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1, , CLASS 8, , HISTORY CHAPTER 9, THE MAKING OF NATIONAL, MOVEMENT 1980s - 1947, , Q.1 Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and, 1880s?, A.1 Some of the reasons for dissatisfaction with British rule in the 1870s, and 1880s are as follows:, 1. The Arms Act was passed in 1878. This Act disallowed Indians, from possessing arms., 2. The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878. This Act, empowered the government to confiscate the assets of, newspapers including their printing presses, if the newspaper, published anything “objectionable”., 3. The government tried to introduce the Ilbert Bill in 1883. The bill, made provisions for trial of British or European persons by Indians., Thus, the Ilbert Bill sought equality between British and Indian, judges in the country. But the whites opposed the Bill and forced, the government to withdraw it., 4. In general, the Indians thought that the British were unfair and there, was extreme discontentment with the colonial government., Q.2 Whom did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?, A.2 The Indian National Congress was composed of the representatives, from all the sections of the Indian society. Therefore, the party wished to, speak for all the people of the country., Q.3 What economic impact did the First World War have on India?, A.3 The First World War had the following economic impact on India:, It led to a huge rise in the defense expenditure of the Government of India., , 1., The government, in turn, increased taxes on individual incomes and, business profits., 2., Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to, a sharp rise in prices, which created great difficulties for the common people., 3., The increased demands of industrial goods such as jute bags, cloth,, rails, etc., made the business groups reap fabulous profits from the war.

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2, , CLASS 8, , HISTORY CHAPTER 9, THE MAKING OF NATIONAL, MOVEMENT 1980s - 1947, , 4., As the first world war caused a decline in imports from other countries, into India that gave an opportunity for the expansion of the Indian industries., Q4. What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?, A.4 The Muslim League passed a resolution in I940 demanding, "Independent States" in the Eastern and North-Western provinces. However,, it did not mention the division of the country or formation of the new state of, Pakistan., Q.5 Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against, British rule?, A.5 The leaders of Congress in the first twenty years of its formation, were termed as moderate., 1. They proposed to struggle against the British in a non- violent, manner., 2. They wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust nature, of British rule., 3. They published many articles in the newspapers and journals, highlighting about the increasing poverty of the country under the, British rule., 4. They criticised British rule in their speeches and sent, representatives to different parts of the country to mobilise public, support., 5. They felt that the British had respect for the ideals of freedom and, justice and so would accept the just demands of Indians., 6. Therefore, their main aim was to express these demands and make, the government aware of the feelings of Indians.

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3, , CLASS 8, , HISTORY CHAPTER 9, THE MAKING OF NATIONAL, MOVEMENT 1980s - 1947, , Q.6 How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different, form that of the Moderates?, A.6 Following were the differences between the Congress different from, that of the Moderates:, Radicals, Moderates, 1., The radicals opposed the 1., Wanted self-government or, moderate’s ‘policy of petitions’ Swaraj within the British Empire., and ‘resolutions’., 2., They laid stress on self- 2., Their whole attitude was of, reliance and constructive work., reconciliation and not confrontation., 3., Radicals demanded ‘Swaraj’ 3., They would do nothing which, from the British rule., would offend the British rulers., 4., The extremists advocated the, radical methods of strikes and, boycott for the fulfillment of their, demands., , 4., The demands were presented, to the British through petitions,, meetings,, speeches, and, resolutions., , Q.7 Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took, in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji?, A.7 Non-Cooperation Movement started in 1920. The various forms, taken by the Non-Cooperation Movement in different parts of India are, mentioned below:, 1. At Kheda in Gujarat, Patidar peasants organised nonviolent campaigns, against the high land revenue demand of the British., 2. In tea gardens of Assam, labourers demanded an increase in their pay., 3. In coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed., 4. In Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, “forest satyagrahs” were staged by, the tribals and poor peasants who grazed their cattle in the forests, without paying the grazing fees., 5. In Sind (now in Pakistan), Muslims supported the Khilafat and the noncooperation movement.

