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Syllabus, , , , , , , , UNIT -1I (10 Hours), , e: Historical Background and Development of Profession of Pharmacy: History of, profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to pharmacy education, industry and, organization, Pharmacy as a career, Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to IP, BP, USP and, Extra Pharmacopoeia., , Dosage Forms: Introduction to dosage forms, classification and definitions., Prescription: Definition, Parts of prescription, handling of Prescription and Errors in, prescription., , e Posology: Definition, Factors affecting posology. Pediatric dose calculations based, on age, body weight and body surface area., , UNIT-1 (10 Hours), , ¢ Pharmaceutical calculations: Weights and measures — Imperial and Metric system,, Calculations involving percentage solutions, alligation, proof spirit and isotonic, solutions based on freezing point and molecular weight., , * Powders: Definition, classification, advantages and disadvantages, Simple and, compound powders — official preparations, dusting powders, effervescent,, efflorescent and hygroscopic powders, eutectic mixtures. Geometric dilutions., , e Liquid Dosage Forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms., Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement, techniques, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , UNIT - II (8 Hours), , ® Monophasic Liquids: Definitions and preparations of Gargles, Mouthwashes, Throat, Paint, Eardrops, Nasal drops, Enemas, Syrups, Elixirs, Liniments and Lotions., Biphasic Liquids:, Suspensions: Definition, advantages and disadvantages, classifications, Preparation, of suspensions; Flocculated and Deflocculated suspension and stability problems, , and methods to overcome., e Emulsions: Definition, classification, emulsifying agent, test for the identification of, , type of Emulsion, Methods of preparation and stability problems and methods to, overcome., , , , , , , , , , , , UNIT -IV (8 Hours), ¢ Suppositories: Definition, types, advantages and disadvantages, types of bases,, methods of preparations. Displacement value and its calculations, evaluation of, , suppositories. 7 ., © Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities: Definition, classification, physical, chemical and, , therapeutic incompatibilities with examples., UNIT -V (7 Hours), , * Semisolid Dosage Forms: Definitions, classification, mechanisms and factors, , influencing dermal penetration of drugs. Preparation of o} s, pastes, creams, iP of semi solid, , , , , , , , , , , , , , dosages forms, 000
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Unit...1, , HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, DOSAGE, FORMS, PRESCRIPTION AND, POSOLOGY, , , , ¢ OBJECTIVES ¢, © To know about the historical background and development of pharmacy profession., e To understand the scope of pharmacy., , © To know about various Pharmacopoeias — IP, BP, USP etc., , © To understand various types of conventional dosage forms and their classification., , © To understand the handling of prescription and how to calculate the dose of a, paediatric patient based on body surface area, age etc., , , , , , , , ay oy, , HISTOR HARBAG', Origin and Development of Pharmacy, , Pharmacy (from the Greek 'pharmakon’ = drug) is the health profession that links the, health sciences with the chemical sciences, and it is charged’with ensuring the safe and, effective use of medication., , It was in 9° century in the civilized world around Baghdad that the profession of, pharmacy started acquiring shape. It ‘slowly spread to Europe as alchemy and finally, developed into chemistry. The artisans of Mesopotamia, Egypt and China carried out the, first known chemical process. However, in the ig" century it completely sprouted out from, medicine and started developing as a separate profession. This happened only when the role, of pharmacist as a compounder of medicines were identified and differentiated from, physician whose role was accepted as the therapist. The practice in those times was, restricted to compounding, dispensing medication, and manufacturing medicaments in bulk, lots not for general sale. The medicament commonly produced was simple elixirs, spirits, and, powders in contrast to the complex pharmaceutical remedies of the present era., , 1. Before the Dawn of History: In earliest times, medicine was based on magic and, religion. Sumerians living around 4,000 BC believed that demons were the cause of, illness. In many cultures, physicians were priests, and sometimes considered as, gods., , , , , , , , (1.1)
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Pharmaceutics -1 1.2 Historical Background, Dosage ......, , 2., , Pharmacy in Ancient Babylonia: The earliest known record of the art of apothecary, (the forerunner of the pharmacist) is in Mesopotamia at about 2600 B.C Babylonian, healing practitioners combined the responsibilities of priest, physician, and, pharmacist, , Pharmacy in Ancient China: In ancient China (2000 B.C.) legend tells that Emperor, , Shen Nung investigated the medical properties of hundreds of herbs. He recorded, 365 native herbal drugs in the first pen T'sao. (Book called "the Great Herbal"), , Days of the Papyrus Ebers: One of the earliest known records written around, 1500 B.C. was the Ebers Papyrus named by George Ebers. It contains 800, prescriptions using 700 drugs, of particular note in the papyrus is inclusion of, quantities of substances, which were largely missing from Babylonian