (1) cranium, (2) vertebral column, (3) spinal cord, (4) joints, Activities like walking in a straight line, riding a bicycle,, picking up a pencil are controlled by, (1) cerebrum, (2) cerebellum, (3) medulla oblongata (4) spinal cord, The element required for the thyroid gland to make Thyroxine, hormone is, (1) calcium, (2) phosphorus, (3) iodine, (4) magnesium, Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?, (i) Sudden action in response to something in the environment is called reflex action., (ii) Sensory neurons carry signals from spinal cord to, muscles., (iii) Motor neurons carry signals from receptors to spinal, cord., (iv) The path through which signals are transmitted from a, receptor to a muscle or a gland is called reflex arc., (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (i) and (iii), (3) (i) and (iv), (4) (i) , (ii) and (iii), Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about the, brain?, (i) The main thinking part of brain is hind brain., (ii) Centres of hearing, smell, memory, sight etc are located, in fore brain., (iii) Involuntary actions like salivation, vomiting, blood, pressure are controlled by the medulla in the hind brain., (iv) Cerebellum does not control posture and balance of, the body., (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (i), (ii) and (iii), (3) (ii) and (iii), (4) (iii) and (iv), , B-199, , 62., , 63., , 64., , 65., , 66., , Adrenal glands are located above these organs, (1) kidneys, (2) lung, (3) intestine, (4) stomach, The sugar level in the blood is controlled by, (1) adrenal gland, (2) thyroid gland, (3) pancreas, (4) liver, The changes associated with puberty in males & females is, due to the secretion of, (1) estrogen / testosterone, (2) testosterone / estrogen, (3) estrogen / growth hormone, (4) growth hormone / testosterone, Select the mis-matched pair, (1) Adrenaline : Pituitary gland, (2) Testosterone: Testes, (3) Estrogen : Ovary, (4) Thyroxin : Thyroid gland, What is the correct direction of flow of electrical impulses?, (1), , (2), , (3), , (4), 67., , 68., , The following experimental set ups were kept in the laboratory to show that CO2 is given out during respiration. After, two hours, students observed that water rises in the delivery tube, , (1) only in set up (i), (2) only in set up (ii), (3) in both (i) and (ii), (4) neither in set up (i) nor in set up (ii), Given alongside is a sketch of a leaf partially covered with, black paper and which is to be used in the experiment to, show that light is compulsory for the process of, photosynthesis. At the end of the experiment, which one of, the leaf parts labelled I, II and III will become black when, dipped in iodine solution ?

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70., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, In the experiment shown in the figure, water is found to rise, in the bent tube because, , KOH, solution, III, I, II, , 69., , (1) I only, (2) II only, (3) I and III, (4) II and III, The hypothalamus, pineal gland and pitutary gland are, located in the, (1) brain, (2) kidneys, (3) lungs, (4) heart, , germinating seeds, , water, , (1), (2), (3), (4), , seeds use up oxygen in the flask., carbon dioxide is given out by the germinating seeds., germinating seeds attract water from the beaker., seeds use oxygen and release carbon dioxide which is, absorbed by potassium hydroxide., , (D), (E), (F), (1), (2), (3), (4), , Prolactin, (s) Calcium level, Vasopressin, (t) Dilute urine, Progesterone, (u) Mammary gland, A – (p); B – (q); C – (s); D – (u); E – (t); F – (r), A – (q); B – (p); C – (s); D – (u); E – (t); F – (r), A – (q); B – (p); C – (s); D – (u); E – (r); F – (t), A – (q); B – (p); C – (u); D – (s); E – (r); F – (t), Column I, Column II, Cell growth, (p) Abscisic acid, Wilting, (q) Nerve conduction, Emergency, (r) Adrenaline, Electrical impulse, (s) Auxin, A – (r); B – (s); C – (q); D – (p), A – (s); B – (r); C – (q); D – (p), A – (s); B – (r); C – (p); D – (q), A – (s); B – (p); C – (r); D – (q), Column I, Column II, Phloem, (p) Excretion, Nephron, (q) Translocation of food, Veins, (r) Clotting of blood, Platelets, (s) Deoxygenated blood, A – (q); B – (p); C – (s); D – (r), A – (p); B – (q); C – (s); D – (r), A – (q); B – (p); C – (r); D – (s), A – (q); B – (s); C – (p); D – (r), Column I, Column II, Autotrophic nutrition, (p) Leech, Heterotrophic nutrition, (q) Paramocium, Parasitic nutrition, (r) Deer, Digestion in food vacuoles (s) Green plants, A – (r); B – (s); C – (p); D – (q), A – (s); B – (r); C – (p); D – (q), A – (s); B – (r); C – (q); D – (p), A – (s); B – (p); C – (r); D – (q), , Exercise, Matching Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs.1 to 8) : Match Column-I with Column-II, and select the correct answer using the codes given below, the columns., 1., , 2., , 3., , Column I, Column II, (Organisms), (Mode of Nutrition), (A) Yeast, (p) Holozoic, (B) Tapeworm, (q) Autotrophic, (C) Amoeba, (r) Carnivore, (D) Snake, (s) Saprophytic, (E) Green Plants, (t) Parasitic, (1) A – (s); B – (t); C – (p); D – (r); E – (q), (2) A – (t); B – (s); C – (p); D – (r); E – (q), (3) A – (t); B – (s); C – (p); D – (q); E – (r), (4) A – (t); B – (p); C – (s); D – (q); E – (r), Column I, Column II, (Organisms), (Respiratory Organ), (A) Earthworm, (p) Cell surface, (B) Cockroach, (q) Gills, (C) Fish, (r) Trachea, (D) Amoeba, (s) Skin, (1) A – (r); B – (s); C – (p); D – (q), (2) A – (s); B – (r); C – (p); D – (q), (3) A – (s); B – (r); C – (q); D – (p), (4) A – (s); B – (q); C – (r); D – (p), Column I, Column II, (A) Thyroxine, (p) Dwarfism, (B) Growth hormone, (q) Cretinism, (C) Parathormone, (r) Pregnancy, , 4., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 5., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 6., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), , EBD_7042, , B-200

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Control and Coordination of Life Processes, , 7., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 8., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), , Column I, Column II, Trypsin, (p) Pancreas, Amylase, (q) Liver, Bile, (r) Gastric glands, Pepsin, (s) Saliva, A – (p); B – (s); C – (q); D – (r), A – (s); B – (p); C – (q); D – (r), A – (p); B – (s); C – (r); D – (q), A – (p); B – (q); C – (s); D – (r), Column I, Column II, Olfactory receptors, (p) Tongue, Thermo receptors, (q) Eye, (temperature receptors), Gustatoreceptors, (r) Nose, Photoreceptors, (s) Skin, A – (s); B – (r); C – (p); D – (q), A – (r); B – (s); C – (q); D – (p), A – (r); B – (p); C – (s); D – (q), A – (r); B – (s); C – (p); D – (q), , B-201, , 14., , 15., , 16., , Statement Based MCQ, 9., , 10., , 11., , 12., , 13., , Consider the following statements :, (a) Osmoregulation is the process which helps to maintain, the right amount of water balance in the body., (b) The process of formation of blood marrow is called as, haemopoiesis., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) We can detect the malfunctioning of heart is by EEG., (b) Sphygmomanometer is the instrument used for, measuring blood pressure., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Lenticles are aerating pores present in cork and bark of, plants., (b) Oesophagus does not possess digestive glands but, action of salivary amylase over starch continues in it., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Herbivore is an animal that feeds on both plants and, animals., (b) Egestion is the process of passing out undigested, components of food., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Fore brain is the centre of intelligence, control of, movement and hearing., (b) Control and coordination are functions of nervous and, endocrine systems., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), , 17., , 18., , Consider the following statements :, (a) Immediate response to stimulus is shown by Mimosa, pudica., (b) Stems are positively geotrophic while roots are, negatively geotrophic., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Growth hormone is secreted by adrenal gland., (b) Spinal cord originates from cerebellum., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Rise in sugar level in blood stops secretion of insulin, by pancreas., (b) Cytokinin are present in greater concentration in young, fruits and seeds., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Junction between two neurons is called synapse., (b) Ductless glands which manufacture hormones and, secrete them directly into the blood stream., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Excretion is the filtration under pressure of small, particles, solute and solvents through a finely porous, membrane., (b) Anaerobic respiration is step-wise complete oxidative, break down of respiratory substrate into carbon-dioxide, and water with the help of oxygen that acts as terminal, oxidant., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), , Passage Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 19 to 25) : Read the passage(s) given, below and answer the questions that follow., PASSAGE - 1, Autotrophs are organisms that are able to synthesize their own, organic substances using an external energy source. The most, obvious autotrophs are plants which use the sun's energy to, synthesize organic molecules; a process known as, photosynthesis. Some prokaryotes show a form of autotrophy, known as chemosynthesis. These bacteria derive their energy, from chemical reactions involving inorganic molecules and can, use this energy to synthesize organic molecules. Heterotrophs, are organisms that derive their energy from ingested organic, molecules.

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19., , 20., , Autotrophic nutrition occurs in, (1) fungi, (2) plants, (3) some protists and prokaryotes, (4) Both (2) and (3), The site of photosynthesis in plants is, (1) mitochondria, (2) chloroplasts, (3) leucoplasts, (4) dictyosomes, , PASSAGE - 2, In biology, the removal of the waste products of metabolism from, living organisms is called excretion. In plants and simple animals,, waste products are removed by diffusion. Plants, for example,, excrete O 2, a product of photosynthesis. In mammals, waste, products are removed by specialized excretory organs, principally, the kidneys, which excrete urea. Water and metabolic wastes are, also excreted in the faeces and, in humans, through the sweat, glands in the skin; carbon dioxide and water are removed via the, lungs. The liver excretes bile pigments., 21. Which of the following is not an accessory excretory organ, of vertebrates?, (1) Skin, (2) Lungs, (3) Liver, (4) Heart, 22. Contractile vacuole of Amoeba takes part is, (1) locomotion, (2) digestion of food, (3) ingestion of food (4) osmoregulation, 23. Which of the following is not a waste product of plants?, (1) Urea, (2) Latex, (3) Resins, (4) Alkaloids, PASSAGE - 3, Spinal cord is a cylindrical structure. The spinal cord begins in, continuation with medulla and extends downwards. It is enclosed, in a bony cage called vertebral column. Spinal cord is also, surrounded by membranes called meninges. The spinal cord is, concerned with spinal reflex actions and the conduction of nerve, impulses to and form the brain., 24. Spinal cord is a part of, (1) autonomic nervous system, (2) voluntary peripheral nervous system, (3) involuntary peripheral nervous system, (4) central nervous system, 25. Which one is not a reflex action ?, (1) Knee jerk, (2) Caughing, (3) Closing of eyes on flashing light, (4) Swallowing, , 26., , 27., , 28., 29., 30., , Correct Definition Based MCQ, 31., , Code :, (1) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct, explanation of A:, (2) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct, explanation of A., (3) A is true but R is false, (4) A is false but R is true., , Capillaries are, (1) blood vessels which are thick walled and carry blood, from the hearts to all the parts of the body., (2) blood vessels which are thin walled and extremely, narrow tubes or which connect arteries to veins., (3) blood vessels which are thin walled and carry blood, from all the parts of body to the heart., (4) blood vessels which are thick walled and carry blood, from all the parts of body to the brain., , 32., , Platelets are, (1) colourless liquid which consists mainly of water with, dissolve nutrients, hormones and digest or undigested, food in it., (2) red-pigmented blood cell which carry oxygen from the, lungs to all cells of the blood., (3) the blood cells, which fight against infection and, protect us from diseases., (4) the tiny fragments of special cells formed in bone, marrow and helps in coagulation of blood., , 33., , Excretion is, (1) the process of taking food into the body., (2) the process in which the digested food passes through, the intestinal wall into blood stream., (3) the process of removal of toxic wastes from the body, of an organism., , Assertion Reason Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 26 to 30) : Following questions consist, of two statements, one labelled as the ‘Assertion’ and the, other as ‘Reason’. You are to examine these two, statements carefully and select the answer to these items, using the code given below., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Assertion : Leguminous plants are nitrogen fixers., Reason : Leguminous plants have Rhizobium in their root, nodules., Assertion : Blood of insects is colourless., Reason : The blood of insect does not play any role in, transport of oxygen., Assertion : Blood pressure is arterial blood pressure., Reason : It is measured by sphygmomanometer., Assertion : Glomerulus acts as a dialysis bag., Reason : Bowman’s capsule is found in heart., Assertion : Plants close the stomata at night., Reason : The opening and closing of stomata is a function, of guards cells., , (4) the process in which the absorbed food is taken in by, body cells and used for energy, growth and repair., 34., , Photosynthesis is, (1) the process in which food is oxidised to release energy., (2) the process by which organism, ingests, digests,, absorbs, transports and utilise nutrients and dispose, of their end products., (3) the process by which green parts of plant synthesise, organic food in the form of carbohydrates from CO2, and water in the presence of sunlight., (4) the process by which organism synthesise the organic, materials they require from inorganic sources., , EBD_7042, , B-202

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Control and Coordination of Life Processes, , Feature Based MCQ, 35., , 36., , On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) It is the structural and functional unit of lungs., (II) It is thin walled, has a large surface area and is richly, supplied with blood vessels., (1) Alveoli, (2) Nephron, (3) Neuron, (4) Lymph, On the basis of following features identify the correct, option., (I) It is the structural and functional unit of kidneys., (II) It removes nitrogenous wastes from the blood., (1) Neuron, (2) Arteries, (3) Platelets, (4) Nephron, , &, , Exercise 1, 1., , 2., , 3., 4., 5., 6., , 7., , 8., 11., , 12., , 13., , (1) The process of repairing and maintaining requires molecular, movements in life. When there is a bleeding from the cut finger,, these molecular movements not only helps to stop the bleeding, but also helps in healing the wounds., (2) Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions., Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes in order to, occur at significant rates. The set of enzymes made in a cell, determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell., (4) Earthworm respires, but has no respiratory organs, exchange, of gases takes place through moist skin., (4), (2) The gaseous exchange is the simple diffusion of oxygen from, alveolar air into the blood and diffusion of CO2 from blood to, alveolar air., (3) Photosynthesis uses light energy and carbon dioxide to make, triose phosphates (G3P). G3P is generally considered as the prime, end-product of photosynthesis. It can be used as an immediate, food nutrient, or combined and rearranged to form monosaccharide, sugars, such as glucose, which can be transported to other cells, or, packaged for storage as insoluble polysaccharides such as starch., (1) Saliva is the watery and usually frothy substance produced, in the mouths of humans and some animals. In animals, saliva is, produced in and secreted from the salivary glands. Saliva contains, the enzyme amylase that breaks down some starches into maltose, and dextrin. Thus, digestion of food occurs within the mouth,, even before food reaches the stomach., (4), 9. (3), 10. (3), (3) Gastric juice is a strong acidic liquid, pH 1 to 3, which is, close to being colourless. The hormone gastrin is released into the, bloodstream when peptides are detected in the stomach. This, causes gastric glands in the lining of the stomach to secrete gastric, juice. Its main components are digestive enzymes pepsin and, rennin, hydrochloric acid, and mucus., (3) In cell biology, a mitochondrion is a membrane-enclosed, organelle, found in most eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are "cellular, power plants," because they generate most of the cell's supply of, ATP, used as a source of chemical energy. Each pyruvate molecule, produced by glycolysis is actively transported across the inner, mitochondrial membrane, and into the matrix where it is oxidized, and combined with coenzyme A to form CO2, acetyl-CoA and, NADH., (1), 14. (1), , B-203, , 37., , 38., , 15., 16., 17., , 18., 19., 20., 21., , 22., , 23., 26., , 27., , 28., 31., , 32., , On the basis of following features identify the correct, option., (I) It promotes cell elongation., (II) It can cause formation of seedless fruits., (1) Cytokinin, (2) Gibberellin, (3) Ethylene, (4) Auxin, On the basis of following features identify the correct, option., (I) This system has direct connection and control over, the tissues or organs., (II) The information is transmitted very fast and the effect, is short lived., (1) Endocrine system (2) Excretory system, (3) Nervous system (4) Respiratory system, , (1) The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, through two parts of pulmonary veins., (1) Small intestine is the largest part of the human alimentary, canal whose length is approximately 7.2 m., (2) De-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the heart and, flows into the right ventricle where it is pumped through the, pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Pulmonary veins return the now, oxygen-rich blood to the heart, where it enters the left atrium, before flowing into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle the, oxygen-rich blood is pumped out via the aorta, and on to the rest, of the body., (1), (1) Cardiac impulse (Heart beat) normally originate from the, pacemaker (S.A. node)., (3), (1) Sensory receptor, in physiology, any structure which, on, receiving environmental stimuli, produces an informative nerve, impulse., (3) Blood oxygenation is measured in several ways, but the, most important measure is the haemoglobin (Hb) saturation, percentage. The haemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter, of oxygen in mammals., (4), 24. (4), 25. (1), (2) A sphygmomanometer or blood pressure meter is a device, used to measure blood pressure, comprising an inflatable cuff to, restrict blood flow, and a mercury or mechanical manometer to, measure the pressure. Manual sphygmomanometers are used in, conjunction with a stethoscope., (1) Transpiration is the evaporation of water from aerial parts, and of plants, especially leaves but also stems, flowers and fruits., Transpiration is a side effect of the plant need to open its stomata, in order to obtain carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis., Transpiration also cools plants and enables mass flow of mineral, nutrients from roots to shoots., (2), 29. (4), 30. (4), (3) A nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the, kidney. Its chief function is to regulate water and soluble substances, by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting, the rest as urine., (1) In medicine, dialysis is a type of renal replacement therapy, which is used to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney, function due to renal failure.Dialysis may be used for very sick

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33., 36., , 37., , 38., 41., 42., , 43., 46., , 47., , 48., 51., , 52., , 53., 56., , 57., , 58., , 59., , patients who have suddenly lost their kidney function (acute, renal failure) or for quite stable patients who have permanently, lost their kidney function (end stage renal failure)., (4), 34. (1), 35. (4), (2) Resin is a hydrocarbon secretion of many plants, particularly, coniferous trees, valued for its chemical constituents and uses, such as varnishes, adhesives, as an important source of raw, materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume. Gum, is also a byproduct produced and is sent out through the bark of, the tree., (3) Control and co-ordination in an organism is provided by the, nervous system. The nervous system consists of the brain and, the spinal cord and the nerves., (4), 39. (4), 40. (4), (3) An action potential is a "spike" of electrical discharge that, travels along the membrane of a cell., (1) Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which, the cells of the nervous system signal to each other and to nonneuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical, synapses allow the neurons of the central nervous system to form, interconnected neural circuits., (4), 44. (4), 45. (3), (2) Neurons are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system, that process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals,, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and, peripheral nerves., (4) A reflex arc is the neural pathway that mediates a reflex, action. In higher animals, most sensory neurons do not pass directly, into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This characteristic, allows reflex actions to occur relatively quickly by activating spinal, motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the, brain, although the brain will receive sensory input while the, reflex action occurs., (3), 49. (2), 50. (3), (1) The peripheral nervous system is part of the nervous system,, and consists of the nerves and neurons that reside or extend outside, the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to serve the, limbs and organs, for example., (1) The prosencephalon (fore brain), the mesencephalon, (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) are the three primary, portions of the brain during early development of the central, nervous system. Fore-brain is the main thinking part of brain., (3), 54. (3), 55. (4), (4) It controls autonomic functions and relays nerve signals, between the brain and spinal cord.The Medulla oblongata is, responsible for controlling several major autonomic functions of, the body : respiration (via dorsal respiratory group and ventral, respiratory group), blood pressure, heart rate, reflex arcs and, vomiting., (1) The skull is a bony structure found in many animals which, serves as the general framework for the head. Those animals having, skulls are called Craniates. The skull supports the structures of, the face and protects the head against injury. The skull is made up, of two bones: the cranium and the mandible., (2) The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important, role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output., Many neural pathways link the cerebellum with the motor cortex, which sends information to the muscles causing them to move, and the spinocerebellar tract which provides feedback on the, position of the body in space (proprioception)., (3) Thyroxine is critical to the regulation of metabolism and, growth throughout the animal kingdom.Calcium is required for, the thyroid gland to make thyroxine hormone., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, 60., 62., 63., , 64., , 65., 69., , 70., , (3), 61. (3), (1) In mammals, the adrenal gland also known as suprarenal, glands are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of, the kidneys; their name indicates that position., (3) The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine, systems of vertebrates. It is both exocrine (secreting pancreatic, juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing, several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and, somatostatin)., (2) Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group., Testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males. It is the, principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. Estrogens are, a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the, estrous cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone., (1), 66. (3), 67. (1), 68. (3), (1) The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine, system via the pituitary gland.The hypothalamus, is located below, the thalamus, just above the brain stem. The pineal gland is a small, endocrine gland in the brain. It is shaped like a tiny pine cone, and, is located near the center of the brain, between the two, hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two rounded thalamic, bodies join. The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine, gland about the size of a pea that sits in a small, bony cavity, covered by a dual fold at the base of the brain., (4) Seeds release CO2 during respiration, which is absorbed by, KOH creating a partial vacuum in the flask. To fill that water, rises., , Exercise 2, 1., 5., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 19., 20., , 21., 23., 24., , 25., 26., 27., , 28., , 29., , 30., 31., 35., , (1), 2. (3), 3. (2), 4. (4), (1), 6. (2), 7. (1), 8. (4), (3), (2) We can detect the malfunctioning of heart by, Electrocardiogram. It records the electrical activity of heart., (3), (2) Herbivore is an animal that feeds on plants only., (3), (1) Stems are negatively geotrophic while roots are positively, geotrophic., (4), 16. (3), 17. (3), 18. (4), (4) Autotrophs are organisms that are able to synthesize their, own food using an external energy source, e.g., plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria make their food with the help of chlorophyll., (2) Plants possess pigment molecules for absorption of light, energy. These pigments occur in green coloured cell oganelles called, chloroplasts., (1), 22. (2), (1) Urea is a waste products of animals., (4) Spinal cord is a narrow cylindrical lower part of central, nervous system which lies inside vertebral column that extends, from base of brain upto early part of lumbar region., (4), (1), (2) The blood of an insect functions differently than the blood, of a human. Insect blood, however, does not carry gases and has, no haemoglobin which gives red colour to the blood., (2) Blood pressure, sometimes called arterial blood pressure, is, the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood, vessels., (3) Bowman’s capsule found in heart which accomodates one, glomerulus, is lined by flat cells some of which have fine pores to, allow passage of materials filtered out of a glomerulus., (2), (2), 32. (4), 33. (3), 34. (3), (1), 36. (4), 37. (4), 38. (3), , EBD_7042, , B-204

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Chapter, , •, •, •, •, , •, , •, •, , •, •, •, •, •, •, , Heredity and Evolution, , The transmission of characters from parent to their, offsprings is known as heredity., Variation is the difference in the characters or traits among, the individuals of a species., The study of heredity and variations is known as genetics., Factor is a particulate entity that functions as a unit of, inheritance passing from generation to generation and, controlling expression of a character, generally alongwith, another factor of the same character., Alleles are various forms of a gene which occur at the same, particular position or gene locus over the chromosome. In, higher plants and animals, there are two alleles of a gene, called allelomorphs or allelomorphic pair that may express, the same trait or different traits of a character, e.g., TT, Tt, tt., Homozygous is an individual having identical alleles of a, gene, e.g., TT, tt., Heterozygous is an individual having both the contrasting, alleles of a character is called hybrid or heterozygous, individual, e.g. Tt., Dominant gene trait is an expressed characteristic trait within, an organism., Recessive gene trait is an unexpressed characteristic within, an organism through the gene for it is present., Paired condition of chromosomes is known as diploid., Unpaired condition of chromosomes is known as haploid., Genes are made up of chemical called as DNA which have, the ability to duplicate themselves., DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) is the genetic material in all, organisms., , Mendel’s laws of inheritance, The first study of inheritance was done by Gregor Mendel, on garden pea (Pisum sativum). He used a number of, contrasting characters like round / wrinkled seeds, tall/ short, plants, white/ violet flowers and so on., (i) Law of Dominance : Out of a pair of allelomorphic characters, one is dominant (expressed) and the other is recessive/, unexpressed. The benefit of this law is that recessive, (harmful) characters not expressed in hybrid and can exist, for several generations., (ii) Law of Segregation : The factors for each character, segregate during gametogenesis. As a result, each gamete, receives only one factor for each character and hence is, always pure., (iii) Law of Independent Assortment : The two factors of each, trait assort at random and independent of the factors of, other trait at the time of meiosis and get randomly as well as, independently arranged in the offspring., , •, , •, , Genotype is the composition of genes present in an, organism and the characteristic which is visible in an, organism is called its phenotype., When two parents cross (or breed) to produce progeny (or, offsprings), then their progeny is called F1-generation, (First Filial Generation) and when the first generation, progeny cross among themselves to produce second, progeny, then this progeny is called F2-generation Second, Filial Generation., , Tall, TT, T, Tt, , Tall × Short, (TT) (tt), F1 × F1, , Tall × Tall, (Tt) (Tt), •, •, •., , •, , Short, tt, , T, Tt, , t, , t, , Tt, , Tt, , All Tall offspring, (Tt), F2, , Tall, (TT), , Tall Tall Short, (tt), (Tt) (Tt), , Inheritance of traits over two generations, Monohybrid Cross and Dihybrid Cross, When tall pea plants are crossed with short pea plants then, in F1 generation only tall plants were obtained., F2 progeny of F1 tall plants are not all tall but one quarter of, them are short indicating that both tallness and shortness, traits were inherited in F1 but only tallness trait was, expressed due to dominance. Both the traits appear in the, ratio of 3 : 1 (three tall and one dwarf). It is called monohybrid, ratio., In dihybrid cross two pairs of contrasting characters were, considered. Tall plant with round seeds were crossed with, short plant with wrinkled seeds. In F1 tall plants with round

