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Study material Ragen:, 1.Matter in our surroundings, , ‘SCHEME VIE fist), , *Matter:- Except radiation rest part of universe is called, matters., , Universe = Matters + Radiation, v NM, (mass & energy) (only energy is present), , Particles of matter:- Atoms and molecules are, particles of matter., , @Characteristics of particles of matter \, The important characteristics of particles EON mstise, , are the following:, 1.The particles of matter are ve, 2.The particles of matter aces herwedi them., , , , , 3.The particles of onstantly moving., , 4.The particl g” r attract each other., erupt, GG Matter, , Solid@ SFluids(Liquid and Gas), L NY, [Particles which cannot flow] _ [Particles which, can flow], @Solid=(a>>b), @Liquid=(a>b), @ Gas = (a<<b), Where,, a= intermolecular attraction, b= thermal expansion
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@ State of matters Rogen: £, The form in which any matter exists is called state of, matter., , Basis of Classification of Types, © Based upon particle arrangement, © Based upon energy of particles, © Based upon distance between particles, » Five states of matter, , 5 > <, Bosefe oom) 5], condensate, , Not fixed shape but fied, vwolurne, , , , © inter particle distances, are larger
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} Page nos, , , , , , © Inter particie forces of © Inter particle forces of © Inter particle forces of, attraction are attraction are weaker attraction are weakest, strongest than solids, © Constituent partictes © Constituent particles are © Constituent particles, are very closely less closely packed are free to move, | packed about, , , , (iv) Plasma (non evaluative), , , , © A plasma is an ionized gas, , © A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by, magnetic fields, © = Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite, , , , volume. Ex. lonized gas, , (v) Bose-Einstein condensate (non —evaluative), , © ABEC is a state of matter that can are at very low, temperatures, , © = The scientists who worked with the Bose- Lins tit |, condensate received a Nobel Parefar the wearin 1995, , © = The BEC Is all about mbbediles (hat bre really close to each, Other leven closer than atoms in a soled), , , , , , , , Diffusion, , The Spreading out and mixing of a substance with another, , substance due to the motion of its particles is called, , diffusion., , @ Rate of diffusion, , 1.Diffusion in gases :- Gas to Gas diffusion is very fast., example:-Smell of food during cooking,, , Smell of perfume, smell of incense stick(Agarbatti) etc., 2.Diffusion in liquids:- Liquid to Liquid diffusion is slower, than that in gases., example:- Spreading of ink in water. etc.
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3.Diffusion in solids:- Solid to Solid diffusion is very slow, , process., , example:- diffusion between blackboard and chalk. etc., , @ Unit of Temperature, , > Common unit of measuring Temperature =“degree, , Celsius “(°C), , >5S.| unit of measuring Temperature =“Kelvin”(K), Note:- 0°C = 273K, , T on n = Temp. | scale + 27, Example:, Convert 25°C into Kelvin scale., , Solution:-T _on Kelvin =T i +, 273, , > Temp. On Kelvin scale = 25 + 273 = 298 K, , Inventor of Celsius scale = Anders Celsius, , Inventor of Kelvin scale = Lord William Thomson Kelvin, Change of state of matter, , Physical state of matter can be changed by two ways:, 1.By changing the temperature, , 2.By changing the pressure, , @ Effect of change of temperature, , 1.Melting:-The process in which a solid substance changes, into liquid on heating,is called melting., , Melting point of matters, , ice =0°C, , wax = 63°C, , iron = 1535°C, , 2.Boiling (or vaporisation):-The process in which a liquid, substance changes into a gas rapidly on heating,is called, boiling.
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Boiling point of some substances, water = 100°C, , alcohol = 78°C, , mercury = 357°C, , 3.Condensation:-The process of changing a gas to a liquid, by cooling, is called condensation., , 4.Freezing:-The process of changing a liquid into a solid by, cooling, is called freezing., , Freezing point of water is 0°C, , @ Effect of change of Pressure, , The physical state of matter can also be changed by, changing the pressure., , Gases can be liquefied by applying cat and unk 7 \, , temperature., Solid carbon dioxide is kept under) high pr amie., , Solid carbon dioxidesisexttemely cold substance., Solid carbon dioxide is‘also called dry ice., , @U ses of solid catbon dioxide(or,dry ice), , Z., 'Itis used to deep freeze food., , 2. It is used to keep ice-cream cold., , @ Latent heat, , The heat energy which has to be supplied to change the, state of a substance is called its latent heat., , @Types, , 1.Latent heat of fusion:-The heat energy required to, convert a solid into the liquid state is called latent heat of, fusion., , > The latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.34x100000 J/kg., 2.Latent heat of vaporisation:-The heat energy required to, convert a liquid into gas is called latent heat of, , vaporisation.
