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Chapter 1, , Program logic development, , Fundamentals of algorithms, Explain the term algorithm, Algorithm is a stepwise set of instructions written to perform a specific task.., , What are the Characteristics of an Algorithm?, , , , , , , , , , Clear and Unambiguous: Algorithm should be clear and unambiguous. Each of its, steps should be clear in all aspects and must lead to only one meaning., Well-Defined Inputs: If an algorithm says to take inputs, it should be well-defined, inputs., Well-Defined Outputs: The algorithm must clearly define what output will be yielded, and it should be well-defined as well., Finite-ness: The algorithm must be finite, i.e. it should not end up in an infinite loops, or similar., Feasible: The algorithm must be simple, generic and practical, such that it can be, executed upon will the available resources. It must not contain some future, technology, or anything., Language Independent: The Algorithm designed must be language-independent, i.e., it must be just plain instructions that can be implemented in any language, and yet the, output will be same, as expected., , 1|Page
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Chapter 1, , Program logic development, , Example:, Write an algorithm to calculate the addition of two given numbers., Step 1: Start, Step 2: Read two numbers A and B, Step 3: Add A and B and store result in C, Step 4: Display C, Step 5: Stop, , Explain the term Flowchart, Flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm., , 2|Page
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Chapter 1, , Program logic development, , Basic Symbols used in Flowchart Designs, 1. Terminal: Terminal is the first and last symbols in the flowchart., , 2. Input/Output: Program instructions that take input from input devices and display, output on output devices are indicated with parallelogram in a flowchart., , 3. Processing: All arithmetic processes such as adding, subtracting, multiplication and, division are indicated by action or process symbol., , 4. Decision Diamond symbol represents a decision point. Decision based operations, such as yes/no question or true/false are indicated by diamond in flowchart., , 5. Connectors: Whenever flowchart becomes complex or it spreads over more than one, page, it is useful to use connectors to avoid any confusions. It is represented by a, circle., , 6. Flow lines: Flow lines indicate the exact sequence in which instructions are executed., Arrows represent the direction of flow of control and relationship among different, symbols of flowchart., , What are the advantages Of Using FLOWCHARTS?, • Communication: Flowcharts are better way of communicating the logic of a system to all, concerned or involved., • Effective analysis: With the help of flowchart, problem can be analysed in more effective, way therefore reducing cost and wastage of time., • Proper documentation: Program flowcharts serve as a good program documentation,, which is needed for various purposes, making things more efficient., 3|Page
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Chapter 1, , Program logic development, , • Efficient Coding: The flowcharts act as a guide or blueprint during the systems analysis, and program development phase., • Proper Debugging: The flowchart helps in debugging process., • Efficient Program Maintenance: The maintenance of operating program becomes easy, with the help of flowchart. It helps the programmer to put efforts more efficiently on that, part, , Write algorithm and flowchart of addition of two numbers, Algorithm, , Flowchart, , Step 1: Start, Step 2: Read two numbers A and B, Step 3: Add A and B and store result in C, Step 4: Display C, Step 5: Stop, , Write algorithm and flowchart for swapping of two numbers, 4|Page
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Chapter 1, , Program logic development, Algorithm, , Step 1: Start, Step 2: Read three numbers A, B and C, Step 3: C = A, Step 4: A = B, Step 5: B = C, Step 6: Print A and B, Step 7: Stop, , Flowchart, Start, , Read A, B and C, , C=A, A=B, B=C, , Print A and B, , Stop, , Write algorithm and flowchart to find sum and average of three numbers, Algorithm, Step 1: Start, Step 2: Read three numbers A, B and C, Step 3: sum = A + B + C, Step 4: avg = sum/3, Step 5: Print sum and avg, Step 6: Stop, , Flowchart, Start, , Read A, B and C, , sum = A + B + C, avg = sum/3, , Print sum and avg, , Stop, , 5|Page
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Chapter 1, , Program logic development, , Write an algorithm to determine whether a given number is divisible by 5 or not, Step 1- Start, Step 2- Read / input the number., Step 3- if n%5==0 then goto step 5., Step 4- else number is not divisible by 5 goto step 6., Step 5- display the output number is divisible by 5., Step 6- Stop, Write algorithm and draw flow-chart to print even numbers from 1 to 100., Algorithm, , Flowchart, , Algorithm, 1. Start, 2. Initialize the variable i to 1., 3. while i<=100, 4. if i%2==0, 5. print the number, 6. increment value of i, 7. stop, , Algorithm & Flowchart to find the largest of two numbers, 6|Page