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•, •, •., , •, , •, , •, •, , •, •, •, , •, , •, , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, , seeds were obtained. On selfing these F1 plants F2 showed, tall plants with round seeds, short plant with wrinkled seeds, and same new combinations (tall plant with wrinkled seeds, and short plant with round seeds) were also obtained in the, ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. It is called dihybrid ratio., The tall/short trait and round wrinkled traits are, independently inherited., The expression of a particular trait is controlled by gene., Plants have hormones that can trigger growth, e.g. Plant, height can depend on the amount of a particular hormone., The amount of that hormone will depend on the efficiency, of the process of making it., The characteristics or traits of parents are transmitted to, their progeny through genes present on their chromosomes, during the process of sexual reproduction., Sex Determination, Sex determination is a biological system that determines, the development of sexual characters in an organism., Different organisms use different strategies to determine, the sex of new born., In some animals, the temperature at which fertilised eggs, are kept determines whether the animals developing in the, eggs will be male or female., In snails, individuals can change sex, indicating that sex is, not genetically determined., In human beings the sex of an individual is genetically, determined., All human chromosomes are not paired. 22 pairs are called, autosomes. Women have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes, XX. But men have a mismatched pair XY., Given figure shows all children will inherit an X chromosome, from their mother. The sex of children will be determined by, what they inherit from their father., A child who inherits an X chromosome from father will be a, girl and one who inherits a Y chromosome will be a boy., , Male, , •, , It is the sequence of gradual changes which take place in, the primitive organisms over millions of years in which new, species are produced., •, , •, , •, , Female, , Gametes, X, , Y, , X, , Zygote, XX, , XY, , Offsprings, Female, Male, Sex determination in human beings, , Evolution, , •, , The evidences of evolution are :, (i) Homologous organs : The organs which have same, fundamental structure but different functions are called, homologous organs. The examples are forelimb of frog,, lizard, pigeon, mole, bat and humans have the same, basic structural plan., (ii) Analogous organs : The organs which have similar, functions but are different in their structural detail and, origin are analogous organs. E.g. wings of insect and, wings of bird. The organ which are present in reduced, form and do not perform any function in the body but, correspond to the fully developed functional organs, of related animals called vestigial organs E.g. Muscles, which are responsible for movement of ear are found, in man but have lost their power to move the ear., (iii) Fossils : Fossils are the remains of the past and the, study of fossils is known as paleontology., Theories of Evolution, Jean Baptiste Lamarck gave the first theory of evolution., Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) explained the, evolutionary principle in his famous book “The origin of, species”. The theory proposed by him is popularly known, as theory of natural selection., The main features of the theory of natural selection are as, follows:, (i) Over production: All organisms possess enormous, fertility. They multiply in geometric ratio, e.g. plants, produce thousands of seeds, insects lay hundreds of, eggs, etc., (ii) Limited food and space: Despite of rapid multiplication, of all types of species, food and space and other, resources remain limited. They are not liable to increase., (iii) Struggle for Existence: It is the struggle between the, individuals of the same or different species because, their requirements like food, shelter, breeding places,, etc are similar., (iv) Variations: Except the identical twins, no two, individuals are similar and their requirements are also, not exactly the same. It means there are differences, among the individuals. These differences are called, variations., (v) Natural Selection or Survival of the Fittest: The, organisms which are provided with favourable, variations would survive, because they are the fittest, to face their surroundings while the unfit are destroyed., Originally it was an idea of Herbert Spencer (1820–, 1903) who used the phrase “the survival of the fittest”, for the first time., Natural selection is the process of evolution of a species, whereby characteristics which help individual organisms to, survive and reproduce are passed on to their offsprings and, those characteristics which do not help are not passed on., , EBD_7042, , B-206

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Heredity and Evolution, , Acquired trait : A trait (characteristics) of an organism which, is ‘not inherited’ but develops in response to the, environment is called an acquired trait e.g. muscular body, of an athlete, learning of music., Inherited trait : A characteristic of an organism which is, caused by a change in its genes is called an inherited trait., e.g. fused and free ear lobes., •, Speciation, The process by which new species develop from the existing, species is known as speciation., •, The important factors which could lead to the rise (or, formation) of a new species are the following :, (i) Geographical isolation of a population caused by, various types of barriers (such as mountain ranges,, rivers and sea). The geographical isolation leads to, reproductive isolation due to which there is no flow of, genes between separated groups of population., (ii) Genetic drift caused by drastic changes in the, frequencies of particular genes is by chance alone., (iii) Variations caused in individuals due to natural, selection., Speciation is of two types, Allopatric speciation is, formation of new species from populations occurring, in different and mutually exclusive areas of distribution., Sympatric speciation is development of new species, from a segment of population in the same area due to, some intrinsic factors like mutations., Evolution and Classification, (i) We can classify the organisms by studying their, evolutionary relationships., (ii) This can be done by identifying hierarchies of characteristics, between them., (iii) Characteristics are details of appearance or behaviour of an, organism., (iv) The more characteristics two species will have in common,, the more closely they are related and have a common, ancestor., , B-207, , •, , Evolutions are of three types :(i) Convergent Evolution, (ii) Divergent Evolution, and, (iii) Parallel Evolution., , •, , Fossils, (i) The remains of dead plants or animals that lived in the, remote past are known as fossils., (ii) Various kinds of fossils are : Ammonite, Trilobite and Dinosaur., (iii) The age of fossils can be detected. The most, appropriate method is by detecting the ratios of, different isotopes of the same element in the fossil, material., Evolution by stages, (i) Evolution of complex organs have taken place bit-by-bit, over generations. e.g. eye, feathers of birds have evolved, because of survival advantage of intermediate stages., (ii) Man had cultivated wild cabbage as a food plant and, generated different vegetables like kohlrabi, kale, cauliflower,, broccoli, red cabbage from it through artificial selection., (iii) Thus changes in DNA during reproduction are the main, cause of evolution., Human Evolution, (i) All human beings belong to single speceis Homo sapiens,, although there were many races of humans., (ii) They have originated in Africa, some ancestors left Africa, and migrated to West Asia, Central Asia, Eurasia, South, Asia, East Asia, Indonesia, Australia, America, while others, stayed there., (iii) Excavating, time-dating, studying fossils and determining, DNA Sequences have been used for studying human, evolution., , Exercise, DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice, questions. Each question has 4 choices (1), (2), (3) and (4), out of which only one is correct., , 4., , 1., , 5., , 2., , 3., , Selection of variants by environmental factors, (1) forms the basis of evolutionary processes, (2) forms the basis of reproduction, (3) cause inheritance of traits, (4) have different kind of advantages, The rules of heredity determine the process by which, ________ and _________ are reliably inherited., (1) shape and size, (2) traits and characteristics, (3) Both (1) and (2), (4) Neither (1) nor (2), Plants having similar genotypes produced by plant breeding, are called, (1) clone, (2) haploid, (3) autopolyploid, (4) genome, , 6., , Mendel’s law of segregation is based on separation of alleles, during, (1) gametes formation (2) seed formation, (3) pollination, (4) embryonic development, Disease resistant varieties can be produced by, (1) crossing a plant with wild variety, (2) treating with colchicine, (3) crossing with hormones, (4) treating with low temperature, According to Mendel's laws of inheritance, (1) traits in human beings are related to the fact that both, the parents have contributed practically amount of, genetic material to the child., (2) each trait will be influenced by both maternal and, paternal DNA., (3) for each trait there will be two versions in each child., (4) all these three statements describe the law of, inheritance.

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7., , 8., , 9., , 10., , 11., , 12., , 13., , 14., , 15., , 16., , 17., , _______ is a section of cellular DNA that provides, information for one protein., (1) Progeny, (2) Traits, (3) Gene, (4) Hormone, A pure tall plant can be differentiated from a hybrid tall, plant, (1) by measuring length of plant, (2) by spraying gibberellins, (3) if all plants are tall after self-pollination, (4) if all plants are dwarf after self-pollination, In animals sex determination is due to, (1) X-chromosome, (2) Y-chromosome, (3) A-chromosome, (4) B-chromosome, The famous book “Origin of species” was written by Charles, Darwin in, (1) 1809, (2) 1859, (3) 1885, (4) 1871, In a Mendelian experiment tall plants bearing violet flowers, were bred with short pea plants bearing white flowers. The, progeny all bore violet flowers but almost half of them were, short. The genetic make-up of the tall parent would have, been, (1) TtWw, (2) TtWW, (3) TTww, (4) TTWW, A gene has two separate independent pieces, each called, chromosome. Each cell will have two copies of each, chromosome, (1) one each from the male and female parents, (2) both from the male parent, (3) both from the female parent, (4) both different from those of the parents, The term evolution in biology means that, (1) fossils are old, (2) life began in sea, (3) living things constantly change, (4) life began on land, Homolgous structures have, (1) similar origin but disimilar functions, (2) dissimilar origin but similar functions, (3) dissimilar origin but dissimilar functions, (4) dissimilar origin but dissimilar structures, The idea of “Survival of fittest” was given by, (1) Darwin, (2) Herbert Spencer, (3) Mendel, (4) Lamarck, Choose the odd one out, (1) Colour variation takes place during reproduction only, (2) Sexually reproducing individuals have two copies of, genes for the same trait., (3) If the copies are not identical, the trait that gets, expressed is called the dominant trait., (4) The trait that does not get expressed is called the, recessive trait., In human beings, the sex of the child depends on whether, (1) The paternal chromosome is X (for girls) or Y (for boys), (2) The paternal chromosome is Y (for girls) or X (for boys), (3) The maternal chromosome is X (for girls) or Y (for boys), (4) The maternal chromosome is Y (for girls) or X (for boys), , 18., , 19., , 20., , 21., , 22., , 23., , 24., , 25., , 26., , 27., , 28., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Which one is not a vestigial organ in man ?, (1) Vermiform appendix, (2) Plica seminuralis, (3) Ear muscles, (4) Epiglottis, When an organ is used it will develop and if it is not used,, it weakens to become vestigial. Who could have said this, theory ?, (1) Darwin, (2) Hugo de-Vries, (3) Lamarck, (4) Mendel, An experiment to prove that organic compounds were the, basis of life, was performed by, (1) Oparin, (2) Miller, (3) Melvin, (4) Fox, There is a tendency of variation during reproduction, because of, (1) errors in DNA copying, (2) sexual reproduction, (3) Both (1) or (2), (4) Neither (1) nor (2), Evolution takes place because of, (1) natural Selection resulting in adaptation to fit, environment better., (2) genetic Drift providing diversity without adaptation., (3) both natural selection and genetic drift., (4) experiences of daily life., According to the Neo-Darwinian theory which of the, following is responsible for the origin of new species ?, (1) Mutations, (2) Useful variations, (3) Mutations together with natural selection, (4) Hybrdization, Nucleoprotein gave most probably the first sign of, (1) life, (2) amino acid, (3) soil, (4) sugar, Origin of life is due to, (1) spontaneous generation, (2) will to God, (3) effect of sun rays on mud, (4) None of the above, The changes in non-reproductive tissues, (1) cannot be passed on to the DNA of the germ cells, (2) cannot direct evolution, (3) are the acquired traits, (4) All of these, Variation combined with geographical isolation result in, (1) speciation, (2) dominant traits, (3) recessive traits, (4) None of these, If a round, green seeded pea plant (RR yy) is crossed with, wrinkled, yellow seeded pea plant, (rr YY) the seeds, produced in F1 generation are, (1) round and yellow, (2) round and green, (3) wrinkled and green, (4) wrinkled and yellow, , EBD_7042, , B-208

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Heredity and Evolution, , 29., , 30., , 31., , 32., , 33., , 34., , 35., , 36., , In human males all the chromosomes are paired perfectly, except one. This/these unpaired chromosomes is/are, (i) large chromosome, (ii) small chromosome, (iii) Y-chromosome, (iv) X-chromosome, (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (iii) only, (3) (iii) and (iv), (4) (ii) and (iv), New species may be formed if, (i) DNA undergoes significant changes in germ cells, (ii) chromosome number changes in the gamete, (iii) there is no change in the genetic material, (iv) mating does not take place, (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (i) and (iii), (3) (ii), (iii) and (iv), (4) (i), (ii) and (iii), Characteristics, (1) decide more fundamental differences among, organisms., (2) are details of appearance - particular form., (3) are details of behaviour - particular function., (4) are details of particular form or function that decide, more fundamental differences than less basic, differences., Classification of species is done on the basis of, (1) cell design - nucleated or non-nucleated, (2) unicellular or multi-cellular., (3) specialisation of cell types and tissues - Autotrophs, or heterotrophs., (4) some other factors also in addition to these., Two pea plants one with round green seeds (RRyy) and, another with wrinkled yellow (rrYY) seeds produce F1, progeny that have round, yellow (RrYy) seeds. When F1, plants are selfed, the F2 progeny will have new combination, of characters. Choose the new combination from the, following, (i) Round, yellow, (ii) Round, green, (iii) Wrinkled, yellow (iv) Wrinkled, green, (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (i) and (iv), (3) (ii) and (iii), (4) (i), (i) and (iii), Select the statements that describe characteristics of genes, (i) Genes are specific sequence of bases in a DNA, molecule., (ii) A gene does not code for proteins, (iii) In individuals of a given species, a specific gene is, located on a particular chromosome., (iv) Each chromosome has only one gene., (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (i) and (iii), (3) (i) and (iv), (4) (ii) and (iv), In peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant, (tt). The ratio of pure tall plants to short plants in F2 is, (1) 1 : 3, (2) 3 : 1, (3) 1 : 1, (4) 2 : 1, Evolutionary relationships can be followed by, (1) similar homologous characteristics indicate common, origins even in apparently different species., (2) similar analogous characteristics may not have common, origins, , B-209, , 37., , 38., , 39., , 40., , 41., , 42., , 43., , 44., , 45., , (3), (4), Age, (1), (2), , Both (1) and (2), None of these, of a fossil can be estimated by, how closer to earth surface the fossil was found, detecting the ratio of different isotopes of the same, element in the fossil, (3) comparing DNA of different species, (4) All of these, Some dinosaurs had feathers although they could not fly, but birds have feathers that help them to fly. In the context, of evolution this means that, (1) reptiles have evolved from birds., (2) there is no evolutionary connection between reptiles, and birds., (3) feathers are homologous structures in both the, organisms., (4) birds have evolved from reptiles., Genetics is the study of, (1) inheritance, (2) cell structure, (3) only plants, (4) only animals, If two parents have the genotypes AA × aa, the probability, of having an aa genotype in the F1 generation is, (1) 25 percent, (2) 50 percent, (3) 75 percent, (4) None of the above, A heterozygous red-eyed female Drosophila mated with a, white-eyed male would produce, (1) red-eyed females and white-eyed males in the F1, (2) white-eyed females and red-eyed males in the Fl, (3) half red and half white-eyed females and all white eyed, males in the F1, (4) half red and half white-eyed females as well as males in, the F1, Complex organs may have evolved because of, (1) survival advantage of even the intermediate stages, (2) human intervention, (3) environmental changes, (4) competition among the same species, Newly generated species, (1) eliminate the existing species, (2) will have more complex body designs than the older, ones, (3) are formed because of natural selection and genetic, drift, (4) Both (2) and (3), Which of the following would stop evolution by natural, selection from occurring?, (1) If humans became extinct because of a disease epidemic., (2) If a thermonuclear war killed most living organisms, and changed the environment drastically., (3) If ozone depletion led to increased ultraviolet radiation,, which caused many new mutations., (4) If all individuals in a population were genetically, identical, and there was no genetic recombination,, sexual reproduction, or mutation., Which of the following rediscovered the Mendel’s work?, (1) Correns, (2) Hugo de-Vries, (3) Tschermark, (4) all of the above

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46., , 47., , 48., , 49., , 50., , From heredity point of view which marriage is not suitable ?, (1) Man Rh (–) and Woman Rh (+), (2) Both Rh (+), (3) Both Rh (–), (4) Man Rh (+) and Woman Rh (–), Palaentology is the study of, (1) fossils, (2) bones, (3) birds, (4) embryo, The generation of diversity and the shaping of diversity by, environmental selection are, (1) evolution, (2) diversity, (3) heredity, (4) All of these, Study of evolution of human beings indicates that, (1) all humans belong to a single species that evolved in, Africa and spread across the world in stages., (2) the difference in colour, size and looks is the result of, environmental changes, (3) Both (1) and (2), (4) None of these, New species may be formed if, (i) DNA undergoes significant changes in germ cells, (ii) chromosome number changes in the gamete, (iii) there is no change in the genetic material, (iv) mating does not take place, (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (i) and (iii), (3) (ii), (iii) and (iv), (4) (i), (ii) and (iii), , 52., , 53., , 54., , 55., , 51., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Which one of the following has four limbs with similar basic, structure as the mammals?, (1) Birds, (2) Reptiles, (3) Amphibians, (4) All the three, Birds and bats have wings, but they do not have common, origin because, (1) wings of bats are skin-fold stretched mainly between, elongated fingers, but the wings of birds are a feathery, covering all along the arm., (2) structure and components of their wings are very, different., (3) they look similar because they have a common use., (4) All of these., Which one of the following does not describe formation of, fossils?, (1) Extinct species must have existed at some stage., (2) Bodies of organisms will decompose and be lost after, their death., (3) Some part of the environment does not let the body or, a part of it to decompose completely., (4) An impression of the body parts may be left on the, immediate surroundings for ever., , Green and, wrinkled, seed, , Yellow and, round seed, , Yellow and, round seed, Selfing, , 56., , 57., The, (1), (2), (3), (4), , figure represents :, Experiment to create different gases, Simple fractionation process, Experiment to demonstrate chemical evolution of life, Haldane’s reaction, , 58., , Total number of seeds were 556., Yellow round = a, Yellow wrinkled = b, Green round = c,, Green wrinkled = d, Choose the correct option :, (1) a = 32, b = 108, c = 101, d = 315, (2) a = 108, b = 315, c = 32, d = 101, (3) a = 315, b = 101, c = 108, d = 32, (4) Can’t say, A mendelian experiment consisted of crossing tall pea plants, bearing red flowers, with short pea plants, bearing white, flowers. All plants of F1 generation consists of tall with red, flowers. Then the genetic make up of the tall parents can be, defined as :, (1) TTWW, (2) TTww, (3) TtWW, (4) TtWw, Simplest life forms inhabiting adverse habitats are, (1) humans, (2) bacteria, (3) plants, (4) vultures, A change that is useful for one property, (1) can become useful later for quite a different function., (2) can be used for performing the same function., (3) can perform some other function also without, abandoning the original use., (4) All of these, , EBD_7042, , B-210

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Heredity and Evolution, , B-211, , Exercise, Matching Based MCQ, , 5., , DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1 to 7) : Match Column-I with Column-II, and select the correct answer using the codes given below, the columns., 1., , 2., , Column I, (A) BB × bb, (B) Bb × Bb, (C) BB × BB, (D) b× bb, (1) (A) ® (q); (B), (2) (A) ® (p); (B), (3) (A) ® (p); (B), (4) (A) ® (p); (B), Column I, (A) Fossils, , (B), , (C), , (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 3., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 4., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), , Column II, (p) 100% Bb, (q) 25% BB,50%Bb,25%bb, (r) 100% BB, (s) 100% bb, ® (p); (C) ® (r); (D) ® (s), ® (q); (C) ® (r); (D) ® (s), ® (q); (C) ® (s); (D) ® (r), ® (s); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (r), Column II, (p) Comparing similarities, and differences between, amino acid sequences in two, organisms., Embryology, (q) Comparing and constrasting, cell structures found within, an organism., Cytology, (r) Comparisons of the early, development stages of an, organism., DNA evidence, (s) The remains of decreased, organisms that are studied., (A) ® (s); (B) ® (r); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (p), (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (p), (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (q), (A) ® (r); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (s); (D) ® (q), Column I, Column II, Erect ape man, (p) 5-Bromouracil, Homo sapiens, (q) Java man, fossils, Base analogous, (r) Cromagnon man, Lamarck, (s) Theory of inheritance of, acquired character., (A) ® (r); (B) ® (q); (C) ® (s); (D) ® (p), (A) ® (q); (B) ® (r); (C) ® (s); (D) ® (p), (A) ® (q); (B) ® (r); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (s), (A) ® (q); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (r); (D) ® (s), Column I, Column II, Allopatric, (p) Swan neck experiment, speciation, Bar eye character (q) Finches to darwin, in Drosophila, Louis Pasteur, (r) 3 : 1, Monohybrid ratio (s) Duplication in X-chromosome, (A) ® (s); (B) ® (q); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (r), (A) ® (q); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (r); (D) ® (p), (A) ® (q); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (s); (D) ® (r), (A) ® (q); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (r), , 6., , 7., , Column I, Column II, (A) Genetic changes, (p) Darwin, (B) Independent, (q) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1, inheritance, (C) Natural selection, (r) DNA copying, (D) Dihybrid ratio, (s) Mendel, (1) (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (q), (2) (A) ® (s); (B) ® (r); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (q), (3) (A) ® (s); (B) ® (r); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (p), (4) (A) ® (r); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (s); (D) ® (q), Column I, Column II, (A) Male human beings (p) Homologous organs, (B) Wing of a bat and a (q) Fossil, wing of a bird, (C) Remnant of ancient (r) XY, animals, (D) Arm of a man and, (s) Analogous organ, wing of a bird, (1) (A) ® (s); (B) ® (r); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (p), (2) (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (p), (3) (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (q), (4) (A) ® (r); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (s); (D) ® (q), Column I, Column II, (A) Planaria, (p) Molecular Biology, (B) DNA, (q) 1953, (C) Miller and Urey, (r) Natural selection, (D) Darwin, (s) Rudimentary eyes, (1) (A) ® (p); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (r); (D) ® (q), (2) (A) ® (s); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (r); (D) ® (q), (3) (A) ® (s); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (r), (4) (A) ® (s); (B) ® (q); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (r), , Statement Based MCQ, 8., , 9., , 10., , Consider the following statements :, (a) Life can originate on earth from pre-existing life only., (b) The atmosphere of the primitive earth was reducing., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) At present time evolution is not possible., (b) There was plenty of oxygen present in atmosphere of, primitive earth., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements:, (a) Variations arising during the process of reproduction, cannot be inherited., (b) Changes in the non-reproductive tissues caused by, environmental factors are inheritable., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b)

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11., , 12., , 13., , 14., , 15., , Consider the following statements :, (a) Sex is determined by different factors in various, species., (b) Exchange of genetic material takes place in asexual, reproduction., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) A cross between a true tall and pure dwarf pea plant, resulted in production of all tall plants because tallness, is the dominant trait., (b) The more characteristics two species will have in, common, the more closely they are related., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Reduction in weight of an organism due to nutrition is, genetically controlled., (b) New species may be formed if DNA undergoes, significant changes germ cells or chromosome number, changes in the gametes., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Both the parents contribute DNA equally to the, offspring., (b) Sex of the child is determined by the type of ovum, provided by the mother., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) A recessive trait can also be common as blood group, O., (b) Charles Darwin discovered the law of independent, assortment., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), , Passage Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 16 to 22) : Read the passage(s) given, below and answer the questions that follow., PASSAGE - 1, The theory of natural selection was put forth by Charles Darwin, in his book ‘On the Origin of Species by means of Natural, Selection’, co-authored by Alfred Russel Wallace. According to, Darwin, nature has its own ways of selecting the best from the, available species for continuation of life. The mechanism of natural, selection works as follows:, , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Individuals of a species produce more offspring than necessary, to replace themselves. This results in competition and struggle, for existence among the individuals. Within the species itself, there is variation that results in minor differences between the, individuals., Thus in the struggle for existence only the ones with the variations, best adapted to their environment survive. In this manner nature, ensures survival of the fittest., 16. The book ‘On the Origin of Species by means of Natural, Selection’ was published in the year, (1) 1859, (2) 1860, (3) 1861, (4) 1862, 17. Darwin formulated theory of natural selection in the year, (1) 1858, (2) 1859, (3) 1860, (4) 1861, 18. Darwin's theory is also known as, (1) Theory of Natural Selection, (2) Mutation Theory, (3) Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters, (4) None of these, 19. Which animal is the slowest breeder in the animal kingdom?, (1) Elephant, (2) Rat, (3) Lion, (4) Tiger, PASSAGE - 2, Adaptations are favourable, heritable variations or changes that, enable an organism to increase its chances of survival. Such, variations are the result of genetic recombination or mutations., Adaptations can be either permanent (i.e., heritable from, generation to generation) or temporary (i.e., within an organism’s, life span. It can again be a short term or long-term adaptation)., Short-term adaptations are temporary in nature and appear in, response to a particular condition, season or stage of the lifecycle. For example, when skin is exposed to sunlight for a, considerable period of time, it starts turning black in colour. It is, due to the formation and accumulation of melanin pigment. It, protects the body tissues from harmful radiation. Long- term, adaptations are permanent changes that have occurred over many, generations, in response to some significant changes in the, environment. These adaptations have now become genetic, characteristics of the species. For example, in the course of human, evolution, forelimbs have become free from the task of locomotion, and have opposable digits. This adaptive feature has enabled, man to use his forelimbs for various activities like holding,, examining or throwing an object, making and using of tools and, so on., 20. ‘Descent with modification’ is the central theme of, (1) recapitulation, (2) genetics, (3) evolution, (4) biogenesis, 21. The ultimate source of variation is, (1) natural selection, (2) mutation, (3) sexual reproduction, (4) None of these, 22. Adaptations can, (1) permanent, (2) temporary, (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) Neither (1) nor (2), , EBD_7042, , B-212

