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www.tntextbooks.in, , GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU, , STANDARD EIGHT, , ENGLISH, , A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu, , Department of School Education, Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Government of Tamil Nadu, First Edition, , - 2019, , Revised Edition - 2020, (Published under new syllabus), , NOT FOR SALE, , Content Creation, , The wise, possess all, , State Council of Educational, Research and Training, © SCERT 2019, , Printing & Publishing, , Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational, Services Corporation, www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in, , II

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www.tntextbooks.in, , PREFACE, The English textbook for standard VIII has been prepared following, the guidelines given in the National Curriculum Framework, 2005. It, has been created to make English language learning, both effective, and enjoyable. The aim has been to balance learning the structures and, vocabulary of the language, with learning their use , in everyday life., The activities have been graded carefully to allow a gradual building, of language proficiency. The lessons provide effective individual and, collaborative learning in pairs and groups and enable differentiation in, multilevel classrooms. Each unit focuses on the themes of natural and, social world to stimulate curiosity and imagination, engaging both heart, and mind. An ICT Corner has been introduced in each unit for the first, time in a State Board Text Book to develop current digital literacy skills., To explore the digital world, QR Code has been introduced in each, unit., , How to use the book?, ¾, ¾, , ¾, , The English Book for Standard VIII has 7 units, and a play., Each unit has a theme around which the prose, selection, poem and supplementary selection has, been woven., The four major skills, namely, listening, speaking,, reading and writing have been integrated into each, unit., , Contents, , Unit, , Page.no, , Month, , 1, , Prose, Poem*, Supplementary, , The Nose-Jewel, Special Hero, The Woman on Platform 8, , 01, 17, 21, , 2, , Prose, Poem*, Supplementary, , Hobby, My Hobby: Reading, Jim Corbett, A Hunter Turned Naturalist, , 01, 17, 21, , 3, , Prose, Poem*, Supplementary, , Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist, Making Life Worth While, The Three Questions, , 01, 17, 21, , 4, , Prose, Poem*, Supplementary, , My Reminiscence, A Thing of Beauty, Crossing the River, , 01, 17, 21, , 5, , Prose, Poem*, Supplementary, , Being Safe, Fire Work Night, When Instinct Works, , 01, 17, 21, , 6, , Prose, Poem*, Supplementary, , Friendship, Lessons in Life, Homeless Man and his Friends, , 01, 17, 21, , 7, , Prose, Poem*, Supplementary, , Cyber Safety, My Computer Needs A Break, The Mystery of the Cyber Friend, , 01, 17, 21, , Play, , Jack and the Beanstalk, , 01, , 8, , *Memoriter, Let's use the QR code in the text books ! How ?, • Download the QR code scanner from the Google PlayStore/ Apple App Store into your smartphone., • Open the QR code scanner application, • Once the scanner button in the application is clicked, camera opens and then bring it closer to the QR code in the text book., • Once the camera detects the QR code, a url appears in the screen.Click the url and go to the content page., , ¾, , The pictorial warm up page will help activate, E-Book, , Assessment, , 81, , students own knowledge and ideas of the topic., ¾, , The digital warm up can be used for visualizing the, theme to motivate and create interest among the, learners., , III, , Digi Links

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with the other talents of such men.", The biography of Sir Isaac Newton was published in Nathaniel, Hawthorne's, True Stories, www.tntextbooks.in, from History and Biography (1851). As Newton observed after a life-time of discoveries: "I, , seem to myself like a child," observed he, "playing on the sea-shore, and picking up here and, there a curious shell or a pretty pebble, while the boundless ocean of Truth lies Grammar, undiscovered, before me.", , Parts of Speech, , ¾, , ¾, , ¾, , In-Text questions in each section, can be used for discussion and to, check and develop comprehension, skills., , Noun is a word used as the name, of a person, Place, or thing., , Pronoun is a word used, instead of a noun., , Example: Person, place, Thing, Animal, , Example: I, We, You, He, She,, It, They, Me, Us,, Him, Her, Them., , - Akber, - Chennai, - Computer, - Dog, , Adverb is a word that, describes or modifies a verb, an, adjective or another adverb., , Verb is a word used to express, an action or state., Example: come, read, speak,, write, learn, am, is,, was, are, have, had,, do, does, did, , Glossary is given to enable the, students understand the text in, better way., , Example: very, beautifully,, cleverly, quickly, quite,, possibly, never, often., , Preposition is a word placed, before with noun or a pronoun, to show the relation of the noun, or pronoun to something else., , Adjective is a word that, describes or modifies a noun., Example: beautiful, intelligent,, good, bad, clever,, little, honest, some,, great, large., , The ‘Do You Know?’ box can, be used to enhance general, knowledge while initiating spoken, language., , ¾, , Conjunction is a word used to, join words or sentences., Example: and, but, because, or,, so, still, if, as, before,, though, neither...nor, so that, either...or,, , Example: in, of, at, on, by, for,, from, out, to, up, with,, about, into., , The grammar exercises, are comprehensive with,, examples and exercises to, make it easy for children., Interjection is a word, which expresses some, sudden feeling., , Example: Alas, Wow,, Hurrah, Oh, Hello,, Ah, Hush, Bravo., , 17, , Nathaniel Hawthorne, , ¾, , Glossary, enchanted, , –, , delighted, , miniature, , –, , very small model, , curiosity, , –, , eagerness, , accustomed, , –, , something familiar with, , gazing, , –, , looking stedily and intenthy, , renown, , –, , fame and respect, , ceased, , –, , stopped, , ¾, , Digital Grammar Games can, be used to reinforce learning, to encourage students to play, and learn easily., The illustrations in Grammar, will make understanding of, grammar easy., , 83, 3. If the above series is written in reverse order then what will be the eleventh letter of the, fifteenth letter from your left?, 1. V, , 2. W, , 3. D, , 4. X, , Connecting to self, , ¾, , Connecting to Self is based on the values of each, lesson., , ¾, , Yes, I Will, , Project is meant for working in groups and to, develop collaborative learning., , ¾, , I Will, not, , GIVE OUT MY INTERNET, PASSWORDS, To anyone other than my parents., , FOLLOW RULES SET BY MY, PARENTS FOR GOING ONLINE, Time of day, length ofn time, online and sites allowed., , MAKE FRIENDS WITH, UNKNOWN PEOPLE, Even if they are my friend's friends., , REPORT ANY BULLYING/, HARASSMENT, To a trusted adult/parent right away., , The development of higher order thinking skills is, facilitated by the Steps to Success., , SHARE PERSONAL INFORMATION, Without parent's permission. This, includes, my photo, name, address, phone, number,, parent's work number, school name,, location or places I go., , BLOCK & REPORT, Block people who send nasty messages /, inappropriate / sexually explicit, content, and report Spam., , RESPOND TO OR FORWARD, MESSAGES, That make me feel uncomfortable. I, won't, click on URLS / open mails sent by, unknown people., , ENSURE MY SEFETY, Ensure safety settings, take care to, help, keep me safe., SEEK HELP, From parents / authorities / CHILDLINE, 1098 to overcome any issues that, I face online., , SEND / SEXTING MESSAGES, Sharing of inappropriate or sexually, explicit photographs/videos or written, messages even to a friend., , BE A RESPONSIBLE, ONLINE CITIZEN, Do nothing to hurt others or, that is against the law., , CYBER BULLY, Not be Cyber bully or encourage, cyber bullying., , Students can be encouraged to extend their reading, 147, , ICT CORNER, GRAMMAR – SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX, , ¾, , activity through learning links section., , To Enable the students to, familiarize kinds of sentences, as simple, compound and, complex with exercises, , ¾, , 1., , Access the application with the help of the link given below or the given, QR code and install it in the mobile., , 2., , You can view sentence kinds according to structure in home page., , 3., , Click any kind of sentence to know its definition with example., , 4., , Click PRACTICE in the home page to access the 3 sets of Practice, exercises., , 5., , Complete all the exercises and check your answers and understanding the, concept., , WEBSITE URL:, Click the following link or scan the QR code to access the website., APPLICATION NAME : SENTENCE WITH PRACTICE, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sentenceMbsait., sentence&hl=en, ** Images are indicatives only., , Students can be helped to download the games and, install them., , STEPS TO PLAY THE GAME:, , ¾, , The activities in ICT Corner will ensure learning, language skills through websites and app links., , IV

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Contents, , Unit, , Page. Month, no, , 1, , Prose, Poem*, Supplementary, , The Nose-Jewel, Special Hero, The Woman on Platform 8, , 01, 22, 26, , June, , 2, , Prose, Poem, Supplementary, , Hobby Turns into A Successful Career, My Hobby: Reading, Jim Corbett, A Hunter Turned Naturalist, , 35, 53, 58, , July, , 3, , Prose, Poem*, Supplementary, , Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist, Making Life Worth While, The Three Questions, , 63, 79, 83, , August, , 4, , Prose, Poem*, Supplementary, , My Reminiscence, A Thing of Beauty, Crossing the River, , 92, 108, 112, , September, , 5, , Prose, Poem, Supplementary, , Being Safe, Fire Work Night, When Instinct Works, , 120, 139, 143, , October, , 6, , Prose, Poem*, Supplementary, , Friendship, Lessons in Life, Homeless Man and his Friends, , 151, 171, 175, , November, , 7, , Prose, Poem, Supplementary, , Cyber Safety, My Computer Needs A Break, The Mystery of the Cyber Friend, , 180, 199, 204, , December, , 8, , Play, , Jack and the Beanstalk, , 215, , January, , *Memoriter, Let's use the QR code in the text books ! How ?, • Download the QR code scanner from the Google PlayStore/ Apple App Store into your smartphone., • Open the QR code scanner application, • Once the scanner button in the application is clicked, camera opens and then bring it closer to the QR code in the text book., • Once the camera detects the QR code, a url appears in the screen.Click the url and go to the content page., , E-Book, , Assessment, , V, , Digi Links

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 1, , Prose, The Nose-Jewel, , C. Rajagopalachari, , Warm up, What are the life lessons that you can learn form, the birds? Match the birds with the characters, given in the box and fill in the blanks., , Arise and awake, Beautiful, Unity, Focused, Melodious, Time conscious, Qualities of birds, , Life lessons I can learn from the birds, , Time conscious, Be on time to school, _________________________________, ____________________, , ____________________ _________________________________, , ____________________ _________________________________, , ____________________ _________________________________, , ____________________ _________________________________, , ____________________ _________________________________, 1

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Reading, Ramayya was a simple man living in the town. He lived with his wife in a nice house, made of tiled roofs. He was, not rich but he could take care, of his family., Two sparrows built a, nest in a nice spot in the roof, of Ramayya's house and the, mother-bird laid her eggs in it., “My dear," began the, male sparrow., “And what do you want, now?" asked his wife., "Why does the lady of, this house always quarrel with, her husband?", "How am I to know?" said the female bird. “Let us mind our own business.", "You are always self-centred," said the male sparrow and added, "Should we not, help this poor Ramayya?", The female sparrow said with disdain, "Let me see what help you can do for him., Please do not talk about what, does not concern us. See that, the cat does not come near our, nest. That would be enough for, you and me.", Somewhere in the muckheap lay a diamond nosejewel. The male bird picked it, up and came to the nest with, the shining stud in his beak and, said to his wife: "Look! Do you, like this?, The wife-bird replied,, "What am I to do with diamond, nose studs or with ear-rings?, Find some grub; the young ones are hungry.", 2

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www.tntextbooks.in, , The bird dropped the diamond stud on the floor and went out in search of little worms, for the young ones., Ramayya's wife noticed the jewel as she was sweeping the floor. She picked it up with, delight and wore it., Ramayya questioned her angrily, "How did you get this diamond-stud?", "I found it lying here yesterday and took it. That is all.", "We should go and handover it to the village magistrate. If tomorrow the police, should come and search our house, it will be disgrace to us?", In Meenakshi Ammal's house nearby, the talk went thus: "I forgot and left it in the, bathroom. Kuppayi, the servant woman must have swept it out. She is very careless and, ignorant.", The mother, Meenakshi Ammal,, consoled her little girl saying, "Let, us search and find it. Don't tell father, yet. He would go into a rage if he, knew that you had lost the diamond, nose-stud.", , A bird’s eye takes up about 50 percent, of its head; our eyes take up about 5, percent of our head. To be comparable, to a bird’s eyes, our eyes would have, to be the size of baseballs., 3

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www.tntextbooks.in, "What is the secret you are whispering?" asked Ramanatham., The loss of the jewel had to be admitted. Soon the whole village knew about it. The, maid-servant Kuppayi was suspected by everyone to have stolen it., The police came and searched her hut, but could find nothing., , Ramayya's heart was in a flutter. Ramayya's wife put the stud away in her box., She soon developed a severe fever and was confined to her bed. No one thought of, searching their house., The he-sparrow said, "Look at the, fun, my dear, the lady of this house is, scared and is down with fever.", "Nice fun indeed!" said the shesparrow. "The poor woman is in a panic., The fever may be the end of her.", "And a good thing too," said the, cruel male sparrow., "It is all your doing you brought, and threw it here and tempted her," said, the female bird., The male bird answered gravely, "Did I tell her to steal the thing? This is bound, to happen when human are being greedy.”, 4

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www.tntextbooks.in, “Rightly said, we should never be greedy for what belongs to others". "Come, let, us go now and bring some worms for the young ones.” And the two flew out., Ramayya and his wife spend the rest of life in fear of being caught. The diamond, Nose Jewel may still be with them, but the fear of getting caught was even more., , About the Author, Chakravarti, Rajagopalachari, (1878-1972), informally called Rajaji, was an Indian politician,, independence activist, lawyer, writer, historian and, statesman. Rajagopalachari was born in the village of, Thorapalli in the Krishnagiri district. Rajagopalachari, was the last Governor-General of India, as India soon, became a Republic in 1950. Furthermore, he was the, first Indian-born governor-general, since before him, the posts were held by British nationals. He also served, as leader of the Indian National Congress, Premier, of the Madras Presidency, Governor of West Bengal,, Minister for Home Affairs of the Indian Union and Chief, Minister of Madras state. He was one of the first recipients of India's highest civilian award,, the Bharat Ratna., , Glossary, self-centred (adj) – concerned with the self, disdain (n), – feeling of contempt or scorn, muck-heap (n), – heap, , grub (n), , magistrate (n), disgrace (n), ignorant (adj), consoled (v), suspected (v), flutter (v), confined (v), panic (adj), cruel (adj), gravely (adv), , – food, a judicial officer with limited authority to administer, –, and enforce the law., – the state of being dishonored, or covered with same, – unaware, comforted (someone) in the, –, disappointment, – believed to be a cause or at fault, , time, , – to flap or wave quickly but irregularly, – restricted, kept in a limited space or area, – frightened, – merciless or heartless, – in a grave or serious manner, 5, , of, , grief,

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Read and Understand, A) Choose the correct synonyms for the italicized words., 1. Nice fun indeed, a. infact, , b. doubtedly, , c. fine, , 2. The poor woman is in a panic., a. fear, , b. grid, , c. crash, , 3. The mother consoled her little girl., a. pretended, , b. comforted, , c. left, , 4. You are always self-centred., a. egostic, , b. generous, , c. heroic, , 5. What is the secret you are whispering?, a. rumour, , b. murmur, , c. louder, , B) Find the antonym for the following words., 1. Delight, , ×, , 2. Disgrace ×, 3. Careless ×, 4. Secret, , ×, , 5. confine, , ×, , C) Fill in the blanks., 1. The sparrows built their nests in the _________., 2. The diamond jewel was lying in the _______., 3. The diamond jewel belonged to _______ ., 4. __________ was the servant maid of Meenakshi Ammal., 5. Ramayya and his wife lived with the fear of __________ ., , D) Say the following statements are True or False., 1. Two sparrows built a nest on a tree top., 2. Kuppayi swept out the diamond jewel., 3. Ramayya gave the diamond jewel to the magistrate., 6

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www.tntextbooks.in, 4. Ramayya's wife put the stud away in her box., 5. The Police searched Rammaya’s home., , E) Answer the following questions, 1. Where did the sparrows build the nest?, 2. Why did the bird drop diamond stud?, 3. What were the words of Meenakshi Ammal to her daughter?, 4. Who was suspected of stealing the diamond nose stud?, 5. What did Ramayya’s wife do with the stud?, 6. What happened to Ramayya’s wife at the end?, , F) Answer the following in about 100 words., 1. Why did the sparrow throw the nose jewel into Ramayya's house?, 2. Explain how Ramayya's wife reacted when she saw the nose jewel?, , Vocabulary, Homophone, Homophones are words with same pronunciation but different meanings, origins,, or spelling., For example:, new, , –, , knew, , hole, , –, , whole, , knight, , –, , night, , see, , –, , sea, , a. Pick out the correct homophone., 1., , I am not ______ to drink soda. (aloud,allowed), , 2., , The wind ________ the leaves. (blue,blew), , 3., , I will __________ my friend. (meat,meet), , 4., , He will play the _________ in the second play. (role,roll), , 5., , I have _________ the movie already. (scene,seen), 7

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www.tntextbooks.in, , b. Choose the correct homophone., 1., , Every morning my father likes to look at the ________ on the grass., a) due , , 2., , b) dew, , Chennai is the ________ of Tamilnadu., a) capitol , , b) capital, , 3. I was very ________ last weekend because my friends went to the village, without informing me., a) bored , 4., , The cat caught the _______ of a mouse., a) scent , , 5., , b) board, b) cent, , The _______ rises in the east., a) son , , b) sun, , Abbreviation and Acronyms, a. Abbreviation:, An, abbreviation, is, a, Example: PM - Prime Minister, , shortened, , form, , of, , Example:, ATM, , Automated Teller Machine, , GB, , Giga Byte, , PC, , Personal Computer, , CEO, , Chief Educational Officer, , EMIS, , Education Management Information System, , IAS, , Indian Administrative Service, , NMMS, , National Means cum Merit Scholarship, , SBI, , State Bank of India, , OTP, , One Time Password, , IFSC, , Indian Financial System Code, , PDF, , Portable Document Format, , LED, , Light Emitting Diode, , UPS, , Uninterruptible Power Supply, , GSt, , Goods and Services Tax, 8, , a, , word, , or, , phrase.

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www.tntextbooks.in, , b. Acronyms:, An acronym is a shortened form of a phrase and is usually made up of the initial, letters of that phrase. for example: NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization., Example:, AVADI, , Armoured Vehicles and Ammunition Depot of India, , RAM, , Random Access Memory, , ROM, , Read-Only Memory, , NEET, , National Eligibility cum Entrance Test, , UDISE, , Unified District Information System for Education, , PAN, , Permanent Account Number, , WHO, , World Health Organization, , NEWS, , North, East, West and South., , SIM, , Subscriber Identification Module, , LAN, , Local Area Network, , VAT, , Value Added Tax, , Expand the following:, ECG, ILO, SCERT, IIT, ISRO, FIR, UNESCO, UNICEF, NASA, AIDS, ADHD, UFO, FAQ, 9

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Listening, c) Listen to the passage carefully and choose the right answer., 1) Why do birds sing?, a) To locate one another, , b) To warn other birds, , c) To find a mate, , d) All of the above, , 2) Birds perch very high so that ......, a) other birds can hear them, , b) other birds can see them, , c) they can hide there, , d) Both A and B are correct., , 3) The health of a bird can be determined…, a) by the length of its song, , b) by the complexity of its song., , c) by the volume of its song, , d) Both A and B are correct., , 4) Shorter bird vocalizations are …, a) territorial songs, , b) mating songs, , c) warnings, , d) None of the above, , 5) Young birds perfect their songs by …, a) natural instinct, , b) listening and interaction, , c) practice, , d) Both B and C are correct, , 6) Fitness is …, a) health., , b) danger, , c) a song, , d) a warning., , 7) How do variations in the basic song help the birds?, a) recognize other members, , b) Maintain health, , c) Increase the length of their song, , d) Communicate with one another., , Note: The listening passage is given at page no. 226., , 10

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Speaking, , Greetings, There are a number of greetings we use when meeting people. These greetings, depend on whether we are meeting people, leaving people or meeting people for the, first time., Meeting People for the First Time, When introduced to someone for the first time, use the following greetings:, , Hello, it's a pleasure to meet you., How do you do?, Example Dialogues, Fatima : Ameera, this is Fatima., Ameera : Hello, it's a pleasure to meet you., Fatima : How do you do?, Ameera : How do you do?, , Note: The reply to 'How do you do?' is 'How do you do?' This is appropriate when, you meet someone for the first time., Meeting People, When meeting people during the day, use the following phrases., Formal, , Informal, , Good morning / afternoon / evening!, , Hi!, , How are you?, , Hey, how's it going?, , It's good to see you., , What's up?, 11

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www.tntextbooks.in, Example, Bhuvana : Good morning Roshini., Ilango, , : Good morning. How are you?, , Bhuvana : What's up?, Ilango, , : Nothing much. You?, , Formal Greetings: Arriving, •, , Good morning / afternoon / evening!, , •, , Hello (name), how are you?, , •, , Good day Sir / Madam (very formal), , •, , Good morning Mr. Raju., , •, , Hello Ms. Sherlyn. How are you today?, , Informal Greetings: Arriving, Hi / Hello!, , How are you? / How are you doing?, , How are you?, , Very well, thank you. And you? (formal), , How are you doing?, , Fine / Great (informal), , What's up? (very informal), , Not much., I'm just (watching TV, cooking dinner, etc.), , Informal Greetings After a Long Time, If you haven't seen a friend or family member for a long time, use one these, informal greetings to mark the occasion., •, , It's great to see you!, , •, , How have you been?, , •, , Long time, no see., , •, , How are you doing these days?, , Formal Greetings: Departing, Use these greetings when you say goodbye at the end of the day. These greetings, are appropriate for work and other formal and informal situations., 12

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Formal, , Informal, , Good morning / afternoon / evening., , Nice seeing you!, , It was a pleasure seeing you., , Goodbye / Bye, , Goodbye., , See you later, , Goodnight. (Note: Use after 8 p.m.), , Later (very informal), , Practice Dialogues, Greetings in Informal Conversations:, Amala: Sanjay, what's up?, Sanjay: Hi Amala. Nothing much. I'm just hanging out. What's up with you?, Amala: It's a good day. I'm feeling fine., Sanjay: How is your sister?, Amala: Oh, fine. Not much has changed., Sanjay: Well, I have to go. Nice seeing you!, Amala: Later!, Greetings in Formal Conversations, Cecily: Good morning., Prabu: Good morning. How are you?, Cecily: I'm very well, thank you. And you?, Prabu: I'm fine. Thank you for asking., Cecily: Do you have a meeting this morning?, Prabu: Yes, I do. Do you have a meeting as well?, Cecily: Yes, Well. It was a pleasure seeing you., Prabu: Goodbye., , 13

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Writing, Formal letter, There are many situations in which we write formal letters. The formal letter has a, specific format. The formal letter should be accurate and presented in an organised manner., A formal letter includes:, ¾ Sender's address, ¾ Date, ¾ Name/designation and address of the receiver, ¾ Subject, ¾ Salutation, ¾ Body of the letter, ¾ Closing Paragraph, ¾ Complimentary close, ¾ Subscription, ¾ Sender’s Name, Designation (if applicable), , Informal letter, An informal letter includes:, ¾ Sender's address, ¾ Date, ¾ Salutation, ¾ Body of the letter, ¾ Closing Paragraph, ¾ Complimentary close, ¾ Subscription, ¾ Sender’s Name, , 14

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www.tntextbooks.in, Sample formal Letter, , Sender's address, Date, Name/designation, and address of the, receiver, Subject, Salutation, , 210, Sunrise Avenue, Chennai- 600 001, 10 April 2020, The Officer-in-charge,, Department of Water Supply and Sanitation,, The Municipality,, Chennai, Subject:- W,  astage of water due to a broken, pipe., Dear Sir/Madam,, , Body of the letter, , We have observed wastage of water for the, last 15 days at a construction site, near our, school. It makes the whole area slippery and, muddy. Mosquitoes have begun to breed, there and it has become a health hazard., , Closing Paragraph, , We, request, you, to, look, the, matter, immediately, get the pipeline repaired., , Complimentary close, Subscription, Sender’s Name, Designation, (if applicable), , into, and, , Thank you,, Yours sincerely/faithfully/truly,, Iniyan, , Using the given letter as a model, write a complaining letter on any one of, the topics given below., a) T,  o the Police commissioner about the noise caused by the loud speaker in a, music shop near your school., b) To the Postmaster General on non – receipt of book parcel., c) T,  o the Transport Manager, TNStC on non- stopping of buses near your school, bus stop., 15

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www.tntextbooks.in, Sample informal Letter, , Sender's address, Date, Salutation, , Body of the letter, , South Mount Road, Kallanai, Tirunelveli Town, 27 November 2020, Dear Mother,, I am fine here and hope this letter finds you, in good health. I am enjoying my new school, and hostel life. Though sometimes I feel, homesick but your words of advice always, help me overcome the feeling. I believe, this school is one of the best school and we, have all the facilities. The teachers are very, well-learned, affectionate and efficient. My, classmates are helpful and fun to be with., Please convey my regards to dad and love, to Suganya., , Subscription, Sender’s Name, , Your loving daughter,, Seema, , Using the given informal letter as a model, write a letter on any one, of the topics given below., a) W,  rite letter to your father asking permission to go on a educational, tour., b) Write letter to your friend about your summer holidays., c) W,  rite letter to your sister advising her to take part in cultural programme, in school annual day celebration., , 16

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Grammar, , Parts of Speech, Noun is a word used as the name, of a person, Place, or thing., , Pronoun is a word used, instead of a noun., , Example: Person, Place, Thing, Animal, , Example: I, We, You, He, She,, It, They, Me, Us,, Him, Her, Them., , - Akbar, - Chennai, - Computer, - Dog, , Adverb is a word that, describes or modifies a verb, an, adjective or another adverb., , Verb is a word used to express, an action or state., Example: c ome, read, speak,, write, learn, am, is,, was, are, have, had,, do, does, did, , Example: very, beautifully,, cleverly, quickly, quite,, possibly, never, often., , Preposition is a word placed, before with noun or a pronoun, to show the relation of the noun, or pronoun to something else., , Adjective is a word that, describes or modifies a noun., Example: b,  eautiful, intelligent,, good, bad, clever,, little, honest, some,, great, large., , Example: in, of, at, on, by, for,, from, out, to, up, with,, about, into., , Interjection is a word, which expresses some, sudden feeling., , Conjunction is a word used to, join words or sentences., Example: and, but, because, or,, so, still, if, as, before,, though, neither...nor, so that, either...or,, , Example: Alas, Wow,, Hurrah, Oh, Hello,, Ah, Hush, Bravo., , 17

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Noun, Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, thing, animal or an idea., Types of nouns: Proper noun, Common noun, Collective noun, Abstract noun, Material, noun., Proper, Noun, , is the name of the particular person or place., Example: Hari, Akbar, Stephen, Kayal, Chennai,, Tamil Nadu, India., , Common, Noun, , is a name given in common to every, person or thing of the same class or kind., Example: boy, girl, woman, tree, animal,, school, student, teacher., , is the name of a number of persons, Collective or things taken together., Example: police, army, crowd,, Noun, people, team, nation, family., , Noun, , Abstract, Noun, , Material, Noun, , is usually the name of a quality, action,, or state., Example: Quality- Kindness, honesty, Action- laughter, hatred. State- Youth., , is the name of a raw material of a product., Example: gold, silver, fiber, diamond, wood,, clay, cotton., , a. Pick out the words from the list and put them appropriately in the table., David, Madurai, parrot, happiness, book, thought, green, tiger, Trichy, computer,, Narayanan, fan, sister, Kalam, woman, pencil, Bharathi, problem, brother, Mumbai,, swan, elephant, Vijay, solution, success, school, convent., Person, , Place, , Thing, , 18, , Animal, , Ideas/, feelings

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www.tntextbooks.in, b. R,  ead the following paragraph and pick out the different types of nouns and, put them in the table., Hobby is an activity that we enjoy doing in our free time. It keeps us busy in our leisure, time. People choose their hobby on the basis of their interests and personality. Do you know, what Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s hobby was?, Proper Noun, , Common Noun, , Collective Noun, , Abstract Noun, , c. Fill in the blanks with the suitable collective noun., Choir, shower, bowl, flock, cup, pair, swarm, bunch, herd, bottle, 1. a ______________ of cows, , 6. a ______________ of ants, , 2. a ______________ of birds, , 7. a ______________ of grapes, , 3. a ______________ of singers, , 8. a ______________ of rice, , 4. a ______________ of milk, , 9. a ______________ of shoes, , 5. a ______________ of tea, , 10. a ______________ of rain, , Pronoun, Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun., Example, Shoba always loves dancing. She wants to go to dance school., In the above example, the word 'she' replaces the noun 'Shoba'. So the word 'she' is a, pronoun., Subject pronoun Object pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun, I, , me, , my, , mine, , We, , us, , our, , ours, , You, , you, , your, , yours, , They, , them, , their, , theirs, , He, , him, , his, , his, , She, , her, , her, , hers, , It, , it, , its, , its, , 19

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www.tntextbooks.in, Subject Pronoun, , Object Pronoun, , An object pronoun is a type of, A subject pronoun is a personal pronoun, personal pronoun that replaces a noun, that is used as the subject of a verb., with an object., I, We, You, He, She, It, They, Me, Us, You, Him, Her, It, Them, Examples:, , Examples:, , She is my friend., It is my dog., They are reading., , The painting is done by me., He called them., I will give you a book., , a. Change the underlined words with correct pronoun., (they, he, her, him, it, she ), 1. I saw Mr. Balu this morning and gave Mr. Balu my homework., 2. Muthu likes computer games, but he doesn’t play computer games very often., 3. My aunt lives in Trichy but, my aunt often comes to visit my family., 4. Neil Armstrong was born in 1930. Neil Armstrong landed on the moon in 1969., 5. He helped the old lady. He gave the old lady food., Possessive pronoun and possessive adjective., Possessive Adjective, , Possessive Pronoun, , To show something belongs to somebody, , To replace the possessive adjective, , Example:, , Example:, My shirt is green., , Green shirt is mine., , Your book is new., , New book is yours., , Her dog is small., , Small dog is hers., , Our bird is noisy., , Noisy bird is ours., , b. Change the possessive adjective into possessive pronoun., 1. This is my pen. , , ___________________________________, , 2. Shenbah missed her purse., , ___________________________________, , 3. Her speech is nice. , , ___________________________________, , 4. My book is new. , , ___________________________________, , 5. My bike is costly. , , ___________________________________, 20

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www.tntextbooks.in, , C) VERB, Verb is a word used to express an action or state., Transitive verbs, , Intransitive verbs, , Transitive verbs are verbs that express, Intransitive verbs are verbs that, action with an object., express action without an object., The object of a transitive verb can be a, noun, pronoun or a noun clause or phrase., , Examples:, I ran., I ran swiftly., , Examples:, , I ran in the race, , I threw the ball. (Noun as object), We beat them. (Pronoun as object), I think that you are correct. (Noun clause, as object), , List out the transitive and intransitive verbs in following words., , come, buy, teach, learn, arrive, sing, run, draw, jump, write., , Language Check Point, , Incorrect, , Correct, , Usage, , I cannot cope with this, pressure., , The meaning of cope is to, manage. Cope is followed, by the preposition 'with',, and never followed by 'up'., , He has grey hairs., , He has grey hair., , All the hair on one's head is, considered uncountable and, so, ‘hairs’ is almost always, incorrect., , What is the time in, your watch?, , What is the time by your, watch?, , In your watch is incorrect., Use by to ask time., , I cannot cope up, with this pressure., , 21

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www.tntextbooks.in, , When I was a baby,, you would hold me in your arms., I felt the love and tenderness,, keeping me safe from harm., I would look up into your eyes,, and all the love I would see., How did I get so lucky,, you were the dad chosen for me., There is something special, about a father's love., Seems it was sent to me, from someplace up above., Our love is everlasting,, I just wanted you to know., That you're my special hero, and I wanted to tell you so., Christina M Kerschen, , 23, 23

