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Crop Production and Management, , , , Crop: Same kind of plants grown for food on a large-scale are known as crops., , o, , On the basis of the growing season, crops are of two types- Kharif crops and Rabi crops., , , , Kharif crops – Crops that are grown in the rainy season (June to September). Example –, soyabean, paddy and maize., , o, , Soil requirement: Alluvial loam with a subsoil of clay, , o, , Cultivation methods: Seeds for Kharif crops can be sown through broadcasting, dibbling,, drilling, or transplantation, , , , Rabi crops – Crops that are grown in the winter season (October to March). Example –, wheat, gram and pea., , o, , Soil requirement: Clay loamy soil or black soil, , o, , Cultivation methods: Seeds for Rabi crops can be sown through broadcasting, dibbling, or, drilling. The seeds are generally sown soon after the rainy season., , , , Green Revolution: It is a programme started in the 1960's to increase the agricultural, productivity by the use of improved seeds and advanced agricultural technologies., , , , Organic Farming: It is the practice of cultivating crops without the use chemical fertilisers,, weedicides or pesticides., , , o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o, , Basic crop production practices, Preparation of soil, Sowing, Adding manure and fertilizers, Irrigation, Removal of weeds (weeding), Harvesting, Threshing, Storage, Preparation of soil for cultivation: Loosening and upturning of the soil. This process is, known as tilling or ploughing., , , , , Implements used in ploughing, Plough

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o, , It is made up of wood and contains two parts., (a) Ploughshare (strong triangular strip of iron), (b) Plough shaft (main wooden axis of plough), , o, o, o, , Driven with the help of animals, Brings nutrient rich soil to the top, Helps in aeration of the soil, , , o, o, o, o, , Hoe, Consists of long rod of wood or iron, Contains strong, broad, and bent plate of iron at one of its end, Driven with the help of animals, Used for removing weeds and loosening the soil, , , o, o, , Cultivator, Modern method of ploughing which saves both time and labour., It is carried out with the help of a tractor, , , o, o, , Sowing, Planting of seeds of a crop in the soil is called sowing., Good quality and healthy seeds must be used in order to produce healthy crop plants., , , , Tools used in sowing, , , , Traditional tool, , o, o, o, , Funnel-shaped, Seeds are placed in soil with the help of a long pipe with sharp ends, This tool is driven by a plough, , , o, o, o, , Seed drill, It contains a set of uniformly arranged tubes, Seeds are uniformly placed in soil at appropriate depth., Driven with the help of a tractor, , , o, , Addition of Manure and Fertilizers, It supplies plants with essential nutrients for growth and development., , , o, o, o, o, , Manures, Prepared from decomposed animals and plant waste., Provides organic matter and humus to the soil but is less rich in plant nutrients., Enhances the water holding capacity and texture of the soil., Make the soil porous for proper aeration., , , , Fertilizers

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o, o, o, , Commercially available inorganic salts rich in plant nutrients., Do not provide humus to the soil., Make soil less fertile in the long run., Irrigation- Supplying water to plants at different intervals is called irrigation., Sources of irrigation: Wells, tube wells, ponds, lakes, canals, rivers, dams etc., Methods of irrigation, , , , Traditional methods, , o, o, o, o, , Moat (pulley system), Chain pump, Dhekli, Rahat (Lever system), , , , Modern methods, 1. Sprinkler system, , o, o, o, , Useful for uneven land and sandy soil., Uses system of perpendicular pipes with rotating nozzle on top, which sprinkles water on, crops., Provides efficient coverage of water for large area., 2. Drip system, , o, o, o, , Water falls drop by drop at the roots of plants., Provides efficient irrigation and prevents water wastage., Used commonly for watering fruit plants, gardens, and trees., , , , Protection from Weeds, , o, , Weeds: They are undesirable plants that grow along with the, crops. Xanthium and Parthenium are the common weeds. They compete with the crops for, water, nutrient, space and light., , o, , Weeding: It is the process of removal of weeds from the cultivated field., , , o, o, o, , Mechanical methods of weeding, Removal by hand, Removal using khurpi, Using seed drill or plough, , , o, , Chemical methods of weeding, Spraying of weedicides. (example 2, 4-D)

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, , Harvesting, , o, o, o, , The process of cutting of mature crops from the field is called harvesting., The process of removing grains from chaff is called threshing., The process of separating grains from the husk in the mixture of threshed chaff is, called winnowing., , , , Instruments used for harvesting, , o, o, o, , Sickle, Harvester, Combine- It is the combined harvester and thresher., , , o, o, o, , Storage, The process of keeping crop grains safe from spoilage by moisture, insects, rats and, microorganisms for a long time is called storage., Small scale storage of grains: It is usually done in jute bags and metallic bins., Large scale storage of grains: It is done in silos and granaries., , , o, o, o, , Food from animals, Milk is obtained from cow, buffalo, goat, and camel., Meat is obtained from chicken, goat, and sheep., Eggs are obtained from chicken and ducks., , , o, , Animal husbandry, The science of rearing animals for a commercial purpose on a large scale is known, as animal husbandry. It includes feeding, breeding, disease control and providing shelter, and care.