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The President is the head of the State. The President supervises the overall functioning of all, the political institutions in India, so that they operate in harmony to achieve the objectives of the, State., , Election of President, , The President is not elected directly by the people. A candidate standing for the President's post, has to get a majority of votes from Members of Parliament (MPs) and the Members of the, Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) to win the election., , Powers of President, All governmental activities take place in the name of the President., All laws and major policy decisions of the government are issued in the name of the President., , All major appointments are made in the name of the President, which include the appointment, of the Chief Justice of India, the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts of the states,, the Governors of the states, the Election Commissioners, Ambassadors to other countries, etc., , All international treaties and agreements are made in the name of the President., The President is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India., , The President exercises all these powers only on the advice of the Council of Ministers. The, President can only appoint the Prime Minister by his/her own will., , All the courts at different levels in a country put together are called the judiciary. The Indian, judiciary consists of:, , A Supreme Court for the entire nation, High Courts in the states, , District Courts, , The courts at the local level, , India has an integrated judiciary which means the Supreme Court controls the judicial, administration in the country. Its decisions are binding on all other courts of the country. It can, take up any dispute, , Edit with WPS Office

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Between citizens of the country, , Between citizens and government, , Between two or more state governments, Between governments at the union and state level, , Independence of the judiciary means that it is not under the control of the legislature or the, executive. The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the wishes, of the party in power., , The judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by the President on the, advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court., Once a person is appointed as judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court it is nearly, impossible to remove him or her from that position. A judge can be removed only by an, impeachment motion passed separately by two-thirds members of the two Houses of the, Parliament., , Powers of Judiciary, The judiciary in India is one of the most powerful in the world., , The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of the, country., , They can determine the Constitutional validity of any legislation or action of the executive in the, country when it is challenged before them. This is known as the judicial review., , The Supreme Court of India has also ruled that the core or basic principles of the Constitution, cannot be changed by the Parliament., , The powers and the independence of the Indian judiciary allow it to act as the guardian of the, Fundamental Rights. Anyone can approach the courts if public interest is hurt by the actions of, the government. This is called public interest litigation, , Decisions are not directly taken in Parliament. But Parliamentary discussions on the Report, influence and shape the decision of the government. These discussions bring pressure on the, government to act. If Parliament is not in favour of the decision, then the Government cannot go, ahead and cannot implement the decision, , Why Do We Need Parliament, , Edit with WPS Office

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An assembly of elected representatives is called Parliament which exercises supreme political, authority on behalf of the people. At the state level, this is called the Legislature or Legislative, Assembly. The name may vary in different countries, but such an assembly exists in every, democracy., , Parliament exercises political authority on behalf of the people in many ways as listed below:, Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country., , Those who run the government can take decisions only when they get the support of Parliament., Parliaments control all the money that governments have., , Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy in, any country., , Two Houses of Parliament, , Most large countries divide the role and powers of Parliament into two parts which are called, Chambers or Houses., , One House is usually directly elected by the people and exercises the real power on behalf of, the people., , The Second House is usually elected indirectly and performs some special functions. The most, common work for the second House is to look after the interests of various states, regions or, federal units., , In India, Parliament consists of 2 Houses. The two Houses are known as:, The Council of States (Rajya Sabha), The House of the People (Lok Sabha), , The President of India is a part of Parliament, although he/she is not a member of either House., All laws made in the Houses come into force only after receiving the assent of the President., , Indian Constitution does give the Rajya Sabha some special powers over the states. But on, most matters, the Lok Sabha exercises supreme power. Here are some points that illustrate this:, , Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the Houses. But if there is a difference between, the two Houses, the final decision is taken in a joint session in which members of both the, Houses sit together. The view of the Lok Sabha is likely to prevail in such a meeting since there, are a lot many members of the Lok Sabha., , Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters., , Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers, , Edit with WPS Office

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There is no direct election to the post of the Prime Minister. The President appoints the Prime, Minister., , The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that, commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister., , In case no single party or alliance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely, to secure majority support., , The Prime Minister does not have a fixed tenure. He continues in power so long as he remains, the leader of the majority party or coalition., , After the appointment of the Prime Minister, the President appoints other ministers on the, advice of the Prime Minister which are usually from the majority party or the coalition that has, the majority in the Lok Sabha., , The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers, as long as they are members of Parliament., , A person who is not a member of Parliament can also become a minister. But such a person, has to get elected to one of the Houses of Parliament within six months of appointment as, minister., , The Council of Ministers is the official name for the body that includes all the Ministers. It, usually has 60 to 80 Ministers of different ranks as mentioned below:, , Cabinet Ministers are usually top level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in charge of, the major ministries. The cabinet is the inner ring of the Council of Ministers and comprises, about 25 ministers., , Ministers of State with independent charge are usually in-charge of smaller Ministries. They, participate in the Cabinet meetings only when specially invited., , Ministers of State are the junior ministers, who are assigned to assist cabinet ministers and the, ministers of state with independent charge., , Parliamentary democracy in most countries is often known as the Cabinet form of government, because most of the decisions are taken in Cabinet meetings. Every ministry has secretaries,, who are civil servants. The secretaries provide the necessary background information to the, ministers to take decisions. The Cabinet as a team is assisted by the Cabinet Secretariat., , Powers of the Prime Minister, , As head of the government, the Prime Minister has wide-ranging powers, which are mentioned, , Edit with WPS Office

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below:, , The Prime Minister chairs Cabinet meetings. He is the head of the government., He coordinates the work of different Departments., , His decisions are final in case disagreements arise between Departments., He exercises general supervision of different ministries., , All ministers work under his leadership., , The Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers., , He has the power to dismiss ministers., , When the Prime Minister quits, the entire ministry quits., , Important Questions, , How is President of india Elected?, , What does judiciary means?, , Describe the functions and powers of Parliament?, , State the power of minister., , What is the role of Parliament?, , Briefly Explain Two Houses of Parliament?, , What is the role of the Parliament?, , How is Prime Minister appointed/elected?, , ca Edit with WPS Office