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Coursebook Answer Keys, History, , 1, , Work out, , Where, When and How, , Take off, • Murshid Quli Khan was the governor of Bengal, during Aurangzeb’s rule., • Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was a brave, Maratha ruler., , A 1. c, , 2. b, , 3. d, , 4. b, , B, , 1. F, , 2. F, , 3. F, , 4. T, , C, , 1. James Mill, 2. Mehendale, 4. colonial, 3. Bombay Herald, 5. James Augustus Hickey, , D, , 1. India exported spices such as peppercorns,, cloves, and nutmeg to other countries., 2. The British kept a variety of records, which, covered all levels of administration from, the district to the supreme government., Numerous archives and museums were built, to preserve these records., 3. Primary sources are those sources that were, created during the historical period under, consideration. They could be personal or, official documents, objects, and other sources, that provide us with a first-hand account of, what life was like during the time. On the other, hand, sources of information that are second, hand accounts of events are secondary, sources. People who study the primary, sources generally compile the information, derived from primary sources in textbooks,, magazines, newspapers and movies that are, about historical events., 3. Bengal Gazette and Bombay Herald, 4. Sir Thomas Roe, , E, , 1. James Mill, a Scottish historian in his book, A History of British India (1817), divided the, history of India into Hindu, Muslim and British, periods --in that order. However, this would, prove to be incorrect as different cultures and, religions have coexisted in India., Therefore, later historians have divided Indian, history into ancient, medieval and modern, periods. However, this classification was taken, from the West where the modern period was, associated with modernity., 2. With the Industrial Revolution in sway, the, British needed both the raw material and a, market for the manufactured goods. Under, their imperial policy, the British took raw, , Warm up, *Dates are important because they let us remember, when a particular event occurred. They are important, for commemorating events of significance., Find out, Gora and firangi, Case Study, The British manufacturing industries benefited from, the Industrial Revolution and the Indian handcrafts, were adversely impacted by it., • The British made their way into India for trading, purposes. With the Industrial Revolution, the, British needed raw materials from India and also, needed markets for the finished goods., • Spices were important for the Europeans as they, used them to cook elaborately flavoured dishes,, to make medicines and used them even in the, manufacture of perfumes., • The European trading companies established their, factories on the western, eastern and southern, coastal areas and in this process they extended, their influence into the mainland territories of, the Indian subcontinent. The expansion and, consolidation of the British influence was achieved, in a span of one hundred years, i.e., 1757 to 1857 by, using the tools of war and diplomacy., Investigate, • According to Clive, while the poor people of Bengal, lived a humble life, the rich lived a luxurious, lifestyle., • Bengal was a rich state and there was extensive, trade done in Bengal., , The answers with * are sample answers., , 120, , 5. T

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Think, 1. The Residencies of the British were political, offices, each managed by a resident, which dealt, with the relations between British India and the, princely states., 2. Hyderabad, Oudh, Mysore and Arcot, Life skills and values, *Technological innovation made the modern, newspaper possible. Before the late 19th century,, paper was often made from textile fibres like cotton, and linen, frequently taken from recycled rags. Only, after the invention of paper made from wood pulp did, low-cost, low-quality paper become readily available., The rise of the paper industry made paper cheap,, which meant that newspapers could be printed for, reasonable prices. Industrialization and new global, markets, especially in raw materials, helped to, increase production leading to inexpensive, massproduced paper. In the 19th and 20th centuries, it, also became easier and cheaper to move information, across long distances, which had a huge impact on the, newspaper business. Railroads and steamships made, long-distance travel easier and faster., , • The first newspaper published in India was Bengal, Gazette., Warm up, Union territories in India are regions that are too small, to be a state and too unique to be merged as a part, of another state. At times they are Indian territories,, which are too far to be controlled by any Indian state,, such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the, Lakshadweep Islands. Also, if a place had a different, colonial heritage, such as Pondicherry which was a, French colony, and Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar, Haveli were all Portuguese colonies., Find out, Since Surat and the entire Gujarat coast was a huge, trading hub in the eastern hemisphere where ships, from Africa, Persia, and East Asia landed, the English, decided to establish their factory on the western coast, of India., Case Study, The Nawab of Awadh was the first to enter into the, subsidiary alliance after the Battle of Buxar in 1764., Tipu Sultan of the Kingdom of Mysore refused to, do so, but after the British victory in the Fourth, Anglo-Mysore War, Mysore was forced to become a, subsidiary state. The Nizam of Hyderabad was the, first to accept a well-framed subsidiary alliance. After, the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Maratha ruler Baji Rao II, also accepted a subsidiary alliance., Investigate, • Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was the tenth and the last, ruler of Awadh. He was a man with a complex, personality. He was neither foolish nor very clever., He was a pious man. He was a thorough gentleman, and was known for his talent for poetry., • Awadh was a rich state. Agriculture, the main, occupation of people, was thriving in Awadh as, the land was very fertile. Awadh was located, strategically from a military point of view as well., Therefore, the British were keen to annex Awadh., Work out, , A 1. c, , 2. a, , 3. a, , 4. c, , 5. c, , Fort Williams in Calcutta, Vellore, Lord Dalhousie, Warren Hastings, F, 2. F, 3. F, 4. F, , 5. T, , B 1. Robert Clive, , 2 Establishment of British Rule in India, Take off, • The death of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb is, counted as the beginning of the modern period, in India., , C, , 2., 3., 4., 5., 1., , 121, , COURSEBOOK KEYS, , material for their industries from India and, brought the machine-made goods to be sold in, India. This led to a decline in Indian handicraft, industry., 3. One cannot take primary sources at their, face value. Historians evaluate these sources, based on when and where they were created,, who created them and why. This is called, interpretation. Historians then compare this, interpretation with secondary sources of, information., 4. There is no shortage of sources through which, we learn about the colonial period. The British, were particular not just about keeping records, but also maintaining them. Numerous archives, and museums were built as a result., There is no shortage of sources through which, we learn about the colonial period. The British, were particular not just about keeping records, but also maintaining them. Numerous archives, and museums were built as a result.

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COURSEBOOK KEYS, , D 1. French factories were established at, , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 122, , Chandannagar (Chandernagore) and, Puducherry (Pondicherry) in India., Mir Qasim began raising and training his own, army. He moved his capital from Murshidabad, to Monghyr to lessen the East India, Company’s interference in political matters., He also checked the Company workers from, conducting private trade as it affected the, native traders., The seeds of the Battle of Buxar were, sown after the Battle of Plassey when Mir, Qasim became the Nawab of Bengal. The, primary cause was the conflict between the, English and Mir Qasim. Mir Qasim was an, independent ruler and was the strongest and, ablest of all Nawabs. He undertook some, reformation, which annoyed the British, nobles and officers. The English wanted Mir, to remain as a puppet in their hands. But, he, always wanted to keep himself away from, British influence. He was defeated in three, successive battles before the Battle of Buxar., Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam, II joined hands to fight against the English to, establish their sovereignty over the whole of, Bengal and reduce the power of the British., They declared war against the British at, Buxar., The East India Company preferred to use, political, economic and diplomatic means, to achieve their goals rather than engage in, wars. One such strategy called the ‘subsidiary, alliance’ was introduced by Governor General, Richard Wellesley after he arrived in 1798., According to which the Indian rulers could, not have their own army. The British would, provide ‘subsidiary forces’ to the Indians on, condition of a payment. Failure to make the, payment would lead them to lose a part of, their territory. The British also installed a, Resident who was a British official and all, the Indian rulers were expected to act in, subservience with the Resident, Clive was instrumental in introducing the, dual system of administration in Bengal. It, was based on a traditional Mughal system of, administration. According to it, the powers of, the government were divided into Diwani, the, power of collecting revenue and administering, civil justice, and Nizamat, or power of, commanding troops and dispensing criminal, justice. Based on this system, the British, took up Diwani, and Nizamat was to be done, by the Nawab. Therefore, under this system,, , E, , 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , power was separated from responsibility. The, responsibility of looking after the affairs of, the people was with the Nawab, but the actual, power was with the English., The Nawab of Bengal was irked by the, English and French fortifications and was, also suspicious of their growing power. In, addition to that, he did not like the fact, that the company had not only gained, concessions from Mughal rulers, but was, also misusing them to amass more wealth. In, 1756, the British began reinforcing their fort,, anticipating an attack by the French. This was, the last straw for the newly crowned, twentyyear-old Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah. He attacked, and seized the British factory at Kasimbazar,, acquired all the goods and then captured, Fort William. But he did not have enough, experience to consolidate his power and soon,, a British army came, headed by Robert Clive., Robert Clive found a willing supporter in Mir, Jafar, the commander-in-chief of the Nawab’s, army. The British promised to make Mir Jafar, the Nawab of Bengal for his help. The Battle of, Plassey broke out on June 23, 1757. Clive was, victorious in this battle and the British made, Mir Jafar a puppet ruler., The British and the French fought three wars,, known as the Carnatic Wars, between 1746, and 1763. The Treaty of Paris ended the Third, Carnatic War with the defeat of the French to, the British. The French were allowed to retain, Pondicherry and Chandernagore, but were not, allowed to fortify these settlements. Madras, was restored to the British, and thus, they, emerged as the main European power in south, India., Tipu Sultan was the son of Hyder Ali the, ruler of Mysore. After his father died, Tipu, Sultan continued to fight against the British., He signed the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784, with the British which brought the second, Anglo-Mysore War to an end. In 1789, Tipu, was successful in attacking Travancore, which, was an ally of the British. Tipu Sultan also, refused to get into a subsidiary alliance with, the British, which made the British attack him, with the help from the Marathas., Reasons for the British success in India were:, • Indian rulers were not united and there, were many conflicts among them., • The British used the policy of divide and, rule where in they put one ruler up against, the other.