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, tenderness (n), , –, , gentleness and kindness, , everlasting (adj), , –, , lasting forever or a very long time, , special(adj), , –, , different from what is usual, , A) Read the poem aloud in pairs., B) Find a line from the poem to match the statements given below and write it, in the blank., 1. He always saves me from harm, , --------------------------------------------------., , 2. I am so lucky to get you, , --------------------------------------------------., , 3. The affection between us has no end --------------------------------------------------., C) Answer the following questions., 1. Who is the speaker?, 2. Who is the special hero mentioned in the poem?, 3. How did the child feel when it was hold by its dad?, Seems it was sent to me, From someplace up above., 4. What do the above lines mean?, 5. What did the child want to tell its dad?, D) Work in pairs and answer the questions below., 1. "There is something special, about a father's love"., Identify the alliteration in the given lines., 2. Pick out the rhyming words from the poem., , WRITING, E) Write a paragraph on the father’s love as described in the poem., , 24

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Parallel Reading, ONLY A DAD, Only a dad, with a tired face,, Coming home from the daily race,, Bringing little of gold or fame,, To show how well he has played the game,, But glad in his heart that his own rejoice, To see him come, and to hear his voice., Only a dad, with a brood of four,, One of ten million men or more., Plodding along in the daily strife,, Bearing the whips and the scorns of life,, With never a whimper of pain or hate,, For the sake of those who at home await., Only a dad, neither rich nor proud,, Merely one of the surging crowd, Toiling, striving from day to day,, Facing whatever may come his way,, Silent, whenever the harsh condemn,, And bearing it all for the love of them., Only a dad, but he gives his all, To smooth the way for his children small,, Doing, with courage stern and grim,, The deeds that his father did for him., This is the line that for him I pen,, Only a dad, but the best of men., Edgar Albert Guest, , 25, 25

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Supplementary, The Woman on Platform 8, , Ruskin Bond, , Section-I, It was my second year at boarding school, and I was sitting on platform no. 8 at Ambala, station waiting for the northern bound train. I think I was about twelve at the time. My parents, considered me old enough to travel alone and I had arrived by bus at Ambala early in the, evening. Now there was a wait till midnight before my train arrived. Most of the time I had, been pacing up and down the platform, browsing at the bookstall, or feeding broken biscuits, to stray dogs: trains came and went, and the platform would be quiet for a while and then,, when a train arrived it would be an inferno of heaving, shouting, agitated human bodies. As, the carriage doors opened, a tide of people would sweep down upon the nervous little ticketcollector at the gate and every time this happened I would be caught in the rush and swept, outside the station. Now tired of this game and of ambling about the platform, I sat down on, my suitcase and gazed dismally across the railway tracks., Trolleys rolled past me and I was conscious of the cries of the various vendors -the men, who sold curds and lemon, the sweet meat. seller, the newspaper boy- but I had lost interest, in all that went on along the busy platform, and continued to stare across the railway tracks,, feeling bored and a little lonely., 'Are you all alone, my son?' asked a soft voice close behind me., I looked up and saw a woman standing near me. She was leaning over, and I saw a pale, face, and dark kind eyes. She wore no jewels, and was dressed very simply in a white sari, “Yes, I am going to school,” I said, and stood up respectfully; she seemed poor, but, there was a dignity about her that, commanded respect., ‘I have been watching you for, some time,’ she said 'Didn't your, parents come to see you off,', 'I don't live here; I said. 'I had, to change trains Anyway, I can travel, alone.', ‘I am sure you can.’ she said,, and I liked her for saying that and I, also liked her for the simplicity of her, dress and for her deep soft voice, , 26

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www.tntextbooks.in, and the serenity of her face., ‘Tell me, what is your name?' she asked, 'Arun.’ I said., 'And how long do you have to wait for your train?', 'About an hour, I think. It comes at twelve o'clock.’, Then come with me and have something to eat', I was going to refuse out of shyness and suspicion, but she took me by the hand, and, then I felt it would be silly to pull my hand away. She told a coolie to look after my suitcase,, and then she led me away down the platform. Her hand was gentle, and she held mine neither, too firmly nor too lightly. I looked up at her again. She was not young. And she was not old., She must have been over thirty but, had she been fifty, I think she would have looked much, the same., She took me into the station dining-room, ordered tea and and samosas and jalebies, and, at once I began to thaw and take a new interest in this kind woman. The strange encounter had, little effect on my appetite. I was a hungry school boy, and l ate as much as I could in as polite a, manner as possible. She took obvious pleasure in watching me eat, and I think it was the food, that strengthened the bond between us, and cemented our friendship, for under, the influence of the tea and sweets, I began to talk quite freely, and told, her about my school, my friends, my, likes and dislikes. She questioned me, quietly from time to time, but preferred, listening; she drew me out very well,, and I had soon forgotten that we were, strangers. But she did not ask me, about my family or where I lived, and, I did not ask her where she lived. I, accepted her for what she had been to, me — a quiet, kind and gentlewoman who gave sweets to a lonely boy on a railway platform..., After about half-an-hour we left the dining-room and began walking back along the, platform An engine was shunting up and down beside platform No.8 and as it approached, a, boy leapt off the platform and ran across the rails, taking a short cut to the next platform. He, was at a safe distance from the engine, and there was no danger unless he had fallen; but as, he leapt across the rails, the woman clutched my arm. Her fingers dug into my flesh, and I, winced with pain. I caught her fingers and looked up at her, and I saw a spasm of pain and, fear and sadness pass across her face. She watched the boy as he climbed other platform, and, it was not until he had disappeared in the crowd that she relaxed her hold on my arm. She, 27

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www.tntextbooks.in, smiled at me reassuringly, and took my hand again: but her fingers trembled against mine., 'He was all right.' I said, feeling that it was she who needed reassurance., She smiled gratefully at me and pressed my hand. We walked together in silence until, we reached the place where I had left my suitcase, one of my schoolfellows, Satish, a boy of, about my age, had turned up with his mother., Section-II, , 'Hello, Arun!’ he called. 'The train's coming in late, as usual. Did you know we have a new, Headmaster this year?', We shook hands, and then he turned to his mother and said: 'This is Arun, mother. He is, one of my friends, and the best bowler in the class.’, 'l am glad to know that,' said his mother, a large imposing woman who wore spectacles., She looked at the woman who led my hand and said: 'And I suppose you're Arun's mother?', I opened my mouth to make some explanation, but before I could say anything the, woman replied: 'Yes I am Arun's mother.', I was unable to speak a word. I looked quickly up at the woman, but she did not appear, to be at all embarrassed, and was smiling at Satish’s mother., Satish's mother said: 'It’s such a nuisance having to wait for the train right in the middle, of the night. But one can’t let the child wait here alone. Anything can happen to a boy at a big, station like this, there are so many suspicious characters hanging about. These days one has, to be very careful of strangers.', 28

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www.tntextbooks.in, 'Arun can travel alone though,' said the woman beside me, and somehow I felt grateful, to her for saying that. I had already forgiven her for lying: and besides, I had taken an, instinctive dislike to Satish's mother., 'Well, be very careful Arun,' said Satish's mother looking sternly at me through her, spectacles. 'Be very careful when your mother is not with you, and never talk to strangers!', I looked from Satish's mother to the woman who had given me tea and sweets, and then, back at Satish's mother., 'I like strangers,’ I said., Satish's mother definitely staggered a little, as obviously she was not used to being, contradicted by small boys. 'There you are, you see! If you don't watch over them all the, time, they'll walk straight into trouble. Always listen to what your mother tells you,’ she said, wagging a fat little finger at me. 'And never, never talk to strangers.', I glared resentfully at her, and moved closer to the woman who had befriended me., Satish was standing behind his mother, grinning at me, and delighting in my clash with his, mother. Apparently he was on my side., The station bell clanged, and the people who had till now been squatting resignedly on, the platform began hustling about., 'Here it comes,' shouted Satish, as the engine whistle shrieked and the front lights, played over the rails., The train mowed slowly into the station, the engine hissing and sending out waves of, steam. As it came to a stop, Satish jumped on the footboard of a lighted compartment and, shouted, 'Come on, Arun, this one's empty!' and I picked up my suitcase and made a dash for, the open door., We placed ourselves at the open windows, and the two women stood outside on the, platform, talking up to us. Satish's mother did most of the talking., ‘No don't jump on and off moving trains, as you did just now,' she said. 'And don't stick, your heads out of the windows, and don't eat any rubbish on the way.’ She allowed me to share, the benefit of her advice, as she probably didn't think my 'mother' a very capable person. She, handed Satish a bag of fruit, a cricket bat and a big box of chocolates, and told him to share, the food with me. Then she stood back from the window to watch how my 'mother' behaved., I was smarting under the patronizing tone of Satish's mother, who obviously thought, mine a very poor family: and I did not intend giving the other woman away. I let her take my, hand in hers, but I could think of nothing to say. I was conscious of Satish's mother staring at, us with hard, beady eyes, and I found myself hating her with a firm, unreasoning hate. The, guard walked up the platform, blowing his whistle for the train to leave. I looked straight into, the eyes of the woman who held my hand, and she smiled in a gentle understanding way. I, leaned out of the window then, and put my, 29

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www.tntextbooks.in, lips to her cheek, and kissed her., The carriage jolted forward, and she drew her hand away., 'Goodbye, mother!’ said Satish, as the train began to move slowly out of the station., Satish and his mother waved to each other., 'Good-bye,’I said to the other woman, *goodbye — mother ...', I didn't wave or shout, but sat still in front of the window, gazing at the woman on the, platform. Satish's mother was talking to her, but she didn't appear to be listening; she was, looking at me, as the train took me away. She stood there on the busy platform, a pale sweet, woman in white, and I watched her until she was lost in the milling crowd., , About the Author, Ruskin Bond is a short story writer,, novelist and poet, the favourite writer of, Indian children. His first novel, Room on the, Roof, was published when he was still in his, teens. This novel won him the John Rhys, Memorial Award in 1957. He also writes about, children and the simple hill folk of Uttarakhand., Simplicity and fluency of language and an insight into human nature, are hallmarks of his style. His major writings include An Island of Trees,, A Bond with the Mountains and The India I Love. He has also been honoured, with the Sahitya Akademi Award for his contribution to Indian literature., , 30

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, inferno (n), , – region that resembles hell, , heaving (v), , – to raise or lift with force, , dismally (adv), , – cheerless, , serenity (n), , – reverence, , encounter (v), , – brief meeting, , clutched (v), , – grasped (something) tightly, , imposing (adj), , – grand and impressive in appearance, , embarrassed (v), , – felt awkward, self-conscious, or ashamed, , nuisance (n), , – causing inconvenience or annoyance, , staggered (v), , – walked or moved unsteadily, as if about to fall, , wagging (v), , – move rapidly to and fro, , resentfully (adv), , –, , grinning (v), , – smiling broadly, , squatting (v), , –, , hustling (v), , – push roughly; jostle, , shrieked (v), , – uttered a high-pitched piercing sound, , mowed (v), , – moved slowly into the crowed station, , patronizing (adj), , – treat in a way that is apparently kind, , obviously (adv), , – in a way that is easily perceived or understood; clearly, , jolted (v), , – moved with sudden jurk, , feeling or expressing bitterness or indignation at having, been treated unfairly, crouch or sit with one's knees bent and one's heels, close to or touching the back of one's thighs, , A. Choose the best answer., 1. Satish's mother handed to her son ____________., a. bag of pencil, , b. bag of vegetables, , c. big box of chocolates d. cricket ball, , 2. The train would come at ____________., a. one o’ clock, , b. twelve o’ clock, , c. two o’ clock, , 3. The strange lady gave ______ to Arun., a. coffee and vadai, , b. tea and bajji, , c. tea and samosas, , d. black tea and cake, 31, , d. eleven o’ clock

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www.tntextbooks.in, 4. Arun was sitting on platform _________ ., a. no. 7, , b. no. 8, , c. no. 4, , d.no. 3, , 5. Satish and Arun were ________ years old boys., a. 12, , b. 11, , c. 13, , d. 10, , B. Match the following., 1. woman in white, , -, , mother of Satish, , 2. train, , -, , boy of same age, , 3. bowler, , -, , dressed simply, , 4. Satish, , -, , waves of stream, , 5. spectacles, , -, , Arun, , C. Identify the character., 1. I am glad to know that., 2. Are you all alone, my son?, 3. Yes, I am going to school., 4. He is one of my friends., 5. Goodbye mother., D. Answer the following questions., 1., , Where was Arun sitting?, , 2., , What was the expected arrival time of the train?, , 3., , What were the sight Arun had seen on the platform?, , 4., , What did the vendors sell?, , 5., , How did the women appear?, , 6., , Where was Arun travelling to?, , 7., , What did the woman buy for him?, , 8., , What was the advise of Sathish’s mother?, , 9., , What were the Arun’s last words?, , 10. What was the reaction of the woman at the end?, , 32

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Step to Success, Sentence Rearrangement, A. Miss Sullivan arrived at the Keller home when Helen was seven., B. The deaf and blind Helen learned to communicate verbally., C. But, eventually, Miss Sullivan's effort was rewarded., D. Before Helen Keller was two years old, she lost her sight and her hearing., E. Miss Sullivan worked closely with Helen, her new student., F. At times the teacher became frustrated., 1. DEFACB, 2. DAEFCB, 3. ACFDEB, 4. CFDABE, 5. FDACEB, , Connecting to Self, Think you are in the following situation and write what would you do and why., __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, Will you ignore/take and give to its, owner/ take and keep it yourself., , __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, , Will you ignore/go and help him/, stand watching him feeling shy to help, , __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, , Will you ignore/try to stop them, fighting / be afraid and go away from there., , __________________________________, 33

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www.tntextbooks.in, , ICT CORNER, GRAMMAR – NOUN, , To learn the parts of, speech and also about, the Nouns and its kind., , StEPS TO PLAY THE GAME:, 1., , Type the URL link given below in the browser or scan the QR code., , 2., , Click the arrow button to know about nouns with examples., , 3., , Click QUIZZES at the bottom and answer the questions., , 4., , Click GAMES to play a game related with noun., , 5. Continue the same with the remaining parts of speech to strengthen your, learning., , WEBSITE URL:, Click the following link or scan the QR code to access the website., https://grammaropolis.com/noun.php, ** Images are indicatives only., , 34

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 2, 1, , Prose, , Hobby Turns into a Successful Career, Warm up, Look at the pictures. Discuss in pairs and, share your answers with your friends., , 1. What is the girl doing?, , _________________________________, , 2. What is the man doing?, , _________________________________, , 3. Will you like doing it? Why?, , _________________________________, , 4. Do you like gardening? Why?, , _________________________________, , 5. What are the benefits of listening to music? _________________________________, 35

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Section -I, Reading, Listen to the teacher and read, this section., Once there was a boy named, Mani. He was studying at the school in, his village. He found it difficult to read, and write. His grandfather noticed it, and helped him by reading bedtime, stories. Gradually, he started reading, on his own. Now, he not only enjoyed, reading but also has started writing his, own stories. Let us read an essay written by Mani., Hobbies are the activities that we do in our spare time. Hobbies are unique to people., Some like gardening, a few like photography, many have book reading as their hobby. While, other hobbies are swimming, collecting stamps, playing video games, and many more., People have hobbies not only to pass their free time but also to do something useful., Hobbies help people learn new things, relax after a day of tiring work and to energise their, body and mind. Same is the case with me. I love writing, so it is my hobby., “Whatever you like to do, make it a hobby.”, -Warren Buffet, Writing is a unique hobby because most people don't want to exhaust themselves in, their spare time. Many feel that writing is tough, but I do not think so. I feel writing is like, painting our voice. When I get free time, I pick a pen and a notebook and start painting my, ideas in words. I write stories, poems and sometimes, about my feelings. My mind relaxes, when I pour my thoughts as words. So, writing energises me., When I write things, my imagination is at its best. I imagine a world with magic and, magicians, where I can fly, and birds can talk. Writing helps me completely immerse myself, into that world! Sometimes, I sit with small children and entertain them with these stories, of mine. The happiness of their faces makes me to write more and better., Although writing is just a hobby for me, yet it is very beneficial. It opens my mind to, think beyond the little things with a broader mind. It makes me more passionate about my, life. It makes me learn new things and enjoy every moment of my life., “Writing is easy. All you have to do is cross out the wrong words.”, -Mark Twain, 36

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www.tntextbooks.in, My hobby helped me in school too. When, I started writing things, I was unable to describe, them accurately. With time, my experiences, helped me think of new ideas and this made me, a good writer., , The, former, Chief, Minister of Tamil Nadu,, Mr C.N. Annadurai, had, the hobbies of reading and, writing. He wrote many books, stories,, plays, thought-provoking articles and, cine dialogues which have contributed, to reformation of society as we know, it today!, , Now, I look out for things, which I was, not able to see before. Hence, I can describe, things better in my stories. I feel no problem, with writing English essays or stories as it is, my hobby. To become a better writer, I spend, time on learning how to write in different forms, like fiction and non-fiction. It is important to always learn and improve our hobbies. Who, knows? One day I could be a writer like R.K. Narayan!, , Glossary, unique (adj), , –, , distinctive / uncommon, , exhaust (v), , –, , tire out, , energises (v), , –, , give energy, , passionate (adj), , –, , intense/ heartfelt, , accurately (adv), , –, , exactly, , fiction (n), , –, , imaginative writing, , spare (adj), , –, , extra, , Read and Understand, A. Say true or false., 1. Mani's hobby is playing cricket., 2. Hobbies are unique to people., 3. People have hobbies only to pass time., B. Choose the correct answer., 1. Mani imagined a world with ________., a) music and musicians, , b) building and sculptures, , c) magic and magicians, , 2. When Mani started writing things, he was unable to ________., a) describe them accurately, c), , b) describe them fluently, , describe them imaginatively, , 3. Mani feels writing is like _________., a) painting the voice, b) engraving the voice, 37, , c) designing the voice

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Section -II, Reading, , Take turns and read this section aloud., Ajay Kumar Garg, is a very talented young artist. He lives in Jaipur, India. His childhood, was going on well, until he suffered an injury at the age of three. Ajay was treated, but, that treatment left him permanently deaf. His parents tried several hospitals to cure his, impairment, but it didn't cure him. His father, once bought him a paint set to play. Ajay, started to paint happily. He painted on the walls, floors etc. He looked happy, while using the, paint set that was gifted to him. Soon, Ajay’s father realised that Ajay was talented in painting., When Ajay was five years old, a court artist of Dholpur (Rajasthan), Shri Sua Lal saw his, painting and was very impressed with his work. He then took Ajay and started training him., After completing his education, Ajay tried tailoring but, that didn’t make him happy so, he went back to painting. He became an apprentice of Asha Devi. She taught Ajay the old, and dying technique of 'Traditional Indian Miniature Painting'. He mastered the technique, of preparing colors and brushes and gained knowledge of the paintings. Soon he became, an accomplished artist in the miniature style. He uses a magnifying glass and a singlehaired brush for miniature paintings that depict Indian culture. Ajay is gifted in the practice of, creating images on a grain of rice., 38

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www.tntextbooks.in, Ajay exhibited his work and sold 144 out of the 150 paintings displayed. He continued to, show his work throughout India, the United States and the United Kingdom. In 2004, Ajay was, awarded a national award of accomplishment from the Indian President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam., Apart from painting, Ajay is also very actively involved in the welfare of people with, hearing impairment in India and has been the executive member of the 'Deaf & Dumb, Association' in Rajasthan. He also gives free training to hearing impaired children in Jaipur, as well as children in an orphanage in Gandhi Nagar, Jaipur. One of Ajay’s current goals is to, revitalise the dying art of traditional miniature Indian paintings., Ajay’s life shows us that we can turn our hobby or passion into a successful career,, if we are ready to learn and develop our skills., , Glossary, impairment (n), , –, , disability, , miniature (adj), , –, , very small of its kind, , accomplished (adj), , –, , fulfiled, , magnifying (adj), , –, , enhanceing, , exhibited (v), , –, , show or reveal, , revitalise (v), , –, , re-energise, , Read and Understand, A. Write true or false., 1. Ajay Garg is an artist., 2. Asha Devi taught Ajay the miniature painting., 3. Ajay displayed 150 paintings., 4. Ajay was awarded by the Indian president Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalam., B. Answer the following questions., 1. What was Ajay gifted with?, 2. How was he honoured?, 3. What is Ajay's current goal?, 4. Does Ajay's hobby become a successful career? How?, 39

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Section -III, Reading, The hard working and the passionate people, always chase, their dream and live it. Ilavazhagi is one among the many to achieve, her dream amidst all odds. Mr. A. Irudayaraj, her father, was a district, level champion in carrom. His dream shattered, since his family did, not encourage and support him. He was determined to achieve his, dream through his daughter. He used to put his daughter on the, carrom board, while she listened to the sounds of striker and, coins. When she was two years old, he would carry her with him, to the tournaments; he played with his friends at local clubs., Her father began coaching her when she was around five. One, day her father called her for a match, and she won that match,, which gave her confidence. The confidence led her to win. Her, victories included the Asia Cup and (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) Cup, and the world championship., Irudhayaraj, a fish-cart driver who transports materials like pipes to make a living, for his family – a wife and three daughters. They lived in a small one-room apartment, in Vyasarpadi, Chennai, is not enough to accommodate the family. The trophies, she, has won over the years are too many, and her home is just not big enough to keep them., The trophies left over after filling the space under the bed, were given to the neighbours and, relatives. Financing the trips has always been a big trouble, though she has been playing for, the state for almost 14 years. Still she says "Victories follow me"., Ilavazhagi is a member of the Thiruvallur District Carrom Association and, also represented India at the Carrom World Championships, Asian Championships., Achievements:, 1. 5th World Carrom Champion, 2008 in France., 2. W,  omen’s singles title at the 38th Senior National Carrom Championships in, Visakhapatnam, 2009., 3. Women’s singles title in the 37 th National Carrom Championship in Chennai, 2008., 4. 13th SAARC Carrom Championship women’s doubles with Rashmi Kumari in 2009., 5. The two time SAARC Carrom Championship women’s singles title in 2009., 6. W,  orld Cup winner in 2006 and the next was the 2010 championship in the US where, she secured the first place in singles and doubles., She holds 260 medals, out of which 106 are gold, 17 are silver & 12 are bronze, medals won in national competitions. She has won 111 gold, 9 silver and 5 bronze, medals in international tournaments., Her hobby of playing carrom took her to the level of world champion., 40

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, accommodates (n), trophies (n) , shattered (v) , , – sufficient space for, – a decorative cup given as a token of victory, – break , damage or destroyed, , Read and Understand, A. Fill in the blanks., 1. Mani's grandfather noticed it and helped him by reading __________., 2. Ajay mastered the techniques of _______., 3. Ilavazhagi won her first match against _______., B. Choose correct synonyms for the italic word., 1. Writing is a unique hobby, a) common, , b) beneficial, , c) uncommon, , d) separate, , c) unhappily, , d) sadly, , c) twist, , d) falsify, , 2. Ajay started to paint happily., a) depressed, , b) joyfully, , 3. Miniature paintings depict Indian culture., a) warp, , b) portray, , C. Choose correct antonyms for the italic word., 1. Ajay suffered an injury., a) sorrow, , b) endure, , c) hurt, , d) mourn, , 2. Ajay mastered the techniques of painting., a) skilled, b) proficient, c) unskilled, 3. Ilavazhagi won world championship in 2008., a) win, , b) succeed, , c) lost, , D. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences., 1. What happened to Ajay at the age of three?, 2. What did Asha Devi teach Ajay?, 3. Why writing is beneficial according to Mani?, , E. Answer the following questions in 100 words., 1. How did Ajay’s father find his son’s talent?, 2. Write a note on Ilavazhagi., 41, , d) experienced, d) well-skilled

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Vocabulary, Singular and Plural, We have seen how to form plural from singular for certain nouns and now we are, going to see the other forms of plurals., Some nouns become plural, when we change the vowels., , 'us' changes into 'i', , Singular, , Plural, , Singular, , Plural, , man, , men, , cactus, , cacti, , foot, , feet, , tooth, , teeth, , fungus, , fungi, , goose, , geese, , syllabus, , syllabi, , 'um' changes into 'a', , 'is' changes into 'es', Singular, , Plural, , Singular, , Plural, , hypothesis, , hypotheses, , bacterium, , bacteria, , oasis, , oases, , medium, , media, , crisis, , crises, , curriculum, , curricula, , Some nouns have same form, for singular and plural., , Add 's' to the first word in, hyphenated word., Singular, , Plural, , Singular, , Plural, , passer-by, , passers-by, , sister-in-law, , sisters-in-law, , brother-in-law, , brothers-in-law, , runner-up, , runners-up, , deer, fish, hair, furniture, luggage, , deer, fish, hair, furniture, luggage, , Write the plural form of the given words, Singular, , Plural, , Singular, , 1, , food, , 6, , commander-in-chief, , 2, , radius, , 7, , thesis, , 3 governor - general, , 8, , forum, , 4, , syllabus, , 9, , cattle, , 5, , datum, , 10, , genius, , 42, , Plural

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Compound words, Compound words are formed when two or more words are put together to form a new, word with a new meaning., Some important compound words using (NOUN + NOUN), Noun, , Noun, , Compound Word, , head, , master, , head master, , key, , board, , key board, , cell, , phone, , cell phone, , school, , boy, , school boy, , eye, , sight, , eye sight, , home, , work, , home work, , moon, , light, , moon light, , note, , book, , note book, , Some important compound words using (GERUND + NOUN), Gerund, , Noun, , Compound Word, , dining, , hall, , dinning hall, , washing, , machine, , washing machine, , waiting, , hall, , waiting hall, , driving, , school, , driving school, , walking, , stick, , walking stick, , drawing, , room, , drawing room, , calling, , bell, , calling bell, , baking, , soda, , baking soda, , Some important compound words using (NOUN + VERB), Noun, , Verb, , Compound Word, , snow, , fall, , snow fall, , car, , park, , car park, , book, , mark, , book mark, , sun, , set, , sun set, , cat, , walk, , cat walk, , rain, , fall, , rain fall, , hair, , cut, , hair cut, , tooth, , ache, , toothache, 43

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www.tntextbooks.in, A) Match the following compound words and write them:, First word, , Second word, , match, , mark, , air, , cut, , blood, , port, , Pop, , machine, , sky, , bank, , hair, , blue, , book, , corn, , sewing, , box, , New word, , B. Choose the best answer to make a compound word, 1. Which can be placed after ‘soft’?, a) play , , b) ware , , c) run, , d) cycle, , 2. Which can be placed before 'light’?, a) try , , b) sun , , c) horse, , d) cat, , c) shop, , d) van, , c) see, , d) land, , c) fall , , d) out, , 3. Which can be placed after ‘safe’?, a) chair , , b) guard , , 4. Which can be placed after ‘blue’?, a) cane , , b) print , , 5. Which can be placed after ‘water’?, a) food , , b) stick , , Listening, Questions on passage, 1., , What is Philately?, , 2., , What is Numismatics?, , 3., , Do you know where the rarest and the most beautiful shells are found?, , 4., , Painting can help unleash your creative side. How?, , 5., , What is your friend’s hobby? How does it differ from yours? Discuss and write., Note: The listening passage is given at page no.226., 44

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Speaking, Role-play the conversation in the class., Manoj, , :, , Hi Priya! How are you?, , Priya, , :, , I am fine, and what about you?, , Manoj, , :, , I am fine too. What are you doing in this early morning?, , Priya, , :, , I am taking care of my garden., , Manoj, , :, , Oh! What a beautiful garden it is !, , Priya, , :, , It is beautiful as I work every day in it., , Manoj, , :, , Who helps you in your work?, , Priya, , :, , Myself have done this. It is my hobby and I have cultivated vegetables., , Manoj, , :, , Oh! that's nice. How long have you been doing this?, , Priya, , :, , I have been doing this for ......., , Manoj, , :, , ...................................................................................................., , Priya, , :  ....................................................................................................., , Manoj, , :  ...................................................................................................., , Priya, , :, , ...................................................................................................., , Manoj, , :, , ...................................................................................................., , Continue this conversation with friends having atleast five to ten dialogues each., , Writing, Hints Developing, •, , Read the hints twice or thrice carefully., , •, , Understand the passage well., , •, , Be careful to connect as naturally as possible the various points given in the text., , •, , Arrange the matter in two or three paragraphs., , •, , Give a suitable title., 45

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www.tntextbooks.in, Example :, Hints, Farmer in a village - had a hen - golden egg - farmer, became rich- selling golden eggs- he is greedy - an egg, everyday - not enough - thought to get all eggs - kill to, get all eggs - killed the hen - found no eggs - farmer is, very sad., , The Greedy Farmer, There lived a farmer in a village. He had a hen. The hen used to lay a golden egg, every day. The farmer used to sell the golden egg in the market and got huge amount of, money. Soon, he became rich. The farmer was very greedy. He thought, "At present I get, an egg every day. This is not enough. Why should not I get all the eggs at a time? I must, kill the hen to get all the golden eggs at a time." And the greedy farmer killed the hen. He, did not find any egg. He was very sad now., , Develop the following hints:, 1. Tortoise - hare - forest - tortoise walking- seen by a harehare laughs - tortoise speed -, , tortoise sad - bet - race, , - tortoise moving- slow speed -hare moves - fast - sleepstortoise - reaches winning point - first - wins the bet., 2. Akbar - Birbal - courtiers jealous of Birbal - ask Akbar - test, Birbal wiseness - Courtier puts a question - How many crows in, Agra - Birbal asks for a week - everyday sitting on the terrace, - looking at the crows- after a week - courtier asks - Birbal, says 156757 crows - asks the courtier to check- Akbar laughs., 3. A wood cutter - cutting wood - dropped his axe in the pond started weeping - angel appeared - asked what the matter was, - brought a golden axe - from the pond - wood cutter did not, accept - brought a silver axe - not accepted - brought an iron axe accepted - pleased with the honesty - offered all the axes to him., 46

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Grammar, Adjective, An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun., Kinds of Adjectives, Adjectives of Quality, show the kind or quality of a person or thing., , Example:, Kolkata is a large city., He is an honest man., The foolish old crow tried to sing., This is the Grammar of the English language., Adjectives of Quality answer the question : Of what kind ?, Adjectives of Quantity, describe the quantity of something., , Example:, I ate some rice., He showed much patience., He has little intelligence., We have had enough exercise., He has lost all his wealth., You have no sense., He did not eat any rice., Take great care of your health., He claimed his half share of the booty., There has not been sufficient rain this year., The whole sum was expended., , 47

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www.tntextbooks.in, Adjectives of Quantity answer the question: How much?, Adjectives of Number, show how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a person or, thing stands., Example:, Each hand has five fingers., Few cats like cold water., There are no pictures in this book., I have taught you many things., All men must die., Here are some ripe mangoes., Most boys like cricket., There are several mistakes in your exercise., Sunday is the first day of the week, Demonstrative adjectives, point to "which" noun or pronoun you're speaking about. These four words will help, you spot demonstrative adjectives -this, that, these, those., Example:, This lady is stronger than Maha., That boy is industrious., These books are good., Those girls must be encouraged., Demonstrative Adjectives answer the question: Which?, Interrogative Adjectives, Interrogative adjectives pose a question. They need a noun or pronoun by their side., , 48

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www.tntextbooks.in, Example:, What manner of man is he?, Which way shall we go?, Whose book is this?, , Degrees of comparison, , I run fast., , I run fast., , I run fast., , Oh! They all say that they run fast. So who will win a race?, We need to compare their speed to help them decide. For example let us think that, the ostrich runs at 40 km/hr, the deer at 60 km/hr and the cheetah at 80 km/hr., We can see that the speed of the ostrich is lesser than the speed of the deer., The speed of the deer is lesser than the speed of the cheetah., There are three ways to compare. That is positive, comparative and superlative., These are known as degrees of comparison., Now, let us see how the word 'fast' changes to show us how fast each of them run., The ostrich runs fast., The deer runs faster than the ostrich., The cheetah is the fastest of all., We can see that the adjective 'fast' is changing form to show how fast each of them, run in comparison to the other., 49

