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Course Name : Course on Computer Concepts (CCC), Unit Name : Introduction to computer, , TABLE OF CONTENT, UNIT NUMBER, , 1/8

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Syllabus, , 1.1 Objectives, 1.2 What is Computer, 1.2.1A Introduction to Computer, 1.2.1B History of Computers, 1.2.1C First generation computer, 1.2.1D Second generation computer, 1.2.1E Third generation computer, 1.2.1F Fourth generation computer, 1.2.1G Fifth generation computer, 1.2.2 Characteristics of Computer System, 1.2.3 Basic Applications of Computer, 1.3 Components of computer system, 1.3.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU), 1.3.2A Keyboard, 1.3.2B Mouse, 1.3.2C Visual Display Unit (VDU), 1.3.3A Other input devices, 1.3.3B Scanner, 1.3.3C Barcode Reader, 1.3.3D Joystick, 1.3.4A Other output devices, 1.3.4B Printer, 1.3.4C Plotter, Page | 2 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), 1.3.4D Speaker, 1.3.5A Computer memory, 1.3.5B Types of Memory, 1.3.5C Secondary memory, 1.4 Concept of Hardware and Software, 1.4.1 Hardware, 1.4.2A Software, 1.4.2B Application Software, 1.4.2C Systems Software, 1.4.3A Programming Languages, 1.4.3B Types of Programming Languages, 1.4.3C Machine Languages, 1.4.3D Assembly Languages, 1.4.3E High Level Languages, 1.5 Representation of data/information, 1.5.1A Computer - Number system, 1.5.1B Decimal number system, 1.5.1C Binary number system, 1.5.1D Octal number system, 1.5.1E Hexadecimal number system, 1.5.1F Conversions from one system to another system, 1.6 Concept of Data processing, 1.6.1 Data Processing, 1.7 Applications of IECT, 1.7.1A Application of IECT, , Page | 3 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), 1.7.1B e-Governance, 1.7.2A Multimedia, 1.7.2B Entertainment, 1.8 Summary, 1.9 Model Questions, Assessment 1, Assessment 2, References, , Page | 4 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.1 Objectives, , Objectives, •, , At the end of this course, the user will be able to,  Understand what is computer.,  About the construction and parts of the computer.,  Explore the input and output components of the computer system.,  Understand the concept of hardware and software.,  Understand the representation of data/information and concept of data, processing.,  IECT (Information Electronics and Communication Technology) with reference, to e-Governance.,  Know the application of IECT in multimedia and entertainment., , Page | 5 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.2 What is Computer, Topic: 1.2.1A Introduction to Computer, , Introduction to Computer, •, , Computers are machines that perform tasks (or) calculations according to a set of, instructions., , •, , The Computer is an electronic device that,,  Accepts (reads) data from the input device,  Processes the data by performing calculations and operations on it as per, instructions,  Generates (writes) the desired output results on to the specified output, devices., , •, , Nowadays, computers are an important part of our lives., , •, , The term "Computer" is derived from the Latin word "Computare" which means "to, compute" or "to calculate"., , •, , It was originally invented to make calculations quickly and precisely., , Major Components of Computer, •, , The major components of a computer are:,  Central Processing Unit (CPU),  Memory Unit,  Input Unit,  Output Unit, , FIG 1.1: Components of Computer, , Page | 6 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.2: General Processing of Computer, •, , Central Processing Unit (CPU),  The CPU is the heart of the computer, this unit actually executes instructions.,  The major sections of CPU are:,  Control Unit (CU),  Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU).,  Control Unit (CU),  Controls the operations that take place in various parts of a computer by, sending electronic signals.,  Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),  It performs all arithmetic and logical operation for program execution., , •, , Memory Unit,  Memory is a device that stores computer's data and programs.,  The two types of memory are,  Primary Memory (Internal),  Secondary Memory (External), , Page | 7 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , Input Unit,  This unit is used to give data to the computer by the user.,  Keyboard, mouse, light pen, microphone, touch screen, joystick are few input, devices., , •, , Output Unit,  This unit is used to display result generated by the computer.,  Monitor, printer, speaker are a few direct output devices., , Page | 8 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.2 What is Computer, Topic: 1.2.1B History of Computers, , History of Computers, •, , During the 20th century, at the initial stage calculations were done by mechanical, computing devices., , •, , "Abacus" was the first mechanical computing device introduced by