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ie HIGHLY DETAILED. MAPS, 3 LATEST RELIABLE DATA, , INCLUDES RECENT. .DEVELOPMENTS, , ae. % > ., , , , ah, , , , Scanned with CamScanner
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4-5 Maps and Map Making, 6 The Universe, , 7 The Earth, g Realms of the Earth, 9 Contours and Landforms, , INDIAN SUBCONTINENT—P}, al The Indian Subcontinent - Physical, 12-13 The Indian Subcontinent - Political, 14-15 Northern India and Nepal, 16-17 Notices a Eesterhh India, , 18 North-Eastern India, utan an., 19 Western India and Pakistan d Bangladesh, 20-21 Southern India and Sri Lanka, , JHE INDIAN STATES AND UNION TERRITORIE, 22 Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, rec allo, Delhi ind Chandigarh s , Haryana,, 23 Rajasthan, Gujarat, Daman & Diu and ", 24 Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Je nuagae Hevell, 25 Sikkim, West Bengal and the North-Eastern States, 26 Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha, 27 Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Goa, 28 Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry, 29 The Islands, , INDIA— THEMATIC, 30 India - Geology, Geological Formations, Structure and Major, Faults & Thrusts, 31 India - Physiography, 32 India - Temperature and Pressure, 33 India — Rainfall and Winds :, 34 India - Relative Humidity, Annual Temperature and Annual Rainfall, 35 India - Monsoon, Rainfall Trends and Climatic Regions ;, 36 India - Natural Vegetation and Forest Cover, 37 India - Bio-geographic Zones, Wildlife and Wetlands, 38 India - Drainage Basins and East & West Flowing Rivers, 39 India — Soil and Land Use, 40 India — ‘irrigation and Net Irrigated Area, 41 India - Food grain Production, Livestock Population, Milk, Production and Fisheries, 42-43 India - Food Crops, India - Cash Crops, India - Important Mineral Bel, India - Production of Metallic, India - Metallic Minerals, India - Non-Metallic Minerals, India - Mineral Deposits and Mi, India — Industrial Regions and Le\, India — Industries ‘, India - Power Projects and Power Consumption, India - Roads and Inland Waterways, India - Railways, India - Air and Sea Routes, India - Population, India - Human Development, India — Religions and Languages, India — Tourism, 64 India - World Heritage Sites, 65 India - Cultural Heritage, 66-67 India - Environmental Concerns, 68-69 India - Natural Hazards, , CONTINENTS AND REGIONS, , Asia, 70 Asia — Physical, 71 Asia - Political |, 72 Asia - Climate, Natural Vegetation,, , , , , , Its and Number of Reported Mines, and Non-Metallic Minerals, , ineral Fuels, vels of Industrial Development, , 57, 58-59, 60-61, , 62, , 63, , Population and Economy, , : Europe, , : AFRica, , , , , , , , 73 SAARC Countries, 74 China, Mongolia and Taiwan, 75 Japan, North Korea and South Korea, 38 Routh-Eastern Asia, yanmar, Thail. i, OH ae land, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam., 79 Afghanistan and Pakistan, , 80 Europe — Physical, a ELrOps — Political, ‘urope — Climate, Natural Ve i I omy, 8 Bie aie fegetation, Population and Economy, France and Central Europe, 85 Eurasia ,, , 86 Africa - Physical, , 87 Africa - Political, , 88 Africa — Climate, Natural Vegetation, Population and Economy, 89 Southern Africa and Madagascar, , i NortH America, , 90 North America — Physical, 91 North America - Political, 92 North America ~ Climate, Natural Vegetation, Population and, Economy, 93 United States of America and Alaska, Sout America, 94 South America — Physical, 95 South America — Political, 96 South America - Climate, Natural Vegetation, Population and, Economy, 97 Brazil, OcEANIA, 98 Oceania — Physical, 99 Oceania — Political, 100 Oceania - Climate, Natural Vegetation, Population and, Economy, Oceans AND ANTARCTICA, 101 Pacific Ocean and Central Pacific Islands, 102 Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, 103 The Arctic Ocean and Antarctica, , WORLD, 104-105 World - Physical, 106-107 World ~ Political, , 108-109 World - Climate |, 110 World — Annual Rainfall and Major Ocean Currents, , 111 World — Climatic Regions and Water Resources, , 112 World — Major Landforms and Forest Cover, , 113 World - Soil and Natural Vegetation, , 114 World - Agriculture and Industrial Regions, , 115 World - Minerals, Mineral Fuels, Trade and Economic Development, 116 World - Population Density, Urbanization, Religions and Languages, 117 World — Human Development, , 118 World - Environmental Concerns, , 119 World - Biomes at Risk, 120 World - Plate Tectonics and Natural Hazards, 121 World - Air Routes and Sea Routes, , : WORLD—FACTS AND FIGURES |, , : 122-125 Countries of the World - Flag, Area, Population,, , : Capital, Language, Monetary Unit and GDP, , } 126-127 World Statistics — Human Development and Economy, } 4128-129 World - Geographic Comparisons, , } 130 World -Time Zones, , 131-140 Index, , eee, , — = z, , Scanned with CamScanner
