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Se’ =, pharmacognosy (First Year D. Pharm.) 8.47 Biological Source, Chemical Const. & ...., , fa ASTRINGENTS, , Astringents are the substances which Cause contraction of organic tissues and muscular, jying fibres. They are capable of arresting haemorrhages and reducing secretions of mucous, membranes of stomach or intestine by precipitating proteins. mas, , Astringents have low penetrability and only the surface of the cells is ‘affected, but, they exert the astringent effects in high dilutions. Astringents are used as styptic and, antidiarrhoeal agents. The natural astringents may be of vegetable or mineral origins., , () Vegetable: Tannic acid, myrobalan, behra, catechu, , (ii) Mineral: Salts of aluminium, bismuth, barium, copper and zinc., , , , , , , , MYROBALAN, synonyms: Chebulic myrobalans, Harde, Haritaki,, , Biological Source:, It consists of dried, ripe, and fully matured fruits of Terminalia chebula Retzr belonging, , to family Combretaceae. It contains not less than 5.0 % of chebulagic acid and not less than, 125 % of chebulinic acid., , Geographical Source:, , Myrobalan tree is found in the sub-Himalayan tracks from Ravi to West Bengal, Assam, and in all deciduous forests of India, specifically in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar and, Assam., , Cultivation and Collection:, , It grows at an altitude of 1800 m. It is not cultivated and fruits are collected from wild, grown forest plants. It is a tree, 15 - 25 min height, and 1.5 - 2.5 m in diameter. The tree is, founded, crowned with spreading branches and oxate leaves. It has yellowish-white flowers, , inthe terminal spike., , , , ji ig. 8. 3 lan frui, Fig. 8.29 (a): Myrobalan herb Fig. 8.29 (b): Myrobalan fruits

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ical Source, C, Pharmacognosy (First Year D. Pharm.) 8.48 Biological hemical Cong,, Organoleptic Characters:, , Colour : Fruits are yellowish-brown., , Odour : Odourless., , Taste: Astringent, slightly bitter and sweetish at the end., , Size + 20 to 25mm long and 15 to 25 mm wide., , Shape : Ovate and wrinkled longitudinally., , Extra Features:, The fruits are hard and stony with single seed which is light yellow in colour and 15, 320 mm in length. The pulp of the fruit is non-adherent to the seed. J, , Chemical Constituents:, Myrobalan fruits are an important source of tannin., , Depending upon the geographical source, they vary in OH, , tannin content and the fruits collected from Chennai are very coor, , rich in tannin. The approximate analysis of the fruits is as, , follows: ‘ Coon, Moisture - 10 %; Tannin - 25 - 32 %; COOH, Water - insoluble matter - 40 - 50 % Chebulle acta, , The tannins of myrobalans are of pyrogallol type (hydrolysable tannins), which yield, chebulic acid and d-galloyl glucose on hydrolysis. Chebulagic, chebulinic, ellagic and gallic, acids are the other contents of myrobalans. Myrobalan also contains glucose and sorbitol, (about 3.5 %). During the maturation of the tree, the amount of tannin decreases, whereas, , the acidity of the fruits increases., , , , , , , , , , , Standards, Total ash : Not more than 5.5 %, Acid insoluble ash : Not more than 0.5%, LOD : Not less than 9.0 %, Alcohol soluble extractives : Not less than 40.0 %, Water soluble extractives : Notless than 56.0 %, Uses, , Myrob i i *, stssaey ae abst : maby as an astringent, laxative, stomachic and tonic. The laxative, ernie at a 7 is due to anthracene derivative present in the pericarp. It is also 2°, Pulp is used to cure bleeding. It is an ingredient of ayurvedic preparation, , ‘Triphala’, used i, ) for treatment of variety of ailments, Commercially, it is used in dyeing 4

