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Chapter ... 8, , Sec SSSSSnSSSSSSSESI, BIOLOGICAL SOURCE, CHEMICAL, , CONSTITUENTS AND THERAPEUTIC, EFFICACY OF CRUDE DRUGS, , ee ee ee eee ee ee ee en, , |, , , , , , El INTRODUCTION, , This is a very important part of the curriculum covering sixty-four crude drugs of plant,, , animal and mineral orign. It has been alloted thirty-four lectures out of seventy-five to cover, the entire syllabus., , , , Chapter deals with study of biological source, chemical consitutents and medicinal uses, of organised and unorganised nautral drugs, which are described in under., , EX] Laxatives, , Laxatives is from Latin: Laxare: to — loosen, are, 1. the drugs which loose the bowels (intestine) or, 2. the drugs producing, increasing and hastening intestinal evacuation, or, , 3. the drugs which promote defecation (push out the excreta from the body through, the anus)., , Depending upon the intensities of drug effects they are categorised as follows:, , (i) Laxatives suggest the elimination of soft formed stools (mild purgatives) e.g. bran,, karaya gum, carboxy methyl cellulose, senna, isabgol, liquid-paraffin etc., , (ii) Purgatives suggest more fluid evacuation, e.g. castor oil, aloe, cascara sagrada,, rhubarb etc., , (iii) Drastics act intensely by irritating the mucous membrane of the intestine,, e.g. jalap, colocynth, podophyllum., , (iv) Hydrogogues produce fluid motions, e.g. croton oil, colocynth etc., , The mechanism of action of laxatives may be either bulk forming, irritant or emollient, depending upon the chemical nature of active constituent., , , , Laxatives are indicated in constipation and in evacuation of the bowel, prior to, diagnostic procedure or surgery., (8.1)
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ical Source, Chemica}, Pharmacognosy (First Year D. Pharm.) 8.2 Blolog 5 Cong, :, , Ss, , ALOES, , Synonym: Aloe, Biological Source:, Aloe is the dried juice of the leaves of Aloe barbadensis Miller (Guracee aloes), Aloe pe, Baker (Socotrine aloes), hybrids of Aloe ferox Miller and Aloe africa Miller or Aloe Spicay, Baker (Cape aloes), belonging to family Liliaceae. Indian aloe is obtained from wild plants %, Aloe vera (Fig. 8.1)., , Geographical Distribution: :, Most of the species of aloe are indigenous to Africa, but now introduced into Weg, , Indies and Europe. In Africa, it grows in Cape colony (South Africa) and on the islands ¢, , Socotra and Zanzibar. It is cultivated throughout India, but especially in North-Wes, Himalayas., , Preparation:, , Various methods are used to prepare aloes commercially in Africa, as well as, in West, 4, Indies. Following is the general method of preparation., , ‘ % ae, The fleshy and sessile leaves of aloe are cut near the bases and are arranged in wooden, , trough or kerosene tin or vessels of goat skin as to form the V shaped cavity by placing the, cut-end downwards. The leaves are allowed to drain fully. The juic, , Pans and concentrated. Method of its concentration and co, variations in aloes. Vigorous concentration followed by quick coo!, and brittle product known as Vitreous or Lucid aloes. Slow co, cooling produces Hepatic or Livery aloes., , e is taken to evaporating, oling results in physicd, ling results in transparent, ncentration with graduz, , Organoleptic Characters:, , Colour : Depends upon the variety from which it is obtained, It is dark brown, , brownish black or black in colour. i, Odour : Characteristic. q, Taste : Intensely bitter and nauseating., Size : Itis found in the form of masses of various sizes,, , Extra Features:, , characters (Table 8.1).