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Heredity and Evolution, , B-213, , Assertion Reason Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 23 to 28) : Following questions consist, of two statements, one labelled as the ‘Assertion’ and, the other as ‘Reason’. You are to examine these two, statements carefully and select the answer to these items, using the code given below., Code :, (1) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct, explanation of A:, (2) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct, explanation of A., (3) A is true but R is false, (4) A is false but R is true., 23., , 24., , 25., , 26., , 27., , 28., , Assertion : Chromosomes are known as hereditary vehicles., Reason : The chromosomes are capable of self-reproduction, and maintaining morphological and physiological properties, through successive generations., Assertion : Ear muscles of external ear in man are poorly, developed., Reason : These muscles are useful which move external ear, freely to detect sound efficiently., Assertion : Although living organism always arise from, other living organism, life should certainly have had a, beginning., Reason : The study of the conditions and the mechanisms, involved in the creation of most primitive living structures, on earth is actually the problem of origin of life., Assertion : The establishment of reproductive isolations, in an event of biological significance., Reason : In the absence of reproductive isolation species, can merge back into single population., Assertion: We have lost all the direct evidence of origin of, life., Reason : The persons responsible for protecting evidences, were not skilled., Assertion : Among the primates, chimpanzee is the closest, relative of the present day humans., Reason : The banding pattern in the autosome numbers 3, and 6 of man and chimpanzee is remarkably similar., , 31., , 32., , Feature Based MCQ, 33., , 34., , 35., , Correct Definition Based MCQ, 29., , 30., , Allele is, (1) an alternative form of a gene that is located at a specific, position on a specific chromosome., (2) a form of a gene that is located on a chromosome., (3) an alternative form of a gene that is not located on a, specific position on a specific chromosome., (4) a form of gene that is located on different positions on, a chromosome., Heredity is, (1) transmission of genetic characters from parents to, offspring or one generation to the next., , (2) transmission of sexual characters from one generation, to the next., (3) transmission of morphological characters from one, generation to the next., (4) transmission of physical characters from one, generation to the next., Sex determination is, (1) a system that determines the development of physical, characters in an organism., (2) a system that determines the development of feeding, habits in an organism., (3) a biological system that determines the development, of sexual characters in an organism., (4) a biological system that determines the development, of morphological characters in an organism., Evolution is, (1) a rapid development of more complex species from preexisting simpler forms., (2) a gradual development of more complex species from, pre-existing simpler forms., (3) a rapid development of simpler species from preexisting complex forms., (4) a gradual development of more simpler species from, pre-existing complex forms., , 36., , On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) They have a similar function., (II) They occur in unrelated organisms., (III) They show convergent evolution., (1) Analogous organs (2) Homologous organs, (3) Vestigial organs, (4) Heterologous organs, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) It is able to express its effect even in the presence of, recessive factor., (II) It produces an effective or complete protein for, expressing its effect., (1) Recessive factor, (2) Heterozygous factor, (3) Homozygous factor (4) Dominant factor, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) It is conducted by nature on a vast scale all over the, world., (II) Traits selected for evolution are beneficial to the, species., (III) Results are achieved over a long period of time., (1) Artificial selection (2) Natural selection, (3) Man-made selection (4) Random selection, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) New species are formed in isolated small peripheral, populations that are prevented from exchanging genes, with the main population., (II) Genetic drift plays an important role here., (1) Allopatric speciation (2) Parapatric speciation, (3) Peripatric speciation (4) Sympatric speciation

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&, Exercise 1, , 1., 2., , 3., 6., 7., 8., 11., , 12., , 13., 16., 17., 18., 21., 22., 26., 27., 28., 31., 32., , 33., 36., , 37., , 38., 42., 43., , 44., 48., 49., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, , (1) Variants by environmental factors like temperature form the, basis of evolutionary processes., (2) Reproductive processes generate individuals of similar design, so, the rules of heredity determine the process by which traits and, characteristics are reliably inherited., (1), 4. (1), 5. (1), (4) Mendel proposed the laws of inheritance based on, experiments conducted on pea plants., (3) Gene is a section of cellular DNA that provides information, for one protein., (3), 9. (2), 10. (2), (2) Genetic make up of the progeny is decided on the basis of, the dominant and recessive traits of the parents. The genetic makeup of the tall parent would have been TtWW., (1) A gene has two separate independent chromosome. Each, cell will have two copies of each chromosome one each from the, male and female parents., (3), 14. (1), 15. (1), (1) Colour variation can take place due to environment as well., (1) In human beings, males have XY chromosomes and females, have XX chromosomes., (4), 19. (3), 20. (2), (4) There are possibilities of errors in DNA copying due to, sexual reproduction causing variations., (3), 23. (3), 24. (1), 25. (4), (4) The changes in non-reproductive tissues are the acquired, traits and these cannot be passed on to the DNA of the germ cells., (1) Speciation takes place on the basis of variation combined, with geographical isolation., (1), 29. (3 ), 30. (1), (4) Characteristics are details of appearance or behaviour., (4) Classification of species is done on the basis of cell design,, specialisation of cell types and tissues and evolutionary, relationship., ( 2), 34. ( 2), 35. (3 ), (3) Similar homologous characteristics indicate common origins, even in apparently different species whereas similar analogous, characteristics may not have common origins., (4) Age of a fossil can be estimated by guessing how closer it, was to earth surface when found, by isotope dating or by, comparing DNA of different species., (4), 39. (1), 40. (4), 41. (4), (1) Complex organ may have evolved because it had survival, advantage at intermediate stages., (4) Because of natural selection and genetic drift, newly generated, species are found to have more complex designs, though original, species might not have vanished completely., (4), 45. (4), 46. (4), 47. (1), (1) Evolution can be described as generation and shaping of, diversity by environmental selection., (3) Study of evolution of human beings indicates that all humans, originated from a single species that evolved in Africa. Spreading, across the world in stages with wide variations in environment, and climate made the difference in colour, size and looks., , 50., 52., 53., 54., 55., 57., 58., , (1), 51. (3), (4) Basic structure of four limbs of birds, reptiles or amphibians, is similar to that of the mammals., (4) Structure and components of wings are different, but look, similar for their common function., (1) Extinct species must have existed at some stage describe, evolution., (3), 56. (1), (2) Bacteria have survived adverse habitats., (1) Becoming useful later for quite a different function than, abandoning is a welcome change., , Exercise 2, 1., 5., 9., , 10., , 11., 12., 14., 15., 16., 21., 22., , 23., 24., , 25., 27., , 28., , 29., 34., , (2), 2. (1), 3. (3), 4. (4), (1), 6. (2), 7. (3), 8. (3), (4) Evolution is the unfolding of nature where in newer types of, organisms develop from the pre-existing ones through modification., Modifications occur due to accumulation of variations. At the, time of formation of earth lighter elements present on the surface, were in their atomic state, viz, H, C, N and O., (4) Variations develop during reproduction due to errors in DNA, copying or mutations, chance separation of chromosomes during, gametogenesis, crossing over and chance pairing of chromosomes., and can be inherited. Acquired traits are those variations which an, individual develops during its life time due to effect of environmental, factors, use and disuse of organs and conscious efforts. These, traits ae non-inheritable., (1) Exchange of genetic material takes place in sexual, reproduction by involving male and female parents., (3), 13. (2), (1) Sex of the child is determined by inheritance of X or Y, chromosomes from males., (1) Mendel gave the law of independent assortment and Charles, Darwin gave the theory of Natural selection., (1), 17. (1), 18. (1), 19. (1) 20. (3), (2) Every mutation or change in trait is caused by change in, nucleotide sequence of DNA representing a gene., (3) Adaptations can be either permanent (i.e. heritable from, generation to generation) or temporary (i.e., within an organism’s, life span)., (1), (3) Ear muscles of external ear in man are poorly developed., These muscles are useless which move external ear freely and, these muscles are called vestigial organs., (1), 26. (1), (3) We have lost all the direct evidence of origin of life because, evolution does not proceed continuously in a particular direction., Continuation of old species also depends upon the environment., (1) The banding pattern seen on stained chromosomes from, humans and chimpanzee show striking similarities which indicates, that they have evolutionary relationships (cytogenetic evidence)., (1), 30. (1), 31. (3), 32. (2) 33. (1), (4), 35. (2), 36. (3), , EBD_7042, , B-214

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Chapter, , •, , •, , •, , •, , Our Environment, , Environment is the sum total of all external factors, substances,, living beings, and conditions that surround an organism and, influence the same without becoming its part. It consists of, both living and non-living components., The waste materials produced by the various activities of man, and animals can be divided into two main groups :, 1. Biodegradable wastes : The waste materials which can be, broken down to non-poisonous substances in nature in, due course of time by the action of micro-organisms like, certain bacteria, are called biodegradable wastes. E.g., animal bones, leather etc., 2. Non-biodegradable wastes : The waste materials which, cannot be broken down into non-poisonous or harmless, substances in nature are called non-biodegradable wastes., E.g., plastics, glass objects etc., Ecosystem, An ecosystem is a self-contained unit of living things (plants,, animals and decomposers), and their non-living environment, (soil, air and water). E.g. a forest, a pond, a lake, a greenland, etc., There are two components of an ecosystem :, (i) Biotic component of an ecosytem is a community of living, organisms like plants and animals which is made up of, many different inter-dependent populations. It includes, three types of organisms:, A. Producer (which synthesise their own food. E.g. all green, plants), B. Consumer (which depends upon the others for food., E.g. animals) and, C. Decomposer/saprophyte (which consume the dead, remains of other organism. E.g. some bacteria, fungi)., Those animals which eat both plants and animals, are called, omnivores., Planktons are very minute or microscopic organisms freely, floating on the surface of water in a pond, lake, river or ocean., (ii) Abiotic component of an ecosystem includes the physical, environment like soil, water, air, and the nonliving, components of the environment like sodium, nitrogen,, hydrogen, etc., Food Chains and Food Webs, • The sequence of living organisms in a community in which, one organism consumes another organism to transfer food, energy, is called a food chain., • The food chain starts from producers and all the food, chain starts from the original source of all food i.e. green, plant. Next in the chain is always the plant eater or the, herbivore which is called the primary consumer. The, , primary consumers are eaten by flesh eater the secondary, and tertiary consumers. Certain food chains may be very, long and may extend to fourth, fifth or even higher order, consumers., , •, , Fig. Food Chain, A food chain is unidirectional where transfer of energy, takes place in only one direction., , Top Carnivores, , Carnivores, , Herbivores, , Producers, , Sunlight, , •, , •, , Fig : Diagram showing flow, of energy in an ecosystem, In aquatic ecosystem of the biosphere, the food chain starts, with microscopic free floating plants (phytoplankton)., Algae ¾¾, ® Small animals ¾¾, ® Fish ¾¾, ® Big fish, (phytoplankton) (zoo-plankton), The various steps in a food chain at which the transfer of, food (or energy) takes place are called trophic levels.

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Tertiary, consumers, Secondary, consumers, Primary consumers, Producers, , •, , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, becomes hot due to the solar radiations. This radiation is, normally reflected back into the space. However, due to the, presence of the insulating layer the heat remains within the, earth’s atmosphere and increases its temperature. The, reduction in the forest cover also contributes to the heating, of earth. This is called global warming. It results in the melting, of polar ice caps, rise in the level of ocean waters., (ii) Ozone Depletion, • Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen., At the higher levels of the atmosphere, ozone performs, an essential function. It shields the surface of the earth, from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun., , Trophic levels, , When green plants are eaten by primary consumers, a, great deal of energy is lost as heat to the environment,, some amount goes into digestion and in doing work and, the rest goes towards growth and reproduction. An, average of 10% of the food eaten is turned into its own, body and made available for the next level of consumers., • The length and complexity of food chains vary greatly., Each organism is generally eaten by two or more other, kinds of organisms which in turn are eaten by several, other organisms. So instead of a straight line food chain,, the relationship can be shown as a series of branching, lines called a food web., • Ten percent law states that only 10 percent of the energy, entering a particular trophic level of organisms is available, for transfer to the next higher trophic level., • Environmental Problems, (i) Global Warming, Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide gas increases the, temperature of the earth. These gases remain close to the, surface of earth, forming an insulating layer. The surface, , UV, O 2 ¾¾¾, ®O + O, O 2 + O ® O3, (Ozone), , The depletion of ozone layer is due to CFCs (chloro, fluorocarbons), insulating foams, solvents and aerosols., • Thinning of ozone layer would allow penetration of, ultraviolet light into earth’s atmosphere causing,, blindness, skin cancers and mutations., (iii) Waste, • Accumulation of wastes due to its improper disposal is a, major problem., • The increase in concentration of harmful chemical, substances like pesticides in the body of living organisms, at each trophic level of a food chain is called biological, magnification., • The disposal of waste should be done in a scientific way., • Some of the important modes of waste disposal are :, (i) Recycling, (ii) Preparation of compost, (iii) Incineration, (iv) Landfill, (v) Sewage treatment, •, , Exercise, DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice, questions. Each question has 4 choices (1), (2), (3) and (4), out of which only one is correct., 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , Carnivores represent, (1) primary consumers, (2) secondary and tertiary consumers, (3) reducers, (4) zooplankton, A non-biodegradable waste is, (1) garbage, (2) metallic articles, (3) sewage, (4) waste paper, In every food chain green plants are, (1) decomposers, (2) producers, (3) consumers, (4) None of the above, Biodegradable substances are those substances that, (1) can be broken down by the action of bacteria or other, saprophytes., (2) cannot be acted upon by physical processes like heat, and pressure., , 5., , 6., , 7., , 8., , 9., , (3) persist in the environment for a long time., (4) may harm the various members of the ecosystem., Which of the following is non-biodegradable substance?, (1) Polythene, (2) Cotton cloth, (3) Leaves, (4) Vegetable peels, All the interacting organisms in an area together with the, non-living constituents of the environment form, (1) community, (2) ecosystem, (3) atmosphere, (4) soil, An ecosystem consists of, (1) biotic component comprising living organisms, (2) abiotic component comprising physical factors, (3) Both (1) and (2), (4) None of these, Which is abiotic component of ecosystem?, (1) Humus, (2) Bacteria, (3) Plants, (4) Fungi, Who coined the term ecosystem?, (1) Tansley, (2) Odum, (3) Warming, (4) Darwin, , EBD_7042, , B-216

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Our Environment, , 10., , 11., , 12., , 13., , 14., , 15., , B-217, , Which chemical has been replaced recently?, (1) Malathion, (2) Chlorofluorocarbons, (3) Chloroform, (4) Ethylene dibromide, Growth, reproduction and other activities of living organisms, are affected by, (1) abiotic components only, (2) biotic components only, (3) both biotic and abiotic components, (4) some other factors, Types of ecosystems are, (1) mountains and aquarium, (2) natural ecosystems like forests, ponds and lakes, (3) artificial ecosystems like gardens and crop fields, (4) Both (2) and (3), All consumers whether herbivores, carnivores or parasites, depend on ____________ directly or indirectly for their, sustenance by feeding on other consumers, (1) producers or plants, (2) air, (3) water, (4) light, The micro organisms that break-down the complex organic, substances of dead remains and waste products of, organisms into simpler inorganic substances are called, (1) vultures, (2) decomposers, (3) omnivores, (4) None of these, In the given figure, the various trophic levels are shown in, a pyramid. At which trophic level is minimum energy, available ?, , 19., , 20., , 21., , 22., , 23., , 24., , The decomposers in an ecosystem, (1) convert inorganic material to simpler forms., (2) convert organic material to inorganic forms., (3) convert inorganic materials into organic compounds., (4) do not breakdown organic compounds., All green plants and certain blue green algae make their, food by making organic compounds like sugar and starch, from inorganic substances using the radiant energy of the, Sun in presence of chlorophyll. The process is, (1) respiration, (2) photosynthesis, (3) oxidation, (4) sustenance, Interdependence of organisms on other organisms for their, sustenance is described by, (1) ecosystem, (2) biosphere, (3) food chains, (4) heterotrophs, Each step or level of the food chain forms a, (1) trophic level, (2) food web, (3) layer, (4) crust, Interactions among various components of the environment, involves _________________ from one component of the, system to another., (1) flow of hereditary information, (2) flow of food particles, (3) flow of energy, (4) flow of oxygen, The diagram below shows a food pyramid., , T4, T3, T2, T1, , 16., , 17., , 18., , (1) T4, (2) T2, (3) T1, (4) T3, Disposable plastic plates should not be used because, (1) they are made of materials with light weight., (2) they are made of toxic materials., (3) they are made of biodegradable materials., (4) they are made of non-biodegradable materials., Accumulation of non-biodegradable pesticides in the food, chain in increasing amount at each higher trophic level is, known as, (1) eutrophication, (2) pollution, (3) biomagnification, (4) accumulation, In the given figure the various trophic levels are shown in a, pyramid. At which trophic level is maximum energy, available?, (1) T4, T4, (2) T2, T3, (3) T1, T2, (4) T3, , T1, , Which level of the food pyramid contains consumers with, the least biomass?, (1) Snakes, (2) Frogs, (3) Crickets, (4) Green plants, 25., , 26., , 27., , Grass, , Deer, , ?, , Bacteria, , Producer, I, , Herbivore, II, , Carnivore, III, , Decomposer, IV, , Carnivore is represented by the animal, (1) Cow, (2) Buffalo, (3) Lion, (4) None, Which of the statement is incorrect?, (1) All green plants and blue green algae are producers., (2) Green plants get their food from organic compounds., (3) Producers prepare their own food from inorganic, compounds., (4) Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy., In the given food chain, suppose the amount of energy at, fourth trophic level is 3 kJ, what will be the energy available, at the producer level ?, Grass ® Grasshopper ® Frog ® Snake ® Hawk, (1) 3 kJ, (2) 30 kJ, (3) 300 kJ, (4) 3000 kJ

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28., , 29., , 30., , 31., , 32., , 33., , Excessive exposure of humans to U V-rays results in, (i) damage to immune system, (ii) damage to lungs, (iii) skin cancer, (iv) peptic ulcers, (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (ii) and (iv), (3) (i) and (iii), (4) (iii) and (iv), How many trophic levels are usually present in a food, chain?, (1) One, (2) Four, (3) Numerous, (4) Five, In a terrestrial ecosystem, green plants capture 1% of the, energy of sunlight that falls on their leaves and convert it, into, (1) food energy, (2) muscular energy, (3) electrical energy (4) potential energy, How much energy is transferred from one level of consumers, to the next?, (1) All of it, (2) Only organic matter is transferred, (3) 10% of the energy received by it, (4) 50% of the energy received by it, The energy transferred from one level to the next higher, level, (1) can be transferred back to the previous level, (2) cannot be transferred back to the previous level, (3) is consumed by it in doing body functions or lost to, the environment, (4) both (2) and (3), Carefully observe the diagram(s) given below, , 35., , 36., , 37., , 38., , 39., , Banana peel, 40., , Leaves, , 41., , Flower, , 34., , Paper, , Which type of waste is represented by figures shown above?, (1) Biodegradable, (2) Non-biodegradable, (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None, Carefully observe the diagram(s) given below, 42., , Lead batteries, , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, In the following groups of materials, which group (s), contains only non-biodegradable items ?, (i) Wood, paper, leather, (ii) Polythene, detergent, PVC, (iii) Plastic, detergent, grass, (iv) Plastic, bakelite, DDT, (1) (iii), (2) (iv), (3) (i) and (iii), (4) (ii) and (iv), Which group of organisms are not constituents of a food, chain ?, (i) Grass, lion, rabbit, wolf, (ii) Plankton, man, fish, grasshopper, (iii) Wolf, grass, snake, tiger, (iv) Frog, snake, eagle, grass, grasshopper, (1) (i) and (iii), (2) (iii) and (iv), (3) (ii) and (iii), (4) (i) and (iv), The percentage of solar radiation absorbed by all the green, plants for the process of photosynthesis is about, (1) 1%, (2) 5%, (3) 8%, (4) 10%, Our food contains varying amounts of pesticide residues, because of, (1) biological magnification, (2) the chemicals supplied during agricultural processes, are retained by the fruits and seeds through soil and, water, (3) chemical reactions between spices and other cooking, materials, (4) Only (1) and (2), Which of the following steps is not relevant to formation of, ozone?, (1) Ozone is a poisonous gas., (2) UV radiations from sunlight split and oxygen molecule, into atomic oxygen., (3) Oxygen molecule combine with the atomic oxygen to, form ozone., (4) Ozone is formed at the higher levels of the atmosphere., Preservation of the Ozone layer, (1) is important because it helps in stopping harmful UV, radiations, (2) is endangered by CFCs, (3) Both (1) and (2), (4) is not necessary as it will give us more of oxygen, Disposal of garbage can be made eco-friendly, (1) segregating it into biodegradable and nonbiodegradable bins., (2) treating the biodegradable waste separately into some, useful forms., (3) treating the industrial waste and sewage before, disposing them into water bodies., (4) All of these., Carefully observe the diagram(s) given below, , Paint, , Melting of ice caps, , Plastic bag, , Aluminium container, , Which type of waste is represented by following figure ?, (1) Non-biodegradable (2) Bio-degradable, (3) Both, (4) None, , Rise in, sea level, , Submergence, of low-lying, areas, , Cause of following effects is, (1) global warming, (2) ozone depletion, (3) acid rain, (4) None, , EBD_7042, , B-218

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Our Environment, , 43., , B-219, , Carefully observe the diagram(s) given below, , 52., , 53., , The sequence of species through which the organic, molecules in a community pass is, (1) pyramid of energy (2) nutrient cycle, (3) food chain, (4) food web, Carefully observe the diagram(s) given below, , P, , D, , 44., , Which type of air pollutants is released from the chimney ?, (1) CO2, (2) CH4, (3) Smoke, (4) NO2, Carefully observe the diagram(s) given below, , Large fishes, , .0001 ppm, , Small fishes, , .001 ppm, , Zooplanktons, Phyto planktons, , 45., , 46., , 47., , 48., , 49., , 50., , 51., , .01 ppm, , C, , P, , D, , Upright, , Inverted, , P = Producer, C = Consumer, D = Decomposer, , Which type of pyramid best represents the pyramid of, energy ?, (1) Upright, (2) Inverted, (3) Both, (4) None, ® Zooplanktons ® Fish larva ® Small fish ® Large fish, , 54., , .1 ppm, , Following figure represents the phenomenon :, (1) Bioaccumulation (2) Biomagnification, (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None, This is an inverted pyramid, (1) Pyramid of number in a grassland, (2) Pyramid of energy in pond system, (3) Pyramid of biomass in a grassland, (4) Pyramid of biomass in pond ecosystem, In an ecosystem, one of the following occurs as abiotic, compounds, (1) Flow of energy, (2) Cycling of materials, (3) Consumers, (4) Both (1) and (2), Decomposers are, (1) Animalia and Monera, (2) Protista and Monera, (3) Fungi and Plantae, (4) Bacteria and Fungi, Greater use of disposable packaging materials is affecting, the environment because, (1) they are more convenient to use., (2) they are increasing non-biodegradable waste., (3) they are hygienic and non-toxic for humans., (4) All of these, While on an excursion, you like to have tea in a, (1) disposable paper cup, (2) kulhad of clay, (3) disposable plastic cup, (4) any one that is available, In an ecosystem, there were grass, plants, rats, dogs, deer,, horses and lions. Will it sustain?, (1) No, it has producers, consumers but no decomposers, (2) Yes, it has producers and consumers, (3) No, dogs will not get their favourite food cat, (4) Yes, it has got all the levels required for transfer of, energy, The food chain, in which micro organisms breakdown the, energy rich compounds is called, (1) ecosystem, (2) detritus food chain, (3) parasitic food chain, (4) predator food chain, , C, , 1st, , 55., , 56., , trophic level in the aquatic food chain is represented by, (1) phytoplanktons (2) trees, (3) grasses, (4) hawks, Food webs are prominent in an ecosystem because, (1) one consumer is not dependent on a single kind of, food from the same food chain, (2) interlinking of food chains lead to formation of food, webs, (3) Both (1) and (2), (4) None of these, Carefully observe the diagram(s) given below, CH4, , CO2, , N2O, , Tropospheric O3, , 57., , % concentration of which greenhouse gas is maximum ?, (1) CO2, (2) CH4, (3) N2O, (4) Tropospheric O3, Carefully observe the food chain given below, , Amount of energy lost at each trophic level is represented, by law :, (1) Law of 8%, (2) Law of 10%, (3) Law of 15%, (4) Law of 20%

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60., , 58., , Short, waves, (light, energy), Normal, CO2, Content, , Exosphere, Ionosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere, , 59., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Carefully observe the diagram(s) given below, , O3 is concentrated in which layer of atmosphere, (1) Troposphere, (2) Exosphere, (3) Stratosphere, (4) None, Suggest the correct sequence of various autotrophic levels, likely in the food chain involving plants, birds, lions, snakes, and ants., (1) Plants, birds, snakes, lions and ants, (2) Plants, ants, birds, snakes and lions, (3) Plants, birds, lions, snakes and ants, (4) Plants, snakes, ants, birds, lions, , Long waves, (heat energy), , High, CO2, content in, atmosphere, , Earth, , Following figure represents the phenomenon, (1) Acid rain, (2) Greenhouse effect, (3) Ozone depletion (4) None, , Exercise, Matching Based MCQ, , 2., , DIRECTIONS (Qs.1 to 5) : Match Column-I with Column-II, and select the correct answer using the codes given below, the columns., 1., , Column I, (A) Tundra, , (B), , (C), , (D), , (1), (2), (3), (4), , Column II, (p) This area on the planet, has permanently frozen, soil that does not allow for, the growth of large plants., Grassland, (q) The area on the planet, has few trees, very fertile, soil and usually many, species of grasses. The, rainfall amounts are low, and the rain is more, abundant during the, summer months., Tropical rainforest (r) This biome is usually, located near the equator., Rainfall amounts are very, high, vegetation is dense, and soil quality is poor., Savanna, (s) A type of grassland, biome that experiences, rainy seasons and long, periods of drought., A – (p); B – (q); C – (r); D – (s), A – (q); B – (p); C – (r); D – (s), A – (q); B – (p); C – (s); D – (r), A – (q); B – (s); C – (p); D – (r), , Column I, Grass, Grasshopper, Frog, Hawk, A – (s); B – (r);, A – (r); B – (s);, A – (r); B – (s);, A – (r); B – (q);, Column I, (A) Eastern Ghats, , (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 3., , (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 4., (A), (B), , (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), , Column II, (p) Primary carnivore, (q) Secondary carnivore, (r) Producer, (s) Primary consumer, C – (p); D – (q), C – (p); D – (q), C – (q); D – (p), C – (s); D – (p), Column II, (p) Western and Eastern, Himalayas, Estuarine ecosystem (q) Rajasthan, Punjab and, part of Gujarat, Indus plains, (r) West Bengal and, Andaman Nicobar, Arctic zone, (s) Cape Comarine to Gujarat, A – (r); B – (s); C – (p); D – (q), A – (s); B – (r); C – (p); D – (q), A – (s); B – (r); C – (q); D – (p), A – (s); B – (q); C – (r); D – (p), Column I, Column II, Third trophic level, (p) Producers, Accumulation of, (q) Carnivores, pesticides at higher, trophic level, Green plants, (r) Unidirectional, Flow of energy in, (s) Biomagnification, an ecosystem, A – (p); B – (q); C – (r); D – (s), A – (q); B – (p); C – (r); D – (s), A – (q); B – (p); C – (s); D – (r), A – (q); B – (s); C – (p); D – (r), , EBD_7042, , B-220