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His -artography ,, istory of Cs . hy is not older than 5,000 years. The cast ‘, history oF CrtOBT OP edge were made by the Babylonians on, of which we have No oc (Fig 1). Early atlempls at maps were, tablets, dating 7 anything other than very loca, , edge of ‘, imited by lack of know is hard to say, especially when, > severely limit ‘hat constitutes a map is hard to say, esp i, , tures OF eine arliest times. In around 6200 ec in Catal Hyik, Fe bx, , ia a wall painting was made depicting the positions of the sects, aya i the town together with surrounding features such as tl he, ped ricco td the town, Whether it is a map or a stylised panne Aa, i igi of the, I ve debate. Early world maps also reflect the religious beliefs, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; of the world. a, “ The earliest ancient Greek who is said to, , have constructed a map of the world is, Anaximander, who was born in 610 ec, in Miletus (now in Turkey) and died in, 546 ac. Sadly, no details of his map have, survived. Notable Greek philosophers, and mathematicians such as Pythagoras,, Aristotle, Eratosthenes and Hipparchus made, notable contributions to the study of ancient, cartography., The final ancient Greek contribution to, cartography, considered the most important,, was written by a noted mathematician., In about ao 140 Ptolemy wrote his major, ©. Fig, 1: Aclay tablet showing work, Guide to Geography, in eight books,, and bokdngs of Babylon which attempted to map the known world, jing coordinates of the major places in terms of what are essentially, latitude and longitude (Fig. 2). Given the way that he gathered the data, is not surprising that the maps were inaccurate but they did represent, i considerable advance on all previous maj it would be many,, AB ce NA ABI NR s id he es, , , , , , , , , , , The Age of Modern Cartography: Remote Sensing and GIS, , {In the 20th century, the invention of the airplane followed by satellite remote, sensing technology added a new dimension to mapping and widened its, scope through the method of remote sensing. This provided a bird “s-eye view, of the earth and saved time and ‘money required for conventional surveying of, ground realities,, , , , In the broadest sense, remote si, information of an object or ph, physical or intimate contact, (as from aircraft, spacecraft,, , ensing is the measurement or acquisition of, lenomenon, by a recording device that is not in, ie the object. It is the utilization at a distance, i satellite, or ship) of any device for gatherin;, , information about the environment. The technique can make use of devices, , such as a camera, laser, radar, sonar, seismograph or a gravimeter. Modern, , femote sensing normally includes digital, Min igital processes but can be done as well, , , , , , , , , , , , , acct Photography is the original form of, ‘mote sensing. An aerial photograph can, be defined as a photograph taken fon an, aircraft with a camera specially designed, for aircraft use (Fig.4). The occurrence of the, ‘wo world wars led to a demand for aerial, Photography for military Purposes. In India,, aerial photographs have been in use since |, 1920 for aerial Surveys and for interpretation, , uch as topographii ;, i Phical mapping, geolo, ineeri, dies, and exploration of oil and mins neers., , , , FB. 4: An aer ., Als of Mala | Pbvgaph of sands and, , of: Specific fields 5, Environmental stu, , , , , , , , Scale, , , , _ maps of the times., , , , , centuries before more, accurate world maps would, be drawn., , In 1569, Gerardus Mercator 5, of Flanders, Belgium, the 7, leading cartographer of the RANG, 16th century developed a map p54, projection and drew a world, map (Fig.3). Mercator made, many new maps and globes,, but his greatest contribution, to cartography was what is, now known as the Mercator, projection., , Since then, several, , leading cartographers, , from Europe and Asia, developed cartographic, techniques, giving a boost, to map production and, , the invention of different, scientific surveying, techniques, instruments, , and projections. In addition, to these developments, the, broadening of knowledge with the introduction of new fi, as astronomy, geology, meteorology, biology,, rise to thematic cartography., , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Fig. 3: The first map of the ent, , , , , ields of, , Studies, and the social sciences, , NCES 29, , , , As the world advances, as the unknown is revealed and surveyed,, alter the face of the earth with their new settlements, new states, rai, canals, land reclamation and cultivation, these changes are reflected, , , , , , , , , With the development of satellite, technology between 1970 and 1980,, remote sensing through satellites, received more attention from, researchers, cartographers and general, users. An image taken from space, using a spacecraft as the platform and, scanners or specially designed cameras, as sensors to detect