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Page 1 of 14, , (Gravitation), , Q1).How does the force of gravitation between two objects change, when the distance between them is reduced to half?, Ans1: According to the universal law of gravitation, gravitational, force (F) acting between two objects is inversely proportional to the, square of the distance (r) between them, i.e.,, F ∝ 1/r2, If distance r becomes r/2, then the gravitational force will be, proportional to, 1/(r/2)2 = 4/r2, Hence, if the distance is reduced to half, then the gravitational force, becomes four times larger than the previous value., Q2). Gravitational force acts on all objects in proportion to their, masses. Why then, a heavy object does not fall faster than a light, object?, Ans2: All objects fall on ground with constant acceleration, called, acceleration due to gravity (in the absence of air resistances). It is, constant and does not depend upon the mass of an object. Hence,, heavy objects do not fall faster than light objects., Q3). What is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the, earth and a 1 kg object on its surface? (Mass of the earth is 6 × 10 24, kg and radius of the earth is 6.4 × 106 m)., Ans3: According to the universal law of gravitation, gravitational, force exerted on an object of mass m is given by, F=GMm/R2
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Page 2 of 14, , Where,, Mass of Earth, M = 6 × 1024 kg, Mass of object, m = 1 kg, Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.7 × 10−11 Nm2 kg−2, Since the object is on the surface of the Earth,, r = radius of the Earth (R), r = R = 6.4 × 106 m, Therefore, the gravitational force, F=GMm/r2, F = 6.7 × 10−11 × 6 × 1024 × 1/(6.4 × 106)2 = 9.8 N, Q4): The earth and the moon are attracted to each other by, gravitational force. Does the earth attract the moon with a force that, is greater or smaller or the same as the force with which the moon, attracts the earth? Why?, Ans4 : According to the universal law of gravitation, two objects, attract each other with equal force, but in opposite directions. The, Earth attracts the moon with an equal force with which the moon, attracts the earth., Q5): If the moon attracts the earth, why does the earth not move, towards the moon?, Ans5: The Earth and the moon experience equal gravitational forces, from each other. However, the mass of the Earth is much larger than, the mass of the moon. Hence, it accelerates at a rate lesser than the, acceleration rate of the moon toward the Earth. For this reason, the, Earth does not move towards the moon., Q6): What happens to the force between two objects, if, (i) the mass of one object is doubled?
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Page 3 of 14, , (ii) the distance between the objects is doubled and tripled?, (iii) the masses of both objects are doubled?, Ans6: According to the universal law of gravitation, the force of, gravitation between two objects is given by F=GMm/r2, (i) F is directly proportional to the masses of the objects. If the mass, of one object is doubled, then the gravitational force will also get, doubled., (ii) F is inversely proportional to the square of the distances between, the objects. If the distance is doubled, then the gravitational force, becomes one-fourth of its original value., Similarly, if the distance is tripled, then the gravitational force, becomes one-ninth of its original value., (iii) F is directly proportional to the product of masses of the objects., If the masses of both the objects are doubled, then the gravitational, force becomes four times the original value., Q7): What is the importance of universal law of gravitation?, Ans7: The universal law of gravitation proves that every object in the, universe attracts every other object., Q8): What is the acceleration of free fall?, Ans8: When objects fall towards the Earth under the effect of, gravitational force alone, then they are said to be in free fall., Acceleration of free fall is 9.8 ms−2, which is constant for all objects, (irrespective of their masses)., Q9): What do we call the gravitational force between the Earth and, an object?, Ans9: Gravitational force between the earth and an object is known, as the weight of the object.