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Think, Two means of communication that were introduced, by the British, in India are the telegraph and the, telephone. The British introduced these means of, quicker transport and communication mainly to serve, their own interests in India., Life skills and values, The British wanted to establish India as a colony to, improve their economy. Raw material from India was, taken to manufacture finished products in England., Territorial acquisition was not the initial idea but, events occurred in such a manner that the British, began acquiring areas in the Indian subcontinent., , 3 Rural Life and Society, Take off, • Ranjit Singh was a famous Sikh ruler., • The dual system of government was introduced in, the year 1765., Warm up, Cash crops: Coffee, cotton, Food crops: Wheat, maize, Find out, Tea and rubber, Case Study, In both cases, the British ensured that produce is not, affected as it was needed to fuel the industry in the, Great Britain., Investigate, • Problems faced by indigo farmers were: the price, they got for indigo production was very low and they, found it difficult to pay their loans. Also the indigo, plants exhausted the soil of its nutrients and after its, harvest the farmers could not grow crops like wheat, and rice on the same soil., • As absentee-landlords the British had all the, advantages of collecting the taxes from the, peasants. They were not obliged to look after the, welfare of the peasants., Work out, , A 1. c, B, , 1., 2., 3., 4., , C, , 1. T, , 2. a, , 3. c, , 4. d, , 5. b, , 4. T, , 5. F, , Sir Thomas Munro, villages, Mahatma Gandhi, Dalhousie, 2. F, , 3. T, , D 1. The permanent settlement created a group, of loyalists called zamindars in Bengal and, Bihar. It also ensured a regular fixed amount of, income for the company., 2. According to the Ryotwari system, there was, no mediator and the revenue was collected, directly from the cultivator or the ryot. The, land revenue was fixed for a period of thirty, years after which it could be reassessed., 3. The British planters grew cash crops as they, benefited more by the sale of cash crop., , 123, , COURSEBOOK KEYS, , • Their policy consisted of interference in, political matters and administration of, most kingdoms., • The British were superior in military, techniques, were financially strong and, adopted a policy of diplomacy to suit their, needs., 5. The British had to design an efficient system, of administration in order to manage the, territories annexed by them. It was necessary, for them to regulate the riches that the victory, of Plassey had brought. Thus, the Regulating, Act of 1773 was introduced which gave the, English Parliament greater control over the, East India Company’s affairs. According to, this act:, • The Governor of Bengal was nominated, as the Governor General of India. The first, Governor General was Warren Hastings., • He was to be assisted by a four-member, Supreme Council to manage the, administrative affairs and had to act in, accordance with their counsel., • They were accountable for the income and, expenditure and had to submit a detailed, report to the British treasury., • They were also expected to give a detailed, account of the functioning of the civil, and military administration before the, Secretary of the State., • A Supreme Court, along with a Chief, Justice, and three other judges was set up, at Fort William in Calcutta in the year 1774., For the first time, British or Irish judges, were to come to India and administer, justice to all British subjects in the country.

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COURSEBOOK KEYS, , 4., , 5., , E 1., , 2., , 3., , 124, , They used the raw materials produced cheaply, in India to develop as finished goods in their, industries., Deenbandhu Mitra wrote Neel Darpan a, forceful play that depicted the real situation of, the indigo farmers and the highly exploitative, nature of the planters., In the Permanent Settlement the zamindars, made no efforts to improve the land. They had, the right to remove tenants from their land, or seize the land belonging to a cultivator on, non-payment of dues. All these factors left the, cultivators in pitiable conditions., The different land revenue systems as, introduced by the British included the Ijaradari, System in which the land was auctioned, off to the highest bidder. Warren Hastings, introduced this system. Lord Cornwallis, introduced permanent Settlement of land, revenue. This was a ten-year settlement and, the revenue was also fixed for the time period., In the Ryotwari System the British collected, revenue directly from the peasants or ryots., The Mahalwari System was based on the, common ownership, of land., The indigo farmers gained tremendous, support from the intellectuals within the, city as well as the local zamindars who were, angry because they were forced to lease out, their land for a long period. The British were, unnerved by the agitation of the farmers, and realized that it could have a drastic, effect on their government. Hence the indigo, production in Bengal came to a standstill., The mahalwari system was based on the, common ownership of land. Therefore,, settlements of tax collection were made, with village elders who distributed the, land settlements among cultivators as the, importance of the village as a social unit was, recognized. This system was formulated by, Holt Mackenzie. The person responsible for, collecting revenue was the talukdar. This, system was introduced in northwestern India,, Punjab, parts of Central India and parts of, Bengal. Sir Thomas Munro introduced the, Ryotwari system in 1799–1801 in Bombay and, Madras Presidencies followed by Sind and, Assam. According to this system, there was, no mediator and the revenue was collected, directly from the cultivator or the ryot. The land, revenue was fixed for a period of thirty years, after which it could be reassessed., , 4. Peasants were burdened with high taxation,, low profits and the gradual loss of a selfsustained lifestyle. This led to peasant, rebellions. The failure of the zamindars, to, pay the land revenues, was also a factor, contributing to these rebellions., 5. Indigo production in Bengal came to a, standstill and the planters shifted their, attention towards Bihar. Mahatma Gandhi, visited Champaran to observe the condition, of the indigo farmers during this time. This, visit was the beginning of the Champaran, Movement against indigo cultivation and, would eventually grow into a nationwide, movement against British dominion., Think, 1. A famine is a widespread scarcity of food,, caused by several factors including crop failure,, population imbalance, or government policies. This, phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed, by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased mortality. Nearly every continent, in the world has experienced a period of famine, throughout history. Some countries, particularly, in sub-Saharan Africa, continue to have extreme, cases of famine., 2. The government has to take a moral responsibility, at the time of a famine. As there is acute food, and water shortage the government may provide, food at a subsidized rate or distribute it free of, cost. Water management also has to be done. The, export of food items need to be regulated as the, government can direct the market to reach food to, those who need it the most., 3. The policy of commercialization of agriculture by, the British encouraged market oriented production, of cash crops such as opium, tea, coffee, sugar, jute, and indigo. Indian peasants were forced to grow, these cash crops that spoiled the fertility of the, land and no other crop could be grown on it. The, growth of minimum of subsistence crops led to the, deterioration and impoverishment of the Indian, agriculture and the cultivators. The peasant was, suppressed under triple burden of the government,, landlord and the moneylender., Life skills and values, *The British introduced different land revenue, systems for different states under their control as, each region had different fertility growth. Some, places like Bengal and Bihar had rich soil and crop, production was more here. Hence these places had, enhanced taxes. As a British official, if I were to select, a particular land revenue system, I would have chosen