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Our Environment, , 5., , Column I, Column II, (A) Consists of 3-atoms (p) CFCs, of oxygen, (B) Main cause of, (q) Decomposes, depletion of ozone, layer, (C) Second trophic level (r) Ozone, (D) Break-down of dead (s) Herbivore, organic compounds, (1) A – (r); B – (p); C – (s); D – (q), (2) A – (p); B – (r); C – (s); D – (q), (3) A – (p); B – (r); C – (q); D – (s), (4) A – (p); B – (q); C – (r); D – (s), , B-221, , 11., , 12., , Statement Based MCQ, 6., , 7., , 8., , 9., , 10., , Consider the following statements :, (a) Waste are of two types, biodegradable and nonbiodegradable., (b) Blue-green algae are producers., (c) Biodegradable wastes should be separated and kept, in blue colour bins for garbage collectors., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) and (c), (3) (a), (b) and (c), (4) None of these, Consider the following statements :, (a) Ozone is formed in stratosphere by action of ultravoilet, radiations on oxygen., (b) Carbon dioxide causes depletion of ozone layer thereby, allowing more UV-radiations to reach the earth., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Earth is kept warm due to green house flux., (b) The reproduction and other activities of living, organisms are affected by the abiotic components of, ecosystem., (c) Ecology is the scientific study of the interaction of, organisms with each other and the environment., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) and (c), (3) (a), (b) and (c), (4) None of these, Consider the following statements :, (a) Food ensures survival of all types of trophic levels., (b) The energy takes place from autotrophs to the, heterotrophs., (c) Organisms can make organic compounds from, inorganic substances by using the radiant energy of, the sun in the presence of chlorophyll., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) and (c), (3) (a), (b) and (c), (4) None of these, Consider the following statements :, (a) The interlocking pattern of various food chains is, referred as food web., (b) In general, food webs consist of producers,, consumers, and decomposers., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), , 13., , Consider the following statements :, (a) The abiotic components of the environment are the, living factors., (b) An ecosystem is made up of one type of community., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) The amount of usable energy remains constant as it is, passed from one trophic level to another., (b) The energy within an ecosystem is fixed and never, changes., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Human population and technology are having a, destructive impact on the biosphere., (b) The oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, when mixed with, water in the air, are the chief components of acid rain., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), , Passage Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 14 to 19) : Read the passage(s) given, below and answer the questions that follow., PASSAGE-1, Energy is the capacity to do work. Solar energy is transformed, into chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis, and is, stored in plant tissue and then transformed into mechanical and, heat forms during metabolic activities., The energy, in the biological world, flows from the sun to plants, and then to all heterotrophic organisms such as microorganisms,, animals and man. Energy flow is the key function in an ecosystem, and it is unidirectional., The study of energy transfer at different trophic level is known, as 'Bioenergetics'., 14. In the given food chain, suppose the amount of energy at, fourth trophic level is 5 kJ, what will be the energy available, at the producer level., Grass ® Grasshopper ® Frog ® Snake ® Hawk, (1) 5 kJ, (2) 50 kJ, (3) 500 kJ, (4) 5000 kJ, 15. Flow of energy in an ecosystem is always, (1) unidirectional, (2) bidirectional, (3) multi-directional, (4) no specific direction, 16. In a food chain, the third trophic level is always occupied, by, (1) carnivores, (2) herbivores, (3) decomposers, (4) producers

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PASSAGE-2, , 24., , We generate several types of wastes which are classified into, two categories i.e., (i) Biodegradable wastes and (ii) NonBiodegradable wastes., The non-biodegradable wastes generated by us are metallic cans,, bottles, cartoons, polythene pouch and bags, plastic broken items,, chemicals in the form of medicines, insecticides, pesticides,, chemical fertilizers, wrappers etc., These waste pollute the air, soil and water. These waste heaps, become the shelter of housefly, mosquitoes, bacteria and many, other micro-organisms. They increase their number and spread, several types of disease in animals and human beings., The aquatic plants and animals accumulate chemicals present in, the water in their bodies. When these are taken by human beings, they become patient of several types of diseases. Some amount, of chemicals are mixed with the soils of crop fields from where, these are with drawn by the plants. These chemicals accumulate, when these plants are eaten up cause several types of diseases, in us., 17. A biodegradable waste is, (1) polythene bags, (2) broken glass and crockery, (3) livestock waste, (4) discarded plastic, 18. A non-biodegradable waste is, (1) garbage, (2) metallic articles, (3) sewage, (4) waste paper, 19. Accumulation of non-biodegradable pesticides in the food, chain in increasing amount at each higher trophic level is, known as, (1) eutrophication, (2) pollution, (3) biomagnification, (4) accumulation, , Assertion Reason Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 20 to 27) : Following questions consist, of two statements, one labelled as the ‘Assertion’ and, the other as ‘Reason’. You are to examine these two, statements carefully and select the answer to these items, using the code given below., Code :, (1) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct, explanation of A:, (2) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct, explanation of A., (3) A is true but R is false, (4) A is false but R is true., 20., , 21., , 22., , 23., , Assertion : The crown fires are most destructive as they, burn the tree top., Reason : Due to crown fire the temperature of that area may, rise upto 700°C., Assertion : Abiotic component of an ecosystem involves, cycling of material and flow of energy., Reason : This is essential to keep biotic factors alive., Assertion : In an ecosystem, the function of producers is, to convert organic compounds into inorganic compounds., Reason : Green plants, the producers transduce solar energy., Assertion : Trophic levels are formed by only plants., Reason : Food chains and webs are formed due to linked, organisms on basis of their nutrition., , 25., , 26., , 27., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Assertion : Ecology is study of relationship between living, organisms and their environment., Reason : The biotic community and non-living environment, of an area function together to form an ecosystem., Assertion : Supersonic jets cause pollution as they thin, out ozone., Reason : Depletion of ozone cause green house effect., Assertion : Tropical rain forests are disappearing fast from, developing countries such as India., Reason : No value is attached to these forests because, these are poor in biodiversity., Assertion : Animals adopt different strategies to survive in, hostile environment., Reason : Praying mantis is green in colour which merges, with plant foliage., , Correct Definition Based MCQ, 28., , 29., , 30., , 31., , Pyramid of biomass is, (1) a graphic representation of total amount of organic, matter in an ecosystem at any time per unit area at, different trophic levels., (2) a graphic representation of number of individuals of, different trophic levels in a food chain., (3) a graphic representation of amount of energy trapped, per unit time and area in different trophic level of a, food chain., (4) a graphic representation of amount of energy evolved, per unit time and area in different trophic level of a, food chain., Ecosystem is, (1) a self-sustaining structural and functional unit of the, lithosphere., (2) a self-sustaining structural and functional unit of the, biosphere., (3) a self-sustaining structural and functional unit of the, hydrosphere., (4) a self-sustaining structural and functional unit of the, atmosphere., Food web is, (1) a network of food chains operating in an ecosystem, which get connected at various trophic levels., (2) a linear food chain operating in an ecosystem which, get connected two trophic levels., (3) a network of food chains operating in an ecosystem, which is not connected to various trophic levels., (4) a linear food chain usually consists of 3-4 trophic, levels., Bioremediation is, (1) a technology for cleaning the environment with, biological options such as microbes and plants., (2) a technology for cleaning the environment by chemical, methods such as fertilizers, DDT etc., (3) a technology for cleaning the environment by physical, methods such as temperature, pressure, etc., (4) a technology for cleaning the aquatic life like ponds,, swamps, rivers by biological methods., , EBD_7042, , B-222

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Our Environment, , B-223, , Feature Based MCQ, 32., , 33., , On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) They decompose into soil., (II) They are degraded by microorganisms such as bacteria, and fungi., (III) They are not biologically magnified., (1) Non-biodegradable wastes, (2) Biodegradable wastes, (3) Biomedical wastes, (4) Commercial wastes, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) It means burning of substances at very higher, temperature (above 1000°C) to form ash., (II) All organic matter present in the waste is removed as, carbon dioxide and water., (1) Biological reprocessing, (2) Sanitary landfill, (3) Bioremediation, (4) Incineration, , 34., , 35., , On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) It is a graphic representation of number of individuals, of different trophic levels in a food-chain in an, ecosystem., (II) Pyramid is upright in case of grassland, and pond, ecosystem, where the number of organisms decrease, from producer level to top carnivore level., (1) Pyramid of biomass (2) Pyramid of energy, (3) Pyramid of numbers (4) Both (1) and (2), On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) The concentration of greenhouse gases grows, more, heat is trapped in the atmosphere and less escapes, back into space., (II) It changes the climate and alters weather patterns,, which may hasten species extinction, influence the, length of seasons, cause coastal flooding etc., (1) Acid rain, (2) Drought, (3) Global warming, (4) Flood, , &, Exercise 1, 1., 4., , 5., 6., 7., 8., 11., , 12., , 13., 14., , 15., 19., 20., 21., , (2), 2. (2), 3. (2), (1) The substances which get decomposed by the action of, bacteria or some other saprophyte or some physical processes, under atmospheric conditions are biodegradable substances., (1) Polythene is a non-biodegradable substance as it not affected, by bacteria., (2) All the living and non-living organisms interact with each, other in an ecosystem., (3) Biotic component comprising living organisms and Abiotic, component comprising physical factors constitute an eco-system., (1), 9. (1), 10. (2), (3) Continuous interaction between living and non living things, affects the growth, reproduction and other activities of the living, organisms., (4) Both natural ecosystems like forests, ponds and lakes or, artificial ecosystems like gardens and crop fields are habitat to, several living organisms., (1) Herbivores eat plants and get eaten by carnivores. Parasites, feed on plants, herbivores and carnivores., (2) Decomposers are the micro organisms that break-down the, complex organic substances of dead remains and waste products, of organisms into simpler inorganic substances, which get mixed, with soil as minerals., (1), 16. (4), 17. (3), 18. (3), (2), (2) All green plants and certain blue green algae do, photosynthesis in presence of sunlight and chlorophyll., (3) Food chains represent the interdependence of organisms for, their fulfilling their energy needs., , 22., 23., 24., 28., 29., , 30., , 31., , 32., 33., 37., 38., , 39., 40., , (1) Each step or level of the food chain forms a trophic level., (3) Various components of the environment involves the flow, of energy., (3), 25. (3), 26. (2), 27. (4), (3), (2) There are four levels: Level 1 of producers, Level 2 of, herbivores, Level 3 of carnivores and Level 4 of vultures. The, levels are not clearly demarcated as interlinking also takes place., (1) Green plants capture 1% of the energy of sunlight that falls, on their leaves for carrying out photosynthesis. Rest of the energy, is used to warm or evaporate water, carrying out various other, natural phenomenons or even get reflected by shining snow., (3) 10% of the energy received by one level is passed on to the, next level. Rest of the energy is consumed by it for carrying out its, body functions like growth, respiration, movement etc., (2) The energy transferred from a lower level to the higher level, only and not vice versa, (1), 34. (1), 35. (4), 36. (3), (1), (4) Biological magnification is the process in which the chemicals, supplied as fertilizers or pesticides during agricultural processes, enter into the plants along with water through their roots. These, are retained by the fruits and seeds which are consumed by humans, or animals., (1) 'Ozone is a poisonous gas' is a property and not its formation., (3) Ozone layer helps in stopping harmful UV radiations from, the Sun to enter the earth's atmosphere. Excess amount of, chlorofluorocarbons (usually from refrigeration appliances) in the, atmosphere is found to endanger the ozone layer .

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41., 45., 48., 49., 50., 51., 55., , 56., 59., 60., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, , (4), 42. (1), 43. (3), 44. (2), (4), 46. (4), 47. (4), (2) Disposable packaging materials are usually made from nonbiodegradable substances., (1) Disposable paper cups are biodegradable. Clay gets mixed, with soil only after a long time., (4) Food chain can have four levels for energy transfer of which, decomposers is not a part., (2), 52. (3), 53. (1), 54. (1), (3) A consumer does not depend on a single organism for fulfilling, its energy requirements. It may eat the organism from a different, food chain, thus interlinking them to form food webs., (1), 57. (2), 58. (3), (2) Plants are producers, ants eat plants, birds eat both plants, and ants, snakes will eat the birds and the lion preys on them., (2), , Exercise 2, , 13., 14., , (3), (4), , Ten percent law (Lindeman, 1942) states that during transfer, , of food energy from one trophic level to the next one, only ten, percent is stored at higher trophic level. The remaining 90% is lost, 15., , during feeding, digestion and respiration., (1) Functioning of an ecosystem requires a flow of energy. Its, movement is unidirectional from sun to plants, plants to animals,, animals to animals, organic remains to decomposers and dissipation, , 16., , as heat., (1), , 17., , (3) Biodegradable wastes are wastes which are broken down, and disposed off naturally by saprophytes or decomposers., , 18., , (2) Non-biodegradable are wastes which cannot be broken down, by decomposers because they do not have enzymes for the same., , 19., , (3), , 23., , (4), , 20. (1), , 21. (1), , 22. (1), , Each step or division in food chain which is, , characterised by a particular method of obtaining food is, 1., 5., 6., 7., 8., 11., , 12., , (1), 2. (2), 3. (3), 4. (4), (1), (1) Biodegradable wastes should be separated and kept in green, colour bins for garbage collectors., (1) CFCs (chloro-fluoro-carbons) causes depletion of ozone layer, thereby allowing more UV-radiations to reach the earth., (3), 9. (3), 10. (3), (4) The abiotic components of the environment are the nonliving factors like temperature, pressure, rainfall, soil, valley,, mountain and plain etc. Ecosystem consists of a distinct biotic, community and exchanging material between them., (4) Energy flow is the key function in an ecosystem and it is, unidirectional. Ten percent law states that during transfer of food, energy, only 10% is stored at higher trophic level. The remaining, 90% is lost during feeding, digestion and respiration., , called trophic level. A food chain usually possesses 3-4, trophic levels like producers e.g., plants, herbivores e.g.,, rabbit, grasshopper, carnivores e.g., frog, fox and secondary, carnivores e.g., Hawk etc., 24., , (1), , 25., , (1), , 26., , (3) Tropical rain forests have disappeared mainly due to man’s, activities. Due to over population in countries like India, rain, forests are cut to make place available for man to live and build, houses. To build buildings and factories man has incessantly cut, , 27., , down trees. This has caused the depletion of rain forests., (1) Animals blend with the surroundings or background to remain, , 28., , unnoticed for protection and aggression., (1), 29. (2), 30. (1), , 31. (1), , 32., , (2), , 35. (3), , 33. (4), , 34. (3), , EBD_7042, , B-224

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Chapter, , •, , •, , •, , •, , •, , •, , •, , Why Do We Fall Ill, , Tissues and organs carry out different functions like lungs, help in breathing, kidney filters urine and brain thinks. All, these functions of our body are interconnected. If one fails, others get affected. To carry out these functions we need, energy in the form of food. Anything that disturbs the proper, functioning of cells, tissues and organs will result in the lack, of proper activity of the body or unhealthy body., The significance of health: The word health gives us an idea, of “being well”. It is used to indicate our body's well, functioning or sometimes it tells about our social attitude., Health is a state of physical, mental and social well being., Personal and Community Issues Both Matter For Health:, Our social environment also affects the health of each, individual. The system of public cleanliness plays a vital role, in well being of an individual. Proper garbage disposal system, and drainage helps us to keep ourselves healthy. Social, equality and harmony are also necessary for good health of, people., Distinction between “Healthy” and “Disease-free”, condition : The word disease literally means being, uncomfortable due to a particular cause. Poor health does not, always mean that we are suffering from a particular disease., Disease and its causes : In case of any disease, the functioning, or appearance of one or more systems of the body changes, which give, rise to symptoms of the disease. With the help of, these symptoms and lab tests, the physician diagnoses the, disease., Types of diseases, (i) Acute diseases: Disease that last for only very short period, of time is called acute disease. E.g. Common cold., (ii) Chronic diseases: The diseases which last for a long, time as much as lifetime are chronic disease E.g., Elephantiasis. Chronic diseases have very drastic longterm effects on people’s health as compared to acute, diseases., Causes of diseases :, (i) Immediate cause: The micro-organism, bacteria or virus, causing a particular disease is the immediate cause., (ii) First level cause: It occurs due to personal unhygienic, conditions like drinking unclean water, food etc., (iii) Second level cause: It may be due to lack of good, nourishment as poor household cannot afford healthy, food., (iv) Third level cause: Poverty or lack of public services., (v) Contributory cause: Genetic differences of an individual, also contributes to the disease sometimes., , •, , •, , Immediate causes of disease are of two types :, (i) Infectious causes: Diseases where microbes are immediate, causes are called infectious diseases. Microbes can spread, in a community and thereby spread the disease., (ii) Non infectious causes: The causes are internal and noninfectious. E.g. Cancer is caused due to genetic, abnormalities., Infectious diseases and agents: Disease causing organisms, include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, worms etc., Micro-organis ms, , •, , •, , Dis eas es, , Virus es, , Common cold, Influenza,, Dengue fever, A IDS, , Bacteria, , Typ hoid, A nthrax,, Cholera, Tuberculos is, , Fungi, , Skin infections, , Protozoan, , M alaria, Kala-azar, , W orms, , Elephantias is, , All these organisms have many common biological characters., As a result drugs that are effective against one member of, group is likely to be effective against many other members of, the group. But it will not work against a microbe belonging to, a different group. Many antibiotics work against many species, of bacteria rather than working against one. Antibiotics are, not effective in viral infections., Means of spread : Infectious diseases are also called, communicable diseases. Disease causing microbes could, spread through air, water, sexual contact, casual physical, contact (like handshakes, hugs, wrestling etc), blood-to-blood, contact, and from infected mother to her baby. Mosquitoes, are vectors and they also help in spreading many diseases, like malaria., , Methods of transmission of diseases

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•, , •, , •, , Organ-specific and Tissue-specific manifestations: After, entering the body, different microbes go to different organs or, tissues. When they enter from air via nose they go to the, lungs. For example, the bacterium that cause tuberculosis enter, through mouth and then goes to stomach or liver. The sign, and symptoms of a disease depends on the tissue or organ on, which the microbes target., Inflammation: In case of any infection our immune system, activates many cells of the infected tissue to kill the microbes., This process is called inflammation. Due to this process there, are local effects such as swelling, pain, and fever., Principles of treatment: There are two ways of treatment –, (i) To reduce the effects of the disease, (ii) To kill the cause of the disease., (iii) Use an antibiotic that blocks the bacterial synthesis, pathway. It is difficult to make anti-viral medicines than, making anti-bacterial medicines because viruses have few, biochemical mechanisms of their own. They enter our cells, and use our machinery for their life activities., , •, , •, , •, , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, The term antibiotics was coined by Waksman. The first, antibiotic penicillin was extracted form fungi Penicillium, notatum by Alexander Flemming 1944., Principles of prevention: Prevention of diseases is better than, their cure. Two ways of prevention are general, and specific, ways of prevention., (i) General ways: General ways involve preventing exposure., For air-born microbes we can prevent exposure by, avoiding overcrowded places. Safe drinking water, prevents from water-borne microbes. For vector-borne, infections we can provide clean environment. Our immune, system also plays an important role in killing off microbes., (ii) Specific ways : In case of any infection for the first time, our immune system responds against it specifically. Next, time when the same microbe enters our body the immune, system responds with greater vigour which eliminates, the infection more quickly than the first time. So,, immunisation is done to prevent diseases., Many vaccines are now available for preventing a whole range, of infectious diseases. Many vaccines are available against, tetanus, diptheria, whooping cough, measles, polio etc., , Exercise, DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice, questions. Each question has 4 choices (1), (2), (3) and (4), out of which only one is correct., 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , 7., , Food is a necessity for _______ and _________ functions., (1) heart, mind, (2) cell, tissue, (3) kidney, lungs, (4) health, disease, Health is a state of being well enough to function well, (1) physically, (2) mentally, (3) socially, (4) all three - physically, mentally and socially, Physical environment is decided by, (1) the individual, (2) our social environment, (3) the authorities, (4) the plants, Vaccines are prepared from, (1) vitamins, (2) blood, (3) serum, (4) plasma, Which one of the following pairs of disease can spread, through blood transfusion ?, (1) Cholera and hepatitis, (2) Hepatitis and AIDS, (3) Diabetes mellitus and malaria, (4) Hay fever and AIDS, Antibodies are produced by, (1) erythrocytes, (2) thrombocytes, (3) monocytes, (4) lymphocytes, DPT vaccine is given for, (1) tetanus, polio and plague., (2) diptheria, whooping cough and leprosy., (3) diptheria, pneumonia and tetanus., (4) diptheria, whooping cough and tetanus., , 8., , 9., , 10., , 11., , 12., , 13., , Conditions necessary for good individual health are, (1) public cleanliness, (2) good economic condition, (3) social equality and harmony, (4) All of the above, An individual free from diseases, (1) is always healthy, (2) is a sick person, (3) need not be a healthy person, (4) is able to perform well, If the functioning or appearance of one or more systems of, the body changes for worse, then, (1) the individual is suffering from a disease, (2) the changes give rise to symptoms of disease, (3) Both (1) and (2), (4) None of these, Which is an autoimmune disease ?, (1) Cancer, (2) Asthma, (3) Erythroblastosis foetalis, (4) Tuberaculosis, Kala azar is transmitted by, (1) Phlebatomus, (2) Anopheles, (3) Trypanosoma, (4) Glossina palpalis, Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide which, (1) reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood., (2) causes gastric ulcers., (3) raises blood pressure., (4) is carcinogenic., , EBD_7042, , B-226

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Why Do We Fall Ill, , 14., , 15., , 16., , 17., , 18., , 19., , 20., , 21., , 22., , 23., , 24., , In persons addicted to alcohol, the liver gets damaged, because it, (1) has to detoxify the alcohol., (2) stores excess of glycogen., (3) is over stimulated to secrete more bile., (4) accumulates excess of fats., Are the symptoms enough to diagnose the kind of disease?, (1) Yes, (2) Not surely, may require some laboratory tests, (3) Sometimes, (4) Never, Chronic diseases are the disease that may, (1) require long time for their cure, (2) may not be cured throughout the life, (3) have very drastic long term effects on people's health, (4) All of these, General Health is severely affected by, (1) acute diseases, (2) chronic diseases, (3) Both acute and chronic diseases, (4) Neither acute nor chronic diseases, Mosquito is not a vector for which disease from following?, (1) Malaria, (2) Typhoid, (3) Dengu, (4) Elephantatis, Health is a, (1) complete physical well being, (2) mental well being, (3) social well being, (4) All the above, Community health aims at, (1) better health and family planning, (2) better hygiene and clean environment, (3) removing communicable diseases, (4) All of the above, Immune deficiency syndrome in human could develop as a, consequence of, (1) AIDS virus infection, (2) defective liver, (3) defective thymus, (4) weak immune system, All diseases have, (1) been caused by infection only, (2) one or more than one immediate causes and contributory causes, (3) been caused by environment only, (4) All of these, Different levels of causes of disease are, (1) Primary, secondary and tertiary, (2) Infection, household, public services, (3) Infection (Primary level), household (secondary level),, Lack of public services (level three), (4) None of the above, Diseases where microbes or micro organisms are the immediate causes are called, (1) infectious diseases, (2) genetic abnormalities, (3) community diseases, (4) chronic diseases, , B-227, , 25., , 26., , 27., , 28., , 29., , 30., , 31., , 32., , 33., , 34., , Full form of AIDS is, (1) Anti immune deficiency syndrome, (2) Auto immune deficiency syndrome, (3) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, (4) Acquired immune disease syndrome, The biological agents of disease include, (1) minerals, vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates, (2) viruses,bacteria, fungi, helminths and other organisms, (3) heat, cold, humidity pressure, radiations, (4) All the above, The group of diseases spread by houseflies is, (1) malaria, cholera, rables, (2) rabies, rickets, diarrhoea, (3) typhoid, dysentery, tuberculosis, (4) ringworm, scurvy, vomiting, Which of the following can be used for biological control, of mosquitoes ?, (1) Oil, (2) Ointments, (3) DDT, (4) Gambusia, Choose the incorrect statement, (1) Any disease that causes poor functioning of some, parts of the body will affect general health because all, functions of the body are necessary for good health., (2) Chronic disease will cause major effects on general, health because they last for longer durations., (3) Acute diseases will not have time to cause major effects on general health., (4) Acute diseases have very drastic long term effects on, people's health., Infectious diseases, (1) have mostly microbes or micro organisms as immediate causes, (2) spread in community as the microbes can spread in, the community, (3) Neither (1) nor (2), (4) Both (1) and (2), Non-infectious diseases do not spread in community because, (1) they are not caused by external agents or infectious, agents, (2) they are caused by internal reasons, (3) they are caused due to genetic abnormalities, (4) All of these, In addition to the immune system, we are protected from, disease by, (1) the skin, (2) mucous membranes, (3) natural secretions such as acids, protein-digesting, enzymes, and antibiotics, (4) All of the above, Fevers, (1) decrease interferon production., (2) decrease the concentration of iron in the blood., (3) decrease the activity of phagocytes., (4) increase the reproduction rate of invading bacteria., Which one of the following pairs of disease can spread, through blood transfusion ?, (1) Cholera and hepatitis, (2) Hepatitis and AIDS, (3) Diabetes mellitus and malaria, (4) Hay fever and AIDS