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Page 4 of 14, , Q10): Amit buys few grams of gold at the poles as per the instruction, of one of his friends. He hands over the same when he meets him at, the equator. Will the friend agree with the weight of gold bought? If, not, why? [Hint: The value of 𝑔 is greater at the poles than at the, equator]., Ans10: Weight of a body on the Earth is given by W = mg, Where,, m = Mass of the body, g = Acceleration due to gravity, The value of g is greater at poles than at the equator. Therefore, gold, at the equator weighs less than at the poles. Hence, Amit’s friend will, not agree with the weight of the gold bought., Q11): Why will a sheet of paper fall slower than one that is crumpled, into a ball?, Ans11: When a sheet of paper is crumbled into a ball, then its density, increases. Hence, resistance to its motion through the air decreases, and it falls faster than the sheet of paper., Q12): Gravitational force on the surface of the moon is only 1/6 as, strong as gravitational force on the Earth. What is the weight in, newtons of a 10 kg object on the moon and on the Earth?, Ans12: Weight of an object on the moon =1/6 × Weight of an object, on the Earth Also,, Weight = Mass × Acceleration, Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2, Therefore, weight of a 10 kg object on the Earth = 10 × 9.8 = 98 N, And, weight of the same object on the moon =1/6 × 98 = 16.3 N
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Page 5 of 14, , Q13): A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 49 m/s., Calculate, (i) the maximum height to which it rises., (ii) the total time it takes to return to the surface of the earth., Ans13: (i) According to the equation of motion under gravity, v2 − u2= 2gs, Where,, u = Initial velocity of the ball, v = Final velocity of the ball, s = Height achieved by the ball, g = Acceleration due to gravity, At maximum height, final velocity of the ball is zero, i.e., v = 0 m/s, and u = 49 m/s, During upward motion, g = − 9.8 m s−2, Let h be the maximum height attained by the ball., Hence, using v2-u2 = 2gs, We have, 02 − 492 = 2(−9.8)ℎ ⇒ ℎ = 49×49/2×9.8= 122.5 m, Let t be the time taken by the ball to reach the height 122.5 m, then, according to the equation of motion v= u + gt, We get,, 0 = 49 + (−9.8)t ⇒ 9.8t = 49 ⇒ t=49/9.8= 5s, But,, Time of ascent = Time of descent, Therefore, total time taken by the ball to return = 5 + 5 = 10 s
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Page 6 of 14, , Q14): A stone is released from the top of a tower of height 19.6 m., Calculate its final velocity just before touching the ground., Ans14: According to the equation of motion under gravity v 2 − u2= 2gs, Where,, u = Initial velocity of the stone = 0 m/s, v = Final velocity of the stone, s = Height of the stone = 19.6 m, g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 ms−2, , ∴ v2 − 02 = 2 × 9.8 × 19.6, ⇒ v2 = 2 × 9.8 × 19.6 = (19.6)2, ⇒ v = 19.6 ms−1, Hence, the velocity of the stone just before touching the ground is, 19.6 ms−1., Q15): A stone is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 40, m/s. Taking g = 10 m/s2 , find the maximum height reached by the, stone. What is the net displacement and the total distance covered, by the stone?, Ans15: According to the equation of motion under gravity v 2 − u2 =, 2gs, Where,, u = Initial velocity of the stone = 40 m/s, v = Final velocity of the stone = 0 m/s, s = Height of the stone, g = Acceleration due to gravity = −10 ms−2
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Page 7 of 14, , Let h be the maximum height attained by the stone., Therefore, 02 − 402 = 2(−10)ℎ ⇒ ℎ = 40×40/20= 80 m, Therefore, total distance covered by the stone during its upward and, downward, journey = 80 + 80 = 160 m, Net displacement during its upward and downward journey = 80 +, (−80) = 0., Q16): Calculate the force of gravitation between the earth and the, Sun, given that the mass of the earth = 6 × 1024 kg and of the Sun = 2, × 1030 kg. The average distance between the two is 1.5 × 1011 m., Ans16: According to the universal law of gravitation, the force of, attraction between the, Earth and the Sun is given by, F = G × Msun × MEarth / R2, Where,, MSun = Mass of the Sun = 2 × 1030 kg, MEarth = Mass of the Earth = 6 × 1024 kg, R = Average distance between the Earth and the Sun = 1.5 × 10 11 m, G = Universal gravitational constant = 6.7 × 10−11 Nm2 kg−2, F = 6.7 × 10−11 × 2 × 1030 × 6 × 1024/ (1.5 × 1011)2 = 3.57 × 1022 𝑁, Hence, the force of gravitation between the Earth and the Sun is 3.57, × 1022 𝑁., Q17): A stone is allowed to fall from the top of a tower 100 m high, and at the same time another stone is projected vertically upwards, from the ground with a velocity of 25 m/s. Calculate when and where, the two stones will meet.