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4, , CLASS 8, , HISTORY CHAPTER 9, THE MAKING OF NATIONAL, MOVEMENT 1980s - 1947, , 6. In Bengal too, the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation alliance gave In enormous, communal unity and strength to the national movement., 7. In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs demanded to remove corrupt, mahants, supported by the British, from their gurudwaras many other, parts of the country, thousands of students left government schools., 8. Many lawyers like Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari and Asaf, Ali gave up their practices., 9. People surrendered their titles and boycotted legislatures. People lit, public bonfires of foreign cloth., 10., People thought of Gandhiji as a kind of messiah, as someone who, could help them overcome their misery and poverty., 11., Peasants believed that he would help them in their fight against, zamindars, and agricultural labourers believed he would provide them, with the land., Q.8 Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?, A.8 The British introduced a law stating that the Government had control, over the manufacture and sale of salt. It also imposed a tax on the sale of, salt. Mahatma Gandhi and other national leaders argued that salt was an, essential item of our food and hence it was wrong to impose a tax on salt., Moreover, the issue of salt was related to all, the rich and poor. Hence, in, 1930, Gandhiji declared that he would lead a march to break the salt law., Q.9 Discuss those developments of the l935-47 period that led to the, creation of Pakistan., A.9 The developments of 1937-47 that led to the creation of Pakistan, are mentioned below:, 1. 1.A two-nation theory: By 1930s, the League began to view the Hindus, and the Muslims not as separate communities but as separate nations., Initially the Muslim league never mentioned Pakistan to be the nation of, Muslims however, since the 1930s, it started demanding a separate, country for Muslims., 2. Provincial elections of 1937: When the Congress formed government in, seven out of eleven provinces in 1937 elections, League began to feel

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5, , CLASS 8, , 3., 4., , 5., , 6., , 7., , 8., , HISTORY CHAPTER 9, THE MAKING OF NATIONAL, MOVEMENT 1980s - 1947, , that the Muslims were a minority, and they would always have to play, second fiddle in any democratic structure. It feared that Muslims may, even go unrepresented., Congress rejected to form joint government: The Congress’s rejection, of the League’s proposals to form a joint government in the United, Provinces in 1937 also annoyed the League., Failed talks between Congress and League: At the end of the war in, 1945, the British opened negotiations between the Congress, the, League and themselves for the independence of India. The talks failed, because the League saw itself as the sole spokesperson of India’s, Muslims. The Congress could not accept this claim since a large number, of Muslims still supported it., Success of league in Provincial elections of 1946: Elections were held, in 1946 to the provinces. League performed extremely well in the seats, which were reserved for the Muslims. It thus gave them the confidence, to create a separate state of Pakistan., Failure of Cabinet Mission Plan in 1946: In March 1946 the British, cabinet sent a three-member mission to Delhi to examine this demand, and to suggest a suitable political framework for a free India. Cabinet, Mission Plan suggested against the partition though it suggested some, degree of autonomy for the Muslim majority areas. However, some of its, proposals on independence were rejected by both congress and the, League., Mass agitation: After the failure of the Cabinet Mission Plan, the League, organised full scale movement to demand the formation of separate, state for the Muslims. It declared 16 August 1946 as the ‘Direct Action, Day’, in which riots broke out in many parts of the country including, Calcutta which resulted in the death of thousands of people., Eventually, partition was finalised and Pakistan was born., , Q.10 When and why did the partition of Bengal take place?, A.10 Lord Curzon decided to divide Bengal in 1905. He declared that, the division was necessary for proper administration, but he actually wanted, to prevent Indians from uniting against the British.

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ravica, 6, , CLASS 8, , HISTORY CHAPTER 9, THE MAKING OF NATIONAL, MOVEMENT 1980s - 1947, , Q.11 Why did Muslim league observe direct action day?, A.11 Muslim League suspected that Congress's acceptance was, insincere. Consequently, in July 1946, it withdrew its agreement to the plan, and announced a general strike (hartal) on 16 August, terming it Direct, Action Day, to assert its demand for a separate Muslim homeland.