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4, , C, , 1. T, , Take off, • The permanent settlement was introduced by Lord, Cornwallis., • The Indigo Revolt started in the state of Bengal., 2., , Warm up, The transmission of customs or beliefs from, generation to generation is known as tradition. Some, traditions include drawing a rangoli on the door steps, or making a rangoli with flowers, putting vermillion on, the forehead., , 3., , Find out, Before the British arrived tribal chiefs were important, leaders of the area under their control. They controlled, the economy of the region. They also had a force to, maintain and look after the region under their control., , Case Study, As an adolescent, Birsa heard tales of the Munda, uprisings of the past and saw the sirdars (leaders), of the community urging the people to revolt. They, talked of a golden age when the Mundas had been free, of the oppression of dikus, and said there would be a, time when the ancestral right of the community would, be restored. They saw themselves as the descendants, of the original settlers of the region, fighting for their, land, reminding people of the need to win back their, kingdom., Work out, , A 1. b, B, , 1., 3., 4., 5., , 2. a, , 3. b, , 4. b, , Baba Tilka Manjhi, 2. dikus, aboriginal, Surchandra, Tikendrajit, Andhra Pradesh, , 5. c, , 3. T, , 4. F, , 5. T, , D 1. The adivasis or the aboriginal people of India, , Tribal Societies, , Investigate, • The tribal groups decided to unite as some pieces, of land belonging to them had been given over to, the Pathans and Sikhs., • Yes, they were justified in their actions because, strength lies in unity and they would have faced the, opponent better if they were united., • No, the British would not have aided them if they, had appealed to them., , 2. F, , 4., , 5., , E, , inhabited different forested and hilly regions of, the country. The word adivasi is a combination, of adi which means ‘the beginning of time’, and vasi whcih means ‘inhabitant’. So adivasi, literally translates to ‘inhabitants since the, beginning of time’. Today, the Government of, India recognizes 533 unique tribes. The Gonds,, Bhils, Santhals, Mundas, and the Kols are, some tribal groups in India., The tribals were religious people and believed, in animistic spirits. Sacrifices were performed, in order to please these spirits. Ancestors were, worshipped and they believe in death rituals, which were performed by priests., The Munda rebellion, or Ulgulan, was led, by Birsa Munda, who protested against the, encroachment of land by non-tribals. Birsa, was born on November 15, 1875 at Ulihatu in, Ranchi, a part of the Chotanagpur region. His, parents were labourers. His house and living, were both humble., The tribals practiced shifting agriculture. They, also engaged in cattle rearing, weaving and, fishing., The tribal people inhabit the hilly and forested, area of the country. They are found mostly in, Chhota Nagpur area, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Meghalaya., , 1. The British seized large areas of land, cultivated by adivasis to grow cash crops such, as indigo, jute, and cotton. Their land was, sold to the zamindars who were made owners, of that land. The tribal policy of the British, did away with many of the rights that the, tribals had enjoyed and forced them to work, as landless labourers with minimum wages,, especially in the tea plantations of Assam., 2. Yes, the Santhal Rebellion was a massive, uprising. From 1784–85, Baba Tilka Manjhi, organized the Santhals to form the Mukti Dal, to, fight against the British. This was the beginning, of the liberation movement of the Santhals,, known as the Santhal Hul. The movement, reached its peak in 1855. Many Santhals joined, this movement. On June 30, 1855, a large group, of Santhals declared their independence, and, decided to fight Zamindars, moneylenders, and, the British., 3. The British imposed heavy land tax in the North, East. In Kamrup and Darrang, it was increased, from 50 per cent to 70 per cent. This led to an, agitation in 1893–94. The peasants had been, , 125, , COURSEBOOK KEYS, , the ryotwari system as it did away with dealing with, corrupt officials and the peasants had to directly, interact with the British officials.

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COURSEBOOK KEYS, , unable to pay the imposed taxes, so the British, seized their land and ruthlessly suppressed, their agitation. In 1872, armed forces were sent, to the Garo hills. The Garo tribals rose in revolt, under the leadership of Pa Togan Sangma., This too was suppressed. U Kiang Nangbah,, a young man in his thirties, rebelled against, British injustice in Jaintia hills. In Manipur, there, was a war of succession between Surchandra,, the eldest son of the King of Haripur, and his, stepbrother Tikendrajit. Surchandra took, the help of the British forces. Tikendrajit was, defeated and hanged., 4. Alluri Sitaram Raju, followed in 1922–23., Raju was a complex personality, an admirer, of Mahatma Gandhi and his tactics. He was, the one to lead the tribal people in their first, guerrilla warfare against the English. The, rebellion gradually died down after Raju’s, capture and killing in May 1924., 5. Adivasis were self-sufficient and were, minimally dependent on the market. They, would clear small areas of land in forests or, hilly regions for shifting cultivation. Forest, produce was used for the purpose of building, houses, making mats, etc. Besides this, occupation, they engaged in cattle rearing,, fishing and weaving. Soon, they started, getting influenced by the lifestyle and culture, of the people of the plains. They adopted the, barter system and exchanged forest produce, for what they needed from the market., Think, 1. Pungi, 2. Naag Panchami. In Hinduism, a snake represents, Kundlaini Shakti and is ornament of Lord Shiva., Indian mythological books are famously filled, with stories, fables and pictures of snakes. Lord, Vishnu’s couch is the green, thousand-headed, snake (Ananta or Sesha) who could hold up the, earth. Even Lord Krishna is called ‘Kaliya Mardan’, to commemorate his victory over the giant snake,, Kaliya., 3. Snake charming is an old tradition in which a pungi, was played by a charmer in front of a snake which, is too sluggish probably with medications. The, charmer pretends to have hypnotized the snake, with the music from his pungi. Baning of snake, charming is appropriate as this tradition leads to a, lot of cruelty against snakes., Life skills and values, *Yes, I agree with this statement. The biggest, health misconception is that we, with our modern, , 126, , technology, can improve their quality of life. This has, rarely been true. Nearly every encounter between an, indigenous group and so-called modern society has, been disastrous for the former., , 5, , Crafts and Industries, , Take off, • The Santhals referred to the British as Dikus., • The Munda rebellion was led by Birsa Munda., Warm up, • Bidar in Karnataka, Investigate, • Heavy taxes were imposed on the Indian goods, brought to the British markets so as to promote, the sale of British-manufactured goods., • India did not undergo industrialization as Britain, did as India was under the British rule and the, British were not interested in improving the Indian, industries., • *India was better of under Mughal rule., Find out, French and Portuguese, Case Study, Jamsetji Tata chose Jamshedpur to set up his iron and, steel plant because of the following reasons:, • It was near the confluence of the rivers, Subarnarekh and Kharkai in Jharkhand., • This place was only 32 km away from Kalimati, station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line., • It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese, deposits as well as to Kolkata, which provided a, large market., • TISCO, gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron, ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from, Orissa and Chhattisgarh., • The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured, sufficient water supply. Government initiatives, provided adequate capital for its later development., Work out, , A 1. a, , 2. c, , B 1. raw materials, , C, , 3. d, , 4. d, , 5. d, , 2. Industrial Revolution, 3. Indian handicrafts, 4. 1907, 5. aurang, 1. T, 2. T, 3. F, 4. T, 5. F

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2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , E, , 1., , 2., , 3., , different industries in both urban and rural, areas. Weaving, pottery, sculpturing and, metals were the main industries in the rural, areas. Family-run businesses were common in, the villages., Deindustrialization occurred in India during, the colonial rule as the native industries, collapsed and disintegrated due to the policies, of the British. Merchants and bankers ceased, to be involved in the textile trade., The English East India Company was a trading, company till 1757. Their main objective was to, purchase goods, such as cotton, silk, spices,, indigo, and sugar, which they then sold in, the European markets at a huge profit. The, Indian rulers of that time were in favour of, establishing factories in different parts of the, country., Under the one-way free trade imposed by the, East India Company in 1813 the Indian cloth, materials were made highly taxable in England, whereas British goods were sold at extremely, cheap prices in the Indian market., The tea industry became the biggest, plantation industry. The location, climate, and the slopes of the mountains facilitated, tea growth and made it the most flourishing, business. Many tea companies emerged in, South India and British India became the, largest exporter of tea with England as its, largest buyer., The English East India Company was a trading, company till 1757. Their main objective was to, purchase goods, such as cotton, silk, spices,, indigo, and sugar, which they then sold in, the European markets at a huge profit. The, Indian rulers of that time were in favour of, establishing factories in different parts of the, country. Eventually, the Indian handicrafts, industry suffered a great setback because of, the policies of the British., As per the laws of the British Parliament,, the use of Indian cotton and silk was not, permitted in England. The English East, India Company were ruthless with the, Indian craftsmen and artisans. The weavers, were paid poorly. They ultimately left their, jobs and started working as farmers. The, Indian handicraft industry suffered a huge, misfortune because of this., The end of the 19th century saw the, development of two types of industries, in India—the plantation industry and the, , Think, 1. With the Industrial Revolution the weaving industry, in India received a set back. The British were not, interested in handicrafts from India. Indian cloth, was sold at a very high rate in England. The British, required raw material from India. The weavers, were poorly paid and their working conditions were, miserable., 2. Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Bengal are few major states where weaving, industries are found., , 6, , The Revolt of 1857, , Take off, • The first jute mill was established in Rishra, in Bengal., • The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in, the 18th century., Warm up, • A strike is a form of protest organized by a group of, employees to gain concession from their employer., • Strikes are an expression of public freedom in, democracy., , 127, , COURSEBOOK KEYS, , machine industry. The demand for indigo, tea, and coffee attracted many European nations, to explore the rich plantations of India. Indigo,, a natural dye obtained from plants, was mainly, grown in Bengal and Bihar. Indigo was in a, huge demand overseas. In the second half, of the 19th century, the machine industry, emerged in India. Jute was already a popular, material in India. It was woven by hand into a, coarse cloth. In 1855, mass production of jute, started. The first jute mill was set up in Rishra, in Bengal. By the end of the 19th century,, there were more than 5000 looms functioning, in the mills., 4. Although foreign trade expanded and India, established trade relationships with the USA,, Japan and Germany, there was a decline in the, export of manufactured goods, as new India, became an importer of manufactured goods., Heavy taxes were levied on Indian goods while, British goods entering India were exempted of, heavy taxes., 5. From being the largest supplier and exporter,, India now became a consumer of British, finished products. The British imported their, manufactured products in India on a massive, scale., , D 1. Before the British arrived in India, there were