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Page 8 of 14, , Ans17: Let the two stones meet after a time t., When the stone dropped from the tower, Initial velocity, u = 0 m/s, Let the displacement of the stone in time t from the top of the tower, be s., Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 ms−2, From the equation of motion,, , 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 +1/2 𝑎𝑡2, 𝑠 = 0 × 𝑡 + 1/2× 9.8 × 𝑡2, ⇒ 𝑠 = 4.9𝑡2 … … … … … … … … . (1), When the stone thrown upwards, Initial velocity, u = 25 ms−1, , Let the displacement of the stone from the ground in time t be 𝑠′., Acceleration due to gravity, g = −9.8 ms −2, , Equation of motion,, , 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 +1/2 𝑎𝑡2, 𝑠′ = 25 × 𝑡 −1/2× 9.8 × 𝑡2, ⇒ 𝑠′ = 25𝑡 − 4.9𝑡2. … … … … … … … … . (2), The combined displacement of both the stones at the meeting point, is equal to the, height of the tower 100 m., , 𝑠′ + 𝑠 = 100
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Page 9 of 14, , ⇒ 25𝑡 − 4.9𝑡2 + 4.9𝑡2 = 100, ⇒ 𝑡 =100/25 𝑠 = 4𝑠, In 4 s,, The falling stone has covered a distance given by (1) as 𝑠 = 4.9 × 42 =, 78.4 𝑚, Therefore, the stones will meet after 4 s at a height (100 – 78.4) =, 20.6 m from, the ground., Q18): A ball thrown up vertically returns to the thrower after 6 s., Find, (a)the velocity with which it was thrown up,, (b)the maximum height it reaches, and, (c)its position after 4 s., Ans18: (a) Time of ascent is equal to the time of descent. The ball, takes a total of 6 s for its upward and downward journey. Hence, it, has taken 3 s to attain the maximum height. Final velocity of the ball, at the maximum height, v = 0 m/s, Acceleration due to gravity, g = −9.8 ms −2, Using equation of motion, v = u + at, we have, 0 = u + (−9.8 × 3), , ⇒ u = 9.8 × 3 = 29.4 m/s, Hence, the ball was thrown upwards with a velocity of 29.4 m/s., (b) Let the maximum height attained by the ball be h., Initial velocity during the upward journey, u = 29.4 m/s, Final velocity, v = 0 m/s
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Page 10 of 14, , Acceleration due to gravity, g = −9.8 ms −2, Using the equation of motion,, , 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + ½ at2, ℎ = 29.4 × 3 − ½ × 9.8 × 32, ⇒ ℎ = 44.1 m, Hence, the maximum height is 44.1 m., (c) Ball attains the maximum height after 3 s. After attaining this, height, it will, start falling downwards., In this case,, Initial velocity, u = 0 m/s, Position of the ball after 4 s of the throw is given by the distance, travelled by it, during its downward journey in 4 s − 3 s = 1 s., Using the equation of motion, 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + ½ at2, , 𝑠 = 0 × 1 + ½ × 9.8 × 12, ⇒ 𝑠 = 4.9 m, Now, total height = 44.1 m, This means, the ball is 39.2 m (44.1 m − 4.9 m) above the ground, after 4 seconds., Q19): In what direction does the buoyant force on an object, immersed in a liquid act?, Ans19: An object immersed in a liquid experiences buoyant force in, the upward direction.