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www.tntextbooks.in, So, the cheetah, the fastest of all will win the race., We add - er with the adjective to make it comparative and - est to make it, superlative. Let us see some examples:, Positive, , Comparative, , Superlative, , fast, , faster, , fastest, , tall, , taller, , tallest, , small, , smaller, , smallest, , strong, , stronger, , strongest, , rich, , richer, , richest, , poor, , poorer, , poorest, , weak, , weaker, , weakest, , For most one syllable adjectives you make the comparative form by adding -er and - est, for superlative form., Monosyllabic adjectives, Adjective, , Comparative, , Superlative, , tall, , taller, , tallest, , long, , longer, , longest, , fast, , faster, , fastest, , If the adjective already ends in e, you just add -r., One syllable adjectives ending in e, Adjective, , Comparative, , Superlative, , large, , larger, , largest, , wide, , wider, , widest, , For some adjectives you need to double the last letter before you add -er. You do this, when the last three letters of the word have the pattern consonant-vowel-consonant., 50

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www.tntextbooks.in, One syllable adjectives that need a double letter, Adjective, , Comparative, , Superlative, , big, , bigger, , biggest, , hot, , hotter, , hottest, , For adjectives ending in y, you make the comparative form by changing the y to an i,, then adding -er., Adjectives ending in y, Positive, , Comparative, , Superlative, , happy, , happier, , happiest, , pretty, , prettier, , prettiest, , Disyllabic Words, For most words with two syllables or more, you make the comparative form by adding, the word more before the adjective., Two syllable adjectives, Positive, , Comparative, , Superlative, , beautiful, , more beautiful, , most beautiful, , important, , more important, , most important, , The exceptional case, Positive, , Comparative, , Superlative, , good, , better, , best, , bad, , worse, , worst, , little, , less, , least, , far, , farther, (further), , farthest, (furthest), , late, , later (latter), , latest (last), , much/many, , more, , most, , 51

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www.tntextbooks.in, a. Fill in the blanks, Positive, , Comparative, , superlative, , tall, smarter, largest, big, later/latter, Let’s compare two things., 1. Which is faster? A train or a plane?, 2. Which is cheaper? Gold or Silver?, 3. Which is larger? City or village?, 4. Which is bigger? A sea or an ocean?, 5. Which is taller? A giraffe or a camel?, Let’s compare three things., A donkey - a horse - an elephant (strong), A donkey is strong., A horse is stronger than a donkey., An elephant is the strongest., 1. Town – city – village (quiet), 2. Istanbul – Moscow - London (populated), 3. Windy weather – warm weather – rainy weather (good), 4. Ocean - river - lake (deep), 5. The USA – Russia – Spain (large), 6. The Mahanadi – The Cauvery – The Ganga (long), 7. Chennai – Hyderabad – Bangaluru (modern), 8. Giraffe – Horse – goat (tall), 9. Elephant - Cat - Dog (strong), 10. Maharastra – Tamilnadu – Rajasthan (hot), , 52

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Poem, My Hobby: Reading, Warm up,  hat are your leisure time activities? Why do you do them?, W, Do you read books? What types of books do you read?, , My hobby is reading, It helps me, In thought breeding., It takes me to places, Near and far,, It keeps my rational, Doors ajar., It teaches me, To cackle and cry, Without wings, It lets me fly., I wish, If all the children could read,, In constructing a vigorous society,, Then we shall succeed., -Arunachalam Chandrasekharan., , 53

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, breeding, , –, , procreation, , rational, , –, , intelligence, , ajar, , –, , slightly open, , cackle, , –, , informal laugh, , constructing, , –, , establish / create, , vigorous, , –, , powerful, , 1. Comprehension Questions., 1. What is the hobby of the poet?, 2. What does ‘ajar’ mean?, 3. Can the poet fly without wings?, 4. What can children do to society if they read?, 5. What is the theme of the poem?, 2. On the basis of your understanding of the poem, tick the most suitable option, to complete the statements., a) wastes my time., Reading, , b) helps me think deeply about every thing., c) keeps me busy., d) helps me in thought breeding., a) arguing in the court., , My hobby, , b) working in hospitals., c) taking me far and near., d) selling goods in a wholesale market., a) helps me to weep and cry., , Reading, , b) lets me fly without wings., c) works in fields to produce food., d) helps me asleep quickly., a) blesses the children who read., , Reading, , b) helps the children to construct society., c) blesses the teachers who teach., d) blesses the farmers who produce food., 54

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www.tntextbooks.in, 3. Complete the table given below in order to understand the poem better., The poet, The lines in the, mentions uses of poem describe, reading, the uses, , The rhymes, used in the, lines, , Meaning of the, line, , Thought breeding, Opens rational, doors, Fly without wings, Constructing, society, Figure of speech, A ‘Figure of Speech’ is a word or a phrase which gives a separate meaning from the normal, one. It means something more than it seems to mean. It is used figuratively, to give an, implied meaning to the given context. It can either be used to make comparisons, or, even to insist repetition or exaggeration. Figures of speech provide a dramatic effect., a. Rhyming words, ‘Rhyming words’ are two or more words which have the same sound. Words ‘rhyme’, if they have similar sounds when said aloud. ‘Rhyming words’ usually occur at the end, of the lines in a poem. Rhyming words make poems or songs fun to sing., , A Tiny Little Plant, Deep in the heart of a little seed,, Lay buried so, so deep,, A tiny little plant fast asleep., Out came the bright Sunshine,, Down crept its light,, Into the seed, too bright., A little plant woke up to see,, How bright the world might be., 55

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www.tntextbooks.in, Answer the following:, 1. List the rhyming words in the first three lines., _______________________________________________________________________, , 2. Which word in the poem rhymes with 'light'?, _______________________________________________________________________, , b. Rhyme Scheme:, A ‘Rhyme Scheme’ is a specific pattern used in a poem which determines which, lines rhyme in the poem. Poets write poems with a rhyme scheme or a pattern. It is the, arrangement of rhymes in a poem or a stanza., Example:, Upon a nice mid-spring day,, , a, , Let’s take a look at Nature’s way,, , a, , Breathe the scent of nice, fresh air,, , b, , Feel the breeze within your hair., , b, , The grass will poke between your toes., , c, , Smell the flowers with your nose., , c, , Clouds form shapes within the skies., , d, , And light will glisten from your eyes., , d, , The rhyme scheme of this poem can be determined by the end word in each line. The, first line ends with the word ‘day’ and the second line ends with ‘way’. As both words rhyme, with other, they are given the letter ‘a’. The third line ends with the word ‘air’ and the fourth, line ends with ‘ hair’. These two words do not rhyme with the ending words of the first two, lines. So, they are given the letter ‘b’ and so on. We get a rhyme scheme aabb ccdd for this, poem., Answer the following:, a. Identify the rhyme scheme of the given short poem., My dog likes bones,, He eats them up,, He’s very sweet,, He’s just a pup., b. Complete this poem on your own with a abab rhyme scheme., Peas porridge hot,, Peas porridge cold,, ______________, ______________, , 56

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Parallel Reading, , Good Books, Good books are friendly things to own., If you are busy they will wait., They will not call you on the phone, Or wake you if the hour is late., They stand together row by row,, Upon the low shelf or the high., But if you're lonesome this you know:, You have a friend or two nearby., The fellowship of books is real., They're never noisy when you're still., They won't disturb you at your meal., They'll comfort you when you are ill., The lonesome hours they'll always share., When slighted they will not complain., And though for them you've ceased to care, Your constant friends they'll still remain., Good books your faults will never see, Or tell about them round the town., If you would have their company, You merely have to take them down., They'll help you pass the time away,, They'll counsel give if that you need., He has true friends for night and day, Who has a few good books to read., , , 57, , Edgar Guest

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Supplementary, Jim Corbett, A Hunter Turned, Naturalist, Edward James Corbett, popularly known as Jim Corbett was a British, wild life photographer, hunter, tracker, naturalist, and writer. He has, hunted a number of man-eating tigers and leopards in India. He had a, lot of experience with tigers and other wild animals to shoot with his cine, film camera. Corbett always preferred to hunt alone and on foot. He often, hunted with Robin, his dog. Though he was an expert hunter, he admired, wild life. He did not like to kill wild animals for pleasure or sport. But he did not hesitate to, kill man-eating tigers or leopards. He hunted these animals only to help people and only at, the request of the Government. He took no joy from the kill. He often said that not against the, law of nature, but against the laws of human.”, , According to his theory, a tiger starts eating humans, when they grow old or get hurt. As,, they can not run fast, they start killing humans. People can not run as fast as animals, so they, become easy prey. After eating human flesh once, a tiger will not eat any other flesh. These, tigers are called man-eaters., His first, man eating tiger hunt was, The Champawat Tiger. It was a Bengal tigress, responsible for nearly 436 deaths in Nepal and the Kumaon area of India. Her attacks have, been listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the highest number of fatalities from, a tiger. She was shot in 1907 by Jim Corbett., The tigress began her attacks in a Rupal village in western Nepal, Himalayas. Hunters were, 58

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www.tntextbooks.in, sent to kill the tiger, but she managed to escape from, them. The Nepalese Army, after failing to capture or, kill the tiger, drove her across the border into India., There she continued her killings in the Kumaon, District. All her kills happened during the daylight., After several incidents people stopped going into, the forest, to collect firewood, fruits, roots and other, things. They were terrified to go out, and refused, to leave their huts for work after hearing her roar, from the forest. The British government requested, Jim Corbett to help the villagers. He agreed to hunt, down the man-eater., He camped in the Kumaon District, and started, tracking the tigress. He moved around the villages, and restricted the activities of the man-eater. After, several unsuccessful attempts, Corbett managed to, kill, the tiger when it killed a 16-year-old girl, in the, village, near Champawat, and left a trail of blood,, which Corbett followed. After a whole day of pursuit, Corbett had to abandon the hunt,, decided to use villagers and to organise a bait the next day near the Champa River. With the, help of the thasildar of Champawat, the bait was organised with about 300 villagers. The next, day, Corbett shot the tigress dead, near the Chataar Bridge, in Champawat. A "cement board", was erected, marking the place where the tigress was finally brought down., A postmortem on the tigress showed the upper and lower canine teeth on the right side, of her mouth were broken, the upper one in half, the lower one right down to the bone. This, injury was a result of an old gunshot, Jadav Payeng is better known as the, from a game hunter who failed to, Forest Man of India. He earned this, track and kill it. According to Corbett,, name by spending 30 years of his life, probably this injury prevented her, planting trees, creating a real manfrom hunting her natural prey, and, hence, she started to hunt humans., made forest of 550 hectares., Jim Corbett was always against, game hunting. He strongly advocated that deforestation and human encroachment were, the main cause of the mischief of wild animals. He went on lecturing tours to educate the, people about their natural heritage and the need to conserve forests and their wildlife. He, promoted the "Association for the Preservation of Game "and the "All-India Conference for, the Preservation of Wildlife." He played a key role in establishing, India's first national park in, the Kumaon Hills, the Hailey National Park, in Uttarakhand, India. It was initially named after,, Lord Malcolm Hailey. Jim Corbett died on 19 April 1955. The park was renamed in 1957 as,, The Jim Corbett National Park. It was named after him to honour his role in establishing this, protected area in 1930s., 59

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, hesitate (v), , - pause before saying or doing something, , fatalities (n), , - an occurrence of death by accident, , restricted (v), , - limited extend, , pursuit (n), , - search, , encroachment (n), , - to advance beyond usual limits, , preservation (n), , - protection, , A. Fill in the blanks., 1., , Jim Corbett died on ____________., , 2., , Corbett shot wild animals in his ____________., , 3., , _______________ was the first man eater shot by Corbett., , 4., , Corbett shot the tigress dead, near the _________., , B. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below., Jim Corbett played a key role in establishing, India's first national park in the Kumaon, Hills, the Hailey National Park, in Uttarakhand, India. It was initially named after, Lord, Malcolm Hailey. Jim Corbett died on 19 April 1955. The park was renamed in 1957 as, The, Jim Corbett National Park. It was named after him to honour his role in establishing this, protected area in 1930s., 1., 2., 3., , Who played a key role in establishing the national park?, Why was the park named Hailey National Park?, When was it renamed as Jim Corbett National Park?, , C. Answer the following in one or two words., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., , What was the birth name of Jim Corbett?, What was the name of Corbett’s dog?, How many kills did the Champawat Tiger recorded?, Who was the last kill of the Champawat Tiger?, When did Jim Corbett die?, , D. Answer the following in 100 words., 9. According to Corbett, why a tiger turns into a man eater?, 10. How was the Champawat Tiger killed?, 11. What were the findings of the postmortem?, 60

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Step to Success, , s, , Analogy – verbal reasoning questions., , There is certain relation between two given words, find the relation to find the missing word., , 1., , Reading : Knowledge , Work : ?, c) Experiment, , d) Employment, , 2., , a) Experience, b) Engagement, Cricket : Bat , Hockey : ?, , c) Player, , d) Ball, , 3., , a) Field, b) Stick, Dog : Rabies , Mosquito : ?, , c) Malaria, , d) Sting, , 4., , a) Plague, b) Death, Man : Biography , Nation : ?, , c) Geography, , d) History, , 5., , a) Leader, b) People, Bread : Bakery , Brick : ?, , c) Furnace, , d) Mine, , 6., , a) Mint, b) Kiln, Doctor : Diagnosis, Judge : ?, a) Court, , c) Lawyer, , d) Judgement, , b) Punishment, , Connecting to Self, Try to know whether your hobby makes things easy., Hobby, (Thing that you want to, make it easy like reading,, writing, playing, singing,, dancing etc.), , Days, , Time that you, spend in a day, (Like 1 hour,, 2 hour), , Day 1, Day 2, Day 3, Day 4, Day 5, Day 6, Day 7, 61, , Your feeling, (Like happy,, interesting,, boring), , Status, (Easy /, Difficult)

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www.tntextbooks.in, , ICT CORNER, GRAMMAR – DEGREES OF COMPARISON, •, , To learn and practice the, three forms of adjectives., •, , To know and practice, about the rules while, comparing the adjectives., , StEPS:, 1., , Type the URL link given below in the browser or scan the QR code., , 2. You can see the rules of forming a sentence in comparative and superlative, degrees., 3., , You can see many examples for the rules., , 4. Click Exercises on Comparative and Superlative at the bottom of the, page., 5. Complete the exercises by typing the answers in the provided boxes. You, can check or reveal the answers at the end., , WEBSITE URL:, Click the following link or scan the QR code to access the, website., https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammarlesson-comparatives-superlatives.php, ** Images are indicatives only., 62

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Section -I, Reading, Read the following passage on Sir Isaac Newton., On Christmas-day, in the year 1642, Isaac Newton was, born at the small village of Woolsthorpe in England., Little did his mother think, when she beheld her, new-born babe, that he was destined to explain, many matters which had been a mystery ever, since the creation of the world., Isaac's father being dead, Mrs. Newton, was married again to a clergyman, and went, to reside at North Witham. Isaac was left to the, care of his good old grandmother, who was very, kind to him, and sent him to school. In his early, years, Isaac was chiefly remarkable for his ingenuity, in all mechanical occupations. He had a set of little tools,, and saws of various sizes, manufactured by himself. With the aid of, these, Isaac contrived to make many curious articles, at which he worked with so much, skill, that he seemed to have been born with a saw or chisel in his hand., The neighbors looked with vast admiration at the things which Isaac manufactured., And his old grandmother, I suppose, was never weary of talking about him., "He'll make a capital workman, one of these days," she would probably say. "No fear, but what Isaac will do well in the world, and be a rich man before he dies.", Some of his friends, no doubt, advised Isaac's grandmother to apprentice him to a, clockmaker; for, besides his mechanical skill, the boy seemed to have a taste for mathematics,, which would be very useful to him in that profession. And then, in due time, Isaac would set, up for himself, and would manufacture curious clocks, like those that contain sets of dancing, figures, which issue from the dial-plate when the hour is struck; or like those, where a ship, sails across the face of the clock, and is seen tossing up and down on the waves, as often, as the pendulum vibrates., Indeed, there was some ground for supposing that Isaac would devote himself to, the manufacture of clocks; since he had already made one, of a kind which nobody had, ever heard of before. It was set a-going, not by wheels and weights, like other clocks, but, by the dropping of water. This was an object of great wonderment to all the people in the, neighborhood; and it must be confessed that there are few boys, or men either, who could, contrive to tell what o'clock it is, by means of a bowl of water., 64

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www.tntextbooks.in, Besides the water-clock, Isaac made a sun-dial. Thus his grandmother was never at, a loss to know the hour; for the water-clock would tell it in the shade, and the dial in the, sunshine. The sun-dial is said to be still in existence at Woolsthorpe, on the corner of the, house where Isaac dwelt., Isaac possessed a wonderful faculty of acquiring knowledge by the simplest means., For instance, what method do you suppose he took, to find out the strength of the wind?., He jumped against the wind; and by the length of his jump, he could calculate the force of a, gentle breeze, a brisk gale, or a tempest. Thus, even in his boyish sports, he was continually, searching out the secrets of philosophy., Not far from his grandmother's residence there was a windmill, which operated on a, new plan. Isaac was in the habit of going thither frequently, and would spend whole hours in, examining its various parts. While the mill was at rest, he pried into its internal machinery., When its broad sails were set in motion by the wind, he watched the process by which the, mill-stones were made to revolve, and crush the grain that was put into the hopper. After, gaining a thorough knowledge of its construction, he was observed to be unusually busy, with his tools., It was not long before his grandmother, and all the neighborhood, knew what Isaac, had been about. He had constructed a model of the windmill. Though not so large, I, suppose as one of the, box-traps, , which, , boys, , set to catch squirrels,, yet every part of the, mill and its machinery, was complete. Its little, sails were neatly made, of linen, and whirled, round very swiftly when, the mill was placed in, a draught of air. Even, a puff of wind from, Isaac's mouth, or from, a pair of bellows, was, sufficient to set the sails, in motion. And what was, most curious if a handful, of grains of wheat were put into the little hopper, they would soon be converted into snowwhite flour., , 65

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, ingenuity (n), , –, , the ability to invent things / creativity, , contrived (v), , –, , created / invented, , apprentice (v) –, , works for someone to learn skill, , acquiring (v), , getting knowledge or skill, , –, , pried (v), hopper (n), , investigated, –, , funnel shaped bins for feeding grains into mills, , Read and Understand, A. Fill in the blanks., 1. Issac Newton was born at __________., 2. Grand mother was advised to apprentice him to a __________., 3. Isaac made a clock, by the dropping of __________., 4. The sun-dial made by Isaac is still in existence at __________., 5. Isaac constructed a model of the __________., B. Choose the correct synonyms for the italicized words., 1. Isaac was chiefly remarkable for his ingenuity., a. common, , b. notable, , c. neglected, , d. unknown, , c. profitable, , d. head, , 2. He will make a capital workman., a. wealth, , b. excellent, , 3. Nobody could tell what the sunshine was composed of., a. made, , b. known, , c. full, , d. felt, , c. proud, , d. popularity, , 4. He cared little for earthly fame and honors., a. disrespect, , b. attraction, , 66

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Section -II, Reading, Take turns and read this section, , aloud., , Isaac's playmates were, enchanted with his new, windmill. They thought, that nothing so pretty,, and so wonderful,, had ever been, seen in the, whole world., " B u t ,, Isaac," said one, of them, "you, have forgotten, one thing that, belongs to a mill.", "What is that?", asked Isaac; for he, supposed, that, from the roof, of the mill to its foundation, he had, forgotten nothing., "Why, where is the miller?" said his friend., "That is true!—I must look out for one," said Isaac; and, he set himself to consider how the deficiency should be supplied., He might easily have made the miniature figure of a man; but then it would not have, been able to move about, and perform the duties of a miller. But perhaps some two-legged, millers are quite as dishonest as this small quadruped., As Isaac grew older, it was found that he had far more important matters in his mind than, the manufacture of toys, like the little windmill. All day long, if left to himself, he was either, absorbed in thought, or engaged in some book of mathematics, or natural philosophy. At night,, I think it probable, he looked up with reverential curiosity to the stars, and wondered whether, they were worlds, like our own,—and how great was their distance from the earth,—and what, was the power that kept them in their courses. Perhaps, even so early in life, Isaac Newton felt, a presentiment that he should be able, hereafter, to answer all these questions., When Isaac was fourteen years old, his mother's second husband being now dead, she, 67

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www.tntextbooks.in, wished her son leave school, and assist her in managing the farm at Woolsthorpe. For a year or, two, therefore, he tried to turn his attention to farming. But his mind was so bent on becoming a, scholar, that his mother sent him back to school, and afterwards to the University of Cambridge., He was the first that found out the nature of Light; for, before his day, nobody could tell, what the sunshine was composed of until then. You remember, I suppose, the story of an apple's, falling on his head, which lead him to discover the force of gravitation and which keeps the, heavenly bodies in their courses. When he had once got hold of this idea, he never permitted his, mind to rest, until he had searched out all the laws, by which the planets are guided through the, sky. This he did as thoroughly as if he had gone up among the stars, and tracked them in their, orbits. As a boy, he had found out the mechanism of a windmill; and as a man he explained to, his fellow-men the mechanism of the universe., While researching he was accustomed to spend night after night in a lofty tower, gazing, at the heavenly bodies through a telescope. His mind was lifted far above the things of this world., He may be said, indeed, to have spent the greater part of his life in worlds that lie thousands, and millions of miles away; for where the thoughts and the heart are, there is our true existence., Newton lived to be a very old man, renowned thinker and was made a Member of, Parliament, and received the honor of knighthood from the king. But he cared little for earthly, fame and honors, and felt no pride in the vastness of his knowledge. All that he had learned only, made him feel how little he knew in comparison to what remained to be known., "I seem to myself like a child," he observed, "playing on the sea-shore, and picking up here, and there a curious shell or a pretty pebble, while the boundless ocean of Truth lies undiscovered, before me.", At last, in 1727, when he was 85 years old, Sir Isaac Newton died,—or rather he ceased, to live on earth. We may be permitted to believe that he is still searching out the infinite wisdom, and goodness of the Creator, as earnestly, and with even more success, than while his spirit, animated a mortal body. He has left, a fame behind him, which will be as, Wheels, our greatest invention…, endurable as if his name were written, Man’s greatest invention wheel is, in letters of light, formed by the stars, fundamental to transport, agriculture,, upon the midnight sky., industry and the world in which we, "I love to hear about mechanical, live today., contrivances—such as the water-clock, and the little windmill," remarked George. "I suppose if Sir Isaac Newton had only thought of it,, he might have found out the steam-engine, and railroads, and all the other famous inventions, that have come into use since his day.", "Very possibly he might," replied Mr. Temple; "and, no doubt, a great many people would, think it more useful to manufacture steam-engines, than to search out the system of the universe., Other great astronomers, besides Newton, have been endowed with mechanical genius. There, was David Rittenhouse, an American,—he made a perfect little water-mill, when he was only, 68

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www.tntextbooks.in, seven or eight years old. But this sort of ingenuity is but a mere trifle in comparison with the, other talents of such men.", , About the Author, Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19,, 1864) was an American novelist, dark romantic,, and short story writer. His works often focus on, history, morality, and religion. He was born in 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts, to Nathaniel Hathorne and, the former Elizabeth Clarke Manning. The biography, of Sir Isaac Newton was published in Nathaniel, Hawthorne's, True Stories from History and, Biography (1851)., , Nathaniel Hawthorne, , Glossary, enchanted (v), , –, , delighted, , miniature (adj), , –, , very small model, , curiosity (n), , –, , eagerness, , accustomed (v), , –, , something familiar with, , gazing (v), , –, , looking steadily and intently, , ceased (v), , –, , stopped, , Read and Understand, A. Choose the correct antonym for the italicized word, 1. His Grandmother was very kind to him., a. affectionate, , b. loving, , c. disrespectful, , d. cruel, , 2. The boy seemed to have a tas te for mathematics., a. delicious, , b. sweet, , c. distaste, , d. against, , 3. Isaac possessed a wonderful faculty of acquiring knowledge., a. owned, , b. controlled, 69, , c. lacks, , d. have

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www.tntextbooks.in, 4. He was observed to be usually busy with his tools., a. common, , b. rarely, , c. unwantedly, , d. usually, , B. Answer the following questions in one or two, 1. Who was taking care of Newton after his father's death?, 2. What did Isaac manufacture at his young age?, 3. How did the young boy find the strength of the wind?, 4. Why were his friends attracted by the windmill?, 5. How was Newton honoured by the king?, C. Answer the following in about 100 words, 1. Why did Newton's friends advice his grand mother to apprentice him to a clockmaker?, 2. How did Newton learn about the way a windmill operated?, 3. Mention some of Newton's inventions., , Vocabulary, Prefix and Suffix, Prefix, A prefix is an affix which is placed before the root word. Adding it to the beginning, of one word changes it into another word. For example, when the prefix un-is added, to the word happy, it creates the new word unhappy., Prefix, , Root word, , New Word, , re-, , write, , rewrite, , bi-, , cycle, , bicycle, , un-, , expected, , unexpected, , Prefix, , Meaning, , Examples, , Re-, , Again, , rewrite, , Un-, , Not, , Unkind, , Pre-, , Before, , Pre reading, , Dis-, , not, , Disrespect, , Im-, , not, , impossible, , Non-, , not, , nonsense, , Mis-, , wrong, , misbehave, , 70

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Exercise, a. Underline the prefix in each word in the boxes, unlock, , rewrite, , dislike, , unsafe, , remix, , relocate, , distrust, , untrue, , unhook, , unlucky, , disown, , disclose, , Suffix, A suffix is an affix which is placed after the root word. These suffixes change the, meaning or grammatical function of a root word., Root word, happy, colour, friend, , Suffix, -ness, -ful, -ship, , New Word, happiness, colourful, friendship, , Example:, fat + er =fatter , , drive + ing =driving, , change + able = changeable, , use +less = useless, , beauty +ful =beautiful, , lie +ing = lying, , b. P,  ick a suitable prefix and suffix from the given box and complete the, following words., able ,ful, ly, sub, ion, un, tri, re, im, mis, _____call, , comfort_____, , _____category, , _____understand, , _____proper, , success_____, , equal_____, , _____colour, , construct_____, , new_____, , Syllabification, Syllabication is the act, process, or method of forming or dividing words into syllables., It is splitting of words according to the syllables or unit of sounds or vowel sounds., It has six types. They are:, 1.Monosyllabic 2.Disyllabic (or) Bisyllabic 3.Trisyllabic 4.Tetrasyllabic 5.Pentasyllabic, 6.Polysyllabic (or) Multisyllabic., The process of dividing words into smaller parts or syllables is called 'Syllabification'., 71

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Listening, Listen to the passage carefully and write the answer., 1. Name the scientist., 2. What did he discover?, 3. Who approached the scientist?, 4. What was the question asked by the journalist?, 5. When did they meet the scientist?, Note: The listening passage is given at page no. 227., , Speaking, Take a few minutes and make hints of the picture. Arrange your thoughts. Using the, points you write, deliver a small speech focusing the issue picturised here. Give an interesting, and informative speech. Your speech should include the cause and the solution., , 74

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Tips for effective speaking, •, , Organise your points and ideas well., , •, , Don’t memorise the speech. If you forget a point, it will make you nervous., , •, , Avoid the things that are of no value or interest to the audience., , •, , Before you speak, take a deep breath,smile, greet the audience., , •, , Don’t be nervous about making a mistake., , •, , Interesting speech makes your mistakes nothing., , Writing, A character sketch is defined as a brief written description of a character., Keep these things in mind while writing a character sketch., 1. Introduce the person., 2. Highlight his/her character as revealed in the story., 3. Talk about what others say about the character., 4. Write if the character appealed to you, with reasons., 5. Support your views with evidence from text., , H) Write a character sketch of any character from a fiction that has made an, impact on you., , Grammar, Prepositions, Preposition is a word or phrase that connects a noun or pronoun to a verb or adjective, in a sentence., Common Prepositions: in, on, at, to, with, during, before, after, Prepositions of time, Time prepositions include: at, on, in, before and after. They are used to help indicate, when something happened, happens or will happen., 75

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www.tntextbooks.in, Prepositions of time examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy, identification., ¾ I was born on July 4, 1982., ¾ I was born in 1982., ¾ I was born at exactly 2 a.m., ¾ I was born two minutes before my twin brother., ¾ I was born after the Great War ended., ¾ I first met John in 1987., ¾ It’s always cold in January, ¾ Easter falls in spring each year., ¾ The Second World War occurred in the 20th century., ¾ We eat breakfast in the morning., a) Fill in the blanks by using correct preposition., 1. We go to school ____ Mondays, but not on Sunday, 2. Christmas falls ____ 25th December., 3. Buy me a present ____ my birthday., 4. Families often argue ____ Christmas time., 5. I work faster ____ night., 6. Her shift finished ____ 7 p.m., , Modal Verbs, A modal is a type of helping verb that is used to express: ability, possibility,, permission or obligation like must shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, dare,, need., Modal phrases (or semi-modals) are used to express the same things as modals,, but are a combination of helping verbs and the preposition ought to, used to., How to use:, Circle the modal verbs in the list given in the box., shall, could, , should, may, , will, ought to, , have to, might, 76, , would, dare, , can, used to, , need to, need

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www.tntextbooks.in, We use modal verbs to show if we believe something is certain, probable or possible, (or not)., We also use modals to do things like talking about ability, asking permission making, They may come by car., Impossibility, We use the negative can’t or cannot to show that something is not possible., That can’t be true., You cannot be serious., We use couldn’t/could not to talk about the past., We knew it could not be true., He was obviously joking. He could not be serious., Probability, We use the modal must to show we are sure something to be true and we have, reasons for our belief., It’s getting dark. It must be quite late., You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry., Permission, We use can to ask for permission to do something., Can I ask a question, please?, Can we go home now?, could is more formal and polite than can, Could I ask a question please?, Could we go home now?, Instructions and requests, We use could you and would you as polite ways of telling or asking someone to do, something., Can I …? Can you …? Could I … Could you …? and so on., The negative form is can’t in spoken English and cannot in written English., We sometimes say cannot, but it is very emphatic., The negative form of could is couldn’t in spoken English and could not in written, English., We sometimes say could not., We use can and can’t., 77

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www.tntextbooks.in, Modal, , Meaning, , Example, , can, , to express ability, , I can speak a little Russian., , can, , to request permission, , Can I open the window?, , may, , to express possibility, , I may be home late., , may, , to request permission, , May I sit down, please?, , must, , to express obligation, , I must go now., , must, , to express strong belief, , She must be over 90 years old., , should, , to give advice, , You should stop smoking., , would, , to request or offer, , Would you like a cup of tea?, , would, , in if-sentences, , If I were you, I would say sorry., , Exercise, I. Use polite request when we seek help from others., a) Fill in the blanks using would you or could you., 1. ___________ please close the door?, 2. ____________ please open the window?, 3. ___________ mind going to the back bench?, 4. ____________ please bring some water for me?, b) Use the phrases could you or would you in the following situations with your friend., 1. Ask the policeman for directions., 2. You need to borrow your friend’s bike., 3. You would need to exchange the book purchased., 4. You want to open your classroom window, , Language Check Point, Correct, , Incorrect, , I cannot say if he has, , I cannot say whether he has, , passed the exam or not., , passed the exam or not., , Hardly had she seen her, aunt when she stopped, fighting., , Hardly had she seen her, aunt than she stopped, fighting., 78, , Explanation, 'Whether' is followed by, 'or', Hardly' is always followed, by 'than'.