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COURSEBOOK KEYS, , Find out, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Investigate, • The British were keen to annex Jhansi after its, ruler died. They therefore refused to acknowledge, the adopted son of the Raja as the ruler of Jhansi., They expelled Rani of Jhansi and annexed Jhansi by, applying the Doctrine of Lapse., • Values we learn from Rani of Jhansi are of bravery, and courage. She never lost hope she was, determined to regain her Jhansi from the hands of, the British., Work out, , A 1. d, B, , 2. a, , 3. d, , 1. Administrative, 3. Doctrine of Lapse, 5. viceroy, , C 1. T, , 2. F, , 3. T, , 4. b, , 5. d, , 2. Queen of England, 4. famines, 4. F, , 5. T, , D 1. The Revolt of 1857 was devoid of any, communal barriers. It seemed that the two, communities had one objective, to challenge, the oppression of the British. The combined, strength of the people frightened the British, rulers. This changed the British policy in India., , E, , 128, , 2. The Doctrine of Lapse, 3. The introduction of the Enfield Rifles is, considered as the immediate cause of, the Revolt of 1857. It was believed that the, cartridges used in the rifles were greased with, the fat of animals. Before the cartridges could, be used, their greased paper covers had to be, bitten off, and the Indian soldiers refused to, do this., 4. From the time of the mutineers’ seizure of, Delhi, the British operations to suppress the, mutiny were divided into three parts. First, came the desperate struggles at Delhi, Kanpur,, and Lucknow during the summer; then the, operations around Lucknow in the winter, of 1857–58, directed by Sir Colin Campbell;, and finally the mopping up campaigns of Sir, Hugh Rose in early 1858. Peace was officially, declared on July 8, 1858., 5. The soldiers of the Bengal Army faced, immense strain of being deployed at the, Burma and China borders. This caused great, resentment towards the British., 1. Social causes: Lord Bentinck made the, practice of sati punishable. Widow re-marriage, , was made legal. Female infanticide, child, marriage and polygamy were banned., The common people did not like this, transformation of their society., Political causes: Dalhousie’s policy of, annexation unnerved the rulers of the princely, states as one kingdom after the other, passed into the hands of the Company. The, annexation of Satara (1848), Nagpur (1854), and Jhansi (1853) also angered the affected, people. Nana Saheb, the adopted son of, Baji Rao II, was not recognized as an heir by, the British. He too became an enemy of the, British along with Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, and Bahadur Shah, the last Mughal emperor., Military causes: The plight of the Indian, soldiers in the army was also one of the causes, of the Revolt of 1857. The British officers were, given all the important posts in the army,, while the Indians were given the lower ranks., The high-ranking British officers treated their, Indian subordinates with total disregard., Indian soldiers were paid less than the British, soldiers., 2. The six main centres of revolt were Kanpur,, Lucknow, Bareilly, Jhansi, Gwalior, and Arrah., 3. Reasons for the revolt’s failure were:, • The leadership of the movement was weak., Most of its leaders were motivated by, narrow and personal gains. They fought to, liberate their own territories., • The revolt did not spread to all parts of, India. The regions in the south and north did, not participate in the revolt. Many groups, and large sections of the Indian society did, not support the revolt., • There was a lack of common purpose, amongst the rebels. The revolt was largely, unorganized and the rebels lacked any, ideology., • The rebels lacked resources. They were, short of finances and weapons. The British, had more sophisticated weapons and an, organized army. The Indian rebels lacked, planning and had no clear direction., 4. Although a failure, the Revolt of 1857 brought, far-reaching changes in both political and, social aspects of the Indian society. The British, East India Company’s rule ended in India and, the country was placed under the direct rule of, Queen Victoria of England. The designation of, the Governor-General of India was changed to, viceroy. Lord Canning became the first viceroy, of India.

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Think, 1. The picture is of last Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah, Zafar., 2. Bahadur Shah Zafar joined the rebels in order to, defeat the British., 3. Bahadur Shah Zafar was sent to Rangoon for life, time imprisonment., , • In my opinion if British had not arrived in India the, official language of Indians would have been Urdu., Find out, A person who knows several foreign languages well or, studies languages or linguistics., Work out, , A 1. d, , C, , 2., 3., 4., 5., 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , Take off, • The first jute mill was established in Rishra, in Bengal., • The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century., , Investigate, • The British wanted to use English as a medium, of instruction because they wanted to introduce, the western system of education and they believe, this would make education more progressive and, advance., • The English language gave the Indians a common, platform. Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan, Roy used the English language to bring social, reforms in the country., , 4. c, , 5. c, , Sanskrit, Non-cooperation, Dayananda Saraswati, John Stuart Mill, F, 2. T, 3. T, , 4. T, , 5. F, , D 1. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a key figure in, , Colonial Education, , Warm up, Yes, the programme ‘each one teach one’ is very, useful in educating people, especially those living in, the slums., , 3. b, , B 1. Pathshalas, madarsas, , Life skills and values, *The qualities of the leaders of the Revolt of 1857 that, we would want to inculcate are determination and, courage. The rebels were less in number and not wellequipped. They did not have the support of whole of, India. Yet, they were determined to fight for their rights, and they did fight with bravery., , 7, , 2. d, , 5., , E, , 1., , 2., , Bengal Renaissance. He set up 35 schools for, girls, and developed an innovative method of, teaching Sanskrit., According to Anglicists the traditional system, of education did not provide modern and, scientific education., Universities based on the model of, London University were set up in the, recommendations of the Wood’s Despatch., According to the English Education Act, of 1835, the East India Company, which, supported the usage of native languages, as a medium of instruction would no longer, do it. Only the Company would support the, institutions that taught western education, with English as the medium of instruction, financially., The aims of the National Council of Education, were:, a. To impart in regional Indian languages., b. To encourage the study of culture, arts, and, natural sciences., The British wanted to educate the Indians for, two main reasons:, a. The introduction of the English language, would expose educated Indians to western, culture, literature, and science., b. They wanted to employ educated Indians in, administration, as it would be benefit them, economically., Gandhiji’s idea of basic education (nai talim), was based on a vision to promote skill-based, education like crafts and handwork. He, took note of the socio-economic needs of, the country, and wanted vocational training, , 129, , COURSEBOOK KEYS, , 5. The main features of the Government of India, Act 1858 were:, • The social customs and the traditions of the, people of India would be respected and no, discrimination would be made on the basis, of caste or religion., • The people of India would be given jobs in, public offices based on their qualification., • The policy of annexation and expansion, along with the Doctrine of Lapse were, discontinued., • Promises were also made regarding, industrial and public welfare development.

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COURSEBOOK KEYS, , or work experience to be the pivot of the, educational system. Gandhiji believed this, would enable a student to value the dignity, of work., 3. The main recommendations of the Wood’s, Despatch were:, a. To set up an educational institution in every, province of India., b. Educational institutions based in the, model of the London University should, be established in Bombay, Calcutta and, Madras., c. To give grants and aid to the private, institutions in India., d. To use the vernacular languages as the, medium of instruction besides English., e. Setting up an education department in all, the provinces., 4. The English education helped develop India, on lines of modern and scientific principles., Many universities were established in India., A number of commissions and committees, were appointed by the British to look into, and improve the Indian system of education., Many nationalists also formed their own, organizations to improve the education of the, country., 5. Rabindranath Tagore wanted to establish an, educational system where students would be, happy, carefree, creative and free to explore., He believed that this would be possible only if, a child was exposed to a natural environment., Therefore, he established a school and the, Vishwabharti University in rural Shantiniketan,, which meant ‘the abode of peace’. This was, a place where children could harness and, nourish their creativity and talent, and could, be taught art and culture., Think, 1. The person in the picture shown is Swami, Dayananda Saraswati., 2. Swami Dayananda put emphasis on the Veda. He, praised the culture of the Vedas in no uncertain, terms. He gave the slogan “Go back to the Vedas”., He discerned how the Vedas contained the, message of equality, parity and several reforms., The Vedas contain scientific knowledge, several, reforms, philosophy and doctrines of morality., Dayananda emphasized that the Indian society, can be reformed and reconstructed by following, the Vedic practices. Thus, he re-established the, importance of Veda on a solid foundation., , 130, , 3. Dayananda emphasized that the Indian society can, be reformed and reconstructed by following the, Vedic practices. Although Dayananda immortalized, the Vedas, however, he opposed idol worship. He, raised voice against ritualistic religious practices., Dayananda brought uncompromising revolution in, the field of religion. He spearheaded his crusade, against caste system and untouchability. He, reinterpreted the system of Varna mentioned in the, Veda. It was meant for occupational purpose in the, society., Life skills and values, *I agree with the statement that ‘holistic education, nurtures talents.’ By holistic education we mean, education that helps to develop physical as well, as mental ability of a child. It educates a child to, be self-reliant as well as to be able to work as part, of the society that he or she grows into. To impart, holistic education the educators have to be trained in, imparting integrated curriculum. Albert Einstein once, said you cannot teach a fish to climb trees. Each child, has a special talent and this talent can be brought out, by giving holistic education., , 8, , Women and Reforms, , Take off, • The Asiatic Society was established by Sir William, Jones in 1784., • In 1854, Charles Wood gave his recommendations, for spreading of English education through Wood’s, Despatch., Warm up, Malala is a brave girl because she fought for women, education despite an attack been made on her life for, doing so., Find out, Women were excluded from inheriting property, because they were given dowry at the time of their, marriage., Investigate, • The poet has compared the beauty of his beloved, to the pearls found in the sea of Oman., • Minstrels performed songs whose lyrics told, stories of distant places or of existing or imaginary, historical events. Although minstrels created, their own tales, often they would memorize and, embellish the works of others.