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pharmacognosy (First Year D. Pharm.) 8.3 Blological Source, Chemical Const. & ..., Table 8.1: Morphological Characters of Aloe Varieties, , , , , , Cape aloes Curacao aloes Socotrine aloes, , , , , , park brown or greenish brown | Dark chocolate-brown, | Reddish-black to brownish, , or glossy mass; masses are| usually opaque, fracture | black; opaque, smooth and, transparent, when mounted in| is waxy., , , , , , , , , , , , conchoidal., glycerin, the crystal Particles are, observed. Fracture is glossy., solubility:, Itis entirely soluble in 60 % alcohol, and is partly soluble in water., Standards of Quality:, 1. Water soluble substances _ 1. Not less than 25 %., 2. Alcohol insoluble substances : Not more than 10 %., 3. Loss on drying : Not more than 10 %., 4, , Ash ‘ t ‘t “Not more than 5 %., , , , Fig. 8.1: Aloe Plant and Aloe Sample, , Chemical Constituents:, , All varieties of aloes contain a yellow coloured crystalline substance known as barbalion, “Glycosidey, resin and aloe-emodin. Isobarbalion is present in Curacao and Cape aloes., "Pe aloes are characterized by the presence of an amorphous compound, B-barbalion,
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PI First Yi P 8.4 Biological Source, Chemical Const. Rone, ( r D. Pharm.) 5 ological Sou 9 a, harmacognosy (First Year D., , i i id. The resin of curac., aloinosides A and B and capaloresinotannol with p-coumaric acl a0, , i i ith cinnamic acid., variety contains barbaloresinotannol with, , ° oH HO ° OH, O, Ree CI, o H CgH44,03, Barbaloin, , Aloe-emodin, , Identification:, Prepare 1 % solution of aloes by boiling with water, add 0.5 % of kieselguhr to it ang, , filter. With the filtrate, perform the following tests., , 1. Schoenteten's reaction: Heat 5 ml of above test solution with 0.2 g of borax; add, this solution to the test-tube containing water. A green fluorescence is produced, , (due to aloe-emodin)., , 2. To 2 ml of another test solution, add equal quantity of freshly prepared bromine, water. A pale yellow precipitate of tetrabromalion is observed., , 3. To 5 ml of test solution, add 2 ml of nitric acid. Different varieties of aloes produce, different colours mentioned as under:, , (a) Cape aloes > Yellowish-brown to green,, (b) Curacao aloes : Reddish-orange., (c) Socotrine aloes - Pale brownish-yellow., (d) Zanzibar aloes: Yellowish-brown,, 4. Klunge's Test: To aqueous solution (2 ml), add a drop of saturated copper sulphate, solution, followed by sodium chloride (0.5 9) and alcohol 90 % (2 mil)., (a) Curacao aloes : Wine red colour,, (b) Cape aloes ‘A faint colouration is developed,, , (©) Zanzibar and socotrine aloes : Do not respond to the test,, , 5. Modified Borntrager's Test: To 0.1 g of the dru, chloride (2 ml), and dilute hydrochloric acid (2 ml),, 5 minutes, cool and shake gently with benzene, Se, , equal volume of dilute ammonia. A pinkish-red colo, of aloes,, , 9. add 5% solution of ferric, heat on boiling waterbath fot, Parate benzene layer and add, ur is produced with all varieties f
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Blological Source, Chemical Const. & wees, , , , , , , , , , , , ph armacognosy (First Year D. Pharm.) 8.5, , uses:, , pue to aloin (anthraquinone-derivative), it is used as irritant purgative. It is slow and, yncertain in action. Now-a-days, aloin is preferred instead of crude drug. It acts on colon; to, counter effect the gripping action of aloe, it is given with carminatives., Aloe-gel, a mucilaginous colourless viscid juice of aloe, now-a-days, is used in cosmetics, asa protective i.e. it prevents wrinkles (due to aging) on face and also in the treatment of, radiation burns. It clears skin blemishes and grows new and healthy tissues. It stimulates the, growth of hairs. Externally, it is applied for painful inflammations., , CASTOR OIL, Synonym: Oleum Ricini, Biological Source: (Fig. 8.2), , Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by the cold expression of the kernels of seeds of, _ Ricinus communis., , Family: Euphorbiaceae, , Female flower, , , , Fig. 8.2: Castor Plant (Flowering), , Geographical Distribution:, , Castor seeds are produced in almost all tropical and sub-tropical countries. In India,, Castor is one of the major oil seed crops and India is the second largest producer of castor, Seeds in the world, producing about 2.8 lakhs tonnes per annum. Brazil, U.S.S.R. Thailand,, USA, and Rumania are other countries producing drug on large scale. In India, it is largely, /Sown in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka. Andhra Pradesh is producing about 60 %, Of the total crop in India., , Castor seeds are rich in phosphorous contents and most of it is in thesphytin. Hull is rich, \ mineral and also contains an alkaloid ricinine, resin, pigment etc. The oil content of the