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Poem, , *Making Life Worth While, , George Eliot, , Warm up, Observe the pictures and write the moral values. Share your, experience., , 79

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Making Life Worth While, Every soul that touches yours Be it the slightest contact Get there from some good;, Some little grace; one kindly thought;, One aspiration yet unfelt;, One bit of courage, For the darkening sky;, One gleam of faith, To brave the thickening ills of life;, One glimpse of brighter skies To make this life worthwhile, And heaven a surer heritage., - George Eliot, , 80

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www.tntextbooks.in, , About the Poet, Mary Ann Evans (1819 – 1880), known by her, pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist,, poet, journalist, translator, and one of the leading, writers of the Victorian era. She wrote seven novels., , George Eliot, , Glossary, grace (n), , -, , aspiration (n), , -, , courage (n), , -, , elegance, charm, a hope or ambition of achieving something, desire,, wish, bravery, valour, , gleam (n), , -, , shine brightly, , glimpse (n), , -, , glance, quick look, , worthwhile (adj) -, , valuable, purposeful, , heritage (n), , inheritance, , -, , 1. Comprehension questions., 1. What should we learn from every soul?, 2. What qualities will help us brave the thickening ills of life?, 3. Why should we make this life worthwhile?, 4. What does the poet assure if we make our life worthwhile?, 2. Fill in the blanks:, 1. We should have a _____________________ in life., 2. A ______________ is need for the darkening sky., 3. One must have a ___________ of brighter skies to make the life worthwhile., 3. Figure of speech., Repetition:, Repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words of phrases a few times to, make an idea clearer and more memorable. It is used to emphasize a feeling or idea,, create rhythm, and bring attention to an idea., The woods are lovely, dark, and deep,, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep,, and miles to go before I sleep., - Robert Frost, Pick out any two lines of repetition from the poem., 81

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Parallel Reading, , Just One, One song can spark a moment,, One flower can wake the dream,, One tree can start a forest,, One bird can herald spring., One smile begins a friendship,, One handclasp lifts a soul,, One star can guide a ship at sea,, One word can frame the goal., One vote can change a nation,, One sunbeam lights a room,, One candle wipes out darkness,, One laugh will conquer gloom., One step must start each journey,, One word must start each prayer,, One hope will raise our spirits,, One touch can show you care., One voice can speak with wisdom,, One heart can know what's true,, One life can make a difference,, You see, it's up to you!, , 82

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Supplementary, The Three Questions, , Leo Tolstoy, , Section -I, There was a king who had three questions in his mind that if he always knew the, right time to begin everything; if he knew who were the right people to listen to, and, , 83

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www.tntextbooks.in, whom to avoid; and, above all, if he always knew what was the most important thing to, do, he would never fail in anything he might undertake., And this thought having occurred to him, he had it proclaimed throughout his, kingdom that he would give a great reward to anyone who would teach him what was the, right time for every action, and who were the most necessary people, and how he might, know what was the most important thing to do., And learned men came to the king, but they all answered his questions differently., In reply to the first question, some said that to know the right time for every action,, one must draw up in advance a table of days, months, and years, and must live strictly, according to it. Only thus, said they, could everything be done at its proper time. Others, declared that it was impossible to decide beforehand the right time for every action, but, that, not letting oneself be absorbed in idle pastimes, one should always attend to all, that was going on, and then do what was most needful. Others, again, said that however, attentive the king might be to what was going on, it was impossible for one man to decide, correctly the right time for every action, but that he should have a council of wise men, who would help him to fix the proper time for everything., But then again others said there were some things which could not wait to be laid, before a council, but about which one had at once to decide whether to undertake them or, not. But in order to decide that, one must know beforehand what was going to happen. It, is only magicians who know that; and, therefore, in order to know the right time for every, action, one must consult magicians., Equally various were the answers to the second question. Some said the people the, king most needed were his councilors; others, the priests; others, the doctors; while some, said the warriors were the most necessary., To the third question, as to what was the most important occupation, some replied, that the most important thing in the world was science. Others said it was skill in warfare;, and others, again, that it was religious worship., All the answers being different, the king agreed with none of them, and gave the, reward to none. But still wishing to find the right answers to his questions, he decided to, consult a hermit, widely renowned for his wisdom., The hermit lived in a wood which he never quitted, and he received none but common, folk. So the king put on simple clothes and, before reaching the hermit’s cell, dismounted, from his horse. Leaving his bodyguard behind, he went on alone., When the king approached, the hermit was digging the ground in front of his hut., Seeing the king, he greeted him and went on digging. The hermit was frail and weak, and, each time he stuck his spade into the ground and turned a little earth, he breathed heavily., 84

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www.tntextbooks.in, The king went up to him and said: “I have come to you, wise hermit, to ask you to, answer three questions: How can I learn to do the right thing at the right time? Who are, the people I most need, and to whom should I, therefore, pay more attention than to the, rest? And, what are the most important and need my first attention?”, The hermit listened to the king, but answered nothing. He just spat on his hand and, recommenced digging., “You are tired,” said the king, “let me take the spade and work awhile for you.”, “Thanks!” said the hermit, and, giving the spade to the king, he sat down on the, ground., When he had dug two beds, the king stopped and repeated his questions. The hermit, again gave no answer, but rose, stretched out his hand for the spade, and said:, “Now rest awhile – and let me work a bit.”, , But the king did not give him the spade, and continued to dig. One hour passed, and, another. The sun began to sink behind the trees, and the king at last stuck the spade into, the ground, and said:, “I came to you, wise man, for an answer to my questions. If you can give me none, tell, me so, and I will return home.”, “Here comes someone running,” said the hermit. “Let us see who it is.”, 85

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, proclaimed (v), , –, , announced officially, , absorbed (v), , –, , took in or soaked up, , renowned (v), , –, , famous, eminent, distinguished, prominent, , affairs (n), , –, , event, incident, , A. Choose the correct answer from the options given below, 1. The king wanted to know the answers for _______________ questions., a) three, , b) five, , c) nine, , 2. The hermit lived in a _______________., a) cottage, , b) palace, , c) wood, , 3. _______________ widely renowned for his wisdom., a) hermit, , b) messengers, , c) warriors, , B. Fill in the blanks, 1. The answer for the first question was to have a _______________ to fix the proper, time for everything., 2. _______________ were referred to know the right time for every action., 3. The king decided to consult a _______________., C. Who said these words?, 1. “They all answered his questions differently.”, 2. How can I learn to do the right thing at the right time?, 3. “Now rest awhile – and let me work a bit?”, D. Answer the following questions., 1. What were the king’s questions?, 2. Was the king satisfied with the answers? Why?, 3. Why was the king advised to go to the magicians?, 4. Whose advice did the people say would be important to the king in answer to the, second question?, , 86

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Section II, The king turned round and saw a bearded man come running out of the wood. The, man held his hands pressed against his stomach, and blood was flowing from under them., When he reached the king, he fell fainting on the ground, moaning feebly. The king and, the hermit unfastened the man’s clothing. There was a large wound in his stomach., The king washed it as best he could, and bandaged it with his handkerchief and with a, towel the hermit had. But the blood would not stop flowing, and the king again and again, removed the bandage soaked with warm blood, and washed and re-bandaged the wound., When at last the blood ceased flowing, the man revived and asked for something to, drink. The king brought fresh water and gave it to him. Meanwhile the sun had set, and it, had become cool. So the king, with the hermit’s help, carried the wounded man into the, hut and laid him on the bed. Lying on the bed, the man closed his eyes and was quiet;, but the king was so tired from his walk and from the work he had done that he crouched, down on the threshold, and also fell asleep – so soundly that he slept all through the, short summer night., , When he awoke in the morning, it was long before he could remember where he was,, or who was the strange bearded man lying on the bed and gazing intently at him with, shining eyes., 87

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www.tntextbooks.in, “Forgive me!” said the bearded man in a weak voice, when he saw that the king was, awake and was looking at him., “I do not know you, and have nothing to forgive you for,” said the king., “You do not know me, but I know you. I am that enemy of yours who swore to, revenge himself on you, because you executed his brother and seized his property. I, knew you had gone alone to see the hermit, and I resolved to kill you on your way back., But the day passed and you did not return. So I came out from my ambush to find you,, and came upon your bodyguard, and they recognized me, and wounded me. I escaped, from them, but should have bled to death had you not dressed my wound. I wished to kill, you, and you have saved my life. Now, if I live, and if you wish it, I will serve you as your, most faithful slave, and will bid my sons do the same. Forgive me!”, The king was very glad to have made peace with his enemy so easily, and to have, gained him for a friend, and he not only forgave him, but said he would send his servants, and his own physician to attend him, and promised to restore his property., Having taken leave of the wounded man, the king went out into the porch and looked, around for the hermit. Before going away he wished once more to beg an answer to the, questions he had put. The hermit was outside, on his knees, sowing seeds in the beds that, had been dug the day before., The king approached him and said, “For the last time, I pray you to answer my, questions, wise man.”, “You have already been answered!” said the hermit, still crouching on his thin legs,, and looking up at the king, who stood before him., “How answered? What do you mean?” asked the king., “Do you not see?” replied the hermit. “If you had not pitied my weakness yesterday,, and had not dug these beds for me, but had gone your way, that man would have attacked, you, and you would have repented of not having stayed with me. So the most important, time was when you were digging the beds; and I was the most important man; and to do, me good was your most important business. Afterwards, when that man ran to us, the, most important time was when you were attending to him, for if you had not bound up, his wounds he would have died without having made peace with you. So he was the most, important man, and what you did for him was your most important business. Remember, then: there is only one time that is important – now! It is the most important time because, it is the only time when we have any power. The most necessary person is the one with, whom you are, for no man knows whether he will ever have dealings with anyone else:, and the most important affair is to do that person good, because for that purpose alone, was man sent into this life.”, 88

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www.tntextbooks.in, , About the Poet, Leo Tolstoy (1828 – 1910) was a Russian writer who is, regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time. He is best, known for the novels War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina, (1877)., , Leo Tolstoy, , Glossary, moaning (v), , - sob, cry, , unfasten (v), , - undo, disconnect, untie, disjoin, , revived (v), , - restored to life or consciousness, , crouched (v), , - bent, stopped (down), , threshold (n), , - doorstep , entrance, , seized (v), , - snatched , grabbed, held of suddenly and forcibly, , ambush (n), , - surprise attack, trap, entrap, pounce on, , Read and Understand, A. Write ‘True or False’ for the following statement., 1. The bearded man was an enemy of the king., 2. The king and the hermit refused to help the wounded man., 3. The wounded man asked for the king’s forgiveness., 4. The king promised to restore the property of the bearded man., B. Match the words in column ‘A’ with their meanings in column ‘B’, A, , B, , physician, , -, , bring back, , restore, , -, , surprise attack, , repent, , -, , medical practitioner, , ambush, , -, , regret, , 89

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www.tntextbooks.in, C. Answers the following questions., 1. Who came running out of the wood? What happened to him?, 2. How did the king and the hermit restore the life of a wounded man?, 3. Why did the king sleep through the night?, 4. What were the changes in the behaviour of the wounded man at the end?, D. Answer the following in 100 words., 1. What were the answers to the three questions? What is the message of the hermit?, 2. Why did the bearded man ask for the king’s forgiveness? What did the king do to show, his forgiveness?, , Step to Success, Read the English folk tale given below and fill up the blank spaces with suitable, words., There were once three tortoises – a father, a mother ______ a baby. _______ one fine, morning during spring, they decided ______ they would like to go for a picnic. They picked, the place _______ they would go, a nice wood at some distance, ________ they began to, put their things together. They got tins of cheese, vegetable, meat and fruits. They were, ready for the picnic. They set out carrying their baskets _______ eighteen months they sat, down for rest. They enjoyed the picnic very much., that, and, and, on, after, where, , Connecting to Self, Steps to gain wisdom, Wisdom is a virtue that isn’t innate, but can only be acquired through experience., , 90

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www.tntextbooks.in, , ICT CORNER, GRAMMAR - PREPOSITIONS, To Enable the students to, familiarize Prepositions, through an interactive, game., StEPS:, 1. Access the application with the help of the link given below or the given, QR code and install it in the mobile., 2., , You can view Single player and Multiplayer in the homepage., , 3. Click Single player and you can view different levels in the next screen., Select anyone to answer the interactive exercises in Prepositions., 4. Question will be displayed at the top with options below. Click your answer, with less span of time to get all stars., 5., , Try to play the game in all levels to get more practice in Prepositions., , TO DOWNLOAD THE APPLICATION:, APPLICATION NAME : PREPOSITION MAStER – LEARN ENGLISH, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com., masterkeygames.prepmaster, ** Images are indicatives only., 91

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 4, 1, , , , Prose, My Reminiscence, , Warm up, , "BEAUTY LIES IN THE BEHOLDER'S EYES", , ) Read the quote and observe the picture., ) Complete this graphic organiser., ) Remember to use suitable adjectives., , Elegant, waterfall, , Beauty, 92, , Rabindranath Tagore

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Reading, Listen to the teacher and read this section., When I returned home from the outset of my second voyage to England, my brother, Jyotirindra and sister-in-law were living in a river-side villa at Chandernagore, and there I, went to stay with them., The Ganges again! Again those ineffable days and nights, languid with joy, sad with, longing, attuned to the plaintive babbling of the river along the cool shade of its wooded, banks. This Bengal sky-full of light, this south breeze, this flow of the river, this right royal, laziness, this broad leisure stretching from horizon to horizon and from green earth to blue, sky, all these were to me as food and drink to the hungry and thirsty. Here it felt indeed like, home, and in these I recognised the ministrations of a Mother., That was not so very long ago, and yet time has wrought many changes. Our little, riverside nests, clustering under their surrounding greenery, have been replaced by mills, which now, dragon-like, everywhere rear their hissing heads, belching forth black smoke., In the midday glare of modern life even our hours of mental siesta have been narrowed, down to the lowest limit, and hydra-headed unrest has invaded every department of life., Maybe, this is for the better, but I, for one, cannot account it wholly to the good., These lovely days of mine at the riverside passed by like so many dedicated lotus, blossoms floating down the sacred stream. Some rainy afternoons I spent in a veritable, frenzy, singing away old Vaishnava songs to my own tunes, accompanying myself on a, harmonium. On other afternoons, we would drift along in a boat, my brother Jyotirindra, accompanying my singing with his violin. And as, beginning with the Puravi,[50] we went on, varying the mode of our music with the declining day, we saw, on reaching the Behaga,[50], the western sky close the doors of its factory of golden toys, and the moon on the east rise, over the fringe of trees., , 93

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www.tntextbooks.in, Then we would row back to the landing steps of the villa and seat ourselves on a quilt, spread on the terrace facing the river. By then a silvery peace rested on both land and water,, hardly any boats were about, the fringe of trees on the bank was reduced to a deep shadow,, and the moonlight glimmered over the smooth flowing stream., The villa we were living in was known as ‘Moran’s Garden’. A flight of stone-flagged, steps led up from the water to a long, broad verandah which formed part of the house. The, rooms were not regularly arranged, nor all on the same level, and some had to be reached, by short flights of stairs. The big sitting room overlooking the landing steps had stained glass, windows with coloured pictures., One of the pictures was of a swing hanging from a branch half-hidden in dense foliage,, and in the checkered light and shade of this bower, two persons were swinging; and there, was another of a broad flight of steps leading into some castle-like palace, up and down, which men and women in festive garb were going and coming. When the light fell on the, windows, these pictures shone wonderfully, seeming to fill the river-side atmosphere with, holiday music. Some far-away long-forgotten revelry seemed to be expressing itself in silent, words of light; the love thrills of the swinging couple making alive with their eternal story, the woodlands of the river bank., The topmost room of the house was in a round tower with windows opening to every, side. This I used as my room for writing poetry. Nothing could be seen from thence save the, tops of the surrounding trees, and the open sky. I was then busy with the Evening Songs, and of this room I wrote:, There, where in the breast of limitless space clouds are laid to sleep, I have built my, house for thee, O Poesy!, , About the Author, Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), Nobel, prize-winning Bengali poet, author, philosopher,, artist, and educator wrote “Gitanjali” (1912)., "My Reminiscences" was written and published in his, fiftieth year, shortly before he started on a trip to, Europe and America for his failing health in 1912. It, was in the course of this trip that he wrote for the, first time in the English language for publication., , 94

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, ineffable (adj), , –, , beyond expression too great to be expressed, , languid (adj), , -, , moving slowly, , plaintive (adj), , –, , sounding sad, , ministrations (n), , –, , the act of helping or caring, , wrought (v), , –, , caused, , clustering (v), , –, , forming a group, , belching (v), , –, , to let air come up, , veritable (adj), , –, , more exciting, , garb (n), , –, , clothes, , Read and Understand, A. Fill in the blanks, 1. The author speaks about the river _________., 2. The author’s brother’s name is ___________., 3. The _________ glimmered over the smooth flowing stream., 4. T,  he beauty of Bengal and the Ganges served as _________ and _______ drink to, the author., B. Answer the following in one or two sentences, 1. Quote the expressions from the text when the author sees the Ganges again., 2. In what ways the river and its bank have changed?, 3. How were the rooms arranged in his house?, C. Answer the following in a paragraph, 1. How does the author spend his afternoon? Explain., 2. Describe how the river looks when he rows back., 3. Draw the images in the box after reading the text carefully., , 95

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Vocabulary, Clipped Words, Clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to, one of its parts. These words are called clipped words., advertisement, , –, , ad, , luncheon, , –, , lunch, , automobile, , –, , auto, , mathematics, , –, , math, , cabriolet, , –, , cab, , memorandum, , –, , memo, , examination, , –, , exam, , moving picture, , –, , movie, , fanatic, , –, , fan, , pantaloons, , –, , pants, , gasoline, , –, , gas, , photograph, , –, , photo, , gymnasium, , –, , gym, , refrigerator, , –, , fridge, , hamburger, , –, , burger, , university, , –, , varsity, , influenza, , –, , flu, , zoological park, , –, , zoo, , laboratory, , –, , lab, , telephone, , -, , phone, , a. Find out the clipped words for the following., 1. aeroplane, 2. microphone, , -, , 3. exhibition, , -, , 4. kilogram, , -, , 5. cafeteria, , -, , b. Find and use the clipped words in your own sentence., 1. photograph, 2. gymnasium, , -, , 3. luncheon, , -, , 4. advertisement, , -, , 5. zoological park, , 96

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Blends., A blend word or a blend is a word formed from parts of two or more other words., binary + digit , , = bit, , motor + pedals, , = moped, , breakfast + lunch, , = brunch, , motor + hotel , , = motel, , camera + recorder, , = camcorder, , news + broadcast, , = newscast, , electro + execute, , = electrocute, , smoke + fog , , = smog, , electronic + mail, , = email, , Spanish + English, , = Spanglish, , vital + amine , , = vitamin, , mechanics + electronics = mechatronics, , a. Find out the clipped words for the following., 1. international + police, 2. helicopter + pad, , -, , 3. motor + hotel, , -, , 4. education + satellite, , -, , 5. electronic + commerce, , -, , b. Use the blended words in your own sentence., 1. electrocute, 2. spanglish, , -, , 3. moped, , -, , 4. brunch, , -, , 5. smog, , -, , Idioms, An idiom (also called idiomatic expression) is an expression, word or phrase that has a, figurative meaning conventionally understood by native speakers. This meaning is different, from the literal meaning of the idiom's individual elements. In other words, idioms don't, mean exactly what the words say. They have, however, hidden meaning., Example: "Kick the bucket"., The meaning of the expression is different from the literal meaning or definition of, the word of which it is made. The meaning is used figuratively - "to die". Here are some, interesting idioms., 97

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www.tntextbooks.in, Food Idioms, 1. Bad Egg - A dishonest or ill-behaved person., Example: He was a bad egg., 2. A piece of cake - A task that can be accomplished very easily., Example: English is a piece of cake., a couch potato, , –, , an idle person, , a smart cookie, , –, , a clever person, , bread and butter, , –, , the necessities, , big cheese, , –, , an important person, , Sport Idioms, 1. The ball is in your court - It is your turn to make a decision., Example: I've done more than my share in this partnership. The ball is in your court, to decide what happens next., 2. Saved by the bell - Saved by a last minute intervention., Example: T, he accused was saved by the bell otherwise the judge would have, pronounced the sentence today itself., to strike out, , –, , jump for joy, , –, , to fail at something, happy, , on the ball, , – fully aware and in control, of a situation, , front runner – expected to win or succeed, , Number Idioms, 1. On cloud nine - Blissfully happy., Example: The grandmother was on cloud nine to see her grandson after a long time., 2. At sixes and sevens - confused or in a state of disorder., Example: T,  he government were at sixes and sevens over what to do about the, unemployment rate., one-horse town – very small town or, village, , seventh heaven – , very, happy, something, , take five, , perfect ten –, , –, , take a short break, , completely perfect, , Colours Idioms, 1. Caught red-handed - to catch someone in the act of doing something., Example: He was caught red-handed while stealing those candy bars., 98, , about

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www.tntextbooks.in, 2. Black sheep - to be the outcast, odd one out, unlike the others., Example: Rachel is the black sheep in the team., out of the blue, , – randomly, surprisingly gray area, , once in a blue moon – very rarely, , – unclear, undefined, , a golden opportunity – a good chance, to get something, valuable, , Animal Idioms, 1. At a snail’s pace - Moving very slowly., Example: Traffic is moving at a snail’s pace., 2. let the cat out of the bag - reveal a secret., Example: Who let the cat out of the bag about the surprise party?, the lion’s share, , – the biggest part, , watch like a hawk – watching carefully, , fish out of water, , –, , very uncomfortable, , mad as a hornet, , –, , extremely angry, , Match with the meanings for the following Idioms., 1. a piece of cake, , -, , Moving very slowly, , 2. on cloud nine, , -, , easy, , 3. perfect ten, , -, , Blissfully happy, , 4. at a snail’s pace, , -, , someone who is cherished above all others, , 5. apple of my eye, , -, , completely perfect, , Fill in the blanks with the meanings for the following Idioms., 1. take five, , 6. a couch potato, , 2. pieces of eight, , 7. the lion’s share, , 3. black and blue, , 8. in black and white, , 4. wild goose chase, , 9. drop the ball, , 5. seventh heaven, , 10.cat's meow, 99

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Listening, Listen to the Passage carefully and answers the following Questions:1. The Nobel Committee has been called a conservative body because, (a) it is conservative in the choice of subjects., (b) its members believe in conservative ideology., (c) its members are old fashioned., (d) it awards prizes only to those people who adopt a conservative approach., 2. In the beginning, the Nobel Committee ignored the great advances in theoretical, physics because, (a) they were different from other branches of physics., (b) they were concerned with the theory and did not suggest its application., (c) the Committee felt that the discovery and invention in the field did not contribute, to the benefit of mankind., (d) they proved to be merchants of death and hence dangerous to mankind., 3. T,  he noble prize would not be given to, (a) a diplomat who negotiated a peace settlement, (b) a doctor who discovered a vaccine, (c) a composer who composed a symphony, (d) an author who wrote a novel, 4. Alfred Nobel left his colossal fortune to the cause of progress in human knowledge, because he, (a) was ‘Europe’s richest vagabond’, (b) were a chemist, engineer and an aspiring poet, (c) felt guilty for having invented highly destructive things, (d) felt guilty for having earned so much money, Note: The listening passage is given at page no. 228., , 100

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Speaking, Two Minute Speech, Good morning to all,, We all gathered here for the inauguration of our English Literary Association., On this occasion, I extend a special welcome to our chief guest, Dr. Velavan, who will be, inaugurating the literary association., With great gratitude, I welcome the Head master and the teachers, for without their, support this gathering is not possible., Finally, my friends, who are waiting to be enlightened and enriched by the speeches., Welcome you all my friends., Once again I welcome you all on behalf of our school., Thank you., , Writing, Notice Writing, What is a Notice?, A notice is a written or printed announcement. They are put up on display boards in, schools or at public places., Why do we need?, It is written in order to inform a large number of people about something that has, happened or is about to happen. It could be just a piece of information to be delivered to, the targeted audience., How it could be., A competition? An excursion trip A lost and found notice., An inauguration to take place An exhibition., A blood donation camp or any event or information issued in public interest., How should be the language?, Notices are factual and to-the-point. The language should be simple and formal, not, flowery. They are put up on display boards in schools or at public places. It is generally, written in a formal tone. Personal pronouns shouldn’t be used., 101

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www.tntextbooks.in, What should it contain?, • Name of the issuing agency (school, college etc)., • Date of issue/release of the notice., • Title/Subject of the Event (what?)., • BODY-Date/time/duration/place/venue (when and where?)., • Authorized signatory: Name and signature (contact details)., Sharmila is the in-charge of the cultural committee of GOVT HIGHER SECONDARY, SCHOOL, Tiruttani. She has been asked to notify the students of the school about the inter, school singing competition. Write a notice with relevant details., GOVT HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, Tiruttani., NOTICE, October 30, 2019, INTERSCHOOL SINGING COMPETITION, The school is hosting the Inter-School Singing Competition for classes 6 to 12 on Nov,14, at school auditorium. All the talented students with gifted voices may appear for the, audition to be conducted in the presence of famous singer on Nov,5 at 9 a.m., For further details, contact the undersigned., Sharmila,, Secretary (Cultural in-charge)., Exercise:, 1. Your school is going to organize an inter-school dance competition. Write a notice for, your school notice board inviting all the interested students., 2. You are Santhosh, Secretary, Housing board, Officer’s colony, Thiruvarur. Water supply, will be suspended for ten hours (10 a.m to 8 p.m) on 5th of October for cleaning of, the water tank. Write a notice in about 50 words advising the residents to store water, for a day., 3. You are the head girl/boy of a Govt. High School. Your school is soon going to publish, the annual magazine next month. Write a notice for the notice board of your school, inviting students to submit write-ups., , 102

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Grammar, Conjunctions / Connectors, ‘Connector’ is a word or a phrase that joins two sentences or group of, words, together. They are also known as ‘conjunctions’., Coordinating Conjunctions links two or more words, clauses, phrases or, sentences of equal importance., , Some common Coordinating conjunctions are:, and, but, or, therefore, as well as, too, else, otherwise,, still, yet, while, however, so, consequently, for, etc…, She ran fast and won the race., Subordinating Conjunction are the words that links a dependent clause to, an independent clause., , Some, common, Subordinating, conjunctions are: after, as, until,, unless, when, whenever, as soon as, as, if, as though, because, before, even if,, even though, if, since, so that, though,, till, where, wherever, whether, while,, why, etc……, , The bus had left before he came., , A correlative conjunction is a type of conjunction that functions in a pair., , Some common Corelative conjunctions are:, either…or, both….and, neither….nor, not only…. but, also, such...as, such....that, so....as, as....as, as....so,, no sooner.... than, rather....than, whether....or., I am not only a singer but also a musician., , 103

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www.tntextbooks.in, I. Coordinating Conjunctions, These conjunctions join words, phrases or clauses of equal rank., Example:, i. She ran fast and won the game., ii. God made the country and man made the town., iii. Get ready soon or you will miss the bus., iv. I requested him but he did not do the work., v. Behave well else you will suffer., II. Subordinate conjunctions.,  hese conjunctions join two clauses. One of which is subordinate to the, T, other, OF TIME, i., , Make hay while the sunshines., , ii. Ravi reached the exam hall before the school bell had rung., OF PLACE, Where, wherever, whence, whither, i. You will find your books where you had placed them., ii. You can see the beauty wherever you go in Ooty., OF CONCESSION:, Though, although, eventhough, i. The alarm woke me up, eventhough it wasn't very loud., ii. The child was not covered, although it was very cold., OF COMPARISON:, as, than, i. He is not as clever as you., ii. Rekha is better than her father., , 104

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www.tntextbooks.in, III., , Correlative conjunctions, These pairs of conjunctions require equal structures after each one., i. Shruthi wants either the chocolates or the cake., ii. She said that she would like to have both the chocolates and the cake., iii. You can have neither the cake nor the ice-cream., vi. I have not yet decided whether I will have the cake or the ice-cream., v. She ate not only the chocolates but also the ice-cream., iv. Abirami is both cute and lovely., , a. U,  nderline the conjunctions in the following sentences., 1. Revathy and Rohini are friends., 2. If you say so, I will believe it., 3. Shekar is intelligent but careless., 4. The bus was overcrowded so Arun avoided travelling in it., 5. Though Vinay is ill, he doesn't skip the class., b. F,  ill in the blanks in the following sentences with suitable conjunctions from, the box:, if   after   unless   until   and   till   although   so   because   but, 1. I returned home _______ the bus had started., 2. I respect him ______ he is very strict., 3. Sudharshan will succeed ______ he works hard., 4. Aravinth ______ Arun are classmates from their childhood., 5. You can’t have your fruits ______ you take your food., c. Choose the correct conjunctions from the options given in the brackets., 1. Everyone likes him _________ he is very helpful. (because/for), 2. ______ it was cloudy, we decided to take an umbrella. (so/as), 3. Rathi found her watch ______ she had left it. (wherever/where), 4. I don’t know _________ I can afford to buy a new dress or not. (whether/why), 5. _______ he was ill, he went to the doctor. (as/though), , 105

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Sentence Pattern, A group of words, which gives complete sense is called a sentence. The basic, sentence patterns are given below:, 1. SV, , Child laughs., , 2. SVO, , I play hockey., , 3. SVC, , He is smart., , 4. SVOC, , I painted the car blue., , 5. SVIODO, , My father presented me a watch., , 6. SVDOIO, , She gave money to the poor., , Subject (S)- To get ‘Subject’ ask the question ‘Who?’ before the verb. It consists of, nouns or pronouns and occurs before a verb., Example:, Nancy danced well. Who danced well? (Here “Nancy” answers for the who?), The child broke the glass. (Here “The child” answers the question who?), Verb (V) - A,  verb shows an action or activity or work done by the subject. It also tells, the status. To get 'verb' ask what does the subject do?, Example:, Jems wrote a letter. What did Jems do? (Here wrote answers the question), He is a doctor., The baby is crying., Object (O)- T,  o get the object, ask the question ‘What?’ or ‘Whom?’. ‘What’ is for things, and ‘Whom’ is for persons. Persons may be nouns or pronouns., Example: He bought a pen., , He handles the computer., , I saw him., , Direct Object (DO) - Direct object answers the question ‘what’., I like animals., Indirect Object (IO) - Answers the question ‘whom’?, I gave Rosy a pen., Complement (C) - T,  he words, required to complete the meaning of a sentence are, called Complement., Example: He is a dentist., , She named the boy John., , It grew dark., , Object complement answers for the questions "How" asked on the object., 106

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www.tntextbooks.in, Example: He painted the car blue. How did he painted the car?, Here the word blue answers for the question "How" asked on the object car., Example: We call Kamarajar Karmaveerar., They selected her leader., Adjunct (A)- To get ‘Adjunct’ ask the question where ,how, when or why., Example: My father is a farmer in thiruvarur., Where? (Place), , How? (Manner), , When? (Time), , Why? (Reason), , here, there, , by bus / cycle, , now, later, , due to cold, , every where, , through efforts, , after 2 years, , through floods, , in the sky, , by mixing, , when young, , under compulsion, , at home, , by hard work, , in the morning, , carefully, , a. Choose the right pattern., 1. The wall collapsed., A. SV, , B. SVO, , C. SVIODO, , 2. During the war, many people lost their homes., A. SVO, , B. SVIODO, , C. ASVO, , 3. I promised the children a trip to the zoo., A. SVO, , B. SVDOIO, , C. SVIODO, , 4. In 1998, Frank moved to London., A. ASVA, , B. ASVO, , C. SVIODO, , 5. Pooja hired a bicycle., A. SV, , B. SVO, , C. SVA, , b. Write two sentences for each pattern., SV, SVO, SVC, SVA, SVOC, SVIODO, ASV, SVAA, 107

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Poem, , *A Thing of Beauty, , John Keats, , Warm up, 1. Do you admire the beauty of nature, animals,, people, places or things? Discuss with your partner., , 108108