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in the position of women in Indian society., He opposed the tradition of sati and strongly, promoted widow remarriage. He opened many, schools which imparted modern education, and Indian culture., , Work out, , A 1. c, , 2. d, , 3. a, , 4. d, , B 1. F, , 2. T, , 3. T, , 4. T, , C, , 5. F, , 1. The social evils that existed before, independence included Sati, female, infanticide, polygamy, child marriage, dowry,, purdah system etc. Women had no right to, inherit their family’s or the husband’s property., 2. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar set up 35 schools, for girls, and developed an innovative method, of teaching Sanskrit., 3. Begum Rokeya (1880–1932), opened a school, for Muslim girls known as the Sakhawat, Memorial Girls’ School in Kolkata in 1911., 4. Under the purdah system women were, supposed to stay inside their houses—the, kitchen and bedrooms. Many areas of the, house were not accessible to women. Women, would go out in palanquins, so that people, who did not belong to the family could not, see them. Women were expected to cover, themselves completely even if they were not, comfortable in it., 5. Lord William Bentinck, , D 1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is called the ‘father of, , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , modern India’ because he was a pioneer of, western education and championed the cause, of women empowerment., Pandita Ramabai made significant, contribution towards the upliftment of women., She founded the Arya Mahila Samaj and, Sharda Sadan a facility to house the widows, and schoolgirls of Mumbai. Pandita Ramabai, made an effort to provide education and, vocational training to women., The position of women in the 19th century was, miserable. Women were subject to many social, evils such as sati and polygamy. Widow remarriage was unheard of and women did not, have the right to inherit the property of their, fathers or husbands., The social reformers change the Indian society, as they fought against the social evils that, were prevalent in those days. They insisted on, education particularly for the educating the, women., Swami Dayananda (1824–1883), the founder, of Arya Samaj, also fought for improvements, , Think, 1. No, these girls probably don’t go to school., 2. Rajasthan, 3. Basic facilities like water should be provided near, their homes so that they do not have to walk for, miles to fetch water. This will give them time to, attend school and get educated. In far off villages, where there are no schools the government should, establish schools for these children., Life skills and values, *• Stop giving and taking Dowry., • Punishing those indulging in getting their, daughters married before the age of 18., • Empowering women with education., • Planning some projects to create jobs for women to, provide them economic independence., • Create a cell where the women can ask for help in, case of domestic violence., , 9, , Challenging the Caste System, , Take off, • Raja Ram Mohan Roy advocated against the, practice of sati., • The Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayananda, Saraswati., Warm up, Only children of upper caste were allowed to sit in the, front row., Find out, Baranagar, Kolkata, Investigate, • According to Jyotiba Phule lack of education leads, to lack of wisdom which is the source of all evils in, the society., • Jyotiba Phule was an important figure among the, socio-religious reformers of India. He revolted, against the unjust caste system under which, millions of Indians suffered. In this regard, he is, hailed as the father of social revolution in India and, is called Mahatma Phule., , 131, , COURSEBOOK KEYS, , • Yes, the life of wandering women minstrels would, be much harder than the lives of men as they had, to travel far and without many places of rest in their, journey.

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COURSEBOOK KEYS, , Work out, , A 1. d, , 2. c, , 3. b, , 4. a, , B 1. Kandukuri Veereasalingam Pantulu, 2., 3., 4., 5., , E.V. Ramasami Periyar, Mahatma Gandhi, social reformers, abroad, , C 1. F, , 2. T, , 3. F, , 4. T, , 5. T, , D 1. Untouchability refers to the low status of, 2., 3., 4., 5., , E, , 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 132, , particular castes who perform menial tasks., There were no images of gods and goddesses, in the temples established by Narayana Guru., Ramakrishna Mission, Justice Ranade and Dr Ramakrishna G, Bhandarkar, Swami Vivekananda was a disciple of Sri, Ramakrishna. He explained that no religious, text prescribed the caste system, and that,, it was a social, not religious system. He, stressed on humanism and doing service to, mankind. According to him, no religion spoke, of untouchability., The caste system remains a major social evil, in India. Hindus were divided into four main, castes: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and, Shudra. Each caste was divided into many, sub-castes. This system created great disunity, among the people. The Shudras were banned, from using public places like temples, schools,, wells and even rivers. They were treated as, ‘untouchables’. People belonging to higher, castes could not travel overseas as they feared, losing the purity of their caste. Thus, the caste, system prevented people from developing a, feeling of brotherhood., The social reformers made efforts in removing, the evils of society such as the caste system, and untouchability. They also worked towards, the upliftment of the women and stressed, on doing away with child marriages, purdah, system and other evils., Raja Ram Mohan Roy condemned the, oppression of the lower castes by the upper, castes. He wanted people to understand, the meaning of the scriptures so that they, could free themselves from meaningless, rituals of religion. Therefore, he got the Vedas, and Upnishads translated into Bengali. He, established the Brahmo Samaj in 1828, as an, expression of his concept of universal worship., Dr Ambedkar belonged to a lower caste and, experienced a lot of indignities because of, , this. He fought for the cause of removing, untouchability. He organized the All India, Deprived Class Federation. He organized many, campaigns for lower castes to be allowed to, enter temples, and draw water from the wells, belonging to upper castes. B. R. Ambedkar, involved the deprived classes in the national, movement. He published a paper known, as ‘Castes in India’ and published a weekly, called Mooknayak, which attacked the Hindu, orthodox legacy. The Bahishkrit Hitkarini, Sabha was formulated with the objective of, promoting education and the social upliftment, of the backward and deprived classes., 5. E.V. Ramasamy was a campaigner of the right, of the lower castes because he fought against, the domination by Brahmins. He also criticized, Hindu scriptures openly. He encouraged lower, castes to free themselves from the clutches of, religion in order to achieve social equality. He, established a self-respect movement to fight, for the rights of the Dalits, especially securing, government jobs through the reservation, policy., Think, 1. Mahatma Gandhiji played a memorable role in, uplifting the untouchables. Gandhiji popularized, the word ‘Harijan’ meaning ‘the people of God’, — a word which was first coined and used by, a Gujarati Brahmin saint by name Narasinha, Mehta. According to Gandhiji, the practice of, untouchability is “a leper wound in the whole-body, of Hindu politic”. He even regarded it as “the hate, fullest expression of caste”. He made it his life’s, mission to wipe out untouchability and to uplift, the depressed and the downtrodden people. As a, servant of mankind, he preached that all human, beings are equal and hence the Harijans too have a, right for social life along with other caste groups., 2. No, untouchability does not exist today. We still, have a caste system, particularly in the villages., Life skills and values, *It is very sad and disheartening that still this practice, of discrimination exists in our country. Unless we get, rid of this social evil all our developmental goals will, remain meaningless. The caste system is the worst, evil that our society ever experienced. If a group of, people is ignored and deprived of their basic rights, on the basis of birth, they can never raise to the level, of development comparing to other groups of people., As a result the over all development of the country, remain a dream.