the given area of, the earth’s surface is termed satellite, imagery (Fig. 5). Fig. 5: A satellite image sdowig Ge, The remote sensor system makes use of "427d Barehdesh ;, the emitted or reflected electromagnetic radiation of the examined abies, measures a larger area of the earth. Satellite imagery can be widely ae, and is extensively used by scientists, researchers, and planners in map, urban and regional planning, agriculture, forestry, ecology and envit*", soil survey, natural resource mapping, oil and mineral exploration, ands, , In traditional cartography, the map represented both the database and oe, display of geographic information whereas in GIS (Geographical Io"., Systems), the database, analysis, and display are physically and oe, , Separate aspects. Geographic information systems include seve" ‘iio, such as computer hardware, software, digital data, people, and! jue, collecting, storing, retrieving, analysing, and displaying georeterem no, information about the Earth. Modern map-making relies much ™, , which provides flexible computer-aided database and maps, , , , , , , , , "aoa ; “sential for reading a ma 1. Representative Fraction (R.F) 2. Written statement 3. Graphical meted ws, Urately. It is defi za i, els n Units of measurement of i eel, | !o points on the etount ss ie between distances are the same both on the heretics te pense a si, cance ir ound and on paper. tis always lem=tkm or 10, map). A scale can by pressed a8 a ratio, e.g. 1:100,000, oF 1 inch = 1 mile. easuring 15.cm Wl ie, n where 1 cm on the Map represents é i ;, , , , 100,000 cm or 1 inch, inches., , =100,000, , , , km 1, , , , , , , , Scanned with CamScanner
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Maps and Globes, , A map is a graphic representation of the round earth or the real world, what the earth would look like, IN purpose of preparing a map is, , on a flat piece of paper. Maps show us, if we could see it from above, The maii, to show the things as they appear, in their true location, in terms of, latitudes and longitudes, either, , in isolation or in relation to some, other feature. On the other hand, a, globe represents the whole surface, in the form of a sphere on which, all its continents and features are, shown at the same scale and with, their correct shapes and areas,, , , , , , , , , Map Projections, , ‘A map projection is a systematic and orderly drawing of a grid of parallels, of latitude and meridians of longitude used to represent the spherical, surface of the earth, or a part of it, on a reduced scale on a flat piece of, Paper. It is not possible to make a map (of the world or of any part of, , it) that is accurate in area, shape, distance and direction. Every map is, distorted in at least one of these aspects., , , , quo Semdord, , , , mle are. and, ‘Stncer ome, ‘hinted, , , , Conical Projection Cylindrical Projection ‘Azimuthal Projection, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Types of Maps, On the basi, le basis of scale On the basis of details in the map, Large scale maps, u Ma, as, ive apr., Ss, ‘i, pura, t oka Pilar, L ankapalya, .. Nimhans}, jalrasand, 1A} to fs, ¢g. City maps eg. Wall maps eg. Climatic Regions, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Physical Relief: Representation, of the Earth’s Surface, , One of the challenges of map-making is to sdequataly represent the, physical relief of any region i.e., the delineation of hills and plains,, the distinguishing of high ground and low ground. The two methods, generally used to represent physical relief are hill-shading and, contour lines, each of which may be treated in a variety of ways, and are sometimes, combined., , Figure A shows, , a mountainous, island with the hill, slopes indicated, by a method of, hill-shading called, “hachures’ (lines, indicating the, direction of the, slope). Figure B, shows the same, island with the, hills indicated, , by contour lines., The principle of, showing elevation, by contour lines, can be seen by, comparing Figure, Cwith the profile, section in Figure B., , , , Tig, B: Profile Section of Island, 300, , 400, , , , , , Sea, Tevel, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |, 1 pesmi tng eet y Cn, , , , Symbols and Shades, Maps cannot show everything nor can the features of the, landscape be contained in a limited area. Therefore, symbols,, often termed as conventional symbols, have been developed, to represent the features on a map. Some symbols are like, pictures while others are initial letters such as ~PO’ for post, office. Colours are also used as symbols such as green for, forests or woodlands and blue for water. Shades ranging from, deepest to lightest can represent the range of occurrences of any, phenomenon, such as altitude., Conventional symbols can be found on a topographical sheet,, a weather chart, or on physical or thematic maps. It is always, important to refer to the key or legend of a map to find out, what the symbols mean. Symbols are designed to be easy to, remember., [att pan Dry lake, , Marsh / Swamp, , International Boundary, , State Boundary, , Golden Quadrilateral, , North-South & East-West Corridors, National Highway, , , , ats Peak height, , 154 ‘i, 154 Depression, , International airporlMajor airport, Domestic airport, Major port, , Db Lake / Reservoir, , Loo Rift valley, , Railway, Road Y “75 Ocean depth / Trench, a Country capital ~ Oasis * ‘, © State / UT capital om, . District Headquarters :, © Other towns = River, El National Highway number iiss Canal (, +, +, , , , Scanned with CamScanner