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www.tntextbooks.in, , About the Poet, John Keats (1795 – 1821) was a British Romantic, poet. Although trained to be a surgeon, Keats decided, to devote himself wholly to poetry. Keats’ secret, his, power to sway and delight the readers, lies primarily, in his gift for perceiving the world and living his, moods and aspirations in terms of language. "A Thing, of Beauty' is an excerpt from his poem ‘Endymion:, A Poetic Romance’. The poem is based on a Greek, legend, in which Endymion, a beautiful young shepherd, and poet who lived on Mount Latmos, had a vision, of Cynthia, the Moon Goddess. The enchanted youth, resolved to seek her out and so wandered away through the forest and down under the sea., , Glossary, bower (n), , -, , shelter under the shade of trees, , wreathing (v), , -, , cover, surround, encircle something, , pall (n), , -, , covering, , rills (n), , -, , clear stream, , sprinkling (v), , -, , falling in fine drops, , A. Read the poem aloud twice., B. Choose the correct answers, 1. According to the poet, a thing of beauty is ____________., a. a joy forever, , b. a pain forever, , c. a suffering forever, , d. neglected, , 2. Beautiful things never “pass in to nothingness ” means that they ____________., a. never increases, , b. create unpleasantness between friends, , c. never fade away, , d. always bring unhappiness, , 3. “Will keep a bower quiet for us” means ____________., a. will give us peace and calm, , b. will stop unpleasant sound, , c. make our beds fit to sleep, , d. reduces noise, 110

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www.tntextbooks.in, 4. Of all the unhealthy means ____________, a. pain, , b. neglect, , c. suffering, , d. ill-health, , 5. The sun, moon, trees, old and young are the things that ____________., a. depress us, , b. remove the pall of gloom from our lives, , c. makes us laugh, , d. gives us oxygen, , C. Answer the following, 1. How is a thing of beauty joy forever?, 2. Why do we suffer?, 3. According to the poet, mention the evil things we possess?, d. Figure of Speech, Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant letters or similar sounds at the, beginning words in a set or series of words.,  wild wind,  curious clock,  splendid scholar,  memorable moments,  creepy crawlies, Imagery is the way that a writer helps reader visualize or see in their minds what is, being described. These images often suggest emotions. Images appeal to one or more of, the five senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste or smell., For example,  It was dark and cloudy in the woods.,  The boys were screaming and shouting in the playground.,  The mountain was spewing and spitting the smoke.,  The sauce was sweet and sour., , 111

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Supplementary, Crossing the River, Manoj Das, , The Celebrated Pundit had many disciples and admirers. Among them was the, landlord of the area who lived on the other side of the river., The landlord had commissioned a poor milkmaid, Moti, to supply a tumblerful of, milk to the Pundit, everyday in the morning. The milkmaid discharged her duty faithfully,, day after day. She crossed the river by the help of a ferry boat and returned home in the, same way after delivering the milk at the Pundit’s household. Often the Pundit himself, received the milk. Moti prostrated before him., She did not fail in her duty even if on smoke days it retained heavily., “What a great privilege it is to serve a great, Pundit!” she would tell those toil who would, sympathise with her for her continuous, toil., , 112 112

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www.tntextbooks.in, The Pundit was an eloquent speaker. Whenever he gave a discourse, hundreds of, people gathered to listen to him. The milkmaid too made it a point to stand behind the, audience. Not that she understood much, but she was sure that the Pundit was speaking, about God and Truth and similar tough and complex matters. “How much knowledge, the man must be possessing to hold so many people spellbound for hours. Only one, who is very near to God and Truth can command such wisdom!” she thought. She was, happy that she made a humble contribution towards the Pundit’s physical well being, by regularly supplying him with pure milk., “Even if the landlord fails to pay me for the milk and my labour, I will not fail in my, duty!” she resolved., One day, while receiving the milk, the Pundit told Moti. “Woman! Can you bring the, milk at the least an hour before the sunrise for only a month? I am under a vow for, performing a certain ritual for which I need the milk that early.”, “I will do as you say O Master!” the milkmaid assured him enthusiastically., But the next day, by the time she reached the Pundit’s house, it was already daybreak., “Pardon me, Master”, for my lapse. But what could I do?” said the milkmaid, apologetically. “I was present on the bank of the river long before sunrise. But the, boatman did not turn up that early even though I had informed him of the need for me, to across the river while it was still dark! He said since the rivers is in spate it would not, be possible for him to ply the boat in darkness.”, “You could not cross the river without the boatman, eh? I wonder how then the, mystics say that one could cross even the ocean of life by uttering the name of Vishnu!”, commented the Pundit jocularly, sure that the poor woman would hardly understand, the import of his wise observation., “Well, sir, nobody had told me that!” said Moti in a murmur., “That is secret !” said the Pundit once again jocularly., “ Who but a pious and great sage like you could ever know such secrets! Thank you, sir passing it on to me,” said Moti., The Pundit could not check himself from bursting into a loud guffaw at the woman’s, naivety., Days passed. The period of the Pundit’s vow came to an end. He told the milkmaid,, “Moti, I must say that you have served me every well. I appreciate the pain you took, in getting up in the small hours and milking the cow and delivering the milk to me at, dawn. I bless you!”, Moti bowed to him. “So, sir, from tomorrow I report as before soon after the sunrise;, is that all right?”, 113

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www.tntextbooks.in, “Fine,” said the Pundit. And then he remembered the boatman. “Moti!” he said, “Tell, the boatman how pleased I am with him.”, “But, sir, I never bothered him, knowing will that he could not come that early!” said, Moti., “Who then plied the boat for you?”, “Boat? Why Sir? I did not need any boat!”, “How then did you cross the river?”, “Good God!” muttered Moti. “You, who can remembered hundreds of pages of, scriptures, forgot the secret you passed on to me the other day?”, “What do you mean?” asked the Pundit, intrigued., “I just utter the name of Vishnu and walk across the river!, The water remains ankle-deep for me!”, “Ankle-Deep? But isn’t the river in spate? Isn’t it fact that even in the hottest summer, there is enough water in the river for boats to ply?” asked the Pundit., “But I apply the secret!” Moti was surprised that the Pundit had totally forgotten his, own secret formula., “I see!”, “So, now you remembered !” said Moti feeling happy. “From tomorrow I will take, recourse to the boat. Let me apply the secret for the last time whole returning today.”, Moti stepped out onto the road. It was a foggy dawn. No doubt the woman was, kidding him – concluded the Pundit and the followed her tiptoe., Upon reaching the river, the river-bank, Moti put her empty pot down and, with, folded hands, paid obeisance to the river. Then, picking up the pot, she stepped into, the water., Struck dumb, the Pundit saw her crossing the river walking with ease., The Pundit almost fainted., While demonstrating the miracle of faith, the story also draws a contrast between, scholarship and innocence, between the knowledge which scholarship secures, but which, remains a mere theory and the knowledge that works through ones complete faith and, surrender to the Lord., “Who then plied the boat for you?”, “Boat? Why Sir? I did not need any boat!”, “How then did you cross the river?”, 114

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www.tntextbooks.in, “Good God!” muttered Moti. “You, who can remember hundreds of pages of criptures,, forgot the secret you passed on to me the other day?”, “What do you mean?” asked the Pundit, intrigued., “I just utter the name of Vishnu and walk across the river!, The water remains ankle-deep for me!”, “Ankle-Deep? But isn’t the river in spate? Isn’t it fact that even in the hottest summer, there is enough water in the river for boats to ply?” asked the Pundit., “But I apply the secret!” Moti was surprised that the Pundit had totally forgotten his own, secret formula!, “I see!”, “So, now you remembered !” said Moti feeling happy. “From tomorrow I will take recourse, to the boat. Let me apply the secret for the last time whole returning today.”, Moti stepped out onto the road. It was a foggy dawn. No doubt the woman was kidding, him – concluded the Pundit and the followed her tiptoe., Upon reaching the river the river-bank, Moti put her empty pot down and, with folded, hands, paid obeisance to the river. Then, picking up the pot, she stepped into the water., Struck dumb, the Pundit saw her crossing the river walking with ease., The Pundit almost fainted., While demonstrating the miracle of faith, the story also draws a contrast between, scholarship and innocence, between the knowledge which scholarship secures, but which, remains a mere theory and the knowledge that works through ones complete faith and, surrender to the Lord., , About the Author, Manoj Das (born 1934) is an award-winning Indian, author who writes in Odia and English. In 2000,, Manoj Das was awarded with Saraswati Samman., He was awarded Padma Shri in 2001, the fourth, highest Civilian Award in India for his contribution in, the field of Literature & Education. Kendra Sahitya, Akademi has bestowed its highest award i.e Sahitya, Akademi Award Fellowship. His deeper quest led, him to mysticism and he has been an inmate of, Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Puducherry since 1963., , 115

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, prostrated (v), , -, , falling flat on the ground as a mark of respect, , eloquent (adj), , -, , fluent, expressive, , discourse (n), , -, , discussion, spoken communication, , spellbound (v), , -, , fascinating, captivating, , resolved (v), , -, , firmly determined to do something, , ritual (n), , -, , a religious or solemn ceremony, , enthusiastically (adv), , -, , interest, eager enjoyment, , apologetically (adv), , -, , shows regretful acknowledgment, , spate(n), , -, , rush, run, flood, , jocularly (adv), , -, , humourous, funny, , pious (adj), , -, , spiritual, devoutly religious, dedicated, , guffaw (n), , -, , a loud and hearty laugh, , naivety (n), , -, , lack of experience, innocence, , dawn (n), , -, , day break, early morning, , intrigued (v), , -, , arouse the curiosity of, fascinate, attract, , obeisance (n), , -, , respect, reverence, honour, , Read and Understand, A. Match the following:, A, , B, , 1. ritual, , -, , spell bound, , 2. pundit, , -, , to cross the river easily, , 3. Moti, , -, , eloquent discourse, , 4. ferry, , -, , faithful, , 5. audience, , -, , vow, , 6. secret, , -, , passenger boat, , 116

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www.tntextbooks.in, B. Fill in the blanks:, 1. Pundit have many _____________ and ____________., 2. Moti is a poor ________________., 3. The milkmaid discharged her duties ______________., 4. Moti feels it as a ___________ to serve the great pundit., 5. The pundit was an ______________ speaker., 6. Moti assured to give the milk at the dawn _____________________., C. Answer the following:, 1. What was the pundit’s discourse about?, 2. Why did Moti, the milkmaid, feel happy?, 3. What was the resolution of Moti?, 4. Give reason for the pundit to ask for the milk at dawn., 5. Why did Moti come late on the first day of the ritual?, 6. Mention an incident that show the naivety of Moti., 7. How did the milkmaid cross the river?, 8. What was the secret shared by pundit to milkmaid?, 9. How did the pundit appreciate the milkmaid? Who else did he convey his thanks for?, 10. Why did the pundit faint at the end of the story?, D. Identify the Speaker:, 1. “But I apply the secret?”, 2. “Tell the boatman how pleased I am with him”., , Step to Success, A. Select the correct option and fill in the blanks., 1. As I _______ in the rain for the bus to arrive, it appeared as _______ it would not, arrive, ________ it took all my patience., a. weighted, though, so, b. wetted, if, so, c. waited, though, till, , 117

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www.tntextbooks.in, B. Select the option that correctly forms the 2nd pair similar to the 1st., 1. Bread : Yeast :: Curd : ?, a) germs, , b) bacteria, , c) fungi , , d) virus, , b) specy, , c) specie, , d) species, , b) ocean, , c) edit , , d) sea, , b) water, , c) the alps, , d) burrow, , 2. Fungi : Fungus :: Species : ?, a) specey, 3. Throw : Worth :: Tide : ?, a) water, 4. Lion: Forest :: Otter : ?, a) cage, , Connecting to Self, Using detergents and, cleaners that are not, environment friendly., , Avoid littering in ponds, and water resources., , zt, Throwing chemicals, or liquids., , save the rain water., , I never dispose of animal, or fish entrails in or around, fresh water resources., , Mixing sudsy water into, fresh water resources., , Put tick (√) for do's and cross (x) for don'ts., , 118

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www.tntextbooks.in, , ICT CORNER, GRAMMAR – CONJUNCTIONS, , To Enable the students to, practice conjunctions with, its different types., , STEPS :, 1. A,  ccess the website with the help of the QR code given below or the given, website link provided., 2. You can view many exercises on conjunctions in that page., 3. Click any link to get access to the exercises on conjunctions and answer the, questions., 4. Check your answers at the end of each quiz., 5. Practice with all exercises to strengthen your knowledge in conjunctions and its, different types (Coordinating & Subordinating), , TO ACCESS THE WEBSITE :, Click the following link or scan the QR code to access the website., https://agendaweb.org/grammar/conjunctions-exercises.html, ** Images are indicatives only., , 119

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 5, , Prose, Being Safe, , Warm up, Which is a safe place to cross?, , What do you know about safety?, , Section - I, , Reading, Listen to the teacher and read this section, Prasanth lives with his parents in Tiruchirappalli. In the summer, he always visits his, grandparents in Nagathi, a river island in Thanjavur District. The river water, bifurcates into, two and merges again and forms this village. So, the village is ever green with mighty, trees and beautiful landscapes. He always spends his vacation here, hanging out with his, grandfather and his friends. His grandfather was a retired central government employee. So, he has travelled to many parts of India. His knowledge always amuses him. Prasanth has just, come to his grandparents. This news reaches his friends and they have to take him out for, playing. Grandfather is very concerned; he gives some instructions and tips for their safety., 120

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www.tntextbooks.in, Sundar, , :, , Good afternoon grandpa, where is Prasanth?, , Grandpa :, , Good afternoon children., , Ravi, , Can we take him out to play in the fields, grandpa?, , :, , Grandpa :, ,  f course children, but you should be very careful while walking in the roads and, O, crossing it., , Peter, ,  es grandpa, our teacher had taught us the rules of road safety. We always, Y, follow them strictly., , :, , Grandpa : Good, When you walk on the road, which side of the road should you walk?, Jaffer, , : Grandpa, we should walk on our right hand side, against the traffic, so that, we can see the vehicles coming., , Grandpa : Good. I am sure you know how to cross the road?, Mani, , : Yes grandpa, we should wait until the road is clear of traffic. We should first, look right, left and then again right, before we cross the road., , Gandhi, , : Grandpa, we will also walk, in a line one behind the other and not in groups., , Grandpa : Good, and never use a cell phone while walking on the road. Road safety rules, are for our safety. We should follow it strictly., , Glossary, bifurcates (v), , –, , divide into two separate parts, , amuses (v), , –, , to make someone laugh or smile, , vacation (v), , –, , holiday, , merges (v), , –, , join together, , A. State whether the following statements are true or false., 1., , Prasanth had gone to bring coffee to his friends., , [, , ], , 2., , Grandpa was so angry seeing Prasanth’s friends., , [, , ], , 3., , Prasanth’s friend came on by walk., , [, , ], , 4., , Teacher had taught about the rules of road safety., , [, , ], , 121

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www.tntextbooks.in, Section - II, , Reading, Take turns and read this section aloud., Prasanth : Hi, friends!, Murthy, , : Hi, we have come here to play under the shade of this big Neem tree., , Grandpa : Yes kids, you need to be very careful as the Sun is scorching., Mani, , : , My mother has instructed me not to roam in sunlight between 10 A.M. and, 3 P.M. as it is very hot., , Grandpa : , That’s true. But, you also need more physical activities. Hence play safely in, the Sun. Take breaks by going indoors or moving to places with shade., Sam, , : Can we put on sunscreen before going out in the sun?, , Grandpa : , Yes, you need to put on the Sunscreen 15 to 20 minutes before going out to, avoid Sun burn., Prasanth : Grandpa! I’m feeling exhausted., Grandpa : Oh, it may be due to the heat. When the body cannot cool itself fast enough,, We may get a heat sun stroke., Prasanth : How will I know, if I am getting a sun stroke?, Grandpa : , Be sure to tell an adult if you’re feeling hot, have head ache, feeling giddy, or nauseated., Jaffer, , : , I like to play outdoor games than indoor ones., , Grandpa : , That’s really nice. But the big part of going outside and playing in safe, environment comes from knowing, how to be STREET SMART., , Glossary, scorching (v), , – extremely hot, , sunscreen (n), , – a cream or lotion rubbed on the skin to protect it from, the sun, – feeling tired, , exhausted(v), sunstroke (n), giddy (adj), , – unconscious or heatstroke brought about by excessive, exposure to the sun, – having a sensation of falling down, , nauseated (adj), , – sickening, stomach-turning, , street smart (adj), , – the knowledge to be with difficulties and dangers, 122

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www.tntextbooks.in, A. Fill in the blanks., 1. They had come to play under the shade of big ____________., 2. We should put on ____________ to avoid sun burn., 3. _________ is a more serious health related illness., 4. Mani’s mother had instructed him not to roam in the sun light between ______ and _____., 5. Street smart means _____________., Section - III, , Reading, Read this section in pairs., Ravi, , : Could you please tell us the safety measures to practice at home, grandpa?, , Grandpa : Sure. We should learn to put things back in their respective places after using, them. We should not play with knives, scissors etc., Ravi, , : I believe you are getting a call, grandpa. Here is your mobile phone., , Grandpa : Thank you, Ravi. I think it is my old friend, Raghu., Madam, , : Wow! A nice phone., , Ravi, , : Yes, it’s a latest one too. Grandpa bought it last week in Chennai., , Prasanth : , I heard it works like a super computer., Ravi, , : Yes, of course. It is very useful for my projects too., , Grandpa : These mobile phones are very useful but we should use it with care. You, should use it in the presence of adults., Prasanth : Tell us about the safety measures while using the internet, grandpa., Grandpa : Make yourself cyber safe by not posting your personal information, photos,, vacation plans in the social media., Grandpa : From fertilizers to antifreeze, medicine to makeup set and poisonous items, to be kept away from the children in our homes., Grandpa : Could I have your views on using the medicines effectively?, Ravi, , : I think we should store all medicines out of sight and reach of children., , Grandpa : Good. Medicines should be kept in locked cabinet., Jaffer, , : I also think pills and syrups, should be kept in their original containers and the, left over pills should always be counted., , Grandpa : That’s nice idea., , 123

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www.tntextbooks.in, Ravi, , : I get it. Medicines should be stored in their original containers and we should, keep a count to avoid misuse., , Grandpa : H,  azardous automotive and gardening products should be secured and kept, locked., Devi, , : A first aid kit is a must in every household which should also have an, emergency instruction inside it., , Grandpa : It’s nice to see kids coming up with wonderful ideas., Children : Thank you grandpa for your guidance. We shall follow your advice and, together protect ourselves from dangers., Grandpa : It’s getting late. We can talk more tomorrow. Take care children!, , Glossary, fertilizer (n), antifreeze (n), hazardous (adj), emergency (n), , - chemical or natural substance added to land to, increase its fertility., - a liquid that can be added to water to lower the freezing point., - risky; dangerous, - often dangerous situation requiring immediate action., , Read and Understand, A. Choose the best answer., 1., , Grandpa got a call from _________ ., a) his son , , 2., , b) kitchen table, , b) hazardous c) medicine, , We should have _______ in our home itself to give medical treatment., a) a first aid kit , , 5., , c) locked cabinet, , __________ automotive and gardening products should be secured., a) gardening products, , 4., , c) his old friend, , Medicine should be kept in __________ ., a) fridge , , 3., , b) wife , , b) an injection, , c) the hospital, , Some house _______ and _______ are poisonous., a) used food and plants, , b) plants and dog, 124, , c) plants and used button cell batteries

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www.tntextbooks.in, , B. Choose the correct synonyms for the Italic word., 1., , Dixie was feeling very exhausted., a) joy , , 2., , d) rejoiced, , b) ancient , , c) updated , , d) out dated, , c) unconscious, , d) tired, , c) exposive , , d) hidden, , Praveen got sun stroke., a) fever , , 4., , c) tired , , The neem tree was a big antique in his garden., a) modern , , 3., , b) wounded , , b) nerves , , Heat exhaustion prevails., a) widespread , , b) not visible , , C. Choose the correct antonyms for the Italic word., 1., , Karan visited his ancestral village., a) offspring , , 2., , b) securely , , c) protect , , d) save, , b) deleted , , c) preserved , , d) registered, , The neem tree provided shelter to many birds., a) residence , , 5., , d) relative, , Medicine should be stored., a) consumed , , 4., , c) house , , We should use our mobile safely., a) unsafely , , 3., , b) family , , b) unprotection, , c) home , , d) security, , b) outdated , , c) new , , d) modern, , It is a latest mobile., a) updated , , D. Answer the following in one or two sentences., 1., , What is STREET SMART?, , 2., , Which should be used with adults' supervision?, , 3., , What according to grandpa is the most serious illness?, , 4., , What is must in every house hold?, , E. Answer the following questions in 100 words., 1., , How can you make yourself cyber safe?, , 2., , What are the safety measures to be followed for sunstroke?, , 3., , Write about road safety rules., 125

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Vocabulary, Homonyms, Two or more words having the same spelling and pronunciation but different, meanings and origins., S.No, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , Homonyms, , Meaning, , Example, , address, , location, , This is her address., , address, , to speak to, , She addressed, meeting., , band, , a musical group, , The band was playing old songs., , band, , a ring, , She always ties her hair back in, a band., , bat, , mammal, , I am afraid of bats., , bat, , an implement used to hit a ball, , I love my cricket bat., , right, , correct, , He is right., , right, , direction, , Take a right turn., , a. Write a sentence of your own for each homonyms., 1. a. bright, b. bright, , - very smart or intelligent –, - filled with light, , 2. a. express - something done fast, b. express - convey, 3. a. kind, , –, –, –, , - type, , –, , - caring, , –, , 4. a. well, , - in good health, , –, , b. well, , - water resource, , –, , b. kind, , 126, , the, , open-air

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Phrasal verb, A phrasal verb is a verb that is made up of a main verb together with an adverb or, a preposition, or both., "Catch on" is a phrasal verb which means to understand., Phrasal verb, , Meaning, , Example, , call on somebody, , visit somebody, , We called on you last night but you weren't, home., , call back, , to return a phone call, , Could you please call back in ten minutes?, , get rid of, , to eliminate, , Please get rid of that old t-shirt. It’s so, ragged., , keep on, , to continue doing, something, , If you keep on making that noise I will get, annoyed., , kick off, , to begin, start, , The rugby match kicked off at 3 o’clock., , look after, , take care of, , I have to look after my sick grandmother., , a. Write the meaning for the phrasal verbs., 1. look into, 2. give up, 3. put off, 4. get on, 5. take off, b. Use the following phrasal verbs in your own sentence., 1. put up with, 2. keep on, 3. look after, 4. take over, 5. go through, , 127

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Listening, Listen to the teacher and answer the questions., 1. The target audience for this speech is, a) teachers, b) the public, c) primary school students, d) secondary school students, 2. Why was the speaker invited to speak on road safety ?, a) It was "Road Safety Week"., b) He is an expert in this field., c) He had received many accident reports., d) There had been many accidents near the school., 3. Road users can show that they are considerate on the road by, a) hogging the road, b) driving cautiously, c) neglecting traffic rules and road ethics, d) flashing their headlights at oncoming cars, 4. W,  hen the speaker says, 'However, if you still feel generous and would like to, donate your money to us, then speed by all means', he is being, a) rude, b) hopeful, c) fatherly, d) sarcastic, 5. The speaker is most probably a, a) police officer, b) career guidance teacher, c) member of the Red Crescent Society, d) spokesman for the Road Transport Department, 128

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www.tntextbooks.in, 6. What do you understand by common sense should prevail at all times?, a) Learn traffic rules by heart., b) Follow the actions of other motorists., c) Think wisely before making any decisions., d) When in doubt, pull over to the side of the road and seek help., Note: The listening passage is given at page no. 229., , Speaking, Expressing likes and dislikes, The teacher asks the students to express their likes and dislikes using the, tables given below., I Like    , , cooking, , I Don't Like, , cycling, skating, , I Enjoy  , , verb+ ing, , I Dislike   , , singing, playing, studying, , I Love  , , drawing, , I Hate    , , eating, , Expressing Likes and Dislikes, Expressing Likes, , Expressing Dislikes, , I like…, , I don’t like…, , I love…, , I dislike…, , I enjoy…, , I hate…, , I’m keen on…, , I loathe…, , I live for…, , I don’t really care for…, , I’m fond of…, , I’m not a huge fan of…, , I ‘m crazy about…, , I can’t bear…, , 129

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Writing, Arrange the picture in order by writing the numbers 1,2,3 and 4 in the given, boxes and write this familiar story in about 100 words., Make use of the words given below., thirsty, village, pitcher, disappointment, pebbles , water level, , One hot day, a thirsty crow ___________________________________________________, ___________________________________________________________________________________, _______________________________________________________________________________________, _______________________________________________________________________________________, _______________________________________________________________________________________, _______________________________________________________________________________________, _______________________________________________________________________________________, , 130

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Grammar, TENSE – TIME, , Tense, , Present Tense, , Past Tense, , Continuous, , Tense, , Signal words, , Present Continuous, / Progressive, , Perfect, Continuous, , Perfect, , Simple, , Simple Present /, Present Simple, , Future Tense, , Use, , •, , every day, , •, , something happens repeatedly, , •, , sometimes, , •, , how often something happens, , •, , always, , •, , one action follows another, , •, , often, , •, , things in general, , •, , usually, , •, , •, , seldom, , with the following verbs (to love, to, hate, to think, etc.), , •, , never, , •, , •, , first ... then, , future meaning: timetables,, programmes, , •, , now, , •, , •, , at the moment, , something is happening at the, same time of speaking or around it, , •, , Look!, , •, , •, , Listen!, , future meaning: when you have, already decided and arranged to, do it (a fixed plan, date), , 131

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Simple Past / Past, Simple, , Past Continuous /, Progressive, , Present Perfect, , Present Perfect, Continuous, , Past Perfect, , •, , last ..., , •, , ... ago, , •, , in 1990, , •, , yesterday, , •, , while, , •, , just, , •, , yet, , •, , never, , •, , ever, , •, , already, , •, , so far, , •, , up to now, , •, , since, , •, , for, , •, , recently, , •, , all day, , •, , the whole day, , •, , how long, , •, , since, , •, , for, , •, , already, , •, , just, , •, , never, 132, , •, , action finished in the past, mostly, connected with an expression, of time (no connection to the, present), , •, , an action happened in the middle, of another action, , •, , someone was doing sth. at a, certain time (in the past) - you do, not know whether it was finished, or not, , •, , you say that sth. has happened or, is finished in the past and it has a, connection to the present, , •, , action started in the past and, continues up to the present, , •, , action began in the past and has, just stopped, , •, , how long the action has been, happening, , •, , emphasis: length of time of an, action, , •, , mostly when two actions in a, story are related to each other:, the action which had already, happened is put into Past Perfect,, the other action into Simple Past, , •, , the past of Present Perfect

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Past Perfect, Continuous, , •, , how long, , •, , since, , •, , for, , •, , how long something had been, happening before something else, happened, , •, , predictions about the future (you, think that sth. will happen), , •, , you decide to do sth., spontaneously at the time of, speaking, you haven't made a, decision before, , •, , main clause in type I of the if, clauses, , •, , when you have already decided, to do sth. in the future, , •, , what you think what will happen, , •, , An action will be in progress at, a certain time in the future. This, action has begun before the, certain time., , •, , Something happens because it, normally happens., , •, , sth. will already have happened, before a certain time in the future, , •, , sth. will already have happened, before a certain time in the future, , •, , emphasis: length of time of an, action, , will - future, , going to - future, , Future Continuous, , Future Perfect, , Future Perfect, Continuous, , 133, , 133

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Present Tense, Person, , Simple, , Continuous, , Perfect, , Perfect Continuous, , I, , + verb, , + am + verb + ing + have + pp + have+ been + verb +ing, , we, , + verb, , + are + verb + ing + have + pp + have+ been + verb +ing, , You, , + verb, , + are + verb + ing + have + pp + have+ been + verb +ing, , He, , + verb+s/es, , + is + verb + ing, , + has + pp, , + has + been + verb +ing, , She, , + verb+s/es, , + is + verb + ing, , + has + pp, , + has + been + verb +ing, , It, , + verb+s/es, , + is + verb + ing, , + has + pp, , + has + been + verb +ing, , They, , + verb, , + are + verb + ing + have + pp + have+ been + verb +ing, , Past Tense, Person, , Simple, , I, we, , Past, , Continuous, , Perfect, , Perfect Continuous, , + was + verb + ing, , + had + pp, , + had + been + verb +ing, , + were + verb + ing, , + had + pp, , + had + been + verb +ing, , You, , tense, , + were + verb + ing, , + had + pp, , + had + been + verb +ing, , He, , of, , + was + verb + ing, , + had + pp, , + had + been + verb +ing, , She, , the, , + was + verb + ing, , + had + pp, , + had + been + verb +ing, , + was + verb + ing, , + had + pp, , + had + been + verb +ing, , + were + verb + ing, , + had + pp, , + had + been + verb +ing, , Perfect, , Perfect Continuous, , It, , verb, , They, , Future Tense, Person, , Simple, , Continuous, , I, we, You, He, She, , + Shall / will + Shall / will + be, + verb, + verb + ing, , + Shall / will + Shall / will + have + been, + have + PP + verb+ ing, , It, They, 134

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www.tntextbooks.in, B) Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of the verbs given in the brackets., 1. When the burglars broke into the house, everybody _________ (have) sound sleep., 2. The milk ____ (spill) over as she went to see the crowd passing by with loud slogans., 3. If Karthik _________ (not + make) any mistake, he will be rewarded., 4. They were watching TV when they _________ (hear) a loud bang at the door., 5. The bus _________ (leave) the stop before we could catch it., 6. Arya _______ (play) the same song for last three days. It has become boring now., 7. Manju _______ (call) after we reach home., 8. The show _______ (complete) its one thousand episodes by next month., 9. Don’t worry, we will be _______ (reach) the airport in time., 10. Prasanna has _______ (fall) sick after eating some snacks at the street side shop., C) Tick the correct option to complete the sentences., 1. The climate of the city _________ mild and pleasant most of the time., a) is remaining, , b) remains, , c) was remaining, , d) is remained, , 2. One day he _________ into a hotel in Ooty, a beautiful city in Tamilnadu., a) booking, , b) was booking, , c) booked, , d) had booked, , 3. You will certainly _________ rewards for what you are doing., a) get, , b) had got, , c) was getting, , d) be getting, , 4. Do you _________ the day we moved the piano upstairs?, a) remember, , b) remembered, , c) are remembering, , d) had remembered, , 5. The rain completely _________ our day., a) spoilt, , b) is spoiling, , c) is spoilt, , d) was spoilt, , 6. Akbar _________ the king at the age of fifteen after the sudden death of his father., a) was becoming, , b) had become, , c) became, , d) become, 135

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www.tntextbooks.in, 7. The criminal _________ the place before the police could reach., a) was escaping, , b) had escaped, , c) is escaping, , d) will escape, , 8. They _________ all the arrangements before the guest's arrival., a) will have made, , b) will be made, , c) had been making, , d) were making, , 9. Sabithra _________ her job by tomorrow evening., a) will be completing, , b) will complete, , c) will have completed, , d) will have been completing, , 10. Harshini _________ her mother in making rangoli in the yard for last one hour., a) is helping, , b) has helped, , c) has been helping, , d) helps, , D) Identify the errors in the sentences given below and rewrite them., 1. I have met him yesterday., 2. I am watching TV since morning., 3. She is seeming sad., 4. She watched TV when her husband came., 5. He is having a cellular phone., 6. I heard him to speak on several subjects., 7. Ten candidates have passed one failed., 8. He succeeded because he works hard., 9. How long are you working in this office?, 10. I shall wait for you till you will finish your work., 11. When I reached the station, the train already left., 12. She or he have done well., 13. One of the boys are missing., 14. None is genuine., 15. She is waiting for you for 3 hours., 136

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Conditional sentences with ‘If’, Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are, used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain, condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences., Conditional Sentence Type 1, It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled., Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation., Conditional Sentence Type 2, It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled., Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation., Conditional Sentence Type 3, It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past., Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation., Type, , If-clause, , Main clause, , I, , Simple Present, If I study,, , will + infinitive, , II, , Simple Past, If I studied,, , would + infinitive, I would pass the exam., , III, , Past Perfect, If I had studied,, , would + have + past participle, I would have passed the exam., , I will pass the exam., , 1. Complete the Conditional Sentences. Decide whether to use Type I, II or III., 1. If I had time, I __________ (go) shopping with you., 2. If you __________ (speak) English, you will get along with them perfectly., 3. If they had gone for a walk, they __________ (turn) the lights off., 4. If she __________ (come) to see us, we will go to the zoo., 5. I would have told you, if I __________ (see) him., 2. Choose the best answer., 1. I will come if I __________ time., a. have, , b. had, , c. will have, 137

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www.tntextbooks.in, 2. If he is late, we __________ without him., a. would start, , b. would have started, , c. will start, , 3. If you __________ me, I would tell you., a. will ask, , b. asked, , c. had asked, , 4. Will it be all right if I __________ a friend tonight?, a. had brought, , b. bring, , c. brought, , 5. If you __________ to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice., a. wants, , b. wanted, , c. want, , 3. Match the following., 1. If they worked hard, , -, , she will come to our party., , 2. If I invite Shalini, , -, , I would have bought these shoes., , 3. If I had got enough money, , -, , they would win., , 4. Fill in the blanks with correct verb forms., 1. If you ________ out with your friends tonight, I _____ the football match on TV., a. go, would watch, , b. go, will watch, , c. go, have watched, , 2. If he __________ harder, he __________ his goals., a. tries, would reach, , b. tried, will reach, , c. tried, would reach, , 3. If we __________ to the radio, we __________ the news., a. listen, would hear, , b. had listen, will hear, , c. listen, will hear, , Language Check Point, Incorrect, , Correct, , Usage, , Work hard lest you will, fail., , Work hard lest you should, fail., , ‘Lest’ must be followed by, ‘should.’, , I know to cook., , I know how to cook., , Before using infinitive, use, how/ what/when after the, word ‘ know.’, , You will never see a man, like he, , You will never see a man, like him., , A pronoun takes objective, case after like or unlike., , 138

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www.tntextbooks.in, , BANG!, What's that?, Bang-Bang! Oh, Hark,, The guns are shooting in the dark!, Little guns and big ones too,, Bang–Bang-Bang!, What shall I do?, Mistress, Master, hear me yelp,, I'm out-of-doors, I want your help., Let me in-oh, LET ME IN, Before those fireworks begin, To shoot again-I can't bear that;, My tail is down, my ears are flat,, I'm trembling here outside the door,, Oh, don't you love me anymore?, I think I'll die with fright, Unless you let me in to-night., (Shall we let him in, children?), Ah, now the door is opened wide,, I'm rushing through, I'm safe inside,, The lights are on, it's warm and grandMistress, let me lick your hand, Before I slip behind the couch., There I'll hide myself and crouch, In safety till the BANGS are doneThen to my kennel I will run, And guard you safely all the night, Because you understood my fright., , 140, , Enid Blyton

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, , a., , bang (n), , –, , a sudden loud, sharp noise, , yelp (v), , –, , a short, sharp cry,especially of pain or alaram, , trembling (v), , –, , to shake slightly/ short movements, as from fear, , rushing (v), , –, , moving with urgent haste / fast, , couch(n), , –, , a type of high bed/ sofa, , crouch (v), , –, , adopt a position where the knees are bent and, upper body is brought forward and down, , kennel (n), , –, , a small shelter for a dog, , fright (n), , –, , a sudden intense feeling of fear, , Answer the following questions., , 1. Why was the dog frightened?, 2. Whom did the dog ask for help?, 3. What did the dog do when the door is opened?, 4. Where did the dog hide himself?, 5. Where will the dog go when the firework stops?, b. Literary appreciation, 1). Mistress, Master, hear me yelp,, I'm out-of-doors, I want your help., Let me in-oh, LET ME IN, Before those fireworks begin, Write the rhyme scheme of the above poetic lines., 2). To shoot again I can’t bear that;, My tall is down, my ears are flat,, I’m trembling here outside the door,, Oh, don’t you love me anymore?, Pick out the rhyming words from the above poetic, lines., 141, , A dog whistle (also, known as silent whistle, or Galton's whistle), is a type of whistle, that emits sound in the ultrasonic, range, which people cannot hear, but some other animals can,, including dogs and domestic cats,, and is used in their training. It, was invented in 1876 by Francis, Galton and is mentioned in his, book Inquiries into Human Faculty, and its Development, in which he, describes experiments to test the, range of frequencies that could be, heard by various animals, such as, a house cat.