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Take off, • Mahatma Gandhi protested against untouchability., • Gulamgiri was written by Jyotiba Phule., Warm up, The reason things are becoming expensive is because, new money is continually created. New money is, created when loans are made, and this leads to, inflation (inflation of the money supply). But when, you adjust for inflation, the cost of most things has, actually declined., Find out, Fort St. George, Investigate, • The British lived inside fortified areas as they were, safe from any sudden native uprising., • *In my opinion, the Indians would not like this, segregation by the ruling class and it must have, demoralized them., Case Study, The India Gate is a war memorial located astride the, Rajpath, on the eastern edge of the ceremonial axis, of New Delhi, formerly called Kingsway. It stands as, a memorial to 70,000 soldiers of the British Indian, Army who died in between 1914–1921 in the First, World War, in France, Flanders, Mesopotamia, Persia,, East Africa, Gallipoli and elsewhere in the Near and the, Far East, and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. 13,300, servicemen’s names, including some soldiers and, officers from the United Kingdom, are inscribed on, the gate., Work out, , A 1. b, B, , 2. b, , 3. c, , 1. Bombay, 3. Calcutta, Agra, 5. Lord Cornwallis, , C 1. F, , 2. T, , 4. a, 2. Lord Macaulay, 4. Chinnapatanam, , 3. F, , 4. T, , 5. T, , D 1. The important cities of ancient India include, Pataliputra, Kannauj, Mathura and Varanasi., 2. New avenues for work, better living conditions,, better infrastructure led to some places, develop into cities., 3. Urbanization refers to the growth, progress,, and development of towns and cities, which, is mainly due to two factors, namely, growing, population and industrialization., , E, , 4. During the rule of the British, urban centres, had civil lines and cantonment areas. While, the civil lines had administrative offices and, residential buildings of European officers,, cantonments were for the army., 5. Hill stations like Shimla, Nainital, Mussoorie,, Darjeeling, Shillong, Ooty and Kodaikanal were, established as summer resorts as the English, were not used to the extreme summers., 1. Calcutta was one of the first cities, which came, up in India as a result of mass construction of, houses, buildings, colonies and road networks., This urbanized the small town and it soon, became a major centre of power., 2. During the rule of the British, urban centres, had civil lines and cantonment areas. While, the civil lines had administrative offices and, residential buildings of European officers,, cantonments were for the army. The, development of mini cities and towns made, it necessary to develop a system of transport, to deliver manufactured goods from, and, transport raw materials to Great Britain., Therefore, an effort was made to connect, major cities, ports, and markets by road., 3. The British developed the railways with the, objective of quick movement of troops to, different parts of the country. This benefitted, British capitalists through contracts given, for construction. The profits earned by the, railways were sent to England., 4. Public works like piped water supply, sewage,, and street lights, parks, and playgrounds, were set up in the civil lines and cantonment, areas. Municipalities were set up to provide, civic amenities like education, sanitation, and, public works in major towns and cities. The, District Magistrate was the ex-officio chairman, of each municipality and he was assisted by, commissioners., 5. Delhi is located on the banks of the river, Yamuna. Remains of seven major cities have, been unearthed in Delhi, from Indraprastha to, Shahjahanabad. Edwin Lutyens designed New, Delhi, that has landmarks like the Rashtrapati, Bhawan, India Gate, and the Parliament. The, two secretariats in North Block and South, Block were designed by Hubert Baker. The, architecture of Delhi is unique. The famous, Mughal Gardens is part of the Rashtrapati, Bhavan. This was meant as the residence of, the British Viceroy before independence., , 133, , COURSEBOOK KEYS, , 10 Colonialism and Urban Change

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COURSEBOOK KEYS, , Think, 1. As Shimla is a hill station and the British found the, summers in India very hot, they decided to make it, their summer capital., 2. There are a number of factors that affect the, distribution of climate around the world; altitude,, winds, proximity of sea, the rotation of earth and, so on. The parameter that affects the atmospheric, temperature the most is the altitude of the place., Hill stations placed at a higher altitude are thus, cooler than the plains., 3. The British were keen to urbanize India as they, needed good infrastructure and transport for their, own use., Life skills and values, *Delhi is located on the banks of the river Yamuna., Remains of seven major cities have been unearthed in, Delhi, from Indraprastha to Shahjahanabad. I visited, some of the great palces in Delhi. Edwin Lutyens, designed New Delhi with popular landmarks like the, Rashtrapati Bhavan, India Gate, and the Parliament., Hubert Baker designed the two secretariats in North, Block and South Block. The architecture of Delhi is, unique. The famous Mughal Gardens is part of the, Rashtrapati Bhavan. This was meant as the residence, of the British Viceroy before independence. The India, Gate was built to commemorate the soldiers who laid, down their lives for their country., , Case Study, • The exposure to English education and western, culture greatly reformed the Indian society. The, people were now exposed to scientific knowledge, and they became aware of the new trends in, literature, art and philosophy. Western ideas of, reason, equality, liberty and humanity inspired, them. The spread of liberal ideas in the west, provided further stimulus for the emergence of, reform movements. The weaknesses and decay, of the Indian society became apparent to the, educated Indians. They questioned the age-old, practices, traditions and beliefs of the Hindu, society, shifting the focus from religion to social, and economic issues. This steered in a cultural, awakening that completely swept the nation., • There were many areas in which British political, power and culture intersected with Indian society, in formative ways that became part of the legacy, of modern India. These included the demarcation, of the territorial borders of British India; the, impact on the economy; the use of English as the, medium of instruction in higher education; new, urbanization; religious movements; the position of, women in civil society; and constitutionalism., Work out, , A 1. a, , 2. b, , 3. c, , 4. a, , B 1. F, , 2. T, , 3. F, , 4. T, , 5. F, , C 1. Two writers of Hindi literature are Munshi, , 11 Changes in the Arts: Painting, Literature, and Architecture, Take off, • The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan., • Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote, Vande Mataram., Warm up, Rabindranath Tagore’s vision of a casteless free, society is true now as there is no longer any class, distinction made in any sphere of life., Investigate, • Mahatma Gandhi saw the use of non-violence as a, sign of strength., • Gandhiji used non-violence as a means to achieve, independence as he wanted freedom on peaceful, terms., Find out, Angrez or firangi, , 134, , 2., 3., 4., , D 1., , 2., , Premchand who wrote Godaan and Gaban, and Phanishwarnath Renu who wrote Maila, Aanchal and Marey Gaye Gulfam., The Hindu and Swadeshmitram, The Asiatic Society was founded by, William Johns., Two schools of Indian music are the Carnatic, music and the Hindustani music., Some popular themes used by authors in, their works included the social and political, conditions of the people of the times. By, the 19th century, India witnessed a shift in, literature from topics related to tradition,, mythology and religion to those related to the, actual conditions that the people were living in., Architecture of Mumbai: The British built, many magnificent buildings. The city of, Mumbai consisted of seven islands. It is, named after the goddess Mumbai devi and is, located near the Chowpatty beach. Some of, the important buildings which reflect Indian, and European architecture are—The Prince, of Wales Museum built to commemorate

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Think, 1. It was named after Queen Victoria and its architect, was T.W. Stevans., 2. The British constructed such monuments as to, leave a glorified legacy of their rule in India., Life skills and values, Aurobindo Ghosh, Gopal Krishna Gokhle and Khan, Abdul Gaffar Khan, , 12 The Nationalist Movements: Rise and, Growth till 1905, Take off, • Maila Aanchal was written by Phanishwar Nath, ‘Renu’., • Godaan was written by Munshi Prem Chand., Warm up, *Yes, I am proud to be an Indian. India is a land of, different cultures and languages. I am proud of my, country’s strength in showing unity in diversity., Find out, In 1877, the British organized a Grand Delhi Durbar, to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India., Indians were angry because lakhs were spent for this, when South India was suffering from famine. Another, repressive act was the abolishing of import duties, on British textiles. This crippled the Indian textile, industry., Investigate, • India has a rich cultural history therefore it was not, possible to anglicize Indians., • A study of our ancient culture would develop a, feeling of national pride and patriotism. It will instil, national pride in all Indians., • By encouraging a study of the Indian literature, • As English became a common medium of, instruction it became easy for people to, understand and absorb the ideals of regional, literature translated into English., Work out, , A 1. d, , 2. a, , 3. d, , 4. c, , 5. b, , B 1. Ilbert, 2., 3., 4., 5., , Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee, Lytton, Orissa, Bengal, Indian peasants, , 135, , COURSEBOOK KEYS, , the visit of the Prince of Wales, the future, King of Great Britain. It was designed by, George Wittet. The building is three storeys, high with a dome the balconies and floors, depict the Mughal style of architecture. It, has rare exhibits of ancient India and art, objects of foreign countries. The Victoria, Terminus is also known as the Chhatrapati, Shivaji Terminus. It is one of the grandest, railway stations of the country. It looks like a, cathedral and reflects Gothic Architecture. It, took 10 years (1878 to 1888) to complete the, terminus. It was named after Queen Victoria, and its architect was T. W. Stevans. The, Gateway of India was built to commemorate, the visit of King George V and Queen Mary to, India in 1911. It was designed by George Wittet., It is near the Prince of Wales Museum. It has a, high archway and intricate lattice work. Other, important buildings are the Secretariat, the, Town Hall, University of Mumbai, Elephanta, Caves, Elphinstone Circle etc., Architecture of Chennai: The largest judicial, building in Chennai, the High Court was built, in 1892. It has striking features are elegant, domes and corridors. Two of the important, buildings located in Chennai are the War, Memorial and the Senate house. The War, Memorial was built in 1939 in memory of the, warriors who gave up their lives, during the, World War I. The Senate House was once an, examination hall of the Madras University,, and was designed by Robert Fellows. Its, main features are the dome and stained, glass windows. It depicts the Indo-British, style of architecture. The Museum houses, many old buildings, like a theatre, a library, an, art gallery, etc., 3. The Indian People’s Theatre Association was, founded with an objective to bring about a, cultural awakening. Prithviraj Kapur, Bijon, Bhattacharya, Ritwik Ghatak, Utpal Dutt,, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, Salil Choudhuri and, Pt Ravi Shankar constituted this association at, its inception., 4. William Jones founded the Asiatic Society in, 1784. Its objective was to orient the English with, history, heritage, arts, science and literature, of Asia. Many people were members of this, society and they studied Indian literature and, philosophy with passion., 5. Rabindranath Tagore was a great proponent of, dance, as he merged various forms of dance, and called it Rabindra Nritya.