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Page 11 of 14, , Q20): Why does a block of plastic released under water come up to, the surface of water?, Ans20: Two forces act on an object immersed in water. One is the, gravitational force, which pulls the object downwards, and the other, is the buoyant force, which pushes the object upwards. If the upward, buoyant force is greater than the downward gravitational force, then, the object comes up to the surface of the water as soon as it is, released within water. Due to this reason, a block of plastic released, under water comes up to the surface of the water., Q21): The volume of 50 g of a substance is 20 cm 3. If the density of, water is 1 g cm−3, will the substance float or sink?, Ans21: If the density of an object is more than the density of a liquid,, then it sinks in the liquid. On the other hand, if the density of an, object is less than the density of a liquid, then it floats on the surface, of the liquid., Here, density of the substance = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 50/20 =2.5𝑔/𝑐𝑚3, The density of the substance is more than the density of water (1 g, cm−3)., Hence, the substance will sink in water., Q22): The volume of a 500 g sealed packet is 350 cm 3. Will the, packet float or sink in water if the density of water is 1 g cm−3? What, will be the mass of the water displaced by this packet?, Ans22: Density of the 500 g sealed packet = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒, 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡/𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 = 500/350, = 1.428𝑔/𝑐𝑚3, The density of the substance is more than the density of water (1, 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3). Hence, it will sink in water. The mass of water displaced by, the packet is equal to the volume of the packet, i.e., 350 g.
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Page 12 of 14, , Question:State the universal law of gravitation, Ans: The universal law of gravitation states that every object in the, universe attracts every other object with a force called the, gravitational force. The force acting between two objects is directly, proportional to the product of their masses and inversely, proportional to the square of the distance between their centers., For two objects of masses m1 and m2 and the distance between, them r, the force (F) of attraction acting between them is given by the, universal law of gravitation as:, , 𝐹 =𝐺𝑚1m2/r2, Where, G is the universal gravitation constant and its value is 6.67, ×10−11𝑁𝑚2𝑘𝑔−2., Question: Write the formula to find the magnitude of the, gravitational force between the earth and an object on the surface of, the earth., Ans: Let 𝑀𝐸 be the mass of the Earth and m be the mass of an object, on its surface. If R is the radius of the Earth, then according to the, universal law of gravitation, the gravitational force (F) acting, between the Earth and the object is given by the relation:, , 𝐹 =𝐺𝑀𝐸𝑚/𝑅2, Question: What do you mean by free fall?, Ans: Gravity of the Earth attracts every object towards its centre., When an object is released from a height, it falls towards the surface, of the Earth under the influence of gravitational force. The motion of, the object is said to have free fall., Question: What do you mean by acceleration due to gravity?, Ans: When an object falls towards the ground from a height, then its, velocity changes during the fall. This changing velocity produces
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Page 13 of 14, , acceleration in the object. This acceleration is known as acceleration, due to gravity (g).Its value is given by 9.8 m/s 2., Question: Why is it difficult to hold a school bag having a strap made, of a thin and strong string?, Ans: It is difficult to hold a school bag having a thin strap because the, pressure on the shoulders is quite large. This is because the pressure, is inversely proportional to the surface area on which the force acts., The smaller is the surface area; the larger will be the pressure on the, surface. In the case of a thin strap, the contact surface area is very, small. Hence, the pressure exerted on the shoulder is very large., Question: What do you mean by buoyancy?, Ans: The upward force exerted by a liquid on an object immersed in it, is known as buoyancy. When you try to immerse an object in water,, then you can feel an upward force exerted on the object, which, increases as you push the object deeper into water., Question: Why does an object float or sink when placed on the, surface of water?, Ans: If the density of an object is more than the density of the liquid,, then it sinks in the liquid. This is because the buoyant force acting on, the object is less than the force of gravity. On the other hand, if the, density of the object is less than the density of the liquid, then it, floats on the surface of the liquid. This is because the buoyant force, acting on the object is greater than the force of gravity., Question: You find your mass to be 42 kg on a weighing machine. Is, your mass more or less than 42 kg?, Ans: When you weigh your body, an upward force acts on it. This, upward force is the buoyant force. As a result, the body gets pushed, slightly upwards, causing the weighing machine to show a reading, less than the actual value.
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Page 14 of 14, , Question: You have a bag of cotton and an iron bar, each indicating a, mass of 100 kg when measured on a weighing machine. In reality,, one is heavier than other. Can you say which one is heavier and why?, Ans: The bag of cotton is heavier than iron bar. This is because the, surface area of the cotton bag is larger than the iron bar. Hence,, more buoyant force acts on the bag than that on an iron bar. This, makes the cotton bag lighter than its actual value. For this reason,, the iron bar and the bag of cotton show the same mass on the, weighing machine, but actually the mass of the cotton bag is more, than that of the iron bar.