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Rhyming words, Match the rhyming words from the poem., Hark, Too, Yelp, Grand, Couch, Night, , –, –, –, –, –, –, , do, fright, dark, crouch, help, hand, , Figure of speech, a. Personification, Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an animal is given a, human attribute. Human qualities are given to non-human things or ideas, for a better, understanding the writer’s message. The use of personification also helps to show a, character’s attitude towards inanimate objects. This adds interest and fun to poems and, stories. The literal meaning of the words should not be taken into consideration., Examples:, , Exercise:, , •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , The Sun smiled down upon them., Justice is blind., The wind howled in the night., The moon played hide and seek with the clouds., The city never sleeps at night., The boat danced in the puddle., The flowers nodded their heads, The thunder grumbled., The lightning danced all over the sky., The iron hands of Death., The popcorn left out of the bowl., , 1. W,  hat is being personified in the sentence- ‘The full moon peeped through partial, clouds’?, 2. Which of the following is an example of personification?, a) The chocolates smelled like delicious cake., b) The chocolates smell delicious., c) The delicious smell of chocolates invited me to eat them., d) I dreamt of delicious chocolates., 3. Personification is_____., a) giving human attributes to human beings., b) comparing unrelated things., c) giving human attributes to non-human objects., d) talking the negative aspects of a person., 142

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Supplementary, When Instinct Works, , Anna Sewell, , [Anna Sewell was an English writer of children’s classic ‘Black, Beauty’. Although it has to come to be treated as a children’s, book, it was originally meant for those who took care of horses., She talks about kindness, sympathy and understanding in the, treatment of horses.], One morning in the autumn, my master had to go on a long journey,, John harnessed me to the new cart. I liked to pull as it was very light and the high, wheels rolled along so smoothly., It was about to rain, the weather was very windy and dry leaves blew across the road., Master, John and I went along merrily till we came to the toll gate at the entrance to the, low wooden bridge. The river banks were fairly high so the bridge, instead of raising in, the arc over the river, went across just level. In the middle, if the river was full, the water, would be nearly up to the foot of the bridge. There were good sturdy rails on both sides, so people were not afraid., The man at the toll gate said that the river was rising fast. He feared it would be a, bad night. Many of the fields were already under water. In one low part of the road, the, water was halfway up to my knees. But the cart was so good and master drove gently, so, it did not matter., , 143

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www.tntextbooks.in, When we got into the town, I had a good wait. Master’s business kept him for a long, time, so we could not start for home till late in the afternoon. By then, the wind was much, stronger and I heard Master say to John that he had never been out in such a bad storm., We went through a wood where great branches were swaying about like twigs and the, wind made a terrible rushing sound., “I wish we were out of this wood,” said my master., , “Yes, sir,” replied John. “I hope no branches fall down on us,” The words were hardly, out of his mouth when there was a groan and a splitting sound. Then a Oak tree that had, been torn up by the roots came crashing down and fell right across the road in front of us., I will never say I was not frightened of, for I was. I stopped still trembling. Of course,, I did not turn around or run away. I was not brought up like that. John jumped out and in, a moment was standing by my head. He held my bridle and calmed my nerves., “That was close! What shall we do now?” asked my master., “Well, sir, we can’t drive over this big tree and we can’t get round it. We must go back, to four cross ways. Then it will be about six miles before we get to the wooden bridge, again. It will make us late, but black beauty is fresh.”, 144

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www.tntextbooks.in, This happened sometimes when the river was flooding, so Master did not stop. We, were going along at a good speed, but the moment my feet touched the ground the first, part of the bridge, I felt sure that something was wrong. I dared not go forward. I made, a dead stop., “Go on, Beauty", said my master, and gave me a touch of the whip. But I dared not, move. He gave me a sharp snap of the whip. I jumped, I jumped, but I dared not go forward., “There is something wrong sir”, said John. He got down from the cart and came to my, head. He took hold of my bridle and tried to lead me forward. “Come on, Beauty. What’s, the matter?” Just then, the other man at the tollgate on the other side ran out, flashing, a torch like a madman., “Hoy, Hoy, Hoy, Stop!” he cried., “What’s the matter?” shouted my master., “The bridge is broken in the middle. Part of it has been carried away by the flood. If, you come any further, you’ll be in the river!”, “Thank God!” said my master., "You really are a Beauty!” said John, as he took hold of my bridle and gently turned, me round. Of course, I could not tell him what the problem was, but I knew very well that, the bridge was not safe., The wind seemed to have settled down. It grew darker and darker stiller and stiller. I, trotted softly along, the wheels hardly making a sound on the soft, wet road., Then Master told John that God had given people brains by which they can find things, for themselves. He said, however, God had given animals a special knowledge which did, not depend on thinking things out and was much quicker to respond to danger. This, instinct in animals, he said, had often saved the lives of men., John had many stories to tell of dogs and horses, and the wonderful ways they had, saved the lives of people. He thought many people did not take very good care of their, animals or make friends with them as they should do., At last, we got back to Master’s house. We saw that all the lights were on. As we came, up to the door, Mistress ran out to greet Master., “Are you safe, my dear? Oh! I have been so worried about you. Did you have an, accident?”, “No, my dear, but if Black Beauty had not been wiser than we were, all three of us, would have been drowned at the wooden bridge.”, They went into the house and I heard no more. John took me to the stable. Oh! What, a good supper he gave me that night. And then a really thick bed of straw. I was grateful, for everything for I was tired., 145

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, tied the horse to a cart using strips of leather and, metal fittings., a gate across a road or bridge at which travellers, must stop and pay, , harnessed (v), , -, , tollgate (n), sturdy (adj), , - strong, , groan (n), , - deep sound, , bridle (n), , -, , a set of leather straps tied around the neck of a horse, to control it, an innate typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals, In response to certain stimuli, , instinct (n), a dead stop (n), , - complete and sudden stop, , A. Comprehension, 1. Choose the best option, 1. The season mentioned in the story is --------., a) spring, , b) autumn, , c) summer, , d) winter, , 2. In one low part of the road the --------- was halfway up to black beauty’s knees., a) the river, , b) dust, , c) water, , d) leaves, , 3. The bridge was broken in the ---------., a) front, , b) rear, , c) middle, , d) up, , 4. The instinct in --------- had often saved the lives of men., a) girls, , b) animals, , c) birds, , d) boys, , 5. Black beauty dared not move even to the sharp snap of the -----------., a) stick, , b) thread, , c) whip, , d) kick, , 2. Match the following, Man at the toll gate, , -, , had many stories to tell., , Bridge, , -, , wise., , John, , -, , have special knowledge, , Black beauty, , -, , flashing a torch., , Animals, , -, , sturdy rail, , 146

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www.tntextbooks.in, 3. Fill in the blanks., 1. Just then, the man at the _______ on the other side ran out, _______ a torch., 2. Even when John tried to _______ him forward Beauty did not move., 3. We were saved because Beauty had known that something was _______ with the, bridge., 4. Suddenly an_______ tree came crashing down and fell right in front of us., 5. He told that the bridge had just broken due to the _______., 6. As we went through the wood, the _______ of the trees were swaying and making a, terrible _______ rushing sound., 7. A little later, when we reached the bridge Beauty came to a _______., 8. When we started back from the town, it was late in the --- The wind was much, _______., 9. John said we must go back to the _______ find another way to the wooden _______., 10. Oh! What a good _______ he gave me that night. And then a really thick _______., , bed of straw, bridge, crossways, supper, toll gate, oak, flood, lean,, flashing, wrong, the branches, stronger afternoon, sudden stop,, terrible, 4. B,  ased on your understanding of the story write the answers for the following, questions in a sentence or two., 1. Did Black Beauty like to pull the cart?, 2. How was the weather?, 3. Describe the bridge., 4. What was the alternate plan suggested by John to reach the wooden bridge?, 5. Why was Black Beauty reluctant to cross the bridge?, 5. W,  rite the answers for the following questions in 100 words., 1. What did the man at the toll gate on the other side tell them?, 2. Was Black Beauty afraid to cross the bridge?, 3. What did John think about human’s attitude on animals?, 4. What would have happened to all the three if Black Beauty had not been wiser?, 5. Where did John take Black Beauty and what did he give her?, , 147

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www.tntextbooks.in, 6. How will you take care of your pet? Write about in fifty words., , Step to Success, Coding – Decoding verbal reasoning., 1. I n a certain code language, if Violet is called as Green, Green is called as Red, Red is called, as Brown, Brown is called as Orange, Orange is called as Yellow, Yellow is called as Blue, and Blue is called as Indigo, then what is the colour of human blood in that language?, a., , Red , , b. Blue , , c. Green, , d. Violet, , e. Brown, , 2. I n a certain code language, if Pen means Eraser, Eraser means Book, Book means Scale,, Scale means Sharpener, Sharpener means Duster and Duster means Table, then what is, the name of the object that is used to clean the black board in that language?, a., , Duster , , b. Sharpener , , c. Table, , d. Scale, , e. Book, , 3. In a certain code language, if Bread is called Butter, Butter is called Milk, Milk is called, Shirt, Shirt is called Shoe, Shoe is called Bicycle, Bicycle is called Watch, Watch is called, Aeroplane and Aeroplane is called Ship, then which of the following indicates time in that, language?, a., , Watch , , b. Bicycle , , c. Milk , , 148, , d. Ship, , e. Aeroplane

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Connecting to Self, Put a  for the do's and put a  for dont's., , 149

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www.tntextbooks.in, , ICT CORNER, GRAMMAR – IF CONDITIONAL CLAUSE, To Enable the students to, familiarize If – Conditional, clauses., STEPS:, 1. Access the application with the help of the link given below or the given QR, code and install it in the mobile., 2. Click Menu button at the top left and click “Notes” to read about Conditional, sentences and its kinds with examples., 3. Choose “Practice” from Menu to practice exercises in conditional clauses by, drag and dropping exercises., 4. Click “Quiz” to check your knowledge in this topic., 5. Practice with all exercises to strengthen your knowledge in If conditional, clauses., , TO DOWNLOAD THE APPLICATION :, APPLICATION NAME : ENGLISH CONDITIONAL SENTENCES., https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com., em.emqscondtionalsentences&hl=en, ** Images are indicatives only., 150

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 6, , Prose, Friendship, , Warm up, 1. D,  o you have any childhood friendship that is still strong, today?, 2. Do you make friendship with others easily?, 3. S,  hare an incident that you remember proudly about your, friends., , Section -I, Reading, Listen to the teacher and read this section, , 151

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www.tntextbooks.in, Vetri was once a successful business man in Coimbatore. Vetri Constructions,, was once a leading construction company. His company constructed many shopping, complexes, houses and a few apartments in and around Coimbatore. Everything went, well, until his father died. After his father’s death, his brothers demanded to split the, wealth as they wanted to start their business separately., From then on Vetri found it difficult to establish his business. He took loans to run his, company, but he could not pay the loan. So, he sold all his properties and paid the loans., Vetri’s family now lived in a very small home., Vetri found a job, and started to lead a normal life. But he always longs to start a new, construction company. But, he did not know how to get money to start a company. No one, was ready to lend him money. One day, as he discussed with his wife. His wife said, “Why, don’t you ask your friend Asif? You often said that you were good friends.” Vetri replied,, "Yes, but he is in Chennai. He is very busy with his business, I don’t think it would be easy, to meet him.” Wife asked "Why don’t you give it a try?” Vetri said, ”I haven’t seen him for a, long time. What will he think of me? If I ask him to help now.” Wife said, ”Then, forget the, idea to start a new business.” Vetri after deep thought decided to meet his friend. He told, his wife about his decision and took the next train to Chennai., , Glossary, complexes, , -, , consisting of many different and connected parts, , demanded, , -, , ask authoritatively, , establish, , -, , set up on a firm and permanent basis, , decided, , -, , having clear opinion, , Fill in the blanks, 1. __________ constructions was once a leading company., 2. He took a ____________ to run his company., 3. Vetri’s friend is ___________., , 152

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Section II, , Reading, Take turns and read this section aloud., On the day of his travel, Vetri boarded the train, his memory went back to his, schooldays. They lived in the beautiful village Keelakudi, near Coimbatore. The village, had a middle school in the outskirts. It is in that school where Vetri had met Asif., The students and teachers of the school would never forget Vetri and Asif and their, friendship. They were always together in learning and playing., Their friendship started on the first day of school. When Vetri's parents dropped, him at the school, he started crying. Asif consoled him with a chocolate and said, “Don’t, cry. We will play after the bell.” After that day, they stayed together, played together, and even exchanged their food. Their friendship grew stronger with time. They were, always good in studies and helping each other in studies. They also helped others with, their lessons., One day there was a quarrel between Vetri and Asif’s families, and both families stopped, talking to each other. To everyone's surprise they continued to be good friends. There was, always a healthy competition between them. Surprisingly the exam, the results and the, marks never affected their friendship. Their friendship continued till tenth standard. Then, Vetri moved to Coimbatore and Asif to Chennai. Asif started his business in Chennai and settled, there. Vetri always wanted to meet his friend but never had the chance to visit Chennai., , Glossary, boarded, , -, , get on or into a vehicle, , consoled, , -, , comfort someone at the time of grief, , exchanged, , -, , give something and receive something, , competition, , -, , an event or contest, , affected, , -, , cause a change in someone or something, , Say True or False., 1. Keelakudi was the native of Vetri., 2. The school was a middle school., 3. Vetri and Asif were good in studies., 4. Vetri never visited Chennai., 5. Asif was a businessman., , 153

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Section III, , Reading, Read this section in pairs., Vetri went straight to Asif’s office. As he reached the gate, the security stopped, him, ”Whom do you want to meet sir?” Vetri nervously said “I want to meet Asif, I am, his friend.” The security was astounded “Mr. Asif is our MD. Are you sure you want to, meet him?” Vetri hesitatingly said, “Yes, I am his friend, from his native place.” The, Security said “Check with the people in the reception, Sir. I don’t know if you will get an, appointment.”, Vetri walked to the reception. Receptionist asked him, ”How can I help you?”. Vetri, said, “Can I meet your MD? Please tell him, Vetri from Keelakudi has come to meet him.”, Suddenly, the receptionist rose from her chair. The door behind Vetri opened, Vetri got, a pat on his back. “Finally, you found me. I saw you through the CCTV camera.”, said, Asif. Vetri was dumbfounded. Vetri gathered, “No, Asif, I never got the chance to visit, Chennai. Now, I have come to attend my friend’s wedding. So, I thought I would come, to meet you.” They spoke about their schooldays and the fun they had. Then they, discussed their business. Asif took Vetri to his home for lunch. Vetri was surprised to, see that everyone knows him. Asif’s wife said,”We all know you, but this is the first time, we are meeting you in person.” He stayed till the evening and Asif dropped him in the, railway station., Vetri reached home and told his wife everything in detail. She knew her husband, so she didn’t ask anything else. Two days later, Vetri received a call “Am I speaking to, Vetri?” Vetri said, “Yes.” The voice said, ”Our MD Mr. Asif, has assigned a project to you., He wants to meet you. Will you be able to come to Chennai?” Vetri couldn’t believe it., , Glossary, nervously, , -, , in an anxious or uneasy manner, , astounded, , -, , shocked or greatly surprised, , hesitatingly, , -, , to be reluctant or wait to act because of fear, , dumbfounded, , -, , speechless with amazement, , dropped, , -, , the act of a person or thing that drops, , 154

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Read and Understand, A. Choose the correct answer., 1. Vetri went to Asif’s _________., a) home , , b) office , , c) room, , 2. Vetri came to Chennai to visit his _______., a) father , , b) friend , , c) brother, , 3. Asif saw his friend through the ________., a) camera , , b) window , , c) glass, , B. Choose correct synonyms for the italic word., 1. Vetri constructed a bungalow., a) designed , , b) built , , c) demolished, , d) destroyed, , c) united , , d) combined, , c)center , , d) region, , b) differ , , c) peace , , d) fun, , b) surprised , , c) shocked , , d) excited, , 2. The brothers started a business separately., a) apart , , b) alone , , 3. I am living in the outskirts of the village., a) border , , b)outpost , , 4. Asif quarreled with his friend., a) fought , 5. He stood astounded., a) happy , , C. Choose correct antonyms for the italic word., 1. Verti's wife replied angrily., a) calmly , , b) annoyed , , c) irritate, , 2. The vegetables look fresh., a) rotten , , b) dull , , c) new, , 3. Vetri had a strong will to start a new business., a) desire , , b) thin , , c) weak, 155

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www.tntextbooks.in, 4. Vetri was surprised by his friend., a) unsurprised , , b) expected , , c) shocked, , b) confident , , c) anxious, , 5. He spoke nervously., a) Scared , , D. Answer the following questions in one or two words., 1. What was the name of Vetri’s company?, 2. Why did he sell his properties?, 3. Which was the home town of Vetri and Asif?, 4. When did Vetri receive a call from Asif’s office?, , E. Answer the following questions in 100 words., 1. How did Vetri lose his properties?, 2. What happened when Vetri met Asif?, 3. How did Asif show his friendship?, , Vocabulary, Commonly Confused Words., The error with this pair results from mispronunciation and failure to distinguish between, a noun and a verb., Example:, Advice/Advise, The c in advice is pronounced with the sound of /s/. Advice is a noun meaning, “recommendation regarding a decision"., The s in advise is pronounced with he sound of /z/. Advise is a verb meaning 'to, recommend'., 1. Complement : It is something that completes something else., Compliment : It is a nice thing to say., 2. Empathy : It is the ability to understand another person’s perspective or feelings., Sympathy : It is a feeling of sorrow for someone else’s suffering., 156

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www.tntextbooks.in, 3. Inquiry : I nquiry and enquiry both mean 'a request for information'., It is the standard American English spelling., Enquiry : It is the British spelling., 4. Stationary : It means unmoving., Stationery : It refers to letter writing materials and especially to high quality paper., 5. Effect : A,  n effect is a result or a consequence. (usually a noun) Effect may also, function as a verb meaning “to bring about something.”, Affect : A,  n affect is to have an impression, influence, or effect on something., (usually a verb)., 6. Lie : Use lie when the object is laying itself down., Lay : Use lay when the object is being laid down., 7. Rise : Use rise when the object is lifting itself., Raise : Use raise when the object is being risen by another force., Complete the following sentences using appropriate confusable words., 1. The sugar had a negative, 2. I am going to, , on the science experiment., down for an hour., , (effect/affect), (lie/lay), , 3. The gas prices continue to, , ., , (raise/rise), , 4. She always gives me good, , ., , (advice/advise), , 5. The war had no, , on oil prices., , (affect / effect), , Anagram, An anagram is a word or phrase formed by rearranging the letters of another word or, phrase. Anagrams can be useful by helping a learner become aware of both spelling and, spelling patterns., Example:, are – ear, , care – race, , god – dog, , note – tone, , won – now, , earth – heart, , 157, , meat – team, , slip – lips

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www.tntextbooks.in, Exercise:, bowl – ______, , march –______, , study – ______, , snail – ______, , plum – ______, , chin – ______, , flow – ______, , eat – ______, , Antigram, Anagrams are words or phrases created by rearranging the letters of another word or, phrase. An anagram becomes an antigram when it is opposite in meaning to the original, word or phrase., Example:, santa – Satan, , epitaphs – Happiest, , united – untied, , harmfulness – Harmless fun, , Exercise:, earliest – ______, , festival –______, , funeral – ______, , violence – ______, , Listening, Listen carefully to the passage and answer the following questions, Questions:, 1. Whose speech is this?, ________________________________________________________________________________, , 2. What did Rahul engrave?, ________________________________________________________________________________, , 3. Who is lucky?, ________________________________________________________________________________, , 4. Who bagged 'all-rounder' award?, ________________________________________________________________________________, , 5. Whose birthday party is it?, ________________________________________________________________________________, , Note: The listening passage is given at page no. 230., , 158

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Speaking, Picture description, Describe the things in the picture using the descriptive words given below., , Descriptive words, Large, , Small, , Good, , Happy, , Big, , Little, , Great, , Joyful, , Enormous, , Miniature, , Fantastic, , Delighted, , Gigantic, , Minute, , Excellent, , Thrilled, , Huge, , Petite, , Amazing, , Glad, , Massive, , Tiny, , Wonderful, , Pleased, , Tremendous, , Slight, , Marvellous, , Satisfied, , 159

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Writing, Forms, Some application forms are very simple. They are used for opening a bank account,, booking tickets, applying to institutions, etc. You need to give information about your, yourself, address, e-mail id, phone number, date of birth and other details etc., Steps to fill in forms, i) Take a photocopy of the application., ii) Use a pencil to fill in the application in the photocopy., iii) All the entries in the application should be filled in English/Regional language, as required., iv) Fill in forms in capital letters., v) Give your full address with pincode., vi) Write legibly., vii) Don’t over write or score out., viii) Give only required details., viii) Don’t forget to sign/ get attestations., ix) Mention the date of applying., x) Double check before filling the original form in ink., Given below is a filledin bank challan to obtain a Demand Draft, , H) Fill in the Form given below., , 160

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www.tntextbooks.in, I) Fill in the Form given below., , 162

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www.tntextbooks.in, , PICTO GRAMMAR, REPORTED SPEECH, I will come, tomorrow., , Smith said, "I will come, tomorrow.", , Smith said that he, would come the next, day., , In the above picture Smith said something to Arun then Arun reports, what Smith said to him in the other pictures, this is known as reported, speech. First Arun used the exact words of Smith, it is direct speech, then he said in his own words it is indirect speech. Thus, we can, report a conversation in two types., , The things that we have to concentrate when we report a speech., •, , Reporting verbs (Smith said that he would come the next day.), , •, , Conjunctions (Smith said that he would come the next day.), , •, , Pronoun (Smith said that he would come the next day.), , •, , Tenses (Smith said that he would come the next day.), , •, , Adverbs (Smith said that he would come the next day.), , Direct Speech, I am on, leave today., , Rizwan said, "I am on, leave today.", , 163, , Indirect Speech, Rizwan told me that he, was on leave that day.

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www.tntextbooks.in, , ¾, , ¾, ¾, , ¾, , Direct, - Kaitlyn said. “I am very busy now.”, Indirect - Kaitlyn said that she was very busy then., Two verbs commonly used while reporting are told and said., He said (that) he was cooking dinner., He told me (that) he was cooking dinner., Did you notice that tell/told has been used in the sentence which mentions, the listener?, In reported speech we need not mention the listener when we use say/, said., He said (that) he was cooking. [listener not mentioned), In direct speech we say: Rahim said to me, 'I will be waiting here.', In Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of, the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not., , Rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect., Original tense, , Reported tense, , Simple Present, , Simple Past, , Present Continuous, , Past Continuous, , Present Perfect, , Past Perfect, , Simple Past, , Past Perfect, , Past Continuous, , Past Perfect Continuous, , can, , could, , may, , might, , must, , had to, , will, , would, , Example, “I am happy” - He said (that), he was happy., “He saw it” – She said he had, seen it, “She’s gone” – You said she, had gone, “I’m leaving” – You said you, were leaving, “He was reading” – He said he, had been reading, “I can sing” – She said she, could sing, “We may stay” – They said they, might stay, “I must go” – He said he had, to go, “I’ll buy them” – You said you, would buy them, , 164

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www.tntextbooks.in, , When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all Present tenses, of the Direct are changed into the corresponding Past Tenses. Thus:(a), , A simple present becomes a simple past., Direct, , -, , Indirect (b), , He said (that) he was fine., , A present continuous becomes a past continuous., Direct, , -, , Indirect (c), , He said, “I am fine.”, , She said, “My sister is learning Bharatanatyam.”, She said (that) her sister was learning Bharatanatyam., , A present perfect becomes a past perfect., Direct, , -, , Indirect -, , He said, “I have won the match.”, He said (that) he had won the match., , (d) The shall and the will of the Future Tense is changed into, should and would., (e) The simple past in the Direct becomes the past perfect in, the Indirect., Direct, , -, , Indirect -, , She said, “The horse died in the night.”, She said that the horse had died in the night., , (e) The tenses may not change if the statement is universal, truth., Direct, , -, , Indirect -, , The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”, The teacher said the earth goes round the sun., , (f) If the reporting verb is in the Present Tense, the tenses of, the Direct Speech do not change., For example, we may rewrite the above examples, putting the reporting, verb in the Present Tense, thus:, He says he is fine., She has just said her sister is learning Bharatanatyam., He says he has won the match., She says the horse died in the night., , 165

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www.tntextbooks.in, (g) Words expressing nearness in time or place are generally changed, into words expressing distance. Thus:now, , then, , here, , there, , ago, , before, , thus, , so, , today, , that day, , tomorrow, , the next day, , yesterday, , the day before, , last night, , the night before, , Direct, , - , The Prince said, “It gives me great pleasure to be here this, evening.”, , Indirect - The Prince said that it gave him great pleasure to be there that, evening., (h) The changes do not occur if the speech is reported during the, same period or at the same place., Direct, , - , The Prince said, “It gives me great pleasure to be here this, evening.”, , Indirect - The Prince said that it gives him great pleasure to be here this, evening., , Questions, In reporting questions the Indirect Speech is introduced, by some verbs as asked, enquired, whether or if etc., , Direct, , - He said to me, “What are you doing?”, , Indirect - He asked me what I was doing., 166

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www.tntextbooks.in, Direct, , - “Where do you live?” asked the stranger., , Indirect - The stranger enquired where I lived., Direct, , - He said, “Will you attend the meeting?”, , Indirect - He asked them whether they would attend the meeting., A) Change the following into Indirect Speech:1. “What do you want?” he said to her., 2. He said, “How's your father?”, 3. “Are you coming home with me?” he asked., 4. The poor man exclaimed, “Will none of you help me?”, 5. “Don't you know the way home?” asked I., , Commands and Requests, In reporting commands and requests, the Indirect, Speech is introduced by some verbs as ordered, requested,, commanded, shouted, urged etc., Direct, , -, , Rama said to Arjun, “Go away.”, , Indirect -, , Rama ordered Arjun to go away., , Direct, , He said to him, “Please wait here till I return.”, , -, , Indirect -, , He requested him to wait there till he returned., , Direct, , “Call the first witness,” said the judge., , -, , Indirect -, , The judge commanded them to call the first witness., , Direct, , He shouted, “Let me go.”, , -, , Indirect -, , He shouted to them to let him go., , Direct, , He said, “Be quiet and listen to my words.”, , -, , Indirect -, , He urged them to be quiet and listen to his words., , 167

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www.tntextbooks.in, B) Change the following into Indirect Speech:1. “Bring me a glass of milk,” said the swami to the villagers., 2. “Sit down, boys,” said the teacher., 3. “Halt!” shouted the officer to his men., 4. “Take off your hat,” the king said to the Hatter., 5. The teacher said to him, “Do not read so fast.”, 6. He said to me, “Wait until I come.”, 7. “Hurry up,” he said to his servant, “do not waste time.”, 8. “Run away, children,” said their mother., 9. He said, “Daughter, take my golden jug, and fetch me some water from the Well.”, 10“Go down to the bazaar. Bring me some oil and a lump of ice.” ordered his master., D) W,  hat were the actual words used in each instance below? The sentences, containing the actual words are jumpled in the box. Write them out in the, same order as the actual words., 1. Punitha asked Pushpa what she was reading., 2. Pushpa told her that he was reading Robinson Crusoe., 3. Punitha asked her what it was all about., 4. Pushpa said it was about a man wrecked on an island., 5. Punitha then asked her friend who gave her the book., 6. Pushpa answered that her uncle gave it to her at Christmas., 7. Finally Punitha inquired if she could borrow it., 8. Pushpa replied that she would certainly lend it to her., (a), , "May I borrow it?" inquired Punitha., , (b), , "What are you reading, Pushpa?" asked Punitha., , (C), , "It is about a man wrecked on an island," Pushpa said., , (d), , "Of course I will lend it to you," replied Pushpa., , (e), , "Uncle gave it to me at Christmas,' answered Pushpa., , (f), , "What is it all about?" Punitha asked., , (g), , "I am reading Robinson Crusoe, Pushpa told her., , (h), , "Who gave you the book, Pushpa?" Punitha then asked., 168