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COURSEBOOK KEYS, , C 1. T, , 2. F, , 3. T, , 4. T, , 5. F, , D 1. The Indian Association of Calcutta set up, 2., 3., , 4., , 5., , E, , 1., , 2., , 3., , 136, , in 1876., Dadabhai Naoroji and Surendranath, Bannerjee, Indians had realized that the British policies, were discriminatory and biased. There was, no way that the Indians would be treated as, equal. This led to the realization that the only, way to achieve equality was complete freedom, from British rule. Also, the introduction of, western education created a systematic and, uniform mode of communication throughout, the country. It also exposed Indians to new, ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity, democracy, and sovereignty., The Vernacular Press Act was enacted in 1878, to curtail the freedom of the Indian-language., It was proposed by Lord Lytton, then viceroy, of India (governed 1876–80). The act was, intended to prevent the vernacular press, from expressing criticism of British policies—, notably, the opposition that had grown with, the outset of the Second Anglo-Afghan War, (1878–80)., The growth of the press and literature became, the primary mode of communication between, the people of India. It encouraged a feeling, of patriotism and a sense of unity among, the people., The Ilbert Bill was a bill introduced in 1883 for, British India by Viceroy Ripon that proposed, an amendment for existing laws in the, country at the time to allow Indian judges, and magistrates the jurisdiction to try British, offenders in criminal cases at the District level,, something that was disallowed at the time., British control over India led to economic, exploitation of the country. British rule, brought an end to traditional industries, and reduced India to a country that merely, supplies raw materials to Britain at extremely, low costs. The manufactured products would, then be brought to India and sold in the, markets at high prices. Heavy taxes were, imposed on Indian farmers leading to the, loss of their livelihoods. This caused a sharp, decline in farming practices and agriculture,, thereby breaking the very foundation which, formed the basis of the economy of India., The main objective of the Moderates, was to train and make the Indians aware, about self-governance. To facilitate this,, they wanted the civil service exams to be, , conducted simultaneously in India and, England. The resolution held in the annual, session made appropriate demands like larger, representation of Indians in both central and, provincial legislatures. They demanded for, a complete separation of powers between, the executive and the judiciary to protect the, people from arbitrary acts by the police, as, well as by the bureaucracy. The Arms Act,, which was repressive, was to be repealed, and so was the License Act. At that time, the, people were still paying huge amounts of tax, to the government and most of their income, was spent on the British army or in Britain’s, expansionist policies abroad. The Moderates, demanded that expenditure on the army, be reduced. To further development in the, country, the Moderates demanded the spread, of primary education among the masses, and also investments on developing Indian, industries., 4. Western education and rediscovering India’s, rich heritage led to an awakening of the, Indians. The people developed nationalistic, pride as they got educated. The repressive, policies of the British also helped in unifying, the people., 5. At the beginning, Lord Dufferin encouraged the, formation of the INC. However, upon realizing, that this party would not become a tool at, the hands of the British, he condemned the, association and stated that it represented only a, minority of the people., Think, 1. Bengal was a fertile state. However, Bengal was, always exploited by the various rulers for heavy, taxes. The British needed money and resources to, fight the world wars and hence they neglected the, plight of farmers of Bengal and applied enhanced, taxes even at times of famine., 2. The British could have removed the taxes at time, of famine. Relief should have been provided to, peasants and farmers in form of free ration. Free, seeds should have been distributed and increased, efforts for supplying water for irrigation should, have been made., 3. Mughal rulers like Akbar would have been more, humane and sympathetic towards the plight of the, farmers and would have provided relief to them., Life skills and values, *In his speech the moderate congress leader Gopal, Krishna Gokhale insisted that the modern generation

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13 The National Movement I, Take off, • The founder of the Indian National Congress was, A.O. Hume., • The Vernacular Press Act was introduced by Lord, Lytton., Warm up, The nationalists encouraged wearing home-made, clothes so as to promote Indian industry and give a, boost to Indian economy., Find out, A secret society formed in Bengal was Anushilan, Samiti., Investigate, • We learn the values of compassion and kindness, from Annie Besant., • Rani of Jhansi, Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi., • Home Rule became popular among the Indians, as they became hopeful of gaining complete, independence from the British rule., Work out, , A 1. d, , 2. a, , 3. c, , 4. d, , 5. d, , 4. T, , 5. T, , B 1. Nawab Salimullah, 2., 3., 4., 5., , Home Rule Movement, Ireland, Russia, Morley-Minto reforms, 1916, , C 1. T, , 2. F, , 3. F, , D 1. The Muslims, who were very disillusioned, with the British, made an effort to cooperate, with the Congress, especially Jinnah and, Muhammad Ali. In December 1916, the, Congress and the Muslim League held their, session in Lucknow and both of them decided, to be united especially with the demand for, self-government. The Congress agreed that, the Muslims would continue to be elected, through separate electorates. This agreement, came to be known as the Lucknow Pact., , E, , 2. Lord Curzon was not only an imperialist, Viceroy, but also anti-Indian in his approach., He was against any form of self-government, in India. His measures posed immense, dissatisfaction among the natives. In 1904, he, passed the University Act which brought all, the universities of India under the control of, the British. This act granted the British rights, to regulate the rising nationalistic fervour in, educational institutions., 3. While the methods of the Moderates were, more peaceful and constitutional, the, extremists wanted to achieve ‘Swaraj’ or selfgovernment, but through self-help and selfreliance. They motivated people and reminded, them of India’s past glory. They also reassured, the people to have confidence about the, future. They reminded them that in order to, achieve freedom they needed to take drastic, action which would be a blow to the British, superiority and confidence., 4. The Muslim League, was founded in Dhaka, in 1906. Nawab Salimullah, Aga Khan III and, Nawab Mohsin-Ul Mulk were associated with, its foundation., 5. The Home Rule Movement aimed at selfgovernment or swaraj., 1. In December 1916, the Congress and, the Muslim League held their session in, Lucknow and both of them decided to be, united especially with the demand for selfgovernment. The Congress agreed that the, Muslims would continue to be elected through, separate electorates. This agreement came to, be known as the Lucknow Pact., 2. The partition of Bengal was a controversial, step because the reason given for the partition, was that Bengal was a large province to be, administered properly. However, the real, reason was that the partition aimed at creating, a rift between Hindus and Muslims., 3. Both the Home Rule Movement, and the, Lucknow Pact, had a great impact on the, British government. Indian nationalists were, inspired by the Russian Revolution and its, philosophy of socialism. In August 1917,, Edwin Montagu, Secretary of State of India,, declared a change of policy. The aim of the, British government henceforth would be, towards increasing participation of the Indians, in every aspect of administration with aim of, developing self-governing institutions., 4. There are a number of reasons that led to, the rise of extremism in India. Firstly, the, , 137, , COURSEBOOK KEYS, , of educated Indians are quite capable and the British, government should understand that and give them, chances to share responsibilities of governing the, country. The audience cheered his speech with great, enthusiasm.