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Chapter 1, , Program logic development, Algorithm, , Flowchart, , Algorithm, Step-1 Start, Step-2 Input two numbers say, NUM1,NUM2 Step-3 IF NUM1 >, NUM2 THEN print largest is, NUM1 ELSE print largest is NUM2, ENDIF, Step-4 Stop, , Algorithm & Flowchart to find the given number is odd or even., Algorithm, , Flowchart, , Step 1: Start, Step 2: [ Take Input ] Read: Number, Step 3: Check: If Number%2 == 0 Then, Print : N is an Even Number., Else, Print : N is an Odd Number., Step 4: Exit, , Algorithm & Flowchart to find the largest of three numbers, , 7|Page
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Chapter 1, , Program logic development, Algorithm, , Flowchart, , Step-1 Start, Step-2 Read three numbers say, num1,num2, num3, Step-3 if num1>num2 then go to, step-5, Step-4 IF num2>num3 THEN, print num2 is largest ELSE print, num3 is largest ENDIF GO TO, Step-6, Step-5 IF num1>num3 THEN, print num1 is largest ELSE print, num3 is largest ENDIF, Step-6 Stop, , Algorithm & Flowchart to find Factorial of number n ( n!=1x2x3x…n), Algorithm, step 1. Start, step 2. Read the number n, step 3. [Initialize], i=1, fact=1, step 4. Repeat step 4 through 6 until i=n, step 5. fact=fact*i, step 6. i=i+1, step 7. Print fact, step 8. Stop, , Algorithm & Flowchart to find if a number is prime or not, 8|Page, , Flowchart
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Chapter 1, , Program logic development, Algorithm, , Flowchart, , Step-1 Start, Step-2 Input NUM, Step-3 R=SQRT(NUM), Step-4 I=2, Step-5 IF ( I > R) THEN, Write NUM is Prime Number, Stop, ENDIF, Step 6 IF ( NUM % I ==0) THEN, Write NUM is Not Prime, Stop, ENDIF, Step-7 I = I + 1, Step-8 Go to Step-5, , What is Pseudocode, Definition: Pseudocode is an informal way of programming description that does not, require any strict programming language syntax or underlying technology considerations., It is used for creating an outline or a rough draft of a program., Example:, Write pseudo code that will perform the following., a) Read in 5 separate numbers., b) Calculate the average of the five numbers., , 9|Page
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Chapter 1, , Program logic development, , c) Find the smallest (minimum) and largest (maximum) of the five entered numbers., , a) Write "please enter 5 numbers", Read n1,n2,n3,n4,n5, , b) Write "The average is", Set avg to (n1+n2+n3+n4+n5)/5, Write avg, , c) If(n1 < n2), Set max to n2, Else, Set max to n1, If(n3 > max), Set max to n3, If(n4 > max), Set max to n4, If(n5 > max), Set max to n5, Write "The max is", Write max, , C Program to Find Volume and Surface Area of Sphere, The formula used in this program are Surface_area = 4 * Pi * r2, Volume = 4/3 * Pi * r3, where r is the radius of the sphere, Pi= 22/7, , 10 | P a g e
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Chapter 1, , Program logic development, , /*, * C Program to Find Volume and Surface Area of Sphere, */, #include <stdio.h>, #include <math.h>, int main(), {, float radius;, float surface_area, volume;, printf("Enter radius of the sphere : \n");, scanf("%f", &radius);, surface_area = 4 * (22/7) * radius * radius;, volume = (4.0/3) * (22/7) * radius * radius * radius;, printf("Surface area of sphere is: %.3f", surface_area);, printf("\n Volume of sphere is : %.3f", volume);, return 0;, }, Output, Enter radius of the sphere :, 40, Surface area of sphere is: 19200.000, Volume of sphere is : 256000.000, , C program to swap two numbers (interchange the content of two variables), #include <stdio.h>, int main(), {, int x, y, t;, printf("Enter two integers\n");, scanf("%d%d", &x, &y);, 11 | P a g e
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Chapter 1, , Program logic development, , printf("Before Swapping\nFirst integer = %d\nSecond integer = %d\n", x, y);, t = x;, x = y;, y = t;, printf("After Swapping\nFirst integer = %d\nSecond integer = %d\n", x, y);, return 0;, }, The output of the program:, Enter two integers, 23, 45, Before Swapping, First integer = 23, Second integer = 45, After Swapping, First integer = 45, Second integer = 23, , If a five-digit number is input through the keyboard, write a program to calculate the, sum of its digits. (Hint: Use the modulus operator ‘%’), #include <stdio.h>, #include < conio.h>, int main(), {, long int Num;, int Digit1, Digit2,Digit3, Digit4, Digit5 , Sum=0;, Clrscr();, Printf(“Enter 5 digit Number : ”);, Scanf(“%ld”,&Num);, Digit1 = Num % 10;, Num = Num / 10;, Digit2 = Num % 10;, 12 | P a g e