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The Solar opt formed about 4,600 million years ago. It is located in the Orion arm of the Milky, The solar system wa:, , ight- from the centre of, i from the central bulge, about 27,000 light-years, Way galaxy, on A em bout 220 million years to orbit the galaxy once,, , the galaxy. It tl, , vided i inner system of four small, solid planets made up of materials, The solar planets ne a rerryseol four larger planets, known as the “gas giants’, has rings [, similar to that glee as giants are made up mostly of hydrogen, helium, frozen water, ammonia,, ard ots of mo ide. Pluto does not belong to any proup but isa tiny rocky body at the, methane, nd carbon me people think it is a giant comet rather than a planet. Its composition is, edge of te a erin rock) But its orbit is dlferent from the other comets and planets. Between, , ‘ ice . i, nee a eeay systems is a belt of asteroids containing pieces of rock of varying size., these two, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ‘Profile = Dwarf Planets and Plutoids, Ph ire f Pluto, which was considered to be a planet since its discovery in 1930,, Planet | Mean distance | Orbital | SEA ‘dwarf planet’ on 24 August 2006 by the International Astronomical Un, [ ee ae According to the IAU, a dwarf planet fulfils the following criteria, 1.0 di 4,879 o * Itis in orbit around the Sun, ie, , Bh ae eens SORES * Ithas sufficient mass for is self-gravty to overcome rigid body forces, i SPE EES elt ORE hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape., {i 365.25 days 12,756 ' * It has not ‘cleared the neighbourhood’ around its orbit., , 1687.0 days 67921) 2 * Itis not a satellite of a planet, or other non-stellar body., , 142804 69 Two years after coining the term “dwarf planets’, the IAU has decided to ca)\ “a, emer : dwarf planets similar to Pluto, “plutoids’. While all plutoids are dwari planets, an 20358) OES! are not plutoids. Currently, there are five celestial bodies that have been red.), , 51,118 27 as dwarf planets, of which four belong to the subset plutoids. Eris, Pluto, and mast, ‘S 8 MakeMake and Haumea have been classified as plutoids and dwarf planets,, remains in the category dwarf planet., , 11.86 years, , , , , , , , , , , , , While Cen, , , , The Sun is a giant ball of hot gas, 150 million kilometers from the Earth. The surface of this burning ball of gas, is 5500°C, with the core reaching an unimaginable 15.6 million°C. The Sun is so large that you could fit over, one million Earths inside it. The Sun’s internal structure includes the core, radiation zone, convection zone, and, photosphere., , The turbulence in the photosphere is visible from the earth in the form of sunspots, solar flares, prominences and, smalt patches of gas called granules. The Sun consumes four million tonnes of hydrogen every second. Even so, it is, So vast that our star has enough fuel to keep it shining for another five billion years., , , , , , The corona isthe outerm, the Sun's atmosphere, , a solar eclipse onl, Phases of the Moon ¢ merce’ a :, The moon seems to have different shapes at different times of the f Facts al retis the Moon ‘, month because of its changing position in relation to the Earth. These | * The only natural satellite of the planet Earth, different shapes are known as the phases of the Moon. The interval | * Distance from Earth— 384,400 km, between one full Moon and the next is 29.5 days. * Diameter- 3,476 km, ew yoo rast quaren dL boon * Mass— 0.0123 of the Earth’s, Ad * Surface gravity 0.165 of the Earth's, _ * Time taken to orbit Earth (interval between one full, moon and the next) - 29.53 days or 709 hours, , » * Surface temperature- 120 °C maximum, 0-163 “Cat night, , THIRD QUARTER, v, , , , , , Tides, , The Seasons, Equinoxes and Solstices (in the Northern Hemisphert, ‘At new Moon and full Moon, when the Moon and the Sun are in line with the a ; ., Earth, tides are at their highest and are called spring, , tides., At quarter and threequarter Moon, the, Sun and Moon are at, right angles, so that, the gravitational pull, of the Moon is partly, Cancelled out by the, ¥avitational pull of / Quarter, he Sun, the tides are i Oo @® ", their lowest and are \, , , , , , , , , , , , , 4 ry, WAXING CRESCENT — WAXING Gieg0Us wannétiesous WANING €rescent, , , , Scanned with CamScanner