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COURSEBOOK KEYS, , Indian Councils Act 1909 barely met the, expectations of the people. No power was, given to its members and they existed as a, part of the Council only as a means to appease, the Indians. During the Bengal famine, the, British government did little to provide relief, to the dying masses. By this time, western, education had spread to the country and, news of the revolutions that took place in Italy,, Germany, Persia and Egypt greatly influenced, the people. The revolutionaries realized that, prayers, resolutions, petitions and deputations, had no effect on the British government., 5. The Swadeshi Movement and the boycott, received great response from the public as the, people came out in the open to burn foreign, goods. This movement gave a stimulus to, the Indian industries and handicrafts. It gave, strength to the national movement., Think, Freedom of expression is very important in a, democratic set up. Everyone has the right to freely, express his or her views. Freedom of speech protects, everyone from all walks of life to think and express, themselves freely. Without this guaranteed freedom,, unpopular opinions would be hidden out of fear, of retribution, change and progress would come, to a screeching halt and all of the other freedoms, listed throughout the Constitution and all of the, amendments that follow would crumble. In a, democratic society the Press offers us a lot of news, about the day-to-day happenings of the world. Thus, it keeps us always alive to the goings on of the globe., The newspapers publish all these news — political,, social and religious. It must have the right to publish,, these without any fear from any external authority., In countries where democracy prevails, freedom of, the press is preserved and thus helps the individual, considerably to frame his own judgments about, issues. It also makes the Government, aware of the, lapses or shortcomings of its aims and achievements., Life skills and values, *The Swadeshi movement stressed upon the use, of Indian goods and promoted Indian industries., Swadeshi Bhandars selling Indian goods were opened, in different areas. People shouted the slogan of Vande, mataram and even sang it. The government put a ban, on the slogan but it was ineffective. The British goods, are being burnt., , 138, , 14 The National Movement II, Take off, • The leader of the Extremists was Bal Gangadhar, Tilak., • Bengal was partitioned in the year 1905., Warm up, • A strike is a refusal of work organized by a body of, employees as a form of protest., • All strikes such as by those working in public, transport or public utility organizations or a, doctors’ strike affect day-to-day life of the people., • At times people are forced to strike against their, organization to secure some form of concession or, to protect any right of theirs., Find out, Jammu and Kashmir and Mysore were the two, princely states of British India., Investigate, • The speech invokes feelings of patriotism., • Subhash Chandra Bose expresses a desire to be a, martyr for India’s freedom., • Answers will vary., Work out, , A 1. c, , 2. a, , 3. b, , 4. c, , B, , 1. 1942, 3. Dandi, 5. Gorakhpur, , C, , 1. The government, under Lord Irwin, was full of, unrest and disturbance. The British therefore,, set up a Commission with John Simon as the, chairman in 1927 to investigate the progress, of the governance scheme and to suggest new, steps for reform. This Commission comprised, seven British Members of Parliament and, not a single Indian member. This enraged the, people as it deprived Indians of their right, to participate in the determination of the, Constitution of their own country., 2. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his, knighthood to register his protest for the, indiscriminate killing of innocent people at the, Jallianwala Bagh., 3. Gandhiji joined the Khilafat movement with the, hope that it would bring Hindu-Muslim unity., , 2. Lord Mountbatten, 4. Lord Wavell

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demanding immediate withdrawal of the British, from India. This led to a mass struggle based on, non-violent methods. Gandhiji declared that he, would want nothing short of independence and, complete freedom. ‘Do or Die’ was the motto of, this movement., Think, 1. Both Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahatma, Gandhi were infallibly dedicated to the cause of, Indian freedom. They were loved by the masses and, feared by the Raj. But between themselves, these, two icons of India’s freedom movement shared, a rather frosty relationship and history is replete, with instances of trenchant differences between, them. Although Subhash Chandra was a follower, of Gandhi during the initial days, the later part of, the 1930s witnessed a growing radicalization of his, thoughts and Bose became increasingly frustrated, with the lack of momentum in the independence, movement. As Bose started to assert his bold, stance in various party forums, it led to a, polarization in the Congress party ranks., 2. The Indian National Army did not succeed in its, goal probably because of lack of proper supplies, and infrastructure., Life skills and values, Answers will vary., , 15 India After Independence, Take off, • The Indian National Army was organized by, Subhash Chandra Bose., • The last British viceroy was Lord Mountbatten., Warm up, The British introduced cricket in India and the Indian, rulers appreciated it to adulate the British. The game, soon became popular with the masses., Find out, June 2, 2014, Investigate, • No, it is not appropriate for a teacher to show, communal intolerance., • I would have felt bad too., • No, I do not believe that religious intolerance still, exists in our country., , 139, , COURSEBOOK KEYS, , D, , 4. Bhagat Singh killed Saunders to take revenge, of the lathi charge in which Lala Lajpat Rai was, hurt and he died soon after., 5. Gandhiji had no faith in the British government, and therefore, he started the non-cooperation, movement so that the functioning of the, government would come to a halt. The noncooperation movement included giving up, on government titles and boycotting the, legislatives, law courts, government schools, and colleges. This entire movement was based, on the philosophy of non-cooperation and, non-violence., 1. In 1919, an act was passed which granted the, government the right to silence the press, to, expel individuals, to set up special tribunals, and to imprison political activists or anyone, they felt suspicious about without a trial., This act was called the Rowlatt Act. This act, was shunned by the nationalists as it was, oppressive. It did not allow any lawyer to, appeal or consider any argument on behalf of, the arrested person., 2. Satyagraha, as taught by Gandhi came, to be followed by the people and posed a, new challenge to the British. The people, looked towards ousting the British through, non-violent demonstrations, strikes and, protests. Under the leadership of Gandhi,, the national movement saw the spirit of, nationalism reinvigorated in the people of, India. This movement became the first all-India, movement., 3. Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience, Movement in 1930 with the historic Dandi, March or Salt Satyagraha. He began his march, from Sabarmati Ashram with seventy-eight, followers and reached Dandi, a village situated, on the Gujarat coast. Thousands of people, joined him on his way. He broke the salt law, by making salt from sea water at the Dandi, Beach. This act symbolized the disobedience, towards the unjust salt law as per which the, British had a monopoly on the manufacture, and sale of salt., 4. The British set up a Commission with John, Simon as the chairman in 1927 to investigate, the progress of the governance scheme and to, suggest new steps for reform., 5. Two important factors that led to the Quit, India Movement were the Cripps Mission and, the Japanese threat. On August 8 1942, the, Congress committee passed a resolution

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COURSEBOOK KEYS, , Work out, , A 1. c, , 2. d, , 3. d, , 4. d, , 5. c, , B 1. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, , C, , 2., 3., 4., 5., 1., , princely, Portuguese, 22, 1950, T, 2. F, , 5., 3. T, , 4. T, , 5. T, , D 1. After a brief struggle between India and, Pakistan, Junagadh joined India on 9, November 1947. It was a part of Saurashtra, state and later Bombay state. In 1960, in, consequence of the Maha Gujarat movement,, it became part of the newly formed, Gujarat state., 2. According to the Indian Constitution equality, before law and equality of opportunities, were guaranteed and nobody would be, discriminated upon on the bases of caste,, creed, religion, sex etc. The right of the, poor and marginalized communities was, recognized by giving them special privileges., The practice of untouchability was abolished, and the marginalized communities were, allocated special privileges so that they could, be brought into the mainstream. A certain per, cent of reservations have been made for them, in educational institutions, the legislature and, jobs in the government., 3. Some countries like India did not want to join, any of the two power blocs. It was under these, circumstances that the NAM was founded., The founders of NAM were Jawaharlal Nehru,, President Tito of Yugoslavia and President, Nassar of Egypt. The NAM urged other, countries to be neutral and not join the two, major alliances. NAM had only 20 countries to, begin with, but has now grown in influence to, have more than a 100 countries., 4. The government set up the Planning, Commission in 1950 in order to formulate, and execute these policies. The Commission, was to promote a rapid rise in the standard, of living of the people by using the resources, of the country, increasing production, and, offering employment opportunities to, , 140, , E, , 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , everyone. The government tried to accomplish, this task by incorporating Five Year Plans, beginning in 1951. Through these Plans,, India has been able to advance in different, fields such as agriculture, irrigation, industry,, transport, communication and social services., After World War II, the powerful countries of, the world were divided into two blocs, that, is, the Western Bloc led by the USA and the, Eastern Bloc led by former USSR., The efforts of one man, Sardar Vallabhbhai, Patel, India’s first Home Minister, were, instrumental in absorbing the independent, princely states into the Indian fold. That is why, Sardar Patel is also known as the Iron Man, of India., By the time of independence, there were, more than 500 princely states that had to be, assimilated into the Indian nation, many of, which wanted to retain their independence, for, instance, Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir., Aims of SAARC as defined in its Charter:, a. Promote the welfare of the people of South, Asia and improve their quality of life., b. Accelerate economic growth, social, progress, and cultural development in, the region by providing all individuals the, opportunity to live with dignity., c. Promote and strengthen collective self, reliance among the countries of South Asia., d. Contribute to mutual trust, understanding,, and appreciation of one another’s problem., e. Promote active collaboration and mutual, assistance in economic, social, cultural,, technical, and scientific fields., f. Strengthen cooperation with other, countries., g. Cooperate with international and regional, organisations with similar aims and, objectives., The founders of the NAM were Jawaharlal, Nehru, President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, and President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt., The NAM urged other countries to be neutral, and not join the two major power blocs that, formed after the World War II.