clay tablets., , Many modern dosage forms are also referred to in the Ebers Papyrus as gargles,, inhalations, suppositories,, , Greeks period: Around 600 B.C. the Greeks integrated science into mythological, thinking. They began thinking logically about disease rather than believing spiritual, explanations. The Romans conquered the Greeks and the medical and, pharmaceutical cultures merged, it is known as the Greco-Roman era., , * Charaka and Sushruta, Indian pharmacist and physician, wrote Charak Samhita, and Sushruta Samhita, respectively, , Roman period: Pharmacopoeia: Maker of remedies., Pharmacotritae: Drug Grinders, Unguentarii: Makers of ointments., Pigmentarii: Maker of cosmetics, Pharmacopolae: Seller of drugs., , Arabian period: Major advances in this era are Formularies: The continuation of, documentation of drug information. They also had different drug forms which are, now used: Syrups, Conserves, Confections and juleps., , Empiric Era: Pharmacopoeia's were used to protect public health. Roots, Bark, Herbs, Flowers etc. were used: and controlled by the government. They questioned the, toxicological affects on the human body. Created interest in testing of drugs and, how they affected the body. In 1751 Benjamin Franklin started the first hospital., Pharmacy today and tomorrow: Pharmacy, with its heritage of 50 centuries of, service to. mankind, has come to be recognized as of the great professions., , * Prescription is a written paper for a drug product by a licensed prescriber to, treat a patient., , * , Prescriptions filled increased by’ 27% while the number of pharmacists, increased by 15%,, , * Pharmacology: The study of drugs (from the Greek pharmakon means drug).
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Pharmaceutics — 1 1.3 Historical Background, Dosage, , * Pharmacognosy: The study of physical, chemical, biochemical and biological, properties of drugs as well as drugs from natural sources,, , * — Pharmacopoeia: An official listing of drugs and issues related to their use,, * Pharmaceutical: study of or about drugs; also, a drug product,, , * Panacea: A cure-all (from the Greek panakeia)., , * Materia Medica: A dictionary of medicinal plants., , Pharmacy (from the Greek ‘pharmakon' = drug) is the health profession that links the, , health sciences with the chemical sciences, and it is charged with ensuring the safe and, effective use of medication., , , , , , , , , , , , , , Scope of Pharmacy, , , , , , , , , , , , Other settings”, , , , , , , , , , , , Y, Community Hospital Clinical Veterinary Academics Clinical Regulatory, ¢ pharmacy research, , Teaching | Research, , , , , , , , y, Production Quality R&D Quality Packaging Regulatory Sales and, , assurance | control marketing, , Bulk drugs — Formulation, , Fig. 1.1: Scope of Pharmacy, , The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding, and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to patient, , care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing, drug information., , Types of Pharmacy Practice Areas, , Pharmacists practice in a variety of areas including retail, hospitals, clinics, nursing, homes, drug industry and regulatory agencies. Pharmacists can specialize in various areas of, Practice including hematology/oncology, infectious diseases, nutrition support, drug, information, critical care, pediatrics, etc,
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Pharmaceutics — 1 1.4 Historical Background, Dosage, , Wholesale Pharmacy, , It offers opportunities to a limited number of pharmacists to run wholesale business of, drugs and medicines. The wholesalers serve as an intermediary between manufacturer and, retailer., , Industrial Pharmacy, , Pharmaceutical industry offers opportunity to pharmacist of all educational levels. It, provides job to a pharmacist in the following fields:, , I. Production, , I. Analytical and Quality Control, , I. Research and Development and New drug discovery, IV. Medico-marketing and sales clinical trials, , V. Clinical Trials., , re, , Production: In production, the pharmacist works as manufacturing chemist. He has, to supervise the production of various types of pharmaceutical formulations, packaging,, labeling and storage. Pharmacists with bachelor degree in pharmacy are absorbed as, manufacturing chemist., , I. Analytical and Quality Control: A manufacturing unit needs the’service of analytical, chemists in its analytical laboratory to do testing of raw materials and finished goods, manufactured by it. Pharmacists with bachelor degree in pharmacy get job of analytical, chemist., , I. Research and Development and New drug discovery: Mostly Pharmaceutical, Industries have their own separate Research and Development unit. A pharmacist having, Doctorate or master degree in pharmacy is ideally suited for Research and Development, department in pharmaceutical industries., , Research and development unit engage in the following fields:, (a) Synthesis of new compounds tobe used as drugs, cosmetics, excipients, industrial, chemicals etc., , (b) Isolation and purification of active principles of plant and animal tissues,, determination of their chemical composition and its synthesis., , (c) Preparation of drugs in suitable dosage forms and its testing to find the, bioavailability of drugs., , (d) The physical, chemical and biological standardization of drugs., (e) Research on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicology of new drugs,, , (f) The stability of dosage form during its storage and finding its expiry date.