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35., , 36., , 37., , 38., , 39., , 40., , 41., , 42., , 43., , Which of the following statement is true?, (1) AIDS spreads by the bite of a mosquito., (2) Diabetes is a communicable diseases., (3) Ascariasis is caused by protozoans., (4) Ulcers in the intestine is an infectious disease., Wide range of categories of classification of organisms causing infectious diseases include, (1) single celled organisms like protozoan, (2) very small microbes likes virus, (3) multi cellular organisms such as worms, (4) All of these, Categories of infectious agents are factors that help in deciding, (1) what kind of work one should do, (2) what kind of treatment to use, (3) biological common characteristics, (4) mode of transmission of disease, Which of the following statement is false?, (1) A person suffering from disease is in a state of, discomfort., (2) Non-infectious disease are called communicable, diseases., (3) Communicable diseases can spread through air, water,, food, sexual contact or vectors., (4) Cholera spread through water., Which of the statement is true?, (1) Vaccines prevent many infectious diseases like, tetanus, polio, measles., (2) Penicillin interferes with viral cell wall production, thus, killing the bacteria., (3) Physical and social environment does not play an, important role in maintaining good health, (4) Sexual contact causes the spread of diseases like, Anthrax., Making anti-viral drugs is more difficult than making antibacterial medicines because, (1) viruses make use of host machinery., (2) viruses are on the border line of living and non-living., (3) viruses have very few biochemical mechanisms of their, own., (4) viruses have a protein coat., If you live in a overcrowded and poorly ventilated house, it, is possible that you may suffer from which of the following, diseases, (1) Cancer, (2) AIDS, (3) Air borne diseases (4) Cholera, Antibiotics help in treatment of diseases caused by, (1) virus by rendering them ineffective., (2) protozoan as they are able to survive in presence of, antibiotics., (3) bacteria as the biochemical pathways important for, them are blocked., (4) worms., Choose the odd one out, (1) All viruses live inside host cells, whereas bacteria very, rarely do., (2) All bacteria are closely related to each other., (3) Many important life processes are similar in the bacteria group but not shared by virus group., (4) Same drug will work against a microbe belonging to a, different group., , 44., , 45., , 46., , 47., , 48., , 49., , 50., , 51., , 52., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Spreading of disease-causing microbes through air occurs, through, (1) dust particles of the atmosphere., (2) the little droplets thrown out by an infected person are, inhaled by a healthy person., (3) water drops present in the air., (4) All of these, Microbial diseases like Syphilis and AIDS are transmitted, through, (1) casual physical contact, (2) blood to blood contact, (3) sexual contact, (4) Both (2) and (3), Dilation of blood vessels, increase in fat synthesis, low, blood sugar and inflammation of stomach are due to the, consumption of, (1) tobacco, (2) drug addition, (3) alcohol, (4) tobacco and drug addiction, Which of the following is a mismatch ?, (1) AIDS - Bacterial infection, (2) Polio - Viral infection, (3) Malaria - Protozoan infection, (4) Elephantiasis - Helminth infection, We should not allow mosquitoes to breed in our surroundings because they, (1) multiply very fast and cause pollution., (2) are vectors for many diseases., (3) bite and cause skin diseases., (4) are not important insects., Clean drinking water is related to, (1) personal hygiene (2) public hygiene, (3) economic status (4) social status, Inflammation is the process of, (1) effecting swelling and pain., (2) recruiting many cells to the affected tissue to kill off, the disease causing microbes., (3) activating the immune system., (4) making the specific tissues ineffective., A disease is treated in two ways., (1) one is to isolate the person and the second is to take, rest., (2) one is tissue specific and the second is environment, specific., (3) one is to reduce the effects of the disease and the, other to kill the cause of the disease., (4) one is to take the patient to a quack and the second is, to rush to hospital., Immunisation works on the principle, (1) The immune system sees an infectious microbe, responds against it and then remembers it., (2) The immune system responds with even greater vigour, when it sees that particular microbe or its close relatives., (3) The immune system develops a memory for a particular infection by something (Vaccine) that mimics the, particular microbe., (4) All of these, , EBD_7042, , B-228

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Why Do We Fall Ill, , 53., , 54., , 55., , 56., , 57., , 58., , 59., , B-229, , Prevention of a disease is more desirable than its cure because, (1) some of the body functions may be damaged during, the effect of the disease., (2) the person suffering from the disease will be bad ridden for quite some time., (3) the disease may be communicated to others during, the course of treatment., (4) All of these, Which one is an acute disease ?, (1) Tuberculosis, (2) Hypertension, (3) Typhoid, (4) Diabetes, Harelip is a, (1) acquired disease (2) infectious disease, (3) metabolic disease (4) congenital disease, Non-communicable disease is the one which is, (1) non-infectious, (2) remains restricted to affected person, (3) Both (1) and (2), (4) caused by a pathogen, BCG stands for –, (1) Bacillus Carol Gram, (2) Bacillus Chalmette Guerin, (3) Bacteria Chalmette Guierin, (4) None of the above, Which one of the following has a long term effect on the, health of an individual?, (1) Common cold, (2) Chicken pox, (3) Chewing tobacco, (4) Stress, A communicable disease is caused by, (1) metabolic disorder, (2) allergy, (3) pathogen, (4) hormonal balance, , 60., , 61., , 62., , 63., , 64., , 65., , 66., , 67., , 68., , Helicobacter pylori causes, (1) tuberculosis, (2) peptic ulcers, (3) pneumonia, (4) cholera, Which one is a bacterial disease ?, (1) Tuberculosis, (2) Mumps, (3) Measles, (4) Malaria, Ringworm is caused by, (1) protozoan, (2) helminth, (3) virus, (4) fungus, Louis Pasteur is responsible for which of the following, reforms?, (1) The present-day classification system of using, binomial nomenclature names to identify organisms., (2) All surgical equipment must be boiled to kill germs, before surgery., (3) The vaccination of people to prevent disease., (4) The specific scientific steps taken to prove a specific, germ causes a specific disease., Which scientist is credited with the development of medical, vaccinations?, (1) Robert Koch, (2) Charles Darwin, (3) Edward Jenner, (4) William Harvey, A disease transmitted through sexual contact is, (1) HIV, (2) gonorrhoea, (3) Syphilis, (4) All the above, Ascariasis spreads through, (1) vectors, (2) contaminated food and water, (3) fomites, (4) droplets, Kala-azar (black fever) is caused by, (1) protozoan, (2) fungus, (3) helminth, (4) bacterium, SARS and Swine flu are caused by, (1) virus, (2) virus and bacterium, (3) virus and protozoan, (4) virus and helminth, , Exercise, Matching Based MCQ, , 2., , DIRECTIONS (Qs 1 to 5) : Match Column-I with Column-II, and select the correct answer using the codes given below, the columns., 1., (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (1), (2), (3), (4), , Column I, Tuberculosis, Rabies, Cholera, Typhoid, , Column II, Bite of animal, Unlimited division of cell, Water borne disease, Fever rises to maximum, in the afternoon, Cancer, (t) Air-borne disease, A – (t) ; B – (p) ; C – (r) ; D – (s) ; E – (q), A – (s) ; B – (t) ; C – (p) ; D – (q) ; E –( r), A – (q) ; B – (s) ; C – (r) ; D – (p) ; E –(t), A – (r) ; B – (p) ; C – (t) ; D – (q) ; E – (s), (p), (q), (r), (s), , 3., , Column I (Disease), Column II (Infectious agent), (A) Elephantiasis, (p) Bacteria, (B) Malaria, (q) Fungi, (C) Skin infection, (r) Protozoans, (D) Typhoid, (s) Virus, (E) Influenza, (t) Worms, (1) A – (r) ; B – (t) ; C – (q) ; D – (p) ; E – (s), (2) A – (s) ; B – (q) ; C – (p) ; D – (t) ; E – (r), (3) A – (t) ; B – (r) ; C – (q) ; D – (p) ; E– (s), (4) A – (s) ; B – (p) ; C – (q) ; D – (r) ; E – (t), Column I, Column II, (A) Lungs, (p) AIDS, (B) Liver, (q) Encephalitis, (C) Brain, (r) Pneumonia, (D) Lymph nodes, (s) Malaria, (1) A – (p) ; B – (r) ; C – (q) ; D – (s), (2) A – (q) ; B – (r) ; C – (s) ; D – (p), (3) A – (r) ; B – (s) ; C – (q) ; D – (p), (4) A – (r) ; B – (q) ; C – (s) ; D – (p)

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4., (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (1), (2), (3), (4), 5., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), , Column I, Jaundice, Encephalitis, Immune system, Liver, Immunisation, , Column II, (p) Infectious diseases, (q) Malaria, (r) Water borne disease, (s) Penicillin, (t) Mosquito bite, (u) HIV, A – (r) ; B – (t) ; C – (u) ; D – (q) ; E – (p), A – (t) ; B– (u) ; C – (r) ; D – (q) ; E – (p), A – (p) ; B – (q) ; C – (t) ; D – (u) ; E – (r), A – (r) ; B – (t) ; C – (p) ; D – (u) ; E – (q), Column I, Column II, Jaundice, (p) Allergic inflammation of nose, Stenosis, (q) Loss of motion functions, Rhinitis, (r) Increase in the bile pigments, in the blood, Paralysis, (s) Septal defect of heart, A – (s) ; B – (r) ; C – (p) ; D ® q), A – (p) ; B – (p) ; C – (p) ; D – (r), A – (q) ; B – (s) ; C – (q) ; D – (s), A – (r) ; B – (t) ; C– (p) ; D ® q), , Statement Based MCQ, 6., , 7., , 8., , 9., , 10., , Consider the following statements :, (a) Lack of resistance against a disease is the immediate, cause of that disease., (b) Immediate causes of all infectious diseases are, microscopic organisms., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Disease may be due to infectious or non-infectious, causes., (b) The category to which a disease-causing organism, belongs decides the type of treatment., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Syphilis is a sexually transmitted viral disease., (b) Typhoid primarily affects lungs., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) The immune system is involved in protecting the body, from disease and the recognition of self., (b) Vaccines are small doses of live, pathogenic viruses or, bacteria., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Rabies is also called hydrophobia., (b) Tobacco smoking is the main causes of lung cancer., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), , 11., , 12., , 13., , 14., , 15., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Consider the following statements :, (a) HIV breaks down the body’s immune system., (b) BCG vaccine is used for typhoid., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Lack of iodine causes anaemia., (b) Egg is a good source of protein, vitamin and, carbohydrate., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Malarial infection is characterized by paroxysms of, chills, fever, sweating, enlargement of liver and spleen, etc., (b) Tse-tse fly carries rabies virus from dog to human, beings., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Turberculosis, commonly called T.B., is a viral disease, common among poor people living in ill-ventilated, congested societies in big cities., (b) Vaccination is a technique to develop immunity in, individuals by giving them antibiotics., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea etc. are transmitted by, mosquitoes., (b) Deficiency of fluorine cause cheilosis disease., (c) DTP-Hib vaccine is given to children between 10-14, years of age., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (a) , (b) and (c), (3) (b) and (c), (4) None of these, , Passage Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 16 to 25) : Read the passage(s) given, below and answer the questions that follow., PASSAGE-1, Pulse Polio Programme is a programme to eradicate polio through, mass immunisation of children. The pulse polio immunisation, programme was launched in 1995-1996 to cover all the children, below the age of 3 years. In order to accelerate the pace of polio, eradication, the target age group was increased from 1996-1997, to all children under to age of 5 years. In this programme, polio, drops are given to children twice a year. The programme is continuing till date due to occurrence of a few stray polio cases even, in the year 2009. Rather, it has been ex tended using bivalent oral, vaccine (P1 and P3, instead of only P1) from January, 2010., 16. Pulse Polio Programme is associate with, (1) to eradicate Polio., (2) to give the knowledge about Polio., (3) to make the conference about Polio virus., (4) to conserve Polio virus., , EBD_7042, , B-230

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Why Do We Fall Ill, , 17., , 18., , 19., , B-231, , The Pulse Polio immunisation programme was launched for, the children below the age of, (1) 3 years, (2) 2 years, (3) 5 years, (4) 4 years, In Pulse Polio Programme, polio drops are given to children, (1) twice a year, (2) thrice a year, (3) once a year, (4) none of these, The pulse polio immunisation programme was launched in, (1) 1995-96, (2) 1996-97, (3) 1994-95, (4) 1997-98, PASSAGE-2, , Peptic ulcers are painful bleeding areas in stomach and duodenum. They were once considered to be caused by increased gastric acidity due to stress and life style of the afflicted persons., However, Robin Warren (born 1937) a Perth based Australian, pathologist observed in 1984 that area of peptic ulcers contained, many small curved bacteria named Helicobacter pylori. Barry, Marshall (born 1951), a young clinical fellow of Warren succeeded, in culturing the bacteria (1985). Marshall and Warren (1985) found, that amoxicillin an antibiotic effective in killing the bacteria could, also cure the peptic ulcers. The finding helped in converting, once painful chronic and disabling condition into short duration, treatable disease. For this, Marshall and Warren were awarded, Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine in 2005., 20. Peptic ulcers are painful bleeding areas in, (1) stomach and duodenum, (2) liver and pancrease, (3) mouth and pharynx, (4) hands and legs, 21. The area of peptic ulcers contains many small curved bacteria named, (1) Helicobacter pylori, (2) Salmonella typhi, (3) Escherichia, (4) Mycobacterium tuberculum, 22. Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine for the discovery, of the cause of peptic ulcers was awarded to, (1) Marshall and Warren (2) Hershy and Chase, (2) Schleiden and Schwan (4) Bovery and Brnoon, 23. Marshall and Warren were awarded Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in, (1) 2005, (2) 2006, (3) 2004, (4) 2007, PASSAGE-3, AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. The, disease was first identified in 1981 in USA after that it was quickly, detected in Europe and other part of the world. It is an infectious, disease caused by a retrovirus which brings some defect or, interferes in the natural immunity system, present in human beings., As a result, the patients become susceptible and vulnerable to, serious illness and infections which would not have caused any, harm to any one having their body immune system working, normally., 24. The expanded name of AIDS is, (1) Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome., (2) Addition of Internal Deficiency Syndrome., (3) Advanced Internal Deficiency Symptom., (4) Acquired Intenstinal Deficiency Syndrome., , 25., , The AIDS through, (1) deficiency of vitamin B (2) deficiency of Iron, (3) contaminated syringe (4) None of these, , Assertion Reason Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 26 to 30) : Following questions consist of, two statements, one labelled as the ‘Assertion’ and the other, as ‘Reason’. You are to examine these two statements, carefully and select the answer to these items using the code, given below., Code :, (1) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct, explanation of A:, (2) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct, explanation of A., (3) A is true but R is false, (4) A is false but R is true., , 26., , 27., , 28., , 29., 30., , Assertion : Polio is known to cause paralysis and cripping, in large number of children every year., Reason : Government has started a polio eradication, programme., Assertion : Haemophilia is a congenital disease., Reason : Haemophilia is caused by a gene mutation during, own life span., Assertion: ORS is given to the patients suffering from, cholera., Reason : ORS contains water, minerals and sugar to avoid, dehydration., Assertion : Rabies is also called hydrophobia., Reason : In Rabies, the dog fears from water., Assertion : Anti-AIDS vaccines are being developed in, USA., Reason : These vaccines may be used to control HIV, infection in India., , Correct Definition Based MCQ, 31., , 32., , 33., , Pathogen is, (1) an agent (microscopic organism) that causes disease., (2) dead, attenuated, modified micro-organisms in the, healthy body., (3) micro-organism that has the capable of destroying, microorganisms., (4) person who is suffering from any disease., Chronic disease is, (1) the disease which last for only very short period of, time., (2) the disease where microbes are the immediate cause., (3) the disease which is not spreaded by infectious agents., (4) the disease which last for a long time, even as much as, a life time., Antibiotic is, (1) an organism which carries germs from a sick person to, some other person acting as intermediator., (2) the production of immunity in an individual by artificial, means., (3) chemical substance produced by living organisms such, as bacteria and fungi etc. which can kill or stop the, growth of some pathogenic microorganisms., (4) the body’s power to resist and overcome infection.

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34., , Pasteurization is, (1) the boiling and cooling of a substance to kill possible, pathogens., (2) the method of separating substances in a mixture by, evaporation of a liquid and the following condensation of its vapour., (3) the reaction of an acid with a base to produce salt and, water., (4) the phase change of a substance from a solid directly, to a vapour., , 37., , Feature Based MCQ, 35., , 36., , On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) It is caused by a bacterium Mycobacterium, tuberculosis., (II) The symptoms are swelling and tenderness of lymph, gland., (III) Immunisation with BCG vaccine should be taken., (1) Polio, (2) Jaundice, (3) AIDS, (4) Tuberculosis, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) Infection is caused by rod shaped bacterium found in, intestine of human beings., , 38., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, (II) The symptoms are headache and continuous high, fever., (III) Standard drug Chloromycetin should be used to, control., (1) AIDS, (2) Rabies, (3) Typhoid, (4) Jaundice, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) Causative agent is E.coli bacteria., (II) The symptoms are frequent loose motion, vomiting, leads to dehydration., (III) ORS should be given and anti-microbial drugs should, be used., (1) Diarrhoea, (2) Typhoid, (3) Malaria, (4) Syphilis, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) A fatal disease caused by bacterium Clostridium, tetani., (II) Due to this, cramps starts on back, jaws and neck., (III) For its prevention, D.P.T. vaccine dose is given to, infants., (1) Tuberculosis, (2) Typhoid, (3) Tetanus, (4) Polio, , &, Exercise 1, 1., 2., 3., 4., 8., , 9., 10., , 11., 15., 16., , 17., 18., 22., 23., , 24., 25., , (2) Food is a necessity for cell and tissue functions., (4) Health is a state of being well enough to function well physically, mentally and socially., (2) Physical environment is decided by our social environment., (3), 5. (2), 6. (4), 7. (4), (4) Conditions necessary for good individual health are public, cleanliness, good economic condition, and social equality and, harmony., (3) An individual free from diseases need not be a healthy person., (3) If the functioning or appearance of one or more systems of, the body changes for worse, then the individual is suffering from, a disease and the changes give rise to symptoms of disease., (3), 12. (1), 13. (1), 14. (3), (2) Different diseases may have similar symptoms. So some, laboratory tests are necessary to diagnose the disease correctly., (4) Chronic diseases are the disease that may require long time, or even life time for their cure. They have very drastic long term, effects on people's health., (3) General health is severely affected by any disease that causes, poor functioning of some parts of the body., (4), 19. (4), 20. (4), 21. (1), (2) All diseases have one or more than one immediate causes, and contributory causes., (3) Different levels of causes of disease are: Infection (Primary, level), household (secondary level), lack of public services (level, three)., (1) Diseases where microbes or micro organisms are the, immediate causes are called the infectious diseases., (3), 26. (2), 27. (3), 28. (4), , 29., 30., 31., 32., 36., , 37., 38., 42., 43., 44., , 45., , 46., 50., 51., , (4) Acute diseases have drastic effects on people's health, but, for a limited period., (4) Infectious diseases have mostly microbes or micro organisms, as immediate causes and spread in community as the microbes can, spread in the community., (4) Non-infectious diseases do not spread in community because, they are not caused by external agents or infectious agents. They, are caused by internal reasons mainly due to genetic abnormalities., (4), 33. (2), 34. (2), 35. (3), (4) Wide range of categories of classification of organisms causing, infectious diseases include single celled organisms like protozoan,, very small microbes like virus, multi-cellular organisms such as, worms., (2) Categories of infectious agents are factors that help in deciding, what kind of treatment to use., (2), 39. (1), 40. (3), 41. (3), (2) Antibiotics help in treatment of diseases caused by bacteria, as the biochemical pathways important for them are blocked., (4) Particular drug will work against a specific microbe., (2) Spreading of disease-causing microbes through air occurs, through the little droplets thrown out by an infected person during, coughing or sneezing. These are inhaled by a healthy person in, close vicinity. The microbes get a new host body., (4) Microbial diseases like syphilis and AIDS are transmitted, through blood to blood contact (breast feeding by an infected, person or during blood transfusion or by using infected surgical, instruments) or sexual contact., (3), 47. (1), 48. (2), 49. (2), (2) Inflammation is the process of recruiting many cells to the, affected tissue to kill off the disease causing microbes., (3) A disease is treated in two ways : one is to reduce the effects, of the disease and the other to kill the cause of the disease., , EBD_7042, , B-232

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Why Do We Fall Ill, 52., , 53., , 54, 57., 58., 63., 64., , 65., , B-233, , (4) Principle of immunisation is that the immune system sees, an infectious microbe; responds against it and then remembers it., It responds with even greater vigour when it sees that particular, microbe or its close relatives. It also develops a memory for a, particular infection by something (Vaccine) that mimics the, particular microbe., (4) Prevention of a disease is more desirable than its cure because, some of the body functions may be damaged during the effect of, the disease. The person suffering from the disease will be bad, ridden for quite some time. The disease may be communicated to, others during the course of treatment., ( 3), 55. ( 4), 56. ( 3), (2) BCG is vaccine for Tuberculosis and was given by Chalmette, Guerin., (3), 59. (3), 60. ( 2), 61. (1) 62. (4), (2) Louis Pasteur is responsible for the practice of boiling, surgical equipment before surgery to kill possible germs present, on these utensils., (3) Edward Jenner was the first person to vaccinate people, against disease. Robert Koch formulated ideas concerning the, study of disease. Charles Darwin is famous for his ideas on, evolution.William Harvey is noted for his work on blood, circulation., (1), 66 ( 2), 67. (1), 68 (1), , Exercise 2, 1., 6., 8., , (1), 2. (3), 3. (3), 4. (1) 5. (1), (4), 7. (3 ), (4) Syphilis is a sexually transmitted bacterial disease. Typhoid, primarily affects digestive system., , 9., 11., 12., 13., 14., , 15., 16., 17., 21., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., 34., , (1), 10. (3), (1) BCG vaccine is used for Tuberculosis., (4 ) The lack of iodine causes goitre and anaemia caused by, deficiency of iron in blood. Egg is an important source of protein., (1) Tse - tse fly caused by Trypanosome protozoan and cause, sleeping sickness., (4 ) Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium, tuberculosis. Vaccination is the injection of a killed microbe in, order to stimulate the immune system against the microbe, there, by preventing disease., (4), (1) Poliomyelitis is a viral disease that can affect nerves and can, lead to partial or full paralysis., (1), 18. (1), 19. (1), 20. (1), (1), 22. (1), 23. (1), 24. (1), (3) AIDS can be transmitted through sexual contact, pregnancy,, child birth and breast feeding., (2) Polio is misnomerly called infantile paralysis. Pulse- polio, programme was started in December 1995 in India. It was eradicate, this crippling disease by the end of 20th century., (3) Haemophilia is an inherited disease. It is caused by mutations, in the F8 or F9 genes., (1) ORS is oral dehydration solution used for correcting, dehydration caused by diarrhoea in all age groups. Citrate and, ORS given to the patients who is suffering from cholera., (3) Rabies is a disease caused by a Rabies virus. Its other name, is hydrophobia. The patient fear from water, then he paralysed, and death., (3), 31. (1), 32. (4), 33. (3), (1), 35. (4), 36. (3), 37. (1) 38. (3)

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Chapter, , •, , •, •, , •, , •, , •, , •, , •, , •, , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, , Natural Resources, And Their Management, , Life is dependent on many factors like resources available on, earth, energy from the sun etc. The different resources available, on the earth are land, water and air which are required for the, existence of life forms., The outermost crust of the earth is lithosphere., 75% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. This water, along with underground water comprises the hydrosphere., • The air covering of earth is called atmosphere., • The life-supporting zone of the earth where the, atmosphere, hydrosphere and the lithosphere interact and, make life possible is known as the biosphere., • The living things constitute the biotic components of the, biosphere., • The non-living things air, water and soil form the abiotic, components of the biosphere., Air is a mixture of many gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, dioxide and water vapour. On Venus and Mars there is no life, because carbon dioxide constitutes 95-97% of the atmosphere., Carbon dioxide is produced in the atmosphere by following, activities :, (i) Breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen by, organisms., (ii) Combustion of fuels., Carbon dioxide is fixed in two ways :, (i) Green plants convert carbon dioxide into glucose by, photosynthesis., (ii) Marine animals use carbonates dissolved in sea-water to, make their shells., The role of atmosphere in climate control : Atmosphere keeps, the average temperature of the earth steady during the day, and whole year. Atmosphere prevents sudden increase in, temperature during daytime and fall of temperature during night., Moon has no atmosphere, its temperature ranges from – 190°C, to 110°C., The movement of air-winds : Due to heating of air and, formation of water vapour in our atmosphere the phenomenon, of movement of air in the form of gentle breeze, wind, storm or, rain occurs. On heating, convection currents setup in the air., When air is heated by radiation from land and water, it rises, up. During day, the direction of wind is from sea to land in, coastal areas. The diversity in atmosphere is due to uneven, heating of the atmosphere in different regions of the earth., Rain : Due to heating of water bodies during day time, large, amount of water evaporates and goes into the air. The hot air, rises up carrying the water vapour. Cooling of air as it rises,, causes the water vapour in the air to condense in the form of, tiny droplets. After their formation the water droplets grow, bigger and heavy and they fall down on the earth in the form, , •, , •, , •, , •, , of rain. In low temperature the water droplets precipitate to, form snow, sleet or hail., Air pollution : The increase in the content of oxides of nitrogen, and sulphur, suspended particles, hydrocarbons in air is called, air pollution., Causes : The burning of fossil fuels produces oxides of, nitrogen, sulphur and increases the amount of suspended, particles in air., Effects : Allergies, cancer, heart disease, respiratory diseases, etc., Lichens are very good indicators of air pollution., Water : Water occupies a very large area of the Earth’s surface., Fresh water is found frozen in the ice-caps at the two poles, and on snow covered mountains. Water is required by all, living organisms because all cellular processes takes place in, water medium. Substances are also transported from one part, of the body to the other in dissolved form. Heavy rainfall, areas are rich in biodiversity., Water pollution : The addition of undesirable substances to, water is called water pollution., The main causes of water pollution are as follows:, (i) Addition of harmful substances to water—The pesticides, and fertilizers used in farming dissolves in water and makes, the water impure. Sewage from towns and cities and wastes, from factories are also dumped into the rivers and lakes., Water also gets polluted due to man’s activities-like, bathing, washing etc., (ii) Removal of desirable substances from water— Oxygen, dissolved in water is used by animals and plants living in, water. Any change that reduces the amount of dissolved, oxygen would adversely affect aquatic organisms., (iii) Change in water temperature— Any change in the water, temperature would be dangerous for the aquatic, organisms. The industries use water for cooling purpose, and later return hot water to rivers. The eggs and larvae, of aquatic animals are very sensitive to temperature, changes., soil : Soil is the most important natural resource which supplies, nutrients to the life forms. Following factors are responsible, for making soil from rocks., (i) Sun : Due to heating by sun, the rocks expand. This, repeated expansion and contraction results in breaking, of rocks into small pieces., (ii) Water : Water helps in formation of soil by two ways, (1) Water enters into the cracks of rocks and on freezing, it causes cracks to widen., (2) Flowing of water through the same rock over long, periods of time., , EBD_7042, , B-234