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pharmacognosy (First Year D. Pharm.) 8.49 Blological Source, Chemical Const. &, , ng industry an, in the treatment of piles and external ulcers., , 94, 1994-95 and 1995-96 India has, 218 lacs, € 325 lacs and & 284 lacs, respectively., , BLACK CATECHU, , Kattha, Khadir, Khair,, , hu is used for different varieties of commonly known substance kattha in, nstitute kattha and cutch of the, , tanni d also in the treatment of water used for locomotives. Myrobalan is also, , ysed |, During 1993extent of about <, , exported Myrobalan fruit extract to the, , synonyms: Cutch,, , The word catec', eality, there are two distinct varieties which co, , market. In F ;, pharmacopoeial quality. A pale produce, rich in catechin, is kattha and the other rich in, ic acid is the Cutch. Kattha is extensively used with betel leaf and also in, , catechutann, medicines. Cutc!, catechu. Kattha an, , h is used in dyeing and calicoprinting. Kattha is manufactured from Acacia, , d cutch are two different products of the same plant., , Biological Source (Fig. 8.30):, It consists of dried aqueous extrac, ging to family Leguminosae., , + of the heartwood of the plant Acacia catechu. Wild,, , belon, , , , Fig. 8.30: Catechu Twig, Pod and Catechu Sample, , Method of Preparation of Kattha:, , a . alts in almost all parts of India. It is generally manufactured from, Pieces Bese foes The process consists of felling the tree and cutting twig into small, With water in eal the plant is sorted out and made into chips. These chips are boiled |, etiaction ig an a pots for about 3 to 4 hours. Decoction is taken out and process of, Concentrated in ea = several times. After the heartwood is exhausted, extract is filtered and, en pots. It is then set aside for several days and filtered through sand —

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), , ) 8.50 Biological Source, Chemical Const, &., ear D. Pharm.) _____-_--— =, , d kattha remains behind. It is th, olate through beds an a, i ermal tablets and dried in shade. At present stainless steal, , of catechu, which is lighter in colour., , Pharmacognosy (First Y, Pharmacog’=——-——, , and clay. The soluble tanni, pressed into blocks, cut in, vessels are used for the manufacture, , Organoleptic Characters:, Colour : Light brown to black., Odour : None., , Taste : Very astringent., Size : About 2.5 to 5 cm., , Shape : Cube or irregular fragments of broken cube or brick shaped pieces., , Extra Features:, The cubes, as well as, brick shaped pieces of catechu shows the presence of vegetable, , debris and break with a short fracture. The broken pieces are angular with pale cinnamonbrown colour. It is friable and porous., , Standards: i, Ash value : Not more than 6.0 %, Water insoluble residue : Not more than 25 %, , Chemical Constituents:, , Black catechu contains about 10 % of acacatechin, which is insoluble in cold water and, soluble in hot water. Acacatechin is also known as acaciacatechin. Acacatechin undergoes, oxidation to catechutannic acid in presence of water and the later constitutes about 30 % of, the drug. The other contents of black catechu are catechu red, quercetin, and gum. Black, , catechu does not contain chlorophyll and also the fluorescent substance present in pale, catechu., , , , H, H, OH, Catechin, Identification: ares, 1. With ferric chloride solution, it gives bluish-black colour, 2. Black i i, ag catechu gives pink or red colour with vanillin and hydrochloric acid, | ic acid., ime water gives brown colour with aqueous solution of b, fie of black catechu.

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nosy (First Ye 5, parmacod y ( ear D. Pharm.) 8.51 Biological Source, Chemical Const. & ...., , catechu 's a for dyeing and tanning and as a preservative to fishing nets and sails,, hich are constantly exposed to water. Water softening, manufacture of stencil and printer, , inks gre other uses of catechu., PALE CATECHU, , gynonym: Gambier., , iological Source:, , Gambier or pale catechu is obtained as a dried aqueous extract prepa, and young twigs of shrub, Uncaria gambier Roxburg (Family: Rubiaceae)., , red from leaves, , geographical Source:, , The plant is grown in Malaysia and Indonesia., , organoleptic Characters:, , The drug occurs in cubes, which are friable and may be broken in transit. The, drnamon-brown in colour, odourless and porous, with astringent taste. When mounted in, , catechu shows minute, acicular crystals of catechin., , drug is, , wate, Chemical Constituents:, , The pale catechu contains 22-50 % catechutannic acid, 7-33 % catechin, catechu red,, quercetin and gambier fluorescin. Catechutannic acid on decomposition yields insoluble,, dark coloured phlobaphene catechu red, which is also present as an independent, , constituent., Identification:, , 1. For catechin: It is a modification of test for lignin. Phloroglucinol formed from, catechin, turns the match-stick red with hydrochloric acid., , 2, For gambier fluorescin: Extract powdered drug with alcohol. To the filtrate, add |, solution of sodium hydroxide, shake, add few drops of light petroleum, shake agair, and allow to stand. The petroleum layer acquires green fluorecence. d, , 3. The chloroform extract of the drug in white porcelain dish shows greenish-yello', colour due to chlorophyll. The test is negative with black catechu. 4, , 4. With mixture of vanillin and HCl, it shows pink or red colour., , , , , , , Uses, , Pal : ; i |, i, e catechu is also astringent and used in treatement of diarrhoea and also as lot, i bas 'n the form of lozenges. Pale catechu is mainly used in dyeing and tann, , Sand also for protecting the fishing nets.