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www.tntextbooks.in, E) Change the following into Direct Speech:1. Nevin asked his father when the next letter would come., 2. I wrote that I would visit him next day., 3. I told them to be quiet., 4. Lakshan asked me if I had anything to say., 5. An old mouse asked who would bell the cat., 6. Mervin said that he wanted to be a soldier., 7. Ebin asked me what I wanted., 8. Bhagya said that she had seen that picture., 9. The stranger asked Nasrin where she lived., 10. I asked Mary if she would lend me a pencil., F) Sherlyn receives a postcard from her friend Pushpa who is holidaying in, Sri Lanka. She calls her friend Galen and tells him what Pushpa has written., Help her by filling in the blanks, using reported speech., , 9 March 2020, Dear Sherlyn,, Yesterday we visited Pinnawala, Elephant, , Orphanage., , It, , has, , 84, , elephants. It is the biggest herd of, elephants in the world that is living, under human supervision. I am glad, , To, , we came here because I am learning, , Sherlyn, , a lot. The Elephant Orphanage is, , 5/75 Trunk Road,, , truly worth visiting. Tomorrow, we, are going to the national park. I will, be returning next week. I'm looking, forward to meeting you then., Cheers!, Pushpa, , 169, , Poonamallee,, Chennai - 600 056

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www.tntextbooks.in, Hello, Galen Today I received a postcard from Pushpa. Remember I had told you, that She has gone to Sri Lanka on a holiday? Well, she has written from Colombo., She has written that .........................................................................................., Orphanage. It ................................... elephants. She said that it is the biggest herd, of elephants in the world that is living under human supervision. She also added that, she ………............................ because .............................................. . The Elephant, Orphanage......................................... . She said that ........................................, national park. She ....................................................... next week and added that, .............................................................................. then., , Language Check Point, Incorrect, , Correct, , Explanation, , 1., , Don’t use objective pronoun, Jim and me are going to Jim and I are going to 'me'. Use 'I' as it plays a role, the beach., the beach., of subject. (Jim and I - plural, subject so we use are), , 2., , You better to consult a You better consult a Don’t use infinitive, doctor., doctor., rather and better., , 3, , 'As' is not used with the verbs, They selected him as a They selected him a, like selected, elected, made,, leader., leader., appointed , named and called., , 170, , to after

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Poem, *Lessons in Life, , Brigette Bryant & Daniel Ho, , Warm up, What do you feel when you meet your friend after a long time?, Building a friendship with someone is easy or difficult? Why?, , Having a friend is like planting a flower, Show love and kindness it one day will bloom, Let’s be aware as we walk on this planet, Even the tiniest creature needs room., Lessons in life aren’t always so simple, Nothing you’re given will ever come free, Even the smallest of gifts deserves “thank you”, I respect you, and Eliot, you respect, George, I think of you and you think of me., Remember everyone here is important, When you’re forgotten it makes you feel sad, Know that you matter and you make a difference, Let no one shame you or make you feel bad., Lessons in life aren’t always so simple, Nothing you are given will ever come free, Even the smallest of gifts deserves “thank you”, I respect you and you respect, I think of you and you think of me., Bridgette Bryant & Daniel Ho, , 171

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, kindness (n), , -, , humble, , bloom (v), , -, , come into, , tiniest (adj), , -, , smallest, , forgotten (v), , -, , out of mind, , deserves (v), , -, , be qualified for, , A. Comprehension Questions, 1. What is planting a flower compared to?, 2. What does the tiniest creature need?, 3. What do the smallest gifts deserve?, 4. What will happen if you fail to give importance to others?, 5. What do you learn from your lessons in life?, 6. Pick and write the rhyming words from the third stanza., 7. “Having a friend is like planting a flower.” Explain., , Figures of speech, a. Simile:, A ‘Simile’ is a figure of speech, in which two unlike things are compared, using the, words, ‘like’ or ‘as’. It is used to bring a dramatic effect in Prose. Simile is one of the most, common forms of a figure of speech and is also used in poems as well as our day-to-day, talks., Examples:, • as blind as a bat (means that someone is not willing to notice), • like peas in a pod (means that two people are quite similar), • as wise as an owl (refers to someone who is very smart / knowledgeable), • quiet like a mule (refers to someone who is silent / quiet), • as brave as a lion (refers to someone who is too brave/courageous), , 172

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Exercise:, Answer the following., 1. Write a sentence using ‘as fast as the wind’., 2. Write a simile using the word ‘like’., 3. Create a simile using the word ‘as’., 4. What does ‘as smart as a fox’ mean?, 2. Metaphor:, A ‘Metaphor’ is quite similar to a ‘Simile’, as a ‘Metaphor’ also compares two unlike, things. But a Metaphor has an implied or a hidden meaning between unrelated things., Here, for a Metaphor we do not use words such as ‘like’ or ‘as’. Unlike Similes which, compare two things, Metaphors directly state a comparison to things that are in no way, similar. We can use Metaphors to explain an idea, but its literal meaning should not be, taken. It is only to be used as a symbolism., Examples:, • My father was boiling mad. (implies that he was too angry), • She is the apple of my eye. (implies that she is too dear to me), • Your brain is a computer. (implies that your brain is smart and quick), • Her voice is music to his ears. (implies that her voice makes him feel happy), • The given task was a breeze. (implies that the task was not difficult), , Exercise:, 1. Which of the given options is a Metaphor?, a) Life is like a chocolate box. , , b) Raj is like his twin brother., , c) His words are pearls of wisdom. , , d) The bus is slow as a snail., , 2. What does "The world is a stage” mean?, 3. Identify the Metaphor in the sentence., Her hair is always a rat’s nest in the morning., 4. Write a sentence on your own that includes a Metaphor., William Shakespeare invented over 1700 of our common words by changing nouns, into verbs, changing verbs into adjectives, connecting words never before used, together, adding prefixes and suffixes and devising words wholly original., , 173

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Parallel Reading, A Time to Talk, When a friend calls to me from the road, And slows his horse to a meaning walk,, I don’t stand still and look around, On all the hills I haven’t hoed,, And shout from where I am, What is it?, No, not as there is a time to talk., I thrust my hoe in the mellow ground,, Blade-end up and five feet tall,, And plod: I go up to the stone wall, For a friendly visit., Robert Frost, , 174

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Supplementary, Homeless Man and his Friends:, A true story, There is a homeless man in Rio do Sul in south Brazil who often, sacrifices his own food to feed the stray dogs around him. Once he, suddenly required emergency treatment, his kindness came back to, him like a boomerang, for the faithful dogs he had been feeding, made sure he wasn’t alone., , The dogs’ incredible loyalty was witnessed by nurse Cris Mamprim and her colleagues., The homeless man, known as César, arrived at the emergency room of the hospital at, about 3 A.M. to seek treatment and medication for a pre-existing health condition he, had been battling. It was his first time at the hospital for treatment, as he normally goes, to another health facility in town. Thus, Mamprim and her colleagues did not know about, César’s condition, nor his background., But not before long, they realised that he had a gang of dogs accompanying him., Four concerned dogs had showed up at the entrance of the hospital and were waiting for, César. They were concerned about their homeless master, who the nurses soon learned, had been for some time forgoing his own meals to feed the dogs., Mamprim snapped a photo of the touching scene and later posted it on Facebook,, 175

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www.tntextbooks.in, saying, “I came across this today, at the hospital where I work, at 3 A.M. While their, master (who lives on the street) was being treated, his companions waited at the door.”, A simple person, without luxury, who depends on help to overcome the hunger, the cold,, the pain, the evils of the world, has by his side the best companions, and the exchange is, reciprocal., An exchange of love, affection, warmth and understanding. A person who confessed to, us that he stops eating to feed them. Mamprim continued., Speaking to The Dodo, Mamprim said, “They are all well taken care of and chubby"., , The faithful canines were anxiously anticipating César’s safe return. Fortunately, the, animals reunited with their owner in no time., Not wanting to keep César and his companions apart, the staff let the dogs inside after, giving him the medication he needed. They even offered some food to César. “Believe me,, he ate some and saved a bit to give the dogs later." Mamprim recalled., An hour later, César left the hospital with the four dogs trailing behind, happily wagging, their tails., “I do not know what his life is like, or why he’s on the street, but I admire the respect, and love he has for his little friends.” Mamprim concluded. “Seeing them like this, waiting at, the door, just shows how much they are well cared for and loved., Even though César has little material possessions and likely has no kin to turn to, he, is never alone because he has his warm and loving companions., 176

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, , A., , boomerang (n), , - come back to the person who threw it, , medication (n), , - form of medicine that is used to treat, , incredible (adj), , - unbelievable, , anticipating (v), , - expecting, , Comprehension Questions, 1. What is the name of the hero of this story?, 2. Where did this story happen?, 3. When was he admitted in the hospital?, 4. Where is the hospital?, 5. Who accompanied him to the hospital?, ,  rite the answers for the following questions in 100 words., B. W, 1. Where did the nurse post this story?, 2. What did Cesar do when he was offered food by the nurses?, 3. How many dogs accompanied him when he left the hospital?, 4. How many people followed Mamprim’s post?, C. Can you guess the meaning of following words after understanding the story?, homeless, boomerang, canine, stray, health facility, colleague, accompany, trailing, wagging, reciprocal, possession, mistreatment, 177

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Step to Success, , s, , Coding – Decoding, Number the alphabet according to their position to decode the following., A, 1, , B, 2, , C, 3, , D, 4, , E, 5, , F, 6, , G, 7, , H, 8, , I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z, 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26, , 1. In a certain code language, if BUG = 30 and ALMS = 45 then CADET =?, a., , 70 b. 24 c. 33 d. 37, , 2. In a certain code language, if INFER = 25 and JERSEY = 28, then CHOICE =?, a., , 43 b. 34 c. 89 d. 52, , 3. In a certain code language, EGG is 577 and ICE is 935 then what is 8945?, a., , HIDE , , b. FEAR, , c. DEED, , d. HIGH, , 4. In a certain code language, YSMIR is TNHDM and VPJHN is QKECI, then GKTZO is _______?, a., , TEFMD, , b. BFOUJ, , c. IPBVR, , d. ZOAFQ, , Connecting to Self, Tick the boxes that you have done and check yourself whether you are a good friend., , I have fought, with my friends., , I have given my friend, the money that I saved, to buy a note, book, etc,, , I eat my friends’, lunch without their, knowledge., I have helped my friend, to finish his home work., I have taken my friend to, play in the class time., , I have given my friend, my pen and other things, when he needed them., I have disturbed, others with my friends., I have accused, only my friend for, what we did together., I have helped my friend to, study the lesson and get good, marks in exams., , If you tick two or less pink / two or more blue you should improve yourself as a better, friend., 178

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www.tntextbooks.in, , ICT CORNER, GRAMMAR – DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH, , To Enable the students to, familiarize and practise, direct and indirect, speech., STEPS:, 1. Access the application with the help of the link given below or the given, QR code and install it in the mobile., 2. You can view Assertive or Declarative as unlocked in home page and click, that., 3., , Click Begin the Test 50/50 button in the next screen to do exercises., , 4. Select the answer for the given question one by one by clicking arrows., You can view the results as well as explanation for the answer., 5., , Complete all the 50 questions and check your answers., , WEBSITE URL:, Click the following link or scan the QR code to access the website., APPLICATION NAME : GRAMMAR: REPORTED SPEECH LITE, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.webrich., reportedspeechlite&hl=en, ** Images are indicative only., 179

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, screw guage (n), browse (v), frightened (v), online predator (n), bother (v), cyber (adj), aggressive (adj), beneficial (adj), , – measuring tool, to scan , to casually look through in order to find, –, items of interest, – scared, someone who sexually exploits a child over the, –, internet, – to disturb or annoy, relating to or characteristic of culture of computers,, –, information technology and virtual reality., prone to behave in a way that involves attacking, –, or arguing, – helpful or good to something or someone, , Read and Understand, A. Choose the correct synonyms for the italicized words., 1. I was really scared., a. bold, , b. frightened, , c. timid, , 2. Let us browse about it., a. surf, , b. read, , c. glance, , 3. There is a chance to get addicted., a. accustomed, , b. known, , c. inclined, , 4.we can’t ignore the benefits of internet., a. favorable, , b. harm, , c. popularity, , 5. She gathered the information from the internet., a. disburse, , b. collect, , c. amass, , B. Choose the correct antonyms for the italicized words., 1. The explosion had weakened the building’s foundations., a. dreary, , b. dull, , c. strengthen, , d. weak, , 2. A stranger was roaming around the street., a. well known, , b. newcomer, , c. unknown, , d. foreigner, , 3. Vairavan is having a spot of bother with law., a. worry, , b. annoy, , 185, , c. pester, , d. pleasing

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www.tntextbooks.in, 4. He asked the manager to improve the facility in the hall., a. amenity, , b. comfort, , c. uneasy, , d. short coming, , c. harmful, , d. useful, , 5. A good diet is beneficial to health., a. benefit, , b. helpful, , C. Fill in the blanks., 1. Internet is a great tool where, one can gather __________., 2. Gladin is gathering information for his __________ ., 3. Childern should use internet __________., 4. We should keep our personal details __________ in the internet., 5. We should not get addicted to __________., D. Say true or false., 1. Gladin's mom knew how screw guage works., 2. We use internet to gather information and gain knowledge., 3. Rani was frightened of an online predator., 4. Strangers don’t misuse your information., 5. Do not give your name, address, telephone number to the strangers., 6. Too much of anything is good for nothing., E. Answer the following questions in a sentence or two., 1. Why did Gladin’s mom ask him to browse?, 2. Why do we use internet?, 3. What was Rani afraid of??, 4. What was father’s advice to Rani?, 5. Who is an online predator?, 6. What was father’s instruction to Gladin and Rani?, 7. What do strangers do with our personal information?, 8. What are the benefits of computer?, F. Answer the following in about 100 words., 1. How should one use the technology of the present world?, 2. What happens if someone is addicted to mobile phone?, 3. "We can't ignore the benefits of internet and mobile phone" Justify., 186

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www.tntextbooks.in, , VOCABULARY, , British and, American English, British, , American, , Torch, , Flashlight, , Mobile phone, , Cell phone, , Bin, , trash can, , Lorry, , Truck, , A) Find the suitable British or American English word and fill in the, following., , Flat, Lift, , Petrol, French fries, Cookie, Vacation, 187

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www.tntextbooks.in, , C. Eponymous Words, Words whose origin is traced to individuals are known as eponymous words., Eponym, , Meaning, , Origin, , Colombia, , A South American country Christofor Columbus (1451-1506), the, and the name of many cities Italian discoverer of the America in, around the world., 1492., , diesel, , A type of motor engine that Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913), the, runs on heating oil rather German mechanical engineer who, than gasoline or petrol., invented it., , March, , The third month of the, Gregorian calendar between Mars, the Roman god of war., February and April., , Oscar, , sandwich, , Eponym, , The annual award for, This name originated from Oscar, best performances by the, Pierce, US wheat farmer and fruit, Academy of Motion Picture, grower., Arts and Sciences., John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, Food on a slice of bread or, (1718-1792), an English aristocrat, between two slices, eaten, after whom Captain James Cook also, with the hands., named the Sandwich Islands., Meaning, , Origin, , saxophone, , volcano, , Eiffel Tower, , Boycott, , Mount Everest, 189

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www.tntextbooks.in, , D. Euphemistic words, Using an inoffensive words in the place of an offensive words are known as, Euphemistic words., Common Euphemisms in English, unemployed, , between jobs, , old, , over the hill, , enjoying your retired life, , staying on the tractor, , died, , passed away, , stupid, , intellectually challenged, , slow Learners, , late bloomers, , i. Fill in the blanks with correct euphemisms for the given words., deaf, or hard of hearing, mentally ill, fat, blind, liar, , Listening, E. Complete the following statements appropriately:, 1. A mobile phone is like a world in our pockets as ………………………………., 2. Parents do not have to remain in tension if their sons and daughters are late, because…………………., 3. Some of the negative effects of a mobile phone are:, (a) ……………………………………., (b) ……………………………………., (c) ……………………………………., (d) …………………………………., 4. Excessive use of mobile phones can be hazardous to one’s health, as………………………………, 5. A mobile phone is a threat to one’s privacy as …………………………………………., Note: The listening passage is given at page no. 231., 190

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Speaking, F. Imagine a world with no books, but only e-books. How would you find such a, world? Deliver a two-minute talk., , Writing, E-mail, An electronic mail or email is used to send letters or messages using the internet. An, email is usually considered more informal than a letter, but we can also use it to send a, formal letter or a letter of complaint where necessary. We must use both grammar and, punctuation accurately in all our emails., Here is an example of a formal email, , To, Subject, , [email protected], , Cc Bcc, , Global warming, , Dear Sir,, Kindly publish the following in the columns of your esteemed daily., It is a matter of great concern that global warming has started showing its harmful, effects on all of us and the environment. According to the findings of the government, panel on Climate Changes, the consequences of environmental changes include an, increased risk of floods and droughts in many regions. The global warming has caused, decreased agricultural productivity due to weather changes., Rain and snowfall have occurred in deserts. Snow is melting from glaciers due to global, warming. This may lead to water crisis. The crisis is life threating all over the globe., Regards,, Galen., , F. Write a formal email to Mr Sundar Pitchai CEO of Google, requesting him for, an appointment to interview him., 191

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www.tntextbooks.in, , GRAMMAR, QUESTION TAG, , WHAT?, , Question tags are short questions at the, end of the statements., , Look at the following pictures, , You have a test,, don't you?, , You want a chocolate,, don't you?, , Father asks his son to confirm, , Suganya asks her friend to confirm that, , whether he wants a chocolate., , she has a test tomorrow., , He needs confirmation., , That’s how tags are used to confirm that something is true or not and to encourage, a reply from the person we are speaking to., How it formed?, Tags are formed with the auxiliary or modal verb, from the given statement with, the appropriate subject (Pronoun), Auxiliary /modal + n’t + Pronoun, ¾ Negative auxiliaries and verbs in tags are usually in the contracted form ‘n’t., , 192

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www.tntextbooks.in, Contractions, isn't - is not, , wasn't - was not, , aren't - are not, , weren't - were not, , don't - do not, , doesn't - does not, , didn't - did not, , shan't - shall not, , won't - will not, , wouldn't - would not, , can't - can not, , couldn't - could not, , haven't - have not, , hasn't - has not, , hadn't - had not, , shouldn't - should not, , A) A Positive statement is followed by a negative question tag., , ¾, , A Positive statement, , +, , A negative questiontag, –, , +, , You, , are, , a student,, , aren’t, , A subject pronoun, comes after an, auxiliary or a form of, the verb, , you?, , EXAMPLES, ¾ She is a doctor, Isn’t she?, ¾ The books are interesting, aren't they?, ¾ I can swim, can't I?, ¾ We should obey the elders, shouldn't we?, ¾ Once the car was costly, wasn't it?, , B) A negative statement is followed by a positive question tag., , ¾, , A negative statement, , +, , A positive question tag, –, , +, , Kayal, , isn’t, , a lazy girl., , is, , 193, , she?, , A subject pronoun is, to replace the noun, or noun phrase

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www.tntextbooks.in, , EXAMPLES, ¾ We don't have enough time, do we?, ¾ He is not playing well, is he?, ¾ You were not listening, were you?, ¾ Chandini hadn't seen you before, had she?, ¾ Children shouldn't watch TV too much, should they?, C) If the sentence has no auxiliary verb, When the statement is in simple present, we form the question tag with do/does., You play the guitar, don’t you?, Do + play, Deepa likes tennis, doesn’t she?, Does, , like, , When the statement is in simple past, we form the question tag with did., He came yesterday, didn't he?, did + come, You speak English, don't you?, , You spoke English, Did you?, , Sam hates cooking, doesn't he?, , Sam hated cooking, didn't he?, , He lives in Europe, doesn't he?, , He lived in Europe, didn't he?, , They drink tea, don't they?, , They drank tea, didn't they?, , I watch cricket, don't I?, , I watched cricket, didn't I?, , D) Statements using barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, neither, no, nobody,, none, nothing and seldom are treated as negative statement., 194

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www.tntextbooks.in, E) Some special cases, �, , He hardly works, does he?, , �, , They seldom speak, do they?, , �, , She rarely comes late, does she?, , �, , He told nothing, did he?, , � I am – I am a student, aren't I?, but I am not a student, am I?, � Let's type sentences has the tag shall we, Let's go home, shall we?, � Affirmative Imperative has the tag will you / won't you, Read the book, will you?, � Everyone / Everybody / nobody / somebody / anybody take plural verb in tag, Everyone is perfect, aren't they?, � Negative imperative has the tag will you, Don't come late tomorrow, will you?, � Nothing has the tag 'it' in the affirmative, � This / That - These / Those have the tag isn't it - aren't they, This article is very good, isn't it?, � There is / They are have the tag isn't here - aren't there, There are some books on the table, aren't there?, EXERCISE, a) Fill in the blanks with suitable tags., 1., , She is collecting stickers,_____________________________ ?, , 2., , We often watch TV in the afternoon,____________________ ?, , 3., , You have cleaned your bike,___________________________ ?, , 4., , John and Max don't like maths,________________________ ?, , 5., , Peter played handball yesterday,_______________________ ?, , 6., , They are going home from school,______________________ ?, , 7., , Mary didn't do her homework last Monday,_______________ ?, 195

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www.tntextbooks.in, 8., , He could have bought a new car,_______________________ ?, , 9., , Kevin will come tonight,______________________________ ?, , 10. I'm clever,_________________________________________ ?, b) Fill in the blanks with suitable tags., 1. He is still sleeping, ________, a) is not he?, b) isn't he?, , c) wasn't he?, , 2. You go to school, ________, a) do you?, b) aren't you?, , c) don't you?, , 3. Let's go for a walk, ________, a) shall we?, b) shan't we?, , c) will we?, , 4. We won't be late, ________, a) won't we?, b) will we?, , c) are we?, , 5. Nobody called, ________, a) do they?, b) didn't they?, , c) did they?, , 6. They will wash the car, ________, a) will it?, b) won't they?, , c) wouldn't they?, , 7. We must lock the doors, ________, a) mustn't they?, b) shouldn't we?, , c) mustn't we?, , 8. I'm right, ________, a) amn't I?, , c) aren't I?, , b) am not I?, , 9. So you bought a car, ________, a) did you?, b) haven't you?, , c) weren't you?, , 10. You wouldn't like to invite my Dad, ________, a) did you?, b) would you?, , c) won't you?, , 196

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www.tntextbooks.in, , SENTENCES : SIMPLE, COMPOUND, AND COMPLEX, , Simple sentence, A Simple sentence is one which has only one Subject and one, Predicate., Example:- His courage won him honour., He must work very hard to win the first prize., With a great effort he lifted the box., Hearing their father's footsteps, the boys ran away., The man, being very hungry, ate too much., , Compound sentence, A Compound sentence is one made up of two or more Principal or, Main Clauses., Example:- The moon was bright and we could see our way., Night came on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet., I shall do it now or I shall not do it at all., He threw the stone but it missed the dog., I both thanked him and rewarded him., You must hurry, or you will miss the train., Give me the book and I will read it., I ran all the way to the station but I missed the train., , Complex Sentence, A Complex sentence consists of one Main Clause and one or more, Subordinate Clauses., Example:- They rested when evening came., If he is at home, I shall see him., I have found the book that I had lost., 197

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www.tntextbooks.in, We selected this bicycle after we had tried several times., Once upon a time a man owned a hen which laid every day a golden egg., The evil that men do lives after them., A) State which of the following sentences are Compound, and which are Complex., 1., , Man proposes, but God disposes., , 2., , I went because I was invited., , 3., , Jancy returned home because she was tired., , 4., , Whatever you do, do well., , 5., , Listen carefully and take notes., , 6., , I called him, but he gave me no answer., , 7., , The town in which I live is very large., , 8., , They always talk who never think., , 9., , We must eat to live, but we should not live to eat., , 10. Govern your passions or they will govern you., , Language Check Point, S.No., , Incorrect, Every of the two, , 1, , boys will get a, prize., , Ten, 2, , correct, , reason, Each is used in speaking of two, , Each of the two boys will or more things, every is used, only in speaking of more than, , get a prize., , two., candidates, , have passed one, failed., , When there is only one auxiliary, Ten, , candidates, , have to two principal Verbs it should, , passed one has failed., , be correctly associated with the, both., To express quantity or degree, , 3, , Have you bought Have you bought any some, some mangoes?, , is, , used, , in, , affirmative, , sentences, any in negative or, , mangoes?, , interrogative sentences., 198

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Poem, My Computer Needs A Break, , Shanthini Govindan, , Warm up, In pairs, tell each other how computer plays a vital, role in all fields., , 1. Computer helps students learn new things., 2. ______________________________________________________________, 3. ______________________________________________________________, 4. ______________________________________________________________, 5. ______________________________________________________________, 199

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www.tntextbooks.in, , My Computer Needs A Break, My computer has always been so brainy and smart –, It seems to know mountains of information by heart., If I type in a question, and give my mouse a click,, My computer always gives me the answer really quick!, But of late, my computer has been behaving badly too,, It’s so absent-minded, that I don’t know what to do., It forgets to ‘save’ my work, and store it away,, And instead, makes it vanish in the most dreadful way., My computer doesn’t check that my spellings are right,, And hides my files, so that they vanish from sight., And one day, my naughty computer actually gobbled a worm,, And behaved so erratically that it made me squirm., Then my computer caught a virus, and fell very sick,, So I had to call in a doctor, double quick., As the doctor examined my computer, I just had to say,, ‘Doctor, do you think my tired computer wants a holiday?’, Shanthini Govindan, , 200

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www.tntextbooks.in, , About the Author, Shanthini Govindan is a widely published, award-winning, author of children's literature in English in India, who has, written over 50 books for children including poetry, picture, books and short stories for children of all ages., , Glossary, brainy (adj), , – very intelligent, , absent-minded (adj), , – being forgetful, , vanish (v), , – disappear, , dreadful (adj), , – unpleasant, , gobbled (v), , – ate hastily or greedily, , erratically (adv), , – unsteadily or unpredictably, , squirm (v), , – to twist the body in discomfort, , A) Answer the following:, 1. How does the poet describe her computer?, 2. What happened to the computer?, 3. List four things that the computer could not do after it became absent-minded, 4. What made the poet squirm?, 5. Why did the poet call the doctor?, B) Fill in the blanks., 1) Computers are ______ and _______., 2) We get answers for questions by a ______., 3) The computer forgot to ______ the poet's work., 4) The computer actually gobbled a _______., 5) The poet feels that his computer needs _______., 201

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www.tntextbooks.in, C) Pick out the rhyming words from the poem., Smart -, , ________, , click, , -, , _________, , right, , -, , _________, , sick, , -, , __________, , D) Match the poetic lines with Figures of speech, 1), , So brainy, , –, , personification, , 2), , Mountains, , –, , personification, , 3), , It's so absent minded, , –, , hyperbole, , 4), , Computer gobbled a worm, , –, , metaphor, , 5), , Very sick, , –, , metaphor, , E) Find the alliterating words from the poem, 1) Save, , - ________________________________, , 2) Doctor, , - ________________________________, , 3) Virus, , - ________________________________, , 4) makes, , - ________________________________, , 5) Gobbled - ________________________________, , 202

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Parallel Reading, , Ode to Technology..., You've brought us closer,, Then made us more distant., Made us more aware,, Then made us doubtful of ourselves., Introduce us to more friends,, Then invited more enemies., Given us more publicity,, Then exploited us., Save us more time,, Now it's spent to be more busy., Simplify our tasks just to make life more difficult., You're an entrapping blessing in disguise., Made us feel more secure,, Yet gave us more tools to break in., You've become our new addiction,, Just a second without you,, Got us in technology withdraw., You're a complication in simplicity., There's so much to love you but also so much to hate., Can't live with you or without you..., , Tien Dang, , 203

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Supplementary, The Mystery of the Cyber Friend, Zac O’Yeah, , Section-I, , Shree lives in an apartment in a small town called Katpadi Junction. Amma works in a, jewellery shop. Appa works as a taxi driver. They want her to learn computers. So they are, pleased that she likes to use it., The computer is Shree’s friend. She always finds time for it. She uses it to find information, for school projects and send e-mails., Shree’s aunt also stays with them. Everyone calls her Akka. Most of the time, she naps, in front of the TV that shows her favourite old films. She gives Shree hot dosas stuffed with, spicy noodles., After tiffin, Shree likes to play. Not the traditional games that Akka likes to play, with, stones and shells. Shree likes to play games on the computer., The computer doesn’t just have games. It also has Friends Net., Shree joined it two months ago, on her thirteenth birthday. After snacks and tea, she, chats with her school friends through Friends Net. They tell each other what they did since, they met last, on the school bus., Shree says that she got extra sugar with her tea. One friend says, “That you get every, day.”, 204

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www.tntextbooks.in, Shree says, “And I also got muttonflavoured noodles with my dosa.”, Another friend teases, “Do you do, anything other than eating?”, Shree gets angry. She decides to, unfriend them. Afterwards, she misses, them., But before she can tell them she’s, sorry, she gets a new friend request., It is from a girl called Chaitra. She is, very pretty, like a film star., Shree clicks ACCEPT. One click, and they become friends., Chaitra types, “Do you have many friends?” “No! And I lost a few friends today.” She, adds a sad-face emoticon., “So what? It really doesn’t matter how many friends you have—it is the nature of our, friendship that matters. And you have me now!”, Shree likes the sound of that., “Where do you go to school?” types Shree., “Near your school,” types Chaitra., “How do you know which school I go, to?” wonders Shree., “Because it is near my school.”, “That’s nice. Then we can meet,”, types Shree., Chaitra signs off. “Yes! And we’ll be, best friends forever. Bye!”, The next morning, Shree looks for, school near hers. But she cannot see one., It is a little strange that she hasn’t heard, of any other school nearby., But Chaitra is nicer than all her other friends. She is Shree’s special friend and nobody, else’s friend., Today she doesn’t touch the hot noodles though they are her favourite flavour– chilli, chicken., Akka wonders what is wrong. “Are you feeling unwell?”, “Too much school work,” lies Shree., “Then go and finish your homework, while I take my nap,” says her aunt., 205

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www.tntextbooks.in, But Shree doesn’t do her homework., Instead, she starts the computer, goes, online and waits for her new friend to, ping her. Soon she gets a message from, Chaitra., “Hello, friend. How are you today?”, “I’m fine, I didn’t eat my tiffin,” types, Shree. “Why?” types Chaitra., “Because I wanted to talk to you. So I, finished tea quickly,” types Shree., “Great. Now can you send me a selfie?, , And give me your number so I, can call you,” types Chaitra., , “I don’t have a camera phone,” types Shree and feels sad., Chaitra offers to give Shree her old camera phone., “Let us meet on Sunday. Then I will take your snap. And give you my old phone.”, Shree has always wished for a phone with a camera. She types, “Where shall we meet?”, Chaitra types, “Come to the railway station.” Shree asks, “What time?”, Chaitra decides, “When the Bengaluru train reaches there.”, Akka comes into the room just then to clean it., “What are you doing, Shree?”, “I have a new friend, Akka!” Akka looks over Shree's shoulder at Chaitra’s profile picture., “But that’s the film actress Madhoo. Is she your friend?”, “Yes, but her name is Chaitra.”, Akka laughs and shakes her head. “That’s Madhoo, I’ve seen all her films. She must be, so old now.” “She’s the same age as me!” insists Shree., “No, no, she’s as old as I am,” says Akka. “That snap was taken when she was still in, school. It is from her first movie.”, Shree is angry with Akka, then stops to think. Is Chaitra using someone else’s picture—, a film star’s? “How old are you?” she types., “I told you I’m thirteen, the same age as you,” Chaitra types back., Shree replies, “That is good. Best friends should be the same age.” “Hey, the earrings, in your profile picture are so pretty!” types Shree., “Thanks, I made them myself.”, “Wow. Wear them when we meet tomorrow!” “Okay, but only if you come alone,” says, Chaitra., 206