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B-235, , Natural Resources and Their Management, , •, •, , •, •, , (iii) Wind : Soil is also formed by erosion of rocks by wind., Strong winds breakdown rocks into small particles which, are carried away by it., (iv) Some organisms like lichen and mosses grow on the, surface of rocks and they release certain substances that, cause weathering of rocks and a thin layer of soil is formed., Humus : The decayed living organisms present in soil is called, humus. The quality of soil is decided by the amount of humus, and micro-organisms present in it., Soil pollution : Removal of useful components from the soil, and addition of other substances, which adversely affect the, fertility of the soil and kill micro-organisms living in it is called, soil pollution. Fertilizers and pesticides destroy the soil, structure., Soil erosion : Removal of topmost layer of soil by wind, water, or other activities is called soil erosion. Roots of plants prevent, soil erosion by firmly holding the soil particles., Biogeochemical cycles : Various biogeochemical cycles exist, in the nature which represent interaction between biotic and, abiotic components of the biosphere to make a stable system., (i) Water cycle :The whole process in which water, evaporates and falls on the land as rain and later flows, back into the sea via rivers is known as water cycle., , (ii) Nitrogen cycle : About 78% of nitrogen is present in our, atmosphere. It is also present in proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamins, alkaloids, urea etc. The free nitrogen is fixed, by nitrogen fixing bacteria into nitrates and nitrites. After, death and decay of plants and animals the nitrogen is, returned back to the atmosphere., Nitrogen in, atmosphere, Denitrification, , Nitrogen, fixation, , Nitrates, Protoplasm, (green plants), Protoplasm, (animals), , Nitrification, , Nitrites, Ammonification, Ammonia, , Nitrification, , Atmospheric and, industrial fixation, , Nitrogen cycle in nature, (iii) Carbon cycle : Carbon is present in elemental form as, diamond and graphite and in combined form as carbon, dioxide, carbonate and hydrogen-carbonate salts. Carbon, containing molecules are proteins, carbohydrates, fats,, nucleic acids and vitamins. In nature, carbon is cycled, repeatedly through different forms by various physical, and biological activities., Fresh water, , Water cycle in nature, CO 2 in atmosphere, , Carbon Cycle in nature

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•, , Green House Effect : Greenhouse gases such as carbon, dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide and Chlorofluorocarbons, present in atmosphere prevents the escape of heat falling on, earth’s surface rather than absorbing it. This keeps the earth, warm and the phenomenon is known greenhouse effect., , Solar radiation, reflected, , Incoming solar, radiation, (0.2 to 4 µm), , •, , Outgoing, infrared radiation, Infrared radiation, absorbed by, greenhouse gases, , Atmosphere, , •, , Infrared radiation emitted by earth's surface, (4 to 100 µm), , Earth, , Fig. Greenhouse effect in keeping the earth warm., , •, , Green house effect will give rise to global warming due to, which the average temperature will increase by 1° or 2°C, worldwide. Due to increased temperature the ice-caps would, melt, there is rise in the sea-level and it is feared that coastal, areas would be destroyed by floods., Oxygen-cycle : In our atmosphere 21% of oxygen is present., It is found as combined form in carbon dioxide. O2 is an, essential component of biological molecules like, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and fats. Oxygen is, returned back to the atmosphere by photosynthesis., , •, , Atmospheric Oxygen, O2, , Organic Molecules, C6H12O6, , Photosynthesis, , OXYGEN CYCLE, , Respiration, , CO2, , H2O, , Fig. Oxygen-cycle in nature, •, , •, •, , Ozone layer : Three molecules of oxygen combine to form, ozone. Ozone layer is found in stratosphere. It acts as a ozone, shield and protects earth from harmful effects of ultraviolet, radiation. However many man-made components like CFCs, (Chlorofluorocarbons) reacts with ozone releasing molecular, oxygen, causing ozone depletion. Depletion of ozone layer, thickness is called ozone hole., Management of Natural Resources :, Controlling system for the use of natural resources in such a, way as to avoid their wastage and to use them in the most, effective way is called management of natural resources., , •, •, , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, The reasons to manage our natural resources are :, (i) The proper management can ensure that the natural, resources are used judiciously so that to fulfil the needs, of present generation and also last for the generations to, come., (ii) The proper management of natural resources takes into, consideration long-term perspective (or view) and, prevents their exploitation., (iii) The proper management can ensure equitable distribution, of natural resources so that all the people can benefit, from the development of these resources., (iv) The three R’s to save the environment are Reduce, Recycle, and Reuse., Ganga Action Plan, Ganga (Ganges) along with its tributaries is the largest river, system of India. Over the years, the river has been grossly, misused. Cities and towns along the banks of the river had, been discharging some 1000 million (1 billion) litres of untreated, sewage. Thousands of industries had been pouring their, untreated effluents into the river., The result was that BOD of the river had risen to 9.7 mg/l, (48.9 mg/l at Hardwar in 2007-2008) instead of the maximum of, 2mg/l. Pollution load and toxicity had started killing of fish in, large sections of the river. Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was, formulated to reduce pollution load of river Ganga by more, than 75%. The water quality has been tested from time to time, by checking coliform (group of harmless bacteria in human, intestine) number/100 ml., The important aspect of GAP has been (1) Diversion of sewers, away from river (2) Treatment of sewage and changing it into, an energy source (3) Construction of community toilets., (4) Development of solid waste management system, (5) Enforcement of setting up of effluent treatment plants by, the industry., Forest and wild life : Forests are vast areas, located far away, from human inhabitation where wild plants of various kinds, grow and animals of different varieties live without the, intervention of humans., • One of the main aims of conservation is to try and preserve, the biodiversity we have inherited. Experiments and field, studies suggest that a loss of diversity may lead to a loss, of ecological stability., To consider the conservation of forests, we need to look at the, stakeholders who are :, (i) The people who live in or around forests, are dependent, on forest products for various aspects of their life., (ii) The Forest Department of the Government which owns, the land and controls the resources from forests., (iii) The industrialists – from those who use ‘tendu’ leaves to, make bidis to the ones with paper mills – who use various, forest produce., A major programme called silviculture has been started to, replenish the forests by growing more trees and plants., The silviculture programme has many advantages :, (i) It produces a large quantity of raw materials for industry, (like timber and paper industry)., (ii) It increases the area of earth under forests (which is good, for the conservation of wildlife)., (iii) It maintains a perfect water cycle in nature., , EBD_7042, , B-236

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B-237, , Natural Resources and Their Management, , •, , Steps for conservation of energy resources are :(i) Use energy efficient electrical appliances to save, electricity., (ii) Use solar cookers., (iii) Encourage the use of biogas as domestic fuel., (iv) Fuel efficient motor vehicle should be designed to reduce, consumption of petrol and diesel., (v) The harnessing of water resources by building dams has, social, economic and environmental implications. These, are local-specific and may be developed so as to give, local people control over their local resources., (vi) The fossil fuels, coal and petroleum, will ultimately be, exhausted. Because of this and because their combustion, pollutes our environment, we need to use these resources, judiciously., , •, , Rain water harvesting is an age-old practice in India. Waterharvesting techniques used depend on the location where it, is to be used., , •, , Various advantages of water stored in the ground are :, (i) The water stored in ground does not evaporate., (ii) The water stored in ground spreads out to recharge wells, and provides moisture for crops over a wide area., (iii) The water stored in ground does not promote breeding of, mosquitoes (unlike stagnant water collected in ponds or, artificial lakes)., (iv) The water stored in ground is protected from, contamination by human and animal wastes., , Exercise, DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions., Each question has 4 choices (1), (2), (3) and (4) out of which, only one is correct., , 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5, , 6, , Cycling of elements in an ecosystem is called, (1) chemical cycle, (2) geochemical cycle, (3) biogeochemical cycle, (4) geological cycle, If there was no CO 2 in the earth’s atmosphere, the, temperature of earth’s surface would be, (1) as such, (2) less than the present level, (3) increase from present level, (4) dependent upon oxygen amount of the environment, Green house effect is due to the presence of, (1) ozone layer in the atmosphere, (2) infrared light reaching the earth, (3) moisture layer in the atmosphere, (4) CO2 layer in the atmosphere, The pollution in city like Delhi may be controlled to great, extent, (1) by proper sewage and proper exit of chemicals from, factories, (2) by wide roads and factories away from the city, (3) by cleaning city and scanty use of pesticides, (4) All of the above, Living things constitute the biotic component of the, biosphere and the abiotic component consists of, (1) air, water and soil, (2) oceans, land and mountains, (3) sunlight, oxygen and carbon dioxide, (4) All of these, Fixation of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere takes place by, (1) conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose by green, plants in presence of sunlight, (2) many marine animals use carbonates dissolved in sea, water to make their shells, (3) Both (1) and (2), (4) fire fighting operations in forests, , 7, , 8., , 9., , 10., , 11., , Average temperature on earth remains fairly steady because, (1) the atmosphere slows down the escape of heat into, outer space during night., (2) the atmosphere prevents the sudden increase in, temperature during day time., (3) air is a bad conductor of heat., (4) All of these, The stratospheric ozone depletion leads to, (1) global warming, (2) increase in the incidence of skin cancers, (3) forest fires, (4) All the above, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of, (1) industrial wastes poured into water bodies., (2) extent to which water is polluted with organic, compounds., (3) amount of carbon monoxide inseparably combined with, haemoglobin., (4) amount of oxygen needed by green plants during night., Recent reports of acid rain in some industrial cities are due, to the effect of atmospheric pollution by, (1) excessive release of CO2 by burning of fuels like wood, and charcoal, cutting of forests and increased animal, population., (2) excessive release of NO2 and SO2 in atmosphere by, burning of fossil fuel., (3) excessive release of NH3 by industrial plants and coal, gas., (4) excessive release of CO in atmosphere by incomplete, combustion of coke, charcoal and other carbonaceous, fuel., Photochemical smog formed in congested metropolitan cities, mainly consists of, (1) ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate and NOx, (2) smoke, peroxyacetyl nitrate and SO2, (3) hydrocarbons, SO2 and CO2, (4) hydrocarbons, ozone and SOx

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12, , 13, , 14, , 15, , 16., , 17., , 18., , 19., , 20, , 21, , Besides uneven heating of atmosphere in different regions, of the earth, other factors resulting in diverse atmospheric, phenomenon are, (1) rotation of the earth and mountain ranges coming in, the paths of the winds., (2) water vapours formed due to excessive heat get into, air., (3) air expands and cools as it rises up carrying the water, vapours with it., (4) All of these, Presence of high level of pollutants in atmosphere during, cold weather lead to formation of, (1) fog, (2) acid rains, (3) smog, (4) All of these, All organism require water to stay alive because, (1) all cellular processes take place in a water medium., (2) biochemical reactions inside the body take place in, aqueous medium., (3) substances are transported from one part of the body, to other parts in a dissolved form., (4) All of these, Sustainability and diversity of life is dependent on, (1) availability of water alone, (2) not only temperature, nature of soil but also the, availability of water, (3) nature of soil, (4) temperature, Soil conservation is the process where, (1) sterile soil is converted to fertile soil, (2) soil is aerated, (3) soil erosion is allowed, (4) soil is protected against loss, Nitrogen cycle involves bacteria capable of changing, proteins to ammonia called as, (1) bacteria of decay, (2) denitrifying bacteria, (3) nitrogen fixing bacteria, (4) ammonifying bacteria, Phosphorus cycle is, (1) gaseous cycle, (2) perfect cycle, (3) imperfect cycle, (4) partly gaseous and partly sedimentary, Nitrogen content of biosphere remains constant due to, (1) nitrogen fixation, (2) nitrogen cycle, (3) industrial pollution, (4) absorption of nitrogen, Breaking down of rocks at or near the surface of the Earth, by various physical, chemical or biological processes results, in the formation of _________., (1) nutrients, (2) soil, (3) minerals, (4) water, Expansion of certain parts of rocks due to heat during the, day and contraction at night lead to, (1) formation of cracks in the rocks, (2) breaking of rocks, (3) formation of cracks and ultimately the huge rocks, breaking into smaller pieces, (4) formation of soil directly, , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, 22 Water is helpful in formation of soil as, (1) it enters into the cracks formed due to uneven heating, and then freezes inside the rocks., (2) flowing water wears away even hard rocks., (3) fast flowing water crushes big and small rocks into, smaller particles while flowing downstream., (4) All of these, 23. Besides water ___________ also erode rocks down and, carry sand from one place to other., (1) the sun, (2) strong winds, (3) living organism, (4) plants, 24. Conservation is, (1) protection of natural resources, (2) management of natural resources, (3) proper use of natural resources, (4) All the above, 25. Largest amount of fresh water is found in, (1) lakes and streams, (2) underground, (3) polar ice and glaciers, (4) rivers, 26. The major factor in causing global warming is, (1) increase in oxygen concentration in atmosphere., (2) decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere., (3) increase in carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere., (4) decrease in atmospheric nitrogen., 27. The major source(s) of carbon for living things is/are, (1) coal, oil, and natural gas, (2) plants, (3) CO2 in the atmosphere and oceans, (4) methane in the atmosphere, 28. Lichens while growing on the surface of rocks release certain, substances, (1) that erodes the rock surface to powder, (2) that enters into the cracks, (3) that grows into more organisms, (4) None of these, 29 The type of soil is decided by the average size of particles,, but the quality of soil is decided by, (1) uantity of particles, (2) amount of humus, (3) microscopic organisms, (4) amount of humus and the microscopic organisms, found in it, 30 Humus is a major factor in deciding soil structure because, (1) soil becomes more porous, (2) allows water and air to penetrate deep underground, (3) Both (1) and (2), (4) None of these, 31. Soil pollution is, (1) removal of useful components or addition of harmful, ingredients., (2) adversely affecting fertility of soil., (3) killing the diversity of organism that live in it., (4) All of these, 32. Adding iron to the ocean might, (1) cause algal blooms, thus reducing levels of atmospheric, carbon dioxide, (2) increase the productivity of the oceans, providing more, food for people, (3) upset the balance within this delicate ecosystem, (4) All of these are correct, , EBD_7042, , B-238

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B-239, , Natural Resources and Their Management, , 33., 34., , 35., , 36, , 37, , 38., , 39, , 40., , 41., 42., , 43., 44., , 45., , Soil erosion can be prevented by, (1) afforestation, (2) deforestation, (3) overgrazing, (4) removal of vegetation, Which of the following is not the function of forest ?, (1) It is used to make paper., (2) Resin, gum and drugs are obtained., (3) Controls flood., (4) Causes soil erosion., Which of the following bacteria is found in Ganga water ?, (1) Coliform bacteria, (2) Streptococcus bacteria, (3) Staphylococcus bacteria, (4) Diplococcus bacteria, Pick the most appropriate statement., (1) Soil erosion cannot be prevented by the roots of plants., (2) Bare topsoil provides space for vegetation., (3) Vegetative cover on the ground helps in percolation of, water into deeper layers., (4) Large scale deforestation limits biodiversity., Water cycle gets complicated because, (1) water dissolves many minerals and nutrients., (2) some of the water that falls as rain seeps into the soil, and become part of underground reservoir of fresh, water., (3) water is used by terrestrial animals and plants for, carrying their life processes., (4) Both (2) and (3), Many molecules essential to life like proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamin or biologically essential compounds like, alkaloids and urea contain, (1) nitrogen, (2) hydrogen, (3) oxygen, (4) water, Nitrogen fixing bacteria are usually found in, (1) soil, (2) atmosphere, (3) some species of dicot plants and the root-nodules, present in the roots of legumes, (4) None of these, Which of the following will be released during combustion, of fossil fuels ?, (1) Carbon dioxide, (2) Oxide of nitrogen, (3) Carbon monoxide (4) All of these, Biodiversity hotspots are, (1) oceans, (2) glaciers, (3) rivers, (4) forests, Van Mahotsava is meant for, (1) afforestation, (2) deforestation, (3) start of grazing season, (4) commercial forestry, Kulhs are irregation canals of, (1) Rajasthan, (2) Bihar, (3) Himachal Pradesh (4) Karnataka, Bacteria in the soil converts the various compounds of, nitrogen present in the dead bodies of plants and animals, back to, (1) nitrogen, (2) proteins, (3) nitrates and Nitrites, (4) living organisms, Plants utilise carbon dioxide from atmosphere in presence, of sunlight to produce glucose during the process of, photosynthesis. On the other hand carbon dioxide is, released into atmosphere by the living things during, , 46., , 47., , 48., , 49., , 50., , 51., , 52., , 53., , (1) industrialization, (2) respiration, (3) combustion, (4) both respiration and combustion, The three R's referred to in context to save environment are, (1) Reduce, Recycle and Reuse, (2) Refuse, Reduce and Reuse, (3) Remain, Relent and Repent, (4) Reinforce, Repair and Render, Recycling of waste materials involve the steps of, (1) collecting all the waste material and bury under the, soil., (2) segregating the bio-degradable and non-biodegradable, material to dispose separately., (3) extracting fresh plastic, paper, glass or metal from waste, material., (4) Both (2) and (3), The most appropriate definition of a natural resource is that, it is a substance/commodity that is, (1) present only on land., (2) a gift of nature which is very useful to mankind., (3) a man-made substance placed in nature., (4) available only in the forest., The important message conveyed by the ‘Chipko, Movement’ is, (1) to involve the community in forest conservation efforts., (2) the ignore the community in forest conservation efforts., (3) to cut down forest trees for development activities., (4) government agencies have the unquestionable right, to order destruction of trees in forests., Khadins, Bundhis, Ahars and Kattas are ancient structures, that are examples for, (1) grain storage, (2) wood storage, (3) water harvesting (4) soil conservation, Given below are a few statements related to biodiversity., Pick those that correctly describe the concept of biodiverstiy., (i) Biodiversity refers to the different species of flora and, fauna present in an area., (ii) Biodiversity refers to only the flora of a given area., (iii) Biodiversity is greater in a forest., (iv) Biodiversity refers to the total number of individuals, of a particular species living in an area., (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (ii) and (iv), (3) (i) and (iii), (4) (ii) and (iii), We are getting a large number of items for daily consumption, in disposable packing. Is it possible to save environment, by not throwing them immediately after use?, (1) Yes, they can be used to store things in the kitchen, (2) Yes, we can use our innovative ideas to utilize them, (3) Yes, we can give them to others who are in need of, them, (4) All of these, Ignorance of local knowledge and local needs in forest, management practices has led to, (1) conversion of vast tracts of forests to mono culture of, pine, teak and eucalyptus, (2) extinction of wild life and several species, (3) Both (1) and (2), (4) None of these

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54., , 55., , 56., , 57., , 58., , 59., , 60., , Construction of big dams, though useful still draws flak, from society, (1) displacement of large number of peasants and tribes, without compensation lead to social problems., (2) expenditure of huge amounts of public money without, proportional benefits cause economic problems., (3) deforestation and loss of biodiversity result in, environmental problems., (4) All of these, Increased fuel efficiency and reduced air pollution can be, affected by ensuring, (1) complete combustion in internal combustion engines, (2) avoiding use of machines, (3) adhering to emission norms in automobiles but, ignoring elsewhere, (4) All of these, Among the statements given below select the ones that, correctly describe the concept of sustainable development., (i) Planned growth with minimum damage to the, environment., (ii) Growth irrespective of the extent of damage caused to, the environment., (iii) Stopping all developmental work to conserve the, environment., (iv) Growth that is acceptable to all the stakeholders., (1) (i) and (iv), (2) (ii) and (iii), (3) (ii) and (iv), (4) (iii) only, In our country, there are attempts to increase the height of, serveral existing dams like Tehri and Almati, dams across, Narmada., Choose the correct statements among the following that are, a consequence of raising the height of dams, (i) Terrestrial flora and fauna of the area is destroyed, completely., (ii) Dislocation of people and domestic animals living in, the area., (iii) Valuable agricultural land may be permanently lost., (iv) It will generate permanent employment for people., (1) (i) and (ii), (2) (i), (ii) and (iii), (3) (ii) and (iv), (4) (i), (iii) and (iv), It is important to make small check dams across the flooded, gullies because they, (i) hold water for irrigation., (ii) hold water and prevent soil erosion., (iii) recharge ground water., (iv) hold water permanently., (1) (i) and (iv), (2) (ii) and (iii), (3) (iii) and (iv), (4) (ii) and (iv), The term “water-pollution” can be defined in serveral ways., Which of the following statements does not give the correct, definition ?, (1) The addition of undesirable substances to waterbodies., (2) The removal of desirable substances from waterbodies., (3) A change in pressure of the water bodies., (4) A change in temperature of the water bodies., The laws, rules and regulations will be more effective in, allowing everyone reap the benefits of development, (1) if we adjust our requirement individually, (2) if we adjust our requirement collectively, (3) if we adjust our requirement both individually and, collectively, (4) even if we do not adjust our requirements, , 61., , 62., , 63., , 64., , 65., , 66., , 67., , 68., , 69., , 70., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Seniors usually ask you to switch off fans and light while, going out. Which 'R' is being suggested by them?, (1) Reduce, (b) Repair, (3) Render, (d) Refuse, Management of resources has become necessary so that, (1) the resources are used with long term perspectives., (2) the resources are distributed equitably between rich, and poor., (3) the wastes are disposed in safe and environmentfriendly manner., (4) All of these, Forests are far away from the cities and we hardly ever visit, them, still they are important as, (1) many resources are available in the forests., (2) bio-diversity in the forests help in maintaining, ecological balance., (3) local people use the forests for grazing their animals., (4) those listed above are just a few advantages of forests., Loss of vegetation cover, diversion for high water demanding, crops, pollution from industrial effluents and urban wastes, have resulted in, (1) non-sustainability of water availability underground, (2) unpredictable rainfall, (3) neglect of local irrigation methods, (4) frequent floods, Large dams are found to be useful as, (1) they ensure storage of water for irrigation., (2) generation of electricity., (3) development of canal systems to distribute water to, far off places., (4) All of these, The process of introgen-fixation by bacteria does not take, place in the presence of, (1) molecular form of hydrogen, (2) elemental form of oxygen, (3) water, (4) elemental form of nitrogen, Choose the correct sequences, (1) CO2 in atmosphere ® decomposers ® organic carbon, in animals ® organic carbon in plants., (2) CO2 in atmosphere ® organic carbon in plants ®, organic carbon in animals ® inorganic carbon in soil., (3) Inorganic carbonates in water ® organic carbon in, plants ® organic carbon in animals ® scavengers., (4) Organic carbon in animals ® decomposers ® CO2 in, atmosphere ® organic carbon in plants., Ozone-layer is getting depleted because of, (1) excessive use of automobiles., (2) excessive formation of industrial units., (3) excessive use of man-made compounds containing, both fluorine and chlorine., (4) excessive deforestation., What happens when rain falls on soil without vegetational, cover ?, (1) Rain water percolates in soil efficiently., (2) Rain water causes loss of surface soil., (3) Rain water leads to fertility of the soil., (4) Rain water does not cause any change in soil., International and national laws and regulations regarding, environment and resources are being formulated for, (1) sustenance of resources, (2) conservation of environment, (3) increased awareness about the problems, (4) All of these, , EBD_7042, , B-240

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B-241, , Natural Resources and Their Management, , Exercise, Matching Based MCQ, , 6., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), , DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1 to 8) : Match Column-I with Column-II and, select the correct answer using the codes given below the, columns., , 1., , Column I, Column II, DDT, (p) CO, CO2, PAN, (q) Smog, Acid rain, (r) Biological magnification, Global warming, (s) SO2, (A) ® (r), (B) ® (q), (C) ® (s), (D) ® (p), (A) ® (q), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (s), (D) ® (p), (A) ® (r), (B) ® (q), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (s), (A) ® (r), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (s), Column I, Column II, (A) Green house gas, (p) CO2, (B) Nitrogen fixation, (q) O3, (C) Ozone, (r) Rhizobium, (D) Carbon cycle, (s) Biogeochemical, (1) (A) ® (r), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (s), (2) (A) ® (p), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (s), (3) (A) ® (p), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (s), (D) ® (q), (4) (A) ® (p), (B) ® (q), (C) ® (r), (D) ® (s), Column I, Column II, (A) Ozone hole discovery (p) Denitrification, (B) Algal bloom, (q) Paedogenesis, (C) Humification, (r) 1985, (D) Pseudomonas, (s) Eutrophication, (1) (A) ® (s), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (q), (2) (A) ® (r), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (q), (3) (A) ® (r), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (p), (4) (A) ® (r), (B) ® (q), (C) ® (s), (D) ® (p), Column I, Column II, (A) Inexhaustible resource (p) Wildlife, (B) Man-made source, (q) Fossil fuel, of air pollution, (C) Renewable resource, (r) Solar radiations, (D) Non-renewable, (s) Thermal power plant, resource, (1) (A) ® (s), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (p), (2) (A) ® (r), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (p), (3) (A) ® (r), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (s), (D) ® (q), (4) (A) ® (r), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (q), Column I, Column II, (Canal irrigation system), (State), (A) Kulhs, (p) Karnataka, (B) Kattas, (q) Maharashtra, (C) Tals, (r) Rajasthan, (D) Kadin, (s) Himachal Pradesh, (1) (A) ® (s), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (r), (2) (A) ® (p), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (r), (3) (A) ® (s), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (r), (D) ® (q), (4) (A) ® (s), (B) ® (q), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (r), (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 7., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 8., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), , Column I, Column II, (Lake), (State), Wullar, (p) Orissa, Chilka, (q) Rajasthan, Sambhar, (r) Jammu and Kashmir, Harike, (s) Punjab, (A) ® (p), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (s), (A) ® (r), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (s), (A) ® (p), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (s), (D) ® (q), (A) ® (r), (B) ® (q), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (s), Column I, Column II, Desertification, (p) Amrita Devi Bishnoi, Protection of khejri trees (q) Incomplete, combustion, Plastic, (r) Deforestation, Carbon monoxide, (s) Recycle, (A) ® (p), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (s), (A) ® (r), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (s), (A) ® (r), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (s), (D) ® (q), (A) ® (r), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (q), Column I, Column II, Ganga Sagar, (p) Chipko Movement, Biodiversity hot spots, (q) A.K. Banerjee, Protection of Sal forest (r) Bay of Bengal, Hug the trees movement (s) Forests, (A) ® (r), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (p), (A) ® (s), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (p), (A) ® (s), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (q), (A) ® (s), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (r), (D) ® (q), , Statement Based MCQ, 9., , 10., , Consider the following statements :, (a) Air forms a protective blanket around the earth and, does not allow all the solar radiations to reach the earth., (b) Green house gases are the ones which allow the heat, emitted by earth to pass out., (c) Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide are green, house gases., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) (c) only, (4) All of these, Consider the following statements :, (a) Topsoil is the uppermost fertile layer of soil that is, rich in mineral nutrients., (b) Soil profile shows four distinct layers, called, horizons., (c) Sun, water, wind and living organisms are main factors, that influence the formation of soil from the rocks., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) and (c), (3) (c) and (a), (4) None of these

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Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, , 11., , Passage Based MCQ, , Consider the following statements :, (a) Pesticides and fertilizers are harmful to soil as they, kill the microorganisms involved in recycling of, nutrients., (b) Eutrophication leads to depletion of dissolved, oxygen in water bodies resulting in loss of all aquatic, , 12., , life., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) The amount of rainfall directly influences the, abundance and diversity of life forms., (b) Global warming may lead to melting of ice present on, , 13., , the poles resulting in rise in the sea level., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Exhaustible resources are present in unlimited, quantity in nature and are not likely to be finished by, human use., (b) Smog is the alternative name of exhaust gases that, come out of automobiles due to burning of petrol, , 14., , 15., , 16., , and diesel., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) An important protective function of forests is reduction of atmospheric pollution., (b) The wildlife resources are renewable resources., (c) A successful forest conservation strategy should, involve protection of only consumers., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) only, (3) (c) only, (4) None of these, Consider the following statements :, (a) Biodiversity means variations present in the species, of the flora of an area., (b) The three R’s referred to conserve natural resources, are —recycle, regenerate and reuse., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Improper use of land converts fertile land into, unusable land., (b) Increase in human population puts more pressure on, land., (c) Use of sewage, domestic waste, farm yard manure, etc., will decrease the fertility of the degraded lands., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct?, (1) (a) and (b), (2) (b) only, (3) (c) only, (4) All of these, , DIRECTIONS (Qs. 17 to 22) : Read the passage(s) given, below and answer the questions that follow., PASSAGE-1, Coal and petroleum have organic origin, being decomposed plant, and animal matter buried deep inside the earth. Coal is mined like, any other mineral., The chief coal producing countries in the world are China, U.S.A.,, U.S.S.R., UK., Germany, Poland, Australia and India. In India, coal, is mainly mined in Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and to, some extent in Andhra Pradesh., Petroleum occurs deep inside the Earth at depth ranging from a, few hundred to few thousands metres. The name petroleum has, been given to the crude oil because it occurs under the Earth’s, crust entrapped in rocks (petra = rocks; oleum = oil). Crude oil, (petroleum) is pumped out of Earth by drilling oil reserve, oil wells., Petroleum is obtained by drilling a hole through the crust till it, reaches the oil gushes out of its own due to high pressure of the, gas over its surface. However, when the pressure falls, it is pumped, out with the help of pumps. Large quantity of natural gas is, generally associated with petroleum. Petroleum is often referred, to as liquid gold, due to its importance in transportation, commerce, and industry. Prosperity of any country depends upon its, petroleum reserves., 17. Petroleum is, (1) inexhaustible resource, (2) exhaustible resource, (3) non-renewable resource, (4) Both (2) and (3), 18. Which one of the following is a non-replenishable resource?, (1) Minerals, (2) Forests, (3) Mineral fuel, (4) Hydroelectricity, 19. Which one of the following is not a fossil fuel ?, (1) Uranium, (2) Coal, (3) Natural gas, (4) Petroleum, PASSAGE-2, When we hear the term “wildlife”, it generally refers to large, ferocious animals living in jungles and forests such as tigers,, lions, elephants, wolves, etc. But in fact, “wildlife” implies to any, living organism in its natural habitat which includes all plants,, animals and micro-organisms except cultivated plants and, domesticated animals. From ecological view-point, wildlife is a, renewable resource., The conservation of wildlife is required for the following benefits:, The wildlife helps us in maintaining the ‘balance of nature’. Once, this equilibrium is disturbed, it leads to many problems. The, destruction of carnivores or insectivores often leads to the, increase of herbivores which in turn affects the forest vegetation, or crops., The wildlife can be used commercially to earn more money. It can, increase our earning of foreign exchange, by tourism., The preservation of wildlife helps many naturalists and behaviour, biologists to study morphology, anatomy, physiology, ecology,, behaviour biology of the wild animals under their natural, surroundings., The wildlife provides best means of sports and recreation., The wildlife of India is our cultural asset and has deep-rooted, effect on Indian art, sculpture, literature and religion., , EBD_7042, , B-242

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B-243, , Natural Resources and Their Management, , 20., , 21., , 22., , A successful forest conservation strategy should involve, (1) protection of animals at the highest trophic level., (2) protection of only consumers., (3) protection of only herbivores., (4) comprehensive programme to protect all the physical, and biological components., Wild life is destroyed mostly when, (1) there is lack of proper care., (2) there is mass scale hunting for foreign trade., (3) its natural habitat is destroyed., (4) natural calamity occurs., Which of the following is not done in a wild life sanctuary?, (1) Fauna conservation, (2) Flora conservation, (3) Soil and Fauna utilisation, (4) Hunting prohibition, , Correct Definition Based MCQ, 33., , 34., , Assertion Reason Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 23 to 32) : Following questions consist of, two statements, one labelled as the ‘Assertion’ and the other, as ‘Reason’. You are to examine these two statements carefully, and select the answer to these items using the code given, below., Code :, (1) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct, explanation of A:, (2) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct, explanation of A., (3) A is true but R is false, (4) A is false but R is true., , 23., 24., , 25., 26., 27., 28., , 29., , 30., 31., , 32., , Assertion : Hydrologic cycle is a perfect one., Reason : The cycling of water is a fast process., Assertion : Presently, the global atmosphere is warming up., Reason : The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer has, resulted in increase in ultraviolet radiations reaching the, earth., Assertion : All resources are not exhaustible., Reason : Renewable resources can become non-renewable., Assertion : The upper layer to soil is the main site of decomposition., Reason : It is the fertile layer of soil., Assertion : Acid rain disrupts ecological balance., Reason : Acid rain affects flora and fauna., Assertion : Conservation of biological diversity under, natural conditions is in situ conservation., Reason : Increase of Manipur deer from 17 animals to 150 in, Calcutta and Delhi zones is one of an example of these., Assertion : Every biological system resist a change and, wants to remain in state of equilibrium., Reason : Climax communities of an ecosystem are produced, after several changes it has gone through succession., Assertion : Regions in Gangetic plains are very fertile., Reason : It has mainly alluvial soils., Assertion : The flora of tundra consists of lichens, mosses, and conifers., Reason : Temperature and water supply to plants are the, limiting factors., Assertion : An estimation of BOD gives an indication of, water pollution., Reason : It is measure of O2 requirement of bacteria living in, that media., , 35., , 36., , Ozone hole is, (1) thinning of ozone in the stratosphere where it is, normally present in high concentration as ozone layer., (2) thinning of ozone in the troposphere where it is normally, present in high concentration as ozone layer., (3) thinning of ozone in the thermosphere where it is, normally present in high concentration as ozone layer., (4) thinning of ozone in the mesosphere where it is normally, present in high concentration as ozone layer., Weathering is, (1) the process of breaking down of rocks present on the, surface of earth into fine particles., (2) the process of breaking down of soil into particles with, the help of living organisms., (3) the formation of rocks with the help of living organisms., (4) the formation of rocks by physical and chemical, methods., Biosphere is, (1) the blanket of air that covers the whole earth., (2) the outer solid crust of earth., (3) the part of earth which supports life., (4) the water component of earth., Hotspot is, (1) an area rich in biodiversity and endemism which is, being threatened by human activity as well as other, forces., (2) a large uncultivated self-maintained wooded tract, dominated by trees forming a nearly closed canopy., (3) a protected area maintained by government where wild, life is kept without threat of any type of exploitation., (4) a developing forest cover in the area which has been, damaged or cleared during exploitation., , Feature Based MCQ, 37., , 38., , 39., , 40., , On the basis of following features identify the correct option., (I) They are barriers constructed across streams to hold, back water, raise its level and form reservoirs., (II) They are used for generation of electricity., (1) Kulhs, (2) Dams, (3) Kattas, (4) Tanks, On the basis of following features identify the correct option., (I) It is growing of forests on unprotected barren lands., (II) Van Mahotsava is a tree plantation movement carried, out twice a year by both government and voluntary, agencies., (1) Reforestation, (2) Afforestation, (3) Deforestation, (4) Agroforestry, On the basis of following features identify the correct option., (I) It is a dark coloured liquid fuel that is taken out from, various depths of earth both on land and sea shore., (II) With the help of fractional distillation, a number of, products are obtained – Kerosene, fuel oil, lubricating, oil, paraffin wax etc., (1) Fossil fuels, (2) Coal, (3) Petroleum, (4) LPG, On the basis of following features identify the correct option., (I) It is dark brown or greyish smoky mist that occurs in, cold weather., (II) It is a visible indication of air pollution., (III) It reduces visibility as well as highly suffocating and, harmful to human beings, animals and plants., (1) Fog, (2) Mist, (3) Smoke, (4) Smog

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&, Exercise 1, , 1., 5., 6., , 7., , 8., 12., , 13., 14., , 15., 16., 20., , 21., , 22., , 23., 24., 28., 29., , 30., , 31., , 32., 36., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, , (3), 2. (2), 3. (4), 4. (4), (1) Living things constitute the biotic component of the biosphere, and the abiotic component consists of air, water and soil., (3) Fixation of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere takes place by, conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose by green plants in presence, of sunlight and also by use of carbonates dissolved in sea water by, some marine animals to make their shells., (4) Average temperature on earth remains fairly steady because, air is a bad conductor of heat. The atmosphere slows down the, escape of heat into outer space during night and prevents the, sudden increase in temperature during day time., (4), 9. (2), 10. (2), 11. (2), (4) Besides uneven heating of atmosphere in different regions of, the earth, other factors resulting in diverse atmospheric, phenomenon are: Rotation of the earth and mountain ranges coming, in the paths of the winds; Water vapours formed due to excessive, heat get into air; and Air expands and cools as it rises up carrying, the water vapours with it., (3) Presence of high level of pollutants in atmosphere during, cold weather leads to formation of smog., (4) All organism require water to stay alive because all cellular, processes and biochemical reactions take place in a water medium., Transportation of substances from one part of the body to other, parts is in a dissolved form., (2) Sustainability and diversity of life is dependant on not only, temperature, nature of soil but also the availability of water., (4), 17. (4), 18. (3), 19. (2), (2) Breaking down of rocks at or near the surface of the Earth by, various physical, chemical or biological processes results in the, formation of soil., (3) Expansion of certain parts of rocks due to heat during the, day and contraction at night lead to formation of cracks and, ultimately the huge rocks breaking into smaller pieces., (4) Water is helpful in formation of soil as it enters into the, cracks formed due to uneven heating and then freezes inside the, rocks. Flowing water wears away even hard rocks and fast flowing, water crushes big and small rocks into smaller particles while, flowing downstream., (2) Besides water, strong winds also erode rocks down and carry, sand from one place to other., (4), 25. (3), 26. (3), 27. (3), (1) Lichens while growing on the surface of rocks release certain, substances that erode the rock surface to powder., (4) The type of soil is decided by the average size of particles,, but the quality of soil is decided by the amount of humus and, microscopic organisms found in it., (3) Humus is a major factor in deciding soil structure because, soil becomes more porous and allows water and air to penetrate, deep underground., (4) Soil pollution is caused due to removal of useful components, or addition of harmful ingredients adversely affecting fertility of, soil. Killing the diversity of organism that live in it also affects the, fertility of land., (4), 33. (1), 34. (4), 35. (1), (4) Large scale deforestation limits biodiversity., , 37., , 38., , 39., 40., 44., , 45., , 46, , 47., , 48., 52, , 53., , 54., , 55., , 56., 60., 61., 62., 63., 64., , 65., , 66., 70., , (4) Water cycle gets complicated because some of the water that, falls as rain seeps into the soil and become part of underground, reservoir of fresh water and also water is used by terrestrial animals, and plants for carrying their life processes., (1) Many molecules essential to life like proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamin or biologically essential compounds like alkaloids and, urea contain nitrogen., (3) Nitrogen fixing bacteria are usually found in some species of, dicot plants and the root-nodules present in the roots of legumes., (4), 41. (4), 42. (1), 43. (3), (3) Bacteria in the soil converts the various compounds of, nitrogen present in the dead bodies of plants and animals back to, nitrates and nitrites., (4) Plants utilise carbon dioxide from atmosphere in presence of, sunlight to produce glucose during the process of photosynthesis., On the other hand carbon dioxide is released into atmosphere by, the living things during respiration and combustion., (1) The three R's referred to in context to save environment are:, Reduce, Recycle and Reuse. The resources can be conserved by, implementing these three R's., (4) Recycling of waste materials includes extraction of all possible, items that can be reused and also to dispose the biodegradable, waste in a meaningful manner., (2), 49. (1), 50. (3), 51. (3), (4) We are humans capable of thinking and can always find, purposeful ways of utilizing waste materials irrespective of their, being biodegradable or non biodegradable., (3) Ignorance of local knowledge and local needs in forest, management practices has led to growth of similar plants which in, turn has affected the habitat., (4) Construction of big dams require huge water reservoirs to, store water necessitating displacement of local habitat. Poor, selection of site can put extra pressure on the exchequer., (1) Complete combustion in internal combustion engines will, not increase the fuel efficiency but also reduce formation of carbon, monoxide., (1), 57. (2), 58. (2), 59. (3), (3) The laws, rules and regulations will be more effective only if, we all comply to their provisions., (1) One can reduce consumption of energy resources by, switching off fans and light while going out., (4) Management of resources has become necessary so that the, resources available to all in the present or future generations., (4), (1) Loss of vegetation cover, diversion for high water demanding, crops, pollution from industrial effluents and urban wastes is, leading to contamination and depletion of water table., (4) Large dams are built to generate electricity by converting the, potential energy of stored water into kinetic energy to rotate the, turbines of generator. The water is canalised through canals., (2), 67. (2), 68. (3), 69. (2), (4) International and national laws and regulations regarding, environment and resources are being formulated for sustenance of, resources, conservation of environment and increased awareness, about the problems so that the future generations are able to fulfil, their energy requirements., , EBD_7042, , B-244

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B-245, , Natural Resources and Their Management, , Exercise 2, 1., 5., 9., , 10., , 11., 13., , 14., , 15., , 16., , (1), 2. (2), 3. (3), 4. (4), (1), 6. (2), 7. (3), 8. (1), (3) Air forms a protective blanket around the earth and allows, all the solar radiations to reach the earth surface. Green houses, gases trap the heat radiations emitted by earth and maintain the, earth’s temperature., (2) Mostly living organisms and humus are restricted to upper, portion of soil. It is called topsoil. Roots of plants are generally, restricted to topsoil due to its porosity or aeration., (3), 12. (3), (4) Exhaustible resources are natural resources with limited, availability that are likely to get exhausted by continued, indiscriminate use. Smog is dark brown or greyish smoky mist, that occurs in cold weather. It is a visible indication of air pollution., (1) Forest conservation strategy should involve protection of, all natural resources like all forest products and all living organisms, living in forest., (4) Biodiversity is the occurrence of diverse types of organisms, and their variants adopted to different environment. The three R’s, referred to conserve natural resources are – Reduce, Recycle and, Reuse., (1) Use of sewage, domestic waste, farmyard manure, etc., increase the fertility of the degraded lands because they add, essential nutrients in the soil for the growth of plants., , 17., , 18., 19., 20., 21., , 22., 23., , 24., 25., , 26., 30., 34., 38., , (4) Non-renewable resources are those resources which are likely, to get exhausted with continued use because of lack of regeneration,, e.g., fossil fuels., (3), (1) Uranium is an element obtained from earth’s crust., (4), (3) Wildlife for any living organisms is their natural habitat which, includes all plants, animals and micro-organisms except cultivated, plants and domesticated animals., (3) Sanctuaries are tracts of land where wild animals are not, hunted, neither their habitat disturbed., (2) Hydrological cycle is the circulation of water between various, components of biosphere especially evaporation of water from, sea, falling on land and flowing back into sea by rivers. The store, house or pool or water is sea where 97.5% of water occurs., (2) Raising the temperature of surface of earth and its immediate, atmosphere due to green house gases is called global warming., (2) Inexhaustible resources are natural resources which occur in, such abundance that they are not likely to get exhausted by, continued used, e.g. air, water and solar energy., (2), 27. (1), 28. (3), 29. (2), (1), 31. (1), 32. (1), 33. (1), (1), 35. (3), 36. (1), 37. (2), (2), 39. (3), 40. (4)

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Chapter, , •, , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, , Improvement in, Food Resources, , All living organisms depend on food sources either on plants, or animals to fulfil the requirements of proteins, carbohydrates,, fats, vitamins and minerals., • We can increase the production by the development and use, of improved varieties with high yield and better agricultural, practices., • Green revolution has increased food grain production while, white revolution has increased production of milk., • Cereals, pulses, vegetables, spices and fruits provide, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals etc., • Fodder crops like berseem, oats or sudan grass are raised as, food for the livestock., • Based on the seasons of cultivation, crops are classified in, two categories:, (i) Kharif Crops : Crops grown in rainy season from July to, October are kharif crops . Example: Paddy, soyabean, maize,, cotton, and green gram etc., (ii) Rabi Crops : Crops grown in winter season from November, to April are rabi crops. Example: Wheat, gram, peas,, mustard and linseed etc., • For improvement in crop production following practices are, involved in farming –, (i) Choice of seeds for planting, (ii) Nurturing of crop plants, (iii) Protection of growing and harvested crops from loss, • The major activities for improving crop yields can be, classified as, (i) Crop variety improvement : Varieties of crops can be selected, by breeding for certain useful characteristics such as disease, resistance, response to fertilisers, product quality and high, yield. Two ways of crop variety improvement are, A. Hybridisation: Crossing between genetically dissimilar, plants is hybridization. The crossing may be intervarietal, (between different varieties), intergeneric (between, different genera), interspecific (between different species, of the same genus). The most common type of breeding, is intervarietal., B. Introducing genes for desired characters – It gives rise, to genetically modified crops., The various aspects for which crop variety improvement is carried out are as follows:, 1. To obtain higher yield of crop., 2. To enhance the desirable quality of food items., 3. To produce crop variety that is resistant to biotic and abiotic, factors., 4. To change the maturity duration of crop., 5. To induce desirable agronomic traits., 6. To develop plant varieties with wider adaptability., , (ii) Crop production management : In India the money or financial, condition of farmers decides the farming practices and, agricultural technologies for more production., A. Nutrient management, Plant need nutrients for their growth which is supplied by air,, water and soil., Air supplies carbon and oxygen, water supplies hydrogen,, soil supplies other 13 nutrients., Of the six macronutrients, only three namely NPK (Nitrogen,, Phosphorus and Potassium) are required by plants in greater, amounts. They are called primary nutrients., 1. Micronutrients: Nutrients required in small quantities are, called micronutrients. E.g. Mo, Mn, Cl, Cu, B, Zn, Fe., 2. Macronutrients: Nutrients required in larger quantities are, called macronutrients. E.g. P, Mg, K, N, Ca, S., Manure and Fertilizers :, 1. Manure: It is prepared by decomposition of animal excreta, and plant waste. Now-a-days we use biological wastes in, manure. Based on the kind of biological material used, manure, can be classified as –, (a) Compost – The decomposition of livestock excreta,, vegetable waste, animal refuse, domestic waste, sewage, waste, straw, weeds in pits is known as composting. It is, also prepared by using earthworms to hasten the process, of decomposition of plant and animal refuse. This is called, vermi-composting., (b) Green manure – Plants like sunhemp or guar are grown, and then mulched by ploughing them into the soil. This is, green manure. They provide nitrogen and phosphorus to, soil., 2. Fertilizers: They commercially produced plant nutrients. They, supply nitrogen, phosphorus in higher yields of high cost, farming. But continuous use of fertilizers can destroy soil, fertility because excess use of fertilizers kill micro-organisms., 3. Organic farming: It is a farming system using organic, manures, recycled farm-wastes and use of bio-agents such as, culture of blue-green algae in preparation of biofertilisers, neem, leaves or turmeric specifically in grain-storage as biopesticides., C. Irrigation, Most agricultural areas in India depend upon monsoons and, rainfall during growing season. Various irrigation systems are, adopted to supply water to agricultural lands, they are – Wells,, canals, rivers, tanks etc. Rain water harvesting and watershed, management increases the availability of water., , EBD_7042, , B-246

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Improvement in Food Resources, , D. Cropping Patterns •, • Mixed cropping: Growing two or more crops, simultaneously on same land is mixed cropping., • Inter-cropping: Growing two or more crops, simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern is, inter cropping., • Crop-rotation: Growing of different crops on a piece of, land in a pre-planned succession is crop rotation., (iii) Crop protection management, Crops need protection against weeds, insect pests and, diseases. Weeds like Xanthium, Parthenium, Cyperinus, competes for food, space and light. They take nutrients and, reduce the growth of the main crop. Pests are organisms like, rats, insects, mites, fungi etc that damage or destroy cultivated, plants or plant products and make them unfit for human, consumption., Micro-organisms or pathogens cause diseases in crop plants., Pathogens can be bacteria, fungi, or virus. These pathogens, are generally transmitted through soil, water, and air., Preventive measures of insect pests and weeds :, Using pesticides is the most common method used to eradicate weeds, pests, and infectious diseases., 1. Herbicides are used to eradicate weeds., 2. Fungicides are used to destroy fungus., 3. Insecticides are used against insects., • Animal husbandry :, It is the scientific management of animal livestock in various, aspects such as feeding, breeding and disease control. The, animal included are cattle, goat, poultry, sheep and fish., (i) Cattle farming: It is done for two purposes-milk and, drought labour for agricultural work such as tilling,, irrigation and carting. Indian cattle belong to two different, species Bos indicus, cows and Bos bubalis, buffaloes., , B-247, , (ii) Poultry farming : They are farmed to produce layers for eggs, and broilers for meat. The cross-breeding programmes, between Indian and foreign breeds are done for improving the, following desirable traits –, (i) Number and quality of chicks., (ii) Dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick production., (iii) Summer adaptation capacity., (iii) Fish production: It provides animal protein for us., Fishes are obtained in two ways :– Capture fishing obtained from natural resources., – Culture farming obtained by fish farming., Culture fishing can be done in both marine and fresh water, ecosystems., A. Marine fisheries: India’s marine fishery resources include, 7,500 km of coastline and the deep seas. Marine fish varieties, are Pomphret, mackerel, tuna etc. High economic value fishes, are farmed in sea water. E.g., Mullets, bhetki, pearl spots etc., B. Inland fisheries : Fish culture is in composite fish culture, systems. In this both local and imported fish species are used., Composite fish culture systems increase the yield of fish. In, this system, a combination of 5-6 fish species is used in a, single fish pond. All these species together use all the food in, the pond without competing with each other., A major problem in fish farming is the lack of availability of, good quality seed. To solve the problem of availability of, good-quality seed the fishes are breeded in ponds using, hormonal stimulation., (iv) Bee-keeping, It has become an agricultural enterprise for honey production., Its a low investment activity and produces wax also. Local, varieties of bees used for honey production are – Apis cerana, indica (Indian bee), A. dorsata (Rock bee), A. florae (little bee)., Italian bees have high honey collection capacity. The quality, of honey depends upon availability of flowers., , Exercise, DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice, questions. Each question has 4 choices (1), (2), (3) and (4), out of which only one is correct., 1., , 2., , 3., , The best way to increase the yield of wheat in India is, (1) to sow seeds of improved varieties., (2) to use tractors., (3) to reduce the quantity of ration consumers., (4) to remove weeds from wheat fields., A plant cell has potential to develop into full plant. This, property of the plant cell is called, (1) tissue culture, (2) totipotency, (3) pleuripotency, (4) gene cloning, Cultivation of Bt cotton has been much the news. The prefix, “Bt” means, (1) “Barium-treated” cotton seeds, (2) “Bigger thread” variety of cotton with better tensile, strength, (3) Production by “biotechnology” using restriction, enzymes and ligases, (4) Carrying an endotoxin gene from Bacillus, thuringiensis, , 4., , 5., , 6., , 7., , Fowl grown only for meat is known as, (1) hybrid, (2) broiler, (3) milch, (4) bird culture, Increase in food production has been possible by the, success of, (1) green revolution, (2) white revolution, (3) red revolution, (4) green revolution for food grain and white revolution, for milk, Food security depends upon, (1) availability of food, (2) access to food, (3) both availability of food and access to it, (4) government policies only, Sustained livelihood can be achieved by use of, (1) mixed farming, (2) intercropping, (3) integrated farming practices, (4) All of these