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www.tntextbooks.in, “Why?” types Shree., “Because I am coming alone too! To our secret meeting!”, Shree is typing ‘Okay’ when she remembers something. “Hey Chaitra, I haven’t seen, any other school near our school.” But Chaitra has gone offline., Is there something strange about her new friend? Has she been lying?, Section-II, Shree is very confused and cannot focus on her homework., “Akka?” she asks., “Yes, my dear,” says Akka, “what is worrying you?”, Shree decides to be honest and tells her all about her new friend who is lying., “Akka, what should I do?”, , The next day, Shree and Akka reach Katpadi Junction much before the arrival of the, Bengaluru Express. They have a secret plan to find out if the new friend is honest or not., Akka says, “I will go and talk to the station manager so he can help us.”, The train from Bengaluru is coming in. Shree looks all around. She can’t remember, whether Chaitra had asked her to wait inside the station or outside., Where did Akka go?, She can’t see her anywhere., Many passengers come out of the train. None look like Chaitra., 207

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www.tntextbooks.in, A man who's her father's age walks, towards Shree., He is smiling. "Hello Shree!" Shree is, shocked. She doesn’t know him., “It is so nice to see you!” he says., “Who...who are you—you are not, Cha…Chaitra!” stutters Shree., “No. But I am an uncle and would like, to be your friend, Shree. I like to make, friends with young girls,” says the unclewho-is-not-Chaitra., “Eeeeeeee!” shrieks Shree. Akka is beside her in a second, along with the station, manager., The uncle-who-is-not-Chaitra is surprised. He didn’t expect that Shree would bring two, grown-ups with her., Akka hits him with her handbag., Then she yells, “Don’t you dare come, near my niece!”, “Owww!” he cries., Just then the train moves. He runs, towards a bogey door. The station manager, rushes forward to catch the man. But he, disappears into the crowded train., They all go to the police station., “You are a brave pair!” says a, policewoman. “Thank you for informing us about this imposter. Shree, you were clever to, confide in a trusted adult! Will you put up this poster about cyber security in your school,, please? We would also like to conduct a cyber safety class in your school.”, She says an expert from the Cyber Crime Cell will need to take a look at Shree’s, computer., The next day, a cyber crime officer, goes through Shree’s computer. Within, hours, the police find the man who, pretended to be Chaitra., They nab him from his office in, Bengaluru and find that he has been trying, to befriend many young girls and boys on, social media. Shree decides to only have, friends from her own school., She can’t wait to tell her friends, about her scary adventure with her cyber, ‘friend’., 208

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Be safe online!, The Child Helpline telephone, number in India is 1098., The Internet has many uses and is a wonderful technology., But if misused, it can cause problems too. Use the Internet wisely., Do not give out your name, address, school name,, telephone number or email id to strangers online., , About the Author, Zac O' Yeah has published altogether, fifteen books in Swedish, many of them, important bestsellers – including the Gandhibiography Mahatma! which was short-listed, for the August Prize 2008 for best non-fiction, book of the year. His most recent books, include the popular comic thriller Mr. Majestic!, In 2018, he also published the acclaimed, travelogue A Walk Through Barygaza and the popular children’s thriller The Mystery, of the Cyber Friend. He is also a literary critic and columnist, also contributing now, and then to the travel magazines National Geographic and Outlook Traveller. He is, also a translator specializing in introducing Indian writing – such as Pankaj Mishra,, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Bama and others – to Swedish readers. He has had, a long involvement with theatre as a playwright, director, designer, producer, and, occasional performer., , 209

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Glossary, nap (v), friends net (n), , –, , to sleep for a short period of time, , –, , website in internet where one can meet and talk to, different people, , wonder (v), , –, , Surprised, , offline (adj), , –, , computer not connected to internet, , shriek (v), , –, , to scream, as in a sudden fright, , –, , someone who attempts to deceive by using an, , imposter (n), , assumed name or identity, , confide (v), , –, , to trust, , cyber safety (adj), , –, , safe and responsible use of phone and the internet, , –, , criminal activities done using computers or the, , cyber crime (n), scary (adj), , Internet, –, , frightening, , A. Fill in the blanks., 1. Shree lives in ____________ town., 2. Shree celebrated her ______ birthday., 3. Madhoo was ________ ., 4. Chaitra finally asked her to come ____________., 5. Akka went to _____________ to get a help for them., the station master, film actress, the railway station, thirteen , Katpadi Junction, B. Say whether the following statements are 'True' or 'False'., 1. Shree spends most of the time on T.V., 2. Shree’s aunt stays with them., 3. Chaitra is Shree’s school friend., 4. Chaitra gifted Shree a new camera phone., 210

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www.tntextbooks.in, 5. Shree went alone to the train station to meet Chaitra., 6. A fraud middle aged man pretended to be Chaitra., C. Name the speaker., S.No., , Lines from the lesson, , 1, , “Do you do anything other than eating?", , 2, , “Are you feeling unwell?”, , 3, , “I don’t have a camera phone “, , 4, , “I told you I am thirteen, the same age as you.", , 5, , “You are a brave pair!”, , Speaker, , D. Based on your reading of the text list out the merits and demerits of, using computers., S.No., , Merits, , Demerits, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 5, 211

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www.tntextbooks.in, E. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below., Just then train moves . He runs towards a bogey door. The station manager rushes, forward to catch the man. But he disappears into the crowded train. They all go to the, police station. “You are a brave pair” says a policewoman. “Thank you for informing us, about this imposter. Shree, you were clever to confide in a trusted adult! Will you put up, this poster about cyber security in your school, please? We would also like to conduct, a cyber crime cell will need to take a look at Shree’s computer. The next day, a cyber, crime officer goes through Shree’s computer. Within hours, the police find the man who, pretended to be Chaitra., 1. whom did the station master try to catch?, 2. where did they all go?, 3. who are the brave pair in the story?, 4. Was the man honest or not ?, 5.How did the police find out the criminal?, F. Answer the following questions., 1. Why did Shree’s parents buy her a computer?, 2. How did Shree make friends through computer?, 3. What were the online activities given in this story?, 4. How did Shree’s aunt save Shree from the man who pretended to be Chaitra ?, 5. How did the police find the man who pretended to be Chaitra?, , Step to Success, 1. The following series is provided and you need to answer the question accordingly., A B C D E F G H I J K L M N || O P R S T U V W X Y Z, In this series find the letter which is fifth to the left from the thirteenth letter from your, right?, 1. M, , 2. I, , 3. H, , 4. J, , 2. Based on the above series of English alphabet, if every alternate alphabet starting from, C is deleted than which of the following alphabet will seventh from the left side of the, series?, 1. H, , 2. J, , 3. I, , 4.G, 212

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www.tntextbooks.in, 3. If the above series is written in reverse order then what will be the eleventh letter of the, fifteenth letter from your left?, 1. V, , 2. W, , 3. D, , 4. X, , Connecting to Self, , Yes, I Will, , I Will, not, , GIVE OUT MY INTERNET, PASSWORDS, To anyone other than my parents., , FOLLOW RULES SET BY MY, PARENTS FOR GOING ONLINE, Time of day, length ofn time, online and sites allowed., , MAKE FRIENDS WITH, UNKNOWN PEOPLE, Even if they are my friend's friends., , REPORT ANY BULLYING/, HARASSMENT, To a trusted adult/parent right away., , SHARE PERSONAL INFORMATION, Without parent's permission. This, includes, my photo, name, address, phone, number,, parent's work number, school name,, location or places I go., , BLOCK & REPORT, Block people who send nasty messages /, inappropriate / sexually explicit, content, and report Spam., , RESPOND TO OR FORWARD, MESSAGES, That make me feel uncomfortable. I, won't, click on URLS / open mails sent by, unknown people., , ENSURE MY SEFETY, Ensure safety settings, take care to, help, keep me safe., SEEK HELP, From parents / authorities / CHILDLINE, 1098 to overcome any issues that, I face online., , SEND / SEXTING MESSAGES, Sharing of inappropriate or sexually, explicit photographs/videos or written, messages even to a friend., , BE A RESPONSIBLE, ONLINE CITIZEN, Do nothing to hurt others or, that is against the law., , CYBER BULLY, Not be Cyber bully or encourage, cyber bullying., , 213

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www.tntextbooks.in, , ICT CORNER, GRAMMAR – SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX, , To Enable the students to, familiarize kinds of sentences, as simple, compound and, complex with exercises, STEPS TO PLAY THE GAME:, 1. Access the application with the help of the link given below or the given, QR code and install it in the mobile., 2., , You can view sentence kinds according to structure in home page., , 3., , Click any kind of sentence to know its definition with example., , 4. Click PRACTICE in the home page to access the 3 sets of Practice, exercises., 5. Complete all the exercises and check your answers and understanding the, concept., , WEBSITE URL:, Click the following link or scan the QR code to access the website., APPLICATION NAME : SENTENCE WITH PRACTICE, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sentenceMbsait., sentence&hl=en, ** Images are indicatives only., 214

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 8, 1, , Play, Jack and the Beanstalk, , Steven Kellogg, , Characters: Narrator, Jack, Mother, Old man, Giant, , Scene 1 (at home), Narrator, , : Once upon a time there was a boy called Jack. He lived in a small cottage, with his mother. Jack and his mother were very poor. All they had was a, cow., , Mother, , : Jack, we don’t have any money. So, I think we have to sell the cow., , Jack, , :, , Okay, Mom. I will take the cow to the market., , Mother, , :, , Be careful, Jack., , Narrator, , :, , On the way to the market, Jack met a little old man., , Old man, , : Good morning, young boy. Where are you taking that cow?, , Jack, , : I’m taking it to the market, sir. My mother and I are poor, so we need some, money., , Old man, , : I would like to buy the cow from you., , Jack, , :, , Old man, , : I don’t have money. Instead, I’ll give you five magic beans., , Jack, , :, , Old man, , : They will make you rich., , Narrator, , : Jack had to think, about it. He wanted, to make his mother, happy., , Jack, , : , Okay! You can take, the cow!, , Narrator, , : Jack ran all the way, home. He was so, excited to tell his, mother about the old, man and the magic, beans., , Really?, Magic beans? Mmm., , 215

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www.tntextbooks.in, Jack, , :, , (running home) Mom, Mom, Mom! Look what I have got!, , Mother, , :, , Did you get a good price for the cow?, , Jack, , :, , No, Mom. But I got these magic beans instead!, , Mother, , :, , (angry) What? Oh, you foolish boy!, , Jack, , :, , Mom, they will make us rich! Trust me., , Mother, , :, , No way! These beans are useless!, , Narrator, , :, , Jack’s mother was very cross and threw the beans out of the window., , Scene 2 (on the ground & in the castle), , Narrator, , : , During the night, the magic beans grew into a huge beanstalk., By morning, the beanstalk reached high into the sky. Jack was so, surprised., , Jack, , :, , Narrator, , : Jack climbed and climbed and when he reached the top, he found a, huge castle., , Jack, , :, , Oh my! There is a castle in the sky! I can’t believe this., , Narrator, , :, , Jack crept inside., , Jack, , : (whispering to himself) Everything is so big in here. Who lives in this, big castle?, , Narrator, , :, , Suddenly, the floor began to shake., , Jack, , :, , (scared) What is that noise?, , Wow! This beanstalk is huge!, , 216

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www.tntextbooks.in, Giant, , : (shouting) Fee, fi, fo, fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman ... Be, he alive or be he dead, I’ll grind his bones to make my bread., , Jack, , : (whispering) Oh no! It’s a giant! What can I do? Is there any place to, hide? Oh, there is a place., , Narrator, , : Jack hid in a cupboard and watched as the giant ate five sheep for his, meal. Then he called for his hen., , Giant, , :, , Lay me a golden egg., , Narrator, , :, , Jack watched in amazement as the hen laid a perfect golden egg., , Jack, , :, , It’s amazing! I wish I had that hen. Then Mom and I would berich., , Scene 3 (in the castle & at home), Narrator, , :, , Jack, , : , Now he is asleep. I will take the hen and climb back down the, beanstalk., , Narrator, , : Jack quickly picked up the giant’s hen. But the hen began to squawk, and flap its wings., , Jack, , : Shh! Be quiet! The giant might wake up!, , Narrator, , :, , Giant, , : (shouting) Fee, fi, fo, fum, I smell the blood of a human!, , Jack, , : (running) Oh no! Time to go!, , Narrator, , : Jack ran back to the beanstalk and climbed down as fast as he could!, , Giant, , :, , Narrator, , : , Jack reached the bottom of the beanstalk., , Mother, , : Jack, where have, , As soon as the giant was full, he fell fast asleep., , The giant woke up!, , (yelling) I’ll get you!, , you been? Why do, you have a hen?, Jack, , : , Mom, hurry! Give, me an axe!, , Mother, , : Here you are. What, are you going to do, with an axe?, , 217

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www.tntextbooks.in, Jack, , : , I have to chop this beanstalk down right now!, , Narrator, , :, , With his axe, Jack chopped down the beanstalk., , Giant, , :, , Ahhhhh!, , Narrator, , :, , The giant fell to the ground with a thud. That was the end of him!, , Mother, , :, , Oh my! It’s a giant! Jack, what is going on?, , Jack, , : , The magic beans grew into this huge beanstalk. So, I climbed to the, top and found the giant’s castle. I watched this hen lay a perfect, golden egg., , Mother, , :, , Are you telling me the truth, Jack?, , Jack, , :, , (smiling) Yes, Mom. You’ll see., , Narrator, , : Jack was right. The hen laid a golden egg every day and Jack and his, mother were never poor again., , 218

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Steven Kellogg (born October 26, 1941 in Norwalk, Connecticut) is an American, author and illustrator who has created more than 90 children's books. On November, 12, 2011, Kellogg was given an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the, University of Findlay in Ohio., , A) Say true or false., 1. The magic beans grew into a huge beanstalk., 2. The beanstalk reached high into the sky in the evening., 3. Everything is so big in the castle., 4. The hen laid a perfect iron egg., 5. Jack picked up the Giant’s hen., B) Fill in the blanks., 1. The Giant smells the blood of an _____, 2. Jack asked his mom for an ________, 3. Jack chopped down the ________, 4. As soon as the giant was full, he fell fast ________, C) Answer the following questions., 1., , Why was Jack's mother angry?, , 2., , Why was Jack surprised when reaching the sky?, , 3., , What did Jack find when he reached the top?, , 4., , What did Jack see in the castle?, , 5., , What did the Giant eat for meal?, , 6., , Where did Jack hide when he saw the Giant?, , 7., , What did Jack intend to take when the Giant asleep?, , 8., , What did the hen do when Jack picked it up?, , 9., , What did Jack do when the Giant woke up?, , 10. Why did Jack ask for an axe?, 219

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Punctuation, , Comma, , Semicolon, , Colon, , Full Stop, , Exclamation, Mark, , Question, Mark, , Dash, , Inverted, Commas, , Apostrophe, , brackets, , You may possess good language skills and know how to express yourself in the, language but without the knowledge of punctuation marks, your skills, especially written, is, incomplete. A piece of writing which does not include punctuation marks is difficult to read, as compared to a piece of writing which carries proper punctuation marks at the right places., 220

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www.tntextbooks.in, Commonly used punctuation marks, , 1. Comma, , (,), , The comma is used to indicate a short pause. It is used:, a. for words, phrases, and clauses in a series., ¾ For example,, Gandhiji, the Father of the Nation, died on 30th January, 1948., b. when you address a person., ¾ For example,, "Yes, Sir.", c. to separate numbers, dates and address., ¾ For example,, I was born on 9th August, 1990 in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh., , 2. Semicolon, , (;), , The semicolon represents a stronger pause than a comma. It is used to stress the, close relationship between one sentence and another., ¾ For example,, Today we love what tomorrow we hate; today we seek what tomorrow we shun;, today we desire what tomorrow we fear., , 3. Colon, , (:), , The colon is used to show that something is to follow., ¾ For example,, The principle parts of a verb in English are: the present tense, the past tense, and, the past participle., , 4. Full Stop, , (•), , The full stop is used to mark the end of a declarative or an imperative sentence. It, represents the greatest pause., ¾ For example,, Abirami, Suganya and Sudha are best friends., 221

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www.tntextbooks.in, , 5. Exclamation Mark (!), The exclamation mark is used after interjections and after phrases and sentences, expressing sudden emotion or wish., ¾ For example,, Alas! Oh dear!, , 6. Question Mark, , (?), , Question Mark is used, instead of the Full Stop, after a direct question., ¾ For example,, Have you finished writing?, , 7. Dash, , (_), , The dash is used to make an abrupt stop or change of thought., ¾ For example,, He has-you may not believe it-failed., , 8. Inverted Commas, , (“ ”), , Inverted Commas are used to enclose the exact words of a speaker, or a quotation., ¾ For example,, "I would rather die," he exclaimed, "than join the oppressors of my country.", , 9. Apostrophe, , (’), , Used to indicate either possession (e.g. Harry ' s book ; boys ' coats ) or the, omission of letters or numbers (e.g. can ' t ; he ' s ; 1 Jan. ' 99 )., , 10. Brackets, , (), , Each of a pair of marks ( ) [ ] { } used to enclose words or figures so as to separate, them from the context, ¾ For example,, MS Dhoni (the former Cricket captain) resigned from cricket.

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www.tntextbooks.in, A) Punctuate the following sentences., 1. i like playing with my friends sandy sunny sameer, 2. we went through the smoky mountains, near shimla on our way to leh, 3. my favourite soap is pears and my favourite toothpaste is pepsodent, 4. my friend priya speaks german and she is teaching me some words, 5. he was honest sincere hard working, 6. hindus muslims sikhs christians live together in India, 7. long ago in a town in Switzerland there lived a famous man called william, 8. akbar the greatest of the mughal emperors ruled wisely, 9. tanya said to ilarahul is a nice guy, 10. when is your birthday, B) Write the correct punctuation mark that best completes each sentence., Example 1. Congratulations_____ You graduated with honors____, Answer: Congratulations! You graduated with honors!, 1. Where is an exciting place to visit____, 2. Make sure to complete all your homework on time___, 3. Priya asked when are wegoing on a vacation____, 4. Terry Sam and Jeremy went to the movies together____, 5. Wow___What a wonderful event____, 6. I am so excited to see my family for Christmas____, 7. what day of the week is your favorite____, 8. You need to do your homework right after dinner___, 9. Please take out the trash when you get home___, 10. My favorite team won the game____, 11. What did you want to eat for lunch___, 12. I had a great time at your party___, 13. Do you know what time it is____, 14. How do we get to the amusement park____, 15. I can't wait to go on summer vacation___, 223

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Forms of Verb, Base Form, of Verb, (V1), , Past, (V2), , Past, Participle, (V3), , Base Form, of Verb, (V1), , Past, (V2), , Past, Participle, (V3), , be (is, am,are), , was, were, , been, , find, , found, , found, , begin, , began, , begun, , fly, , flew, , flown, , bend, , bent, , bent, , forget, , forgot, , forgotten, , bite, , bit, , bitten, , get, , got, , gotten, , break, , broke, , broken, , give, , gave, , given, , bring, , brought, , brought, , go, , went, , gone, , build, , built, , built, , have, , had, , had, , buy, , bought, , bought, , hear, , heard, , heard, , catch, , caught, , caught, , hide, , hid, , hidden, , choose, , chose, , chosen, , hold, , held, , held, , come, , came, , come, , hurt, , hurt, , hurt, , cut, , cut, , cut, , keep, , kept, , kept, , dig, , dug, , dug, , know, , knew, , known, , do, , did, , done, , leave, , left, , left, , draw, , drew, , drawn, , lend, , lent, , lent, , drive, , drove, , driven, , lose, , lost, , lost, , drink, , drank, , drunk, , make, , made, , made, , eat, , ate, , eaten, , meet, , met, , met, , fall, , fell, , fallen, , pay, , paid, , paid, , feel, , felt, , felt, , put, , put, , put, , fight, , fought, , fought, , read, , read, , read, , 224

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www.tntextbooks.in, Base Form, of Verb, (V1), , Past, (V2), , Past, Participle, (V3), , Base Form, of Verb, (V1), , Past, (V2), , Past, Participle, (V3), , ring, , rang, , rung, , upset, , upset, , upset, , rise, , rose, , risen, , urge, , urged, , urged, , run, , ran, , run, , use, , used, , used, , say, , said, , said, , utter, , uttered, , uttered, , see, , saw, , seen, , value, , valued, , valued, , sell, , sold, , sold, , verify, , verified, , verified, , send, , sent, , sent, , view, , viewed, , viewed, , show, , showed, , shown, , wish, , wished, , wished, , sing, , sang, , sung, , wake, , woke, , woken, , sit, , sat, , sat, , walk, , walked, , walked, , sleep, , slept, , slept, , want, , wanted, , wanted, , speak, , spoke, , spoken, , waste, , wasted, , wastedw, , stand, , stood, , stood, , watch, , watched, , watched, , take, , took, , taken, , wear, , wore, , worn, , talk, , talked, , talked, , win, , won, , won, , taste, , tasted, , tasted, , write, , wrote, , written, , teach, , taught, , taught, , work, , worked, , worked, , tear, , tore, , torn, , worry, , worried, , worried, , tell, , told, , told, , worship, , worshiped, , worshiped, , think, , thought, , thought, , yawn, , yawned, , yawned, , throw, , threw, , thrown, , yell, , yelled, , yelled, , understand, , understood, , understood, , yield, , yielded, , yielded, , undo, , undid, , undone, , zoom, , zoomed, , zoomed, , 225

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www.tntextbooks.in, , LISTENING PASSAGE, Unit – 1, “Why Do Birds Sing?”, Why do birds sing? You might assume that birds sing, because they are happy. While birds might be happy, they, sing in order to communicate. One reason they sing is to, stake a claim on territory. Birds sing to warn other birds, to stay off their property. For example, a robin might stake a claim on, a piece of land which measures about 200 feet wide by 200 feet long., This amount of land provides enough worms for the robin to feed its, family. A bird maintains singing perches around the outside edges of, its territory. The perches are high in the trees, so other birds can see, and hear it. Birds also sing to find a mate. The length and complexity, of the mating song gives information about the fitness of the bird., Healthy birds can sing longer, more complicated songs. Birds call to one, another in shorter vocalizations in order to warn of danger and to locate, one another. Birds sing instinctively. Young birds learn to perfect their, songs by listening to adult birds and interacting with other birds. Birds, in a local area might learn variations in the basic song which help them, recognize other members of their group., , Unit – 2, Gardening is an art, Gardening is a delightful pastime. One can grow, vegetables, fruits and flowers in one’s own garden. If you, do not have open spaces near your home for maintaining, a garden you can set up a garden on your roof! All you, need are a few old buckets or tubs, some mud and seeds to plant., Did you know? The horticulture society of Tamil Nadu gives soil, bags with seeds to promote gardening in our houses! Stamp collection, is nothing but collecting stamps from envelops that come by mail. This, hobby is known as philately. We learn about different leaders, important, days on seeing the stamps! We can also exchange rare stamps with our, friends., 226

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Many people are fascinated to collect coins from different countries., Sometime relatives who visit or work in other countries bring and give the, coins of the foreign country to us! This hobby is known as numismatics., Some others take interest to collect seashells. It is said that there are, more than 1,00,000 shell species found in the sea shores. The rarest,, the most valuable, and the most beautiful shells are found in the IndoPacific, Caribbean, and Mediterranean regions., Cooking is one of the oldest hobbies. It is now even considered, a life-skill to know how to cook. We all should try and learn to cook!, Painting can help unleash your creative side. Painting allows you to tap, into the thoughts, desires, and feelings in your head and translate them, into something beautiful., Painting relaxes our mind and helps focus better, so go ahead, and pick up a paintbrush. Teaching is a fun and useful hobby., Teaching helps us understand what we have learned better. It, also helps us to help other children. If we are good at teaching, then, one day we can even become a good teacher! Web-browsing, helps us collect information about the latest medical invention,, the new technology for phones and news about our society and, country. It is an amazing hobby where we can learn about things that, are thousands of kilometres away with just a few clicks! We can also, share all the wonderful information with our friends., , Unit – 3, Fleming’s thought at breakfast, , Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin,, was once forced into an interview in New York by two, journalist just as he was about to have breakfast. One of, them asked him, ‘Sir, what are you thinking about right, now? We wish to know what a great scientist think while, getting ready for breakfast’., Fleming mused awhile on the question and he replied, ‘I am thinking, of something very special’. The journalist, who were all ears, drew, themselves forward. ‘I am thinking, whether to have one egg or two’., 227

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit – 4, Nobel Prize, , Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men, and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding, achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature,, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were, laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving, much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize., The Nobel Committee, in fact, a notoriously conservative body which, among other things had a marked antipathy to pure sciences, especially, to Mathematical Physics. Restrained .by a clause in Alfred Nobel’s will, that the prize should go to the person whose ‘discovery or invention’ shall, have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind, the committee initially, ignored the great theoretical advances in Physics. Wracked, no doubt,, by guilt that he had become a merchant of death through his invention, of dynamite and smokeless powder and plagued by sadistic fantasies, of destruction, the Swedish chemist, engineer and aspiring poet, Alfred, Nobel, who has been described as Europe’s richest vagabond, left his, colossal fortune to the cause of progress in human knowledge. Five, prizes were installed, one each for literature (‘to the person who shall, have produced in the field of literature, the most outstanding Work of, an idealistic tendency), Physics, Chemistry, medicine and peace to the, person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity, among nations for abolition or reduction of armies, and for holding or, promotion of peace’., , 228

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit – 5, Road Safty, , Good morning, everybody. Firstly, I would like to thank, the headmaster for inviting me to speak on road safety in, conjunction with "Road Safety Week"., Lately, there have been many road accidents in our district. In most, cases, they occurred due to carelessness and recklessness : speeding,, flouting traffic rules, driving vehicles which were not roadworthy and, driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol., Last week alone, we received about four accident reports per day,, with most of the accidents occurring during dusk and peak hours., Out of these, more than half were serious, in which victims had to be, hospitalized., Many of you present here already have driving licenses and the rest, will get yours soon. What I want to impress upon you today is that you, must make road safety your top priority. Do not take your driving license, as a license to kill or to use roads as you like., Drive or ride carefully and be considerate to other road users. When, you are on the road, observe traffic rules and road ethics. Above all, be, alert and keep calm. There may be times when you have to give way to, other vehicles or let cars overtake you. Do not take this as an insult or a, challenge to your pride. It could lead to violence on the road., I know some youngsters enjoy the thrill of speeding and testing the, capability of their machines. They enjoy listening to the revving of their, bikes, riding at breakneck speed and overtaking vehicles dangerously. Tell, me, what do you get by speeding ? Well, you may reach your destination, faster but how much faster ? One minute ? Two ? Is it worth the risk of, being involved in accidents, or worse still, being maimed or killed ? It's, not worth it -- not worth your money, not worth your life. However, if, you still feel generous and would like to donate your money to us, then, speed by all means. I assure you we'll give you a ticket., Common sense sense should prevail at all times. these are some, practical rules on road safety you should always bear in mind., 229

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit – 6, Dear friends!, , This is Rahim. I hope you will lend your ears for two, minutes to me on this happy occasion of the 13th birthday, of my friend Rahul. Before he blows out candles on his, cake and cut the cake to mark the first day in his 13th year, I would, like to share few words with you. Rahul and I grew up from kids. He, is an open book for me and for everyone. I have observed the fine, determination he is built with. His strong friendship has stood by me, many times. When I hurt him, he wrote over the sand. When I help, him, he engrave it in his heart. Only if you’re lucky, you’ll find a person, like him who brightens your day, lends an ear, and inspires you. I am, grateful to him for life., He excelled in various ways already in his life. I wondered his ability, to do well in whatever he found himself engaged in. Besides being a, good student, he has done well in sports and games. He is always in the, front line and bagged ‘all-rounder’ medal in school., I wish him all the happiness with which he should sail through life., Best of luck to you Rahul, and May we always see you smiling like this., Please give him a big hand!, , 230

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit – 7, Internet Safety, , Twenty years ago, kids in school had never even heard, of the internet. Now, I’ll bet you can’t find a single person, in your school who hasn’t at least heard of it. In fact,, many of us use it on a regular basis and even have access, to it from our homes! The ‘net’ in internet really stands for network., A network is two or more computers connected together so that, information can be shared, or sent from one computer to another., The internet is a vast resource for all types of information. You may, enjoy using it to do research for a school project, downloading your, favorite songs or communicating with friends and family., Information is accessed through web pages that companies,, organizations and individuals create and post. It’s kind of like a giant, bulletin board that the whole world uses! But since anyone can put, anything on the internet, you also have to be careful and use your best, judgment and a little commonsense., Just because you read something on a piece of paper someone, sticks on a bulletin board doesn’t mean it’s good information, or even, correct, for that matter., So you have to be sure that whoever posted the information knows, what they’re talking about, especially if you’re doing research! But what, if you’re just emailing people? You still have to be very careful., If you’ve never met the person that you’re communicating with, online, you could be on dangerous ground! You should never give out, any personal information to someone you don’t know, not even your, name!, And just like you can’t believe the information on every website, out there, you can’t rely on what strangers you ‘meet’ on the internet, tell you either. Just like you could makeup things about yourself to tell, someone, someone else could do the same to you., , 231

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www.tntextbooks.in, , Acknowledgement, We express our gratitude to the writers and publishers whose contributions have, been included in this book. Copyright permission for use of these materials have been, applied for, however information on copyright permission for some of the material, could not be found. We would be grateful for information for the same., , The Nose-Jewel- C. Rajagopalachari, , Prose, , Hobby – Turns A Successful Career, Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist - Nathaniel Hawthorne, My Reminiscence - Rabindranath Tagore, Being Safe, Friendship, Cyber Safety, , Special Hero- Christina M Kerschen, , Poem, , My Hobby: Reading - Arunachalam Chandrasekharan., Making Life Worth While - George Eliot, A Thing of Beauty, Fire Work Night, Lessons in Life, My Computer Needs A Break - Shanthini Govindan, , Supplementary, , The Woman on Platform 8- Ruskin Bond, , Jim Corbett, A Hunter Turned Naturalist, The Three Questions- Leo Tolstoy, Crossing the River - Manoj Das, When Instinct Works- Adapted From ‘Black Beauty” By Anna Sewell, Homeless Man and his Friends: A true story, The Mystery of the Cyber Friend - Zac O’Yeah, Play - Jack and the Beanstalk - Steven Kellogg, 232

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www.tntextbooks.in, , LEARNING OUTCOMES, , LISTENING, , Students will be able to, ¾ Listen to passages, poems, stories, dialogues and, commentaries and answer short questions,complete tabular, columns and fill in the blanks based on their comprehension., , SPEAKING, , ¾ Take active part in discussions on familiar topics., ¾ Speak effectively with the help of the guidelines given., , WRITING, , LITERATURE, , GRAMMAR, , VOCABULARY, , EXTENDED, READING, , ¾ Use a range of grammatical structures and vocabulary, accurately and appropriately, to extend, link and, develop ideas with sensitivity to meaning and intent., , ¾ Discuss authors’ intent/ purpose or ideas., ¾ Discuss texts using own knowledge and experience., , ¾, ¾, ¾, ¾, , Change Direct speech into Indirect speech, Use tense accurately., Change Simple,Compound and Complex sentences., Use a range of grammatical structures fairly and, accurately to support the four skills., , ¾ Learn the meaning of new words and use them when, speaking and writing ., ¾ Use context clues to determine the meanings of unfamiliar, words., ¾ Use dictionaries to find meanings and usages., , ¾ Read for pleasure and general understanding., ¾ Review and comment on the events, characters plot, and language in the book or stories., 233