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8., , 9., , 10., 11., 12., , 13., 14., , 15., , 16., , 17., , 18., , 19., , 20., , Cereals such as wheat, rice, and maize provide us, (1) carbohydrates for energy requirement, (2) proteins for body building, (3) fats, (4) All of these, Pulses such as gram, green gram, pigeon pea and lentil, provide us, (1) proteins for body building, (2) fats, (3) carbohydrates for energy requirement, (4) All of these, The term ‘aquaculture’ means, (1) cattle breeding (2) marine fisheries, (3) inland fisheries (4) Both (2) and (3), First commercial pesticide was, (1) DDT, (2) 2,4-D, (3) Burgandy mixture (4) Bordeaux mixture, The carnivorous fish Gamusia, introduced in the lakes,, ponds, etc., control a deadly disease in India, feeds on the, larvae of, (1) Nephantis, (2) Dragonfly, (3) Anopheles, (4) All of these, Fish that eradicates the mosquito larvae, is, (1) Anabus, (2) Rohu, (3) Gambusia, (4) Cutter fish, Vitamins and minerals are provided by, (1) cereals, (2) vegetable, spices and fruits, (3) pulses, (4) fodder, Select the least probable statement, (1) Photoperiods are related to the duration of sunlight., (2) Different crops require different climatic conditions,, temperature and photoperiods for their growth and, completion of life cycle., (3) Crops grown in rainy season are called the kharif crops., (4) Mustard, linseed and peas are grown in kharif season., The activities for improving crops yields are, (1) crop variety improvement, (2) crop production improvement, (3) crop production management, (4) All of these, Hybridization, (1) is done to incorporate desirable characteristics into, crop varieties., (2) refers to crossing between genetically dissimilar plants., (3) may be intervarietal or interspecific., (4) All these statements are correct., Variety improvement is done to get higher yield not only by, making it tolerant to high salinity or diverse climatic, conditions, but also, (1) to increase resistance to biotic or abiotic stresses., (2) change the maturity duration., (3) to get desirable agronomic characteristics., (4) All of these, Biological control of agricultural pests, unlike the chemical, control, is, (1) toxic, (2) polluting, (3) very expensive (4) self-perpetuating, Which of the following plants are used as green manure in, crop fields and in sandy soils ?, (1) Dicanthium annulatum and Azolla pinnata, (2) Crotalaria junecea and Alhagi camelorum, (3) Calotropis procera and Pitylanthus niruri, (4) Saccharum munja and Lantana camara, , 21., , 22., , 23., , 24., , 25., , 26., , 27., , 28., , 29., , 30., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Which one is a biofertilizer ?, (1) VAM, (2) Sporeine, (3) Devine, (4) Agent orange, Which one is an improved variety of wheat ?, (1) A.77, (2) Sonalika, (3) Chandramukhi (4) Kuber, There are ________________ nutrients that are essential, for plants., (1) Six, (2) Three, (3) Sixteen, (4) Seven, Macronutrients available from soil are, (1) carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, copper and, chlorine., (2) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, Sulphur and zinc., (3) nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur., (4) iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum and, chlorine., Manure helps in improving soil fertility and structure by, supplying small quantities of nutrients. It is also, advantageous in, (1) protecting environment from excessive use of fertilizers, (2) recycling farm waste, (3) disposing biological waste, (4) All of these, Select the unsuitable statement, (1) Compost and vermi-compost require decomposition, of farm waste material in pits., (2) Compost is rich in organic matter and nutrients., (3) Use of earthworms to hasten decomposition of plant, and animal refuse produce vermi-compost., (4) Compost is used in very little quantities., The practice of mulching specially grown sun hemp or guar, by ploughing them into the soil helps in, (1) increasing water holding capacity., (2) enriching the soil in nitrogen and phosphorus., (3) increasing the quantity of earthworms., (4) None of these, Fertilizers ensure increased vegetative growth and healthy, plants by supplying, (1) nitrogen, carbon and oxygen, (2) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, (3) phosphorus, calcium and oxygen, (4) All of these, Find out the correct sentence(s), (i) Hybridisation means crossing between genetically, dissimilar plants., (ii) Cross between two varieties is called as inter specific, hybridisation., (iii) Introducing genes of desired character into a plant, gives genetically modified crop., (iv) Cross between plants of two species is called as inter, varietal hybridisation., (1) (i) and (iii), (2) (ii) and (iv), (3) (ii) and (iii), (4) (iii) and (iv), Find out the correct sentence(s) about manure, (i) Manure contains large quantities of organic matter and, small quantities of nutrients., (ii) It increases the water holding capacity of sandy soil., (iii) It helps in draining out of excess of water from clayey, soil., , EBD_7042, , B-248

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Improvement in Food Resources, , 31., , 32., , 33., , 34., , 35., , 36., , 37., , 38., , 39., , 40., 41., , (iv) Its excessive use pollutes environment because it is, made of animal excretory waste., (1) (i) and (iii), (2) (i) and (ii), (3) (ii) and (iii), (4) (iii) and (iv), Cattle husbandry is done for the following purposes, (i) Milk production, (ii) Agriculture work, (iii) Meat production, (iv) Egg production, (1) (i), (ii) and (iii), (2) (ii), (iii) and (iv), (3) (iii) and (iv), (4) (i) and (iv), Which of the following are Indian cattle ?, (i) Bos indicus, (ii) Bos domestica, (iii) Bas bubalis, (iv) Bos vulgaris, (1) (i) and (iii), (2) (i) and (ii), (3) (ii) and (iii), (4) (iii) and (iv), Fertilizers should be used carefully because, (1) increase in soil fertility is only short lived., (2) they can be harmful to the micro-organisms present in, the soil., (3) they can lead to water pollution., (4) All of these, Organic farming is a farming system with ______________, use of chemicals such as fertilizers, herbicides or pesticides, and with a _____________ input of organic manures., (1) almost no, minimum, (2) minimal, maximum, (3) maximum, minimum, (4) excessive, little, Use of neem leaves or turmeric during grain storage serves, the purpose of, (1) bio-pesticides, (2) providing nutrients, (3) impart the desired colours to the grain, (4) preparation of biofertilizers, Mixed cropping is, (1) growing same crops in different seasons., (2) growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same, piece of land in a haphazard manner., (3) growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same, field in a definite pattern., (4) growing different crops on a piece of land in a, preplanned succession., Which of the following are exotic breeds ?, (i) Brawn, (ii) Jersy, (iii) Brown Swiss, (iv) Jersy Swiss, (1) (i) and (iii), (2) (ii) and (iii), (3) (i) and (iv), (4) (ii) and (iv), Poultry farming is undertaken to raise following, (i) Egg production, (ii) Feather production, (iii) Chicken meat, (iv) Milk production, (1) (i) and (iii), (2) (i) and (ii), (3) (ii) and (iii), (4) (iii) and (iv), Animal husbandry is the scientific management of, (i) animal breeding, (ii) culture of animals, (iii) animal livestock, (iv) rearing of animals, (1) (i), (ii) and (iii), (2) (ii), (iii) and (iv), (3) (i), (ii) and (iv), (4) (i), (iii) and (iv), Kranti, Pusa Agarni and Pusa Bold are improved varieties of, (1) urad bean, (2) sunflower, (3) chick Pea, (4) mustard, Insect pests damage the crop by, (1) cutting the root, stem and leaf., (2) sucking the cell sap., (3) boring into the stems and fruits., (4) All of these, , B-249, , 42., , 43., , 44., , 45., , 46., , 47., , 48., , 49., , 50., , Milk production depends on, (1) cleaning of shelter, (2) lactation period of milch animal, (3) vaccination of animals, (4) None of these, Select the incorrect statement from the following:, Cross breading programmes between Indian and foreign, breeds for variety improvement are focused on, (1) dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick population., (2) low maintenance requirements and enhanced tolerance, to high temperature., (3) large number of chicks irrespective of their quality., (4) reduction in the size of egg-laying bird with ability to, utilize fibrous cheaper diets., Composite fish culture increases the fish yield from a pond, by growing a number of fish species in such a way that, they don't compete for food, but the problem is, (1) they breed only during monsoon, (2) lack of availability of good quality seed, (3) Both (1) and (2), (4) None of these, What will happen if two drops of iodine solution are added, to crushed materials of sago, sugar, chalk and common salt, to which a few drops of water had been added., (1) No change in salt, (2) No change in chalk, (3) No change in sugar, (4) Blue-black colour appeared in sago, Rice is crushed and a solution made of it. A student poured, a drop of iodine solution in small quantity of rice solution., Another student poured a drop of rice solution in iodine, solution., (1) Solution of the first boy turned blue black but that of, the other didn’t., (2) Solution of the second boy turned blue black but that, of the first did not., (3) No change in colour of the two solutions., (4) Both the solutions turned blue-black., A lake with an inflow of domestic sewage rich in organic, waste may result in, (1) drying of the lake very soon due to algal bloom., (2) an increased production of fish due to lot of nutrient., (3) death of fish due to lack of oxygen., (4) increased population of aquatic web organism., In poultry industry, production of hatching eggs is more, expensive than the production of market eggs mainly, because, (1) cost of males and their depreciation value is high., (2) mortality among females is usually lower when they, are mated with males., (3) number of eggs produced by hatchery flock are to be, sold only as market eggs., (4) some of the eggs produced by hatchery flocks are not, acceptable for incubation., The most common activity followed by the farmers to, generate additional income is, (1) part-time jobs in industries, (2) bee-keeping, (3) star gazing, (4) pumping of water, Biofertilizers are, (1) micro organisms used to increase the fertility of the soil., (2) manure added to soil., (3) biochemicals added to soil., (4) None of the above

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51., , 52., , 53., , 54., , 55., , Eutrophication is caused by, (1) excessive use of fertilizers, (2) excessive growing of crops, (3) monocropping, (4) None of the above, Green manure is formed by, (1) decomposing animal residue, (2) decomposing algae, (3) ploughing of leguminous plants into the soil, (4) decomposition of the dead plants and animal wastes, Major drawback of DDT as a pesticide is that, (1) organisms at once develop resistance to it., (2) it is significantly less effective than other pesticides., (3) it’s cost of production is high., (4) it is not easily and rapidly degraded in nature., The main source of food and fodder is, (1) lichen, (2) cereals, (3) fungus, (4) cotton, When muddy water is left undisturbed, (i) the mud settles down., , 56., , 57., , 58., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, (ii) some mud particles remain floating in water., (iii) the water can be decanted and separated., (iv) the process of filtration can be used to completely ., Which of the above statement(s) is correct?, (1) (iii) & (iv), (2) (i) only, (3) (i) & (iv), (4) All the above, Which statement is false from the following option given, below?, (1) Watering the crops is called irrigation., (2) Combine is used for sowing of seeds., (3) Seed drill is used for sowing of seeds., (4) Weedicides are called to destroy weeds., Livestock refers to, (1) pet animals, (2) poultry and pet animals, (3) domestic animals which are kept for use or profit, (4) None of the above, Honey is, (1) acidic, (2) neutral, (3) alkaline, (4) basic after some days, , Exercise, Matching Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1 to 6 ) : Match Column-I with Column-II and, select the correct answer using the codes given below the, columns., , 1., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 2., (A), (B), (C), , (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 3., (A), (B), (C), (D), , Column I, Micronutrient, Kharif crop, Rabi crop, Apis mellifera, A – (s), B – (p),, A – (p), B – (s),, A – (q), B – (r),, A – (p), B – (q),, Column I, Kharif crops, Rabi crops, , Column II, (p) Soyabean, (q) Bee, (r) Wheat, (s) Molybdenum, C – (r), D – (q), C – (r), D – (q), C – (s), D – (p), C – (r), D – (s), Column II, (p) Food for cattle, (q) Urea and super urea, phospate, Chemical fertilizers, (r) Animal excreta,, cowdung, urine and, plant wastes, Organic manure, (s) Wheat, grain, pea, (t) Paddy and maize, A – (s), B – (t), C – (q), D – (r), A – (q), B – (p), C – (t), D – (r), A – (t), B – (s), C – (q), D – (r), A – (q), B – (r), C – (s), D – (p), Column I, Column II, Ploughing, (p) Cow Dung, Manure, (q) Plough, Irrigation, (r) Khurpi, Weeding, (s) Dhekli, , (1), (2), (3), (4), , 4., , A – (q), B – (p),, A – (s), B – (q),, A – (r), B – (p),, A – (r), B – (q),, Column I, (A) Urea, (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), , 5., (A), (B), (C), (D), (1), (2), (3), (4), 6., (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (1), (2), (3), (4), , C – (s), D – (r), C – (r), D – (p), C – (q), D – (s), C – (p), D – (s), Column II, (p) Harvesting and, threshing, Combine, (q) Sowing of seeds, Seed drills, (r) Sprinklers, Irrigation, (s) Fertilizers, A – (q), B – (s), C – (r), D – (p), A – (s), B – (r), C – (q), D – (p), A – (p), B – (q), C – (r), D – (s), A – (s), B – (p), C – (q), D – (r), Column I, Column II, Marine fish, (p) Carp culture, Fresh water fish (q) Apiculture, Bee Keeping, (r) Mariculture, Composite fish (s) Aquaculture, A – (r); B – (s); C – (q); D – (p), A – (p); B – (q); C – (r); D – (s), A – (q); B – (s); C – (p); D – (r), A – (s); B – (r); C – (q); D – (p), Column I, Column II, Cattle used for tilling, (p) Milk producing female, and carting, Indian breed of chicken (q) Broiler, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, (r) Drought animals, Milch, (s) Local breed of cattle, Chicken better fed, (t) Aseel, for obtaining meat, A – (q); B – (t); C – (s); D – (p); E – (r), A – (r); B – (t); C – (s); D – (p); E – (q), A – (p); B – (t); C – (s); D – (r); E – (q), A – (s); B – (t); C – (r); D – (p); E – (q), , EBD_7042, , B-250

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Improvement in Food Resources, , Statement Based MCQ, 7., , 8., , Consider the following statements :, (a) Fish may be obtained from marine resources as well as, inland resources., (b) To increase production of fish, they can be cultured in, marine and inland ecosystems., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Rabi crops are growing in rainy season., (b) Kharif crops are growing in winter season., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, , 9., , (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Marine fish capture is done by fishing nets guided by, echosounders and satellites., (b) Rohu and Catla are carp fish., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, , 10., , (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Beehive is made up of wax secreted by queen bee., (b) Queen bee is a diploid, fertile female., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, , 11., , (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Poultry farming is done to raise domestic fowls., (b) Brahma and Cochin are exotic breeds of chicken., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, , 12., , (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), Consider the following statements :, (a) Hybrid is an individual or a variety obtained by, crossbreeding two genetically dissimilar plants or, animals., (b) Rice weevil is a stored grain pest., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), (4) Neither (a) nor (b), , 13., , Consider the following statements :, (a) Chicken flesh contains about 50% protein., (b) Broilers are produced by interbreeding different breeds, of fowl., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (3) Both (a) and (b), , (2) (b) only, (4) Neither (a) nor (b), , B-251, , 14., , Consider the following statements :, (a) Most fish production in inland water body is capture, fishing., (b) Bird flu is a bacterial disease., (c) Mullets are marine fish farmed in sea water., Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?, (1) (a) only, (2) (b) only, (3) (c) only, (4) (a), (b) and (c), , Passage Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 15 to 20) : Read the passage(s) given, below and answer the questions that follow., PASSAGE-1, The practice of growing different crops on the same piece of land, in a pre-planned succession is called crop rotation. If same crop, is grown in a piece of land year after year, it reduces the fertility of, the soil. Moreover, the disease causing pathogens get their hosts, every year and so they multiply and increase in number. This can, be avoided by growing different crops in a pre-planned succession. During crop rotation, leguminous crops are also grown in, rotation with non-leguminous crops. Leguminous plants are provided roots. The root nodules contain nitrogen fixing bacteria, (Rhizobium), which have the ability to fix up atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates and in turn enrich the soil., 15. The practice of growing different crops on the same piece, of land in a preplanned succession is called, (1) crop modification, (2) crop rotation, (3) sustainable agriculture (4) mixed cropping, 16. The root nodules of leguminous plants contain, (1) fungi, (2) nitrogen fixing bacteria, (3) algae, (4) nematodes, 17. The root nodules of leguminous plants have the ability to fix, (1) atmospheric nitrogen, (2) atmospheric carbon, (3) atmospheric hydrogen (4) atmospheric oxygen, 18. If same crop is grown in a piece of land year after year, it, (1) reduces the fertility of the soil., (2) increases the fertility of the soil., (3) does not affect the fertility of the soil., (4) None of the above., PASSAGE-2, Cattle farming or cattle husbandry is raising of cattle for yield of, milk by females and draught labour connected with agriculture, like tiling, irrigation and carting by males. In our country, milk, producing animals are cows, buffaloes, goats and camels. The, milk of buffalo contains more fat than cow’s milk. Milk producing, females are called milch or dairy animals, while males engaged in, farm labour are called draught animals. However, there are certain, breeds which have good milch females but poor draught males., They are called milch breeds., 19. Milk producing females of cattles are called, (1) milch, (3) draught, (3) broilers, (4) layers, 20. Male cattles which are used for farm labour are called, (1) milch animals, (2) draught animals, (3) Both (1) and (2), (4) None of these

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Assertion Reason Based MCQ, DIRECTIONS (Qs. 21 to 28) : Following questions consist of, two statements, one labelled as the ‘Assertion’ and the other, as ‘Reason’. You are to examine these two statements, carefully and select the answer to these items using the code, given below., Code :, (1) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct, explanation of A:, (2) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct, explanation of A., (3) A is true but R is false, (4) A is false but R is true., , 21., , 22., , 23., , 24., , 25., , 26., , 27., , 28., , Assertion : Cattle breeds can be improved by superovulation and embryo transplanation., Reason : Superovulation in high milk-yielding cows is induced by hormonal injection., Assertion : The honey bee queen copulates only once in, her life time., Reason : The honey bee queen can lay fertilized as well as, unfertilized eggs., Assertion : Agricultural output increased several times after introduction of DDT., Reason : DDT was the first insecticide use on a wide scale., Assertion : Farmyard manure is the most commonly used, organic manure in India., Reason : Manure forms colloidal particles and soil crumbs., Assertion : Intercropping checks the population of insects., Reason : Plant pests can be controlled biologically by their, natural parasites are pathogens., Assertion : For crop improvement, wild varieties play an, important role., Reason : Wild varieties have better adapted to nature., Assertion : Increase in ozone concentration near the earth’s, surface reduces crop yields., Reason : Increase in ozone concentration in stratosphere, protects us., Assertion : Pulses are called “poor man’s meat”., Reason : Pulses contain complete protein., , 31., , 32., , Feature Based MCQ, 33., , 34., , 35., , Correct Definition Based MCQ, 29., , 30., , Rhizobium bacteria is, (1) the bacteria found in the intestines of animals which, help in the digestion of cellulose present in their feed., (2) the bacteria which are used in sewage works to break, down the organic matter in sewage and make it, harmless., (3) the nitrogen fixing bacteria present in root nodules of, leguminous plant convert atmospheric nitrogen gas, into nitrogen compound., (4) the bacteria that makes curd from milk., Crop rotation is, (1) the process of transferring seedling from nursery to, the main field., (2) practice in which leguminous and non- leguminous, crops are grown alternately in the same field., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, (3) the process of scattering seeds in the ground soil for, growing the crop plants matter into rich humus., (4) the process of converting dead organic matter into, rich humus., Mixed cropping is, (1) a method in which two or more crops grow, simultaneously on the same piece of land., (2) a method in which two or more crops grow, simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern., (3) a method in which different crops grow on a piece of, land in pre-planned succession., (4) a method in which same crops grow on the same field, year after year., Apiculture is, (1) rearing, care and management of honey bees for, obtaining products like honey, bee vemon, etc., (2) rearing, care and management of insects for obtaining, products like honey, propolis, etc., (3) rearing, care and management of animals for obtaining, products like milk, meat, etc., (4) rearing, care and management of plants for obtaining, products like fruits, vegetables, etc., , 36., , On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) It consists of organic matter., (II) It is prepared from animal excreta and plant waste., (III) It causes no pollution., (1) Manure, (2) Fertilizer, (3) Vermi-compost, (4) Pesticide, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) It helps in recycling of waste materials., (II) It keeps insects, pests and weeds under check., (III) It does not cause pollution of crop plants, soil, air and, water., (1) Vermi-compost, (2) Manure, (3) Organic-farming, (4) Fertilizer, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) It helps in absorption of nutrient elements by plants, from soil., (II) It provides moisture for germination of seeds as seeds, do not germinate in dry soils., (1) Nutrient management (2) Mineral replenishment, (3) Irrigation, (4) Cropping patterns, On the basis of following features identify correct option., (I) It is the rearing of domesticated birds – chicken, ducks,, geese and turkey, for egg and meat., (II) It is the cheapest source of animal protein., (1) Poultry farming, (2) Cattle farming, (3) Poultry breeding, (4) Cattle breeding, , EBD_7042, , B-252

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Improvement in Food Resources, , &, , Exercise 1, 1., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 14., 15., 16., , 17., , 18., , 19., 23., 24., 25., , 26., 27., , 28., 29., 33., , 34., , 35., , (1), 2. (2), 3. (4), 4. (2), (4) Increase in food production has been possible by the success, of green revolution for food grain and white revolution for milk., (3) Food security depends upon both availability of food and, access to it., (4) Sustained livelihood can be achieved by use of mixed farming,, Intercropping and integrated farming practices., (1) Cereals such as wheat, rice, and maize provide us, carbohydrates for energy requirement., (2) Pulses such as gram, green gram, pigeon pea and lentil provide, us proteins for bodybuilding., (4), 11. (4), 12. (3), 13. (3), (2) Vitamins and minerals are provided by vegetable, spices &, fruits., (4) Mustard, linseed and peas are grown in rabi season and not, in kharif season., (4) The activities for improving crops yields are : crop variety, improvement, crop production improvement, crop production, nanagement., (4) Hybridization is done to incorporate desirable characteristics, into crop varieties. It refers to crossing between genetically, dissimilar plants that may be inter varietal or inter specific., (4) Variety improvement is done to get higher yield not only by, making it tolerant to high salinity or diverse climatic conditions,, but also to increase resistance to biotic or a-biotic stresses. It is, helpful in changing the maturity duration and getting desirable, agronomic characteristics., (4), 20. (2), 21. (1), 22. (2), (3) There are sixteen nutrients that are essential for plants., (3) Macronutrients available from soil are nitrogen, phosphorus,, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur., (4) Manure helps in improving soil fertility and structure by, supplying small quantities of nutrients. It is also advantageous in, protecting environment from excessive use of fertilizers, recycling, farm waste and disposing biological waste., (4) Compost is used in very large quantities, not in little, quantities., (2) The practice of mulching specially grown sun hemp or guar, by ploughing them into the soil helps in enriching the soil in, nitrogen and phosphorus., (2) Fertilizers ensure increased vegetative growth and healthy, plants by supplying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium., (1), 30. (2), 31. (1), 32. (1), (4) Fertilizers should be used carefully because continuous use, decreases the soil fertility. They are man-made chemicals and so, can be harmful to the micro-organisms present in the soil and also, lead to water pollution on getting washed away in rains., (2) Organic farming is a farming system with minimal use of, chemicals such as fertilizers, herbicides or pesticides and with a, maximum input of organic manures., (1) Use of neem leaves or turmeric during grain storage serves, the purpose of bio-pesticides., , B-253, , 36., 37., 41., 42., 43., , 44., , 45., 49., 50., , 51., , 52., 53., 55., , 56., 57., 58., , (2) Mixed cropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously, on the same piece of land in a haphazard manner., (2), 38. (1), 39. (4), 40. (4), (4) Insect pests damage the crop by cutting the root, stem and, leaf; sucking the cell sap or boring into the stems and fruits., (2) Milk production depends on lactation period of milch, animals., (3) Cross breading programmes between indian and foreign breeds, for variety improvement are focused on number and quality of, chicks., (3) Composite fish culture increases the fish yield from a pond, by growing a number of fish species in such a way that they don't, compete for food, but the problem is that such fish breed only, during monsoon and there is lack of availability of good quality, seed., (4), 46. (4), 47. (3), 48. (4), (2) The most common activity followed by the farmers to, generate additional income is bee keeping., (1) Microorganisms like cyanobacteria are added to fields to, increase the N2 content as they are capable of fixing atmospheric, N2 in the soil., (1) The tremendous increase in the amount of algae and other, organic matter in the waters of lakes, ponds, rivers due to the, presence of nitrates and phosphate salts (fertilizers), often leading, to serious depletion of dissolved oxygen in water is called, eutrophication., (3) Leguminous plants like sun hemp are sown in the soil and, later ploughed back into the soil at flowering stage., (3), 54. (2), (4) The muddy water if left undisturbed, the mud starts settling, down. After the mud has settled, water can be poured in another, container to obtain clear water. However some water still remains, mixed with mud it can be completely separated by filtration., (2), (3) The work livestock refers to the domestic animals kept or, dealt in for use or profit., (1) The pH of honey ranges from 3.4 to 6.1 average being 3.0. So, honey is acidic nature., , Exercise 2, 1., 5., 8., 9., 10., , 11., 14., 15., , (1), 2. (1), 3. (1), 4. (4), (1), 6. (2), 7. (3), (4) Rabi crops are growing in winter season while kharif crops, are growing in summer season., (3), (2) A beehive is an enclosed structure in which some honey bee, species live and raise their young. The beehive’s internal structure, is a densly-packed matrix of hexagonal cells made of bees wax,, called a honey-comb., (3), 12. (3), 13. (2), (3) Most fish production in inland water body is composite, fish culture. Bird flu is a viral disease., (2)

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16., , 17., , Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — BIOLOGY, Leguminous plants have nodules on their roots containing, , 22., , (2), , 23., , bacteria which can fix nitrogen contained in the air in to the soil., , 24., , (2), , Manure provides a lot of organic matter to the soil which, , (2), , This nitrogen becomes available to the plant, which uses the, , increases water retention capacity in sandy soils and drainage as, , nitrogen as an essential part of the proteins of its cells. E.g., , well as aeration in clayey soils. It also improves the physical, , Rhizobium., , characteristics of soil., , (1), , Atmospheric nitrogen cannot used by the plants directly, so, , 25., , (2), , Pesticide and weedicide required for each crop can be applied., , plants and enrich the soil., If same crop is grown in a piece of land year after year it, , 26., , (1), , reduces the fertility of soil because the plants absorb all essential, , 28., , (3), , (1), , (1), , 20., , (2), , 21., , (2), , Draught animals are strong and sturdy animals that can, , undertake strenous physical work like ploughing and transporting., In super ovulation, more ova can be produced from the ovary, , by hormonal injection and each embryo is transplanted into a, “carrier cow”. In embryo transplantation, developing embryo from, a pregnant superior breed is removed and transferred into another, female with inferior characters., , 27. (2), Pulses do not contain complete protein, other sources of, , protein are milk, fish, egg. Fish is a rich source of protein., , nutrients from the soil for their growth and development., 19., , Intercropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously, , in different strips or rows in a same field in definite row pattern., , bacteria present in the soil break this nitrogen and available for the, 18., , (1), , 29., , (3), , 30. (2), , 31. (1), , 32. (1), , 33., , (1), , 34. (3), , 35. (3), , 36. (1), , EBD_7042, , B-254

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COMPLETE STUDY MATERIAL, +, TOPIC-WISE & FULL LENGHT, TEST SERIES, FOR, NEET & JEE (MAIN + ADVANCE), ҉ HIGHLIGHT, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Structured as per class XI and XII NCERT curriculum, Comprehensive theory with solved examples, Topic-wise questions as per JEE main and advance pattern, Topic-wise questions as per NEET pattern, Topic-wise check your understanding section for self evaluation, Previous 15 years questions of JEE main and advance, Previous 15 years questions of NEET and AIPMT, , Address: A-05, IST FLOOR, KITCHEN QUEEN COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD, NEAR BAZAR CHOWK, DANGANIYA, RAIPUR [C.G.], , CONTACT: 09993551234, 08770887703., , Website: www.galaxytutorialsneetjee.blogspot.com, , Mail id.: [email protected]