the Chinese., , •, , It is a manual calculating device used for addition and subtraction., , FIG 1.3: Abacus, •, , Napier's bones were the next device for multiplication by an English, mathematician, John Napier in the 16th century., , •, , It performs operations like multiplication, division, extracting square roots and, diagonal modification., , •, , Slide Rule was developed by an English mathematician, Edmund Gunter in the, 16th century., , •, , It could perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division., , Page | 9 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.4: Slide rule, •, , In 1673, Leibniz's multiplication and dividing machine were introduced which could, do both multiplication and division., , •, , Punch card system was developed in 1801 by Jacquard., , FIG 1.5: Punch card, •, , Then "Analytical machine" was developed by Charles Babbage that was intended, to be completely automatic., , FIG 1.6: Analytical machine, •, , The computer has evolved from large-sized (occupying the big room) simple, calculating machine to smaller (palm sized) but more powerful machines, capable, of doing highly complex calculations., Page | 10 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , The evolution of computers to the current state is defined in terms of generation of, computers., , • . The generation is described as a stage of technological development or innovation., •, , The technological development in the field of computers not only refers to the, improvements made to the hardware technologies, but also the improvements, made to the software technologies., , •, , There are typically five generations of computers, based on the technology used:, , Generations of computers, , Technology Employed, , First Generation Computer (1940-1956), , Vacuum tubes, , Second Generation Computer (1956-1963), , Transistor, , Third Generation Computer (1964-1971), , Integrated Circuits, , Fourth Generation Computer (1971-Present), , VLSI, , Fifth Generation Computer (Present and Beyond), , Artificial Intelligence, , Page | 11 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.2 What is Computer, Topic: 1.2.1C First generation computer, , First generation computer (Not in use), •, , The period of first generation computer was 1940-1956 using vacuum tubes., , •, , Hardware technology, The First generation of computers started using vacuum tubes as the basic, components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit)., , FIG 1.7: Vacuum tubes,  The input to the computer was through punched cards and paper tapes.,  The output was displayed as printouts., •, , Software Technology,  The instructions were written in machine language which uses 0’s and 1’s for, , coding of the instructions.,  The first generation computers could solve one problem at a time., •, , Physical Appearance,  These computers were large in size and required a large room for, installation., , Page | 12 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.8: First generation computer, •, , Examples,  EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer),  EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator),  UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer),  ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), , •, , Application,  Main application areas where scientific computation, record keeping, payroll, processing, etc., , Page | 13 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.2 What is Computer, Topic: 1.2.1D Second generation computer, , Second generation computer (Not in use), •, , The period of second generation computer was 1956-1963 using transistors., , FIG 1.9: Transistors, •, , Hardware technology,  Transistors replaced the vacuum tubes of the first generation of computers.,  During this generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less, power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation, machines.,  The transistors were far superior to the vacuum tube.,  Compared to the first generation, these computers were smaller, faster and, energy efficient.,  In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory. The, magnetic tape and magnetic disks were used as secondary memory.,  The Second generation computers still relied on punched cards and printouts, for outputs.,  They used the concept of a stored program, where the instructions were stored, in the memory of the computer., , •, , Software Technology,  The instructions were written using the assembly language., , Page | 14 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC),  Assembly language used mnemonics like ADD for addition and SUB for, subtraction for coding of the instructions.,  Assembly language is easier than the machine language.,  High-level programming languages, such as COBOL and FORTRAN were also, developed during this period.,  The first computer of Second generation was developed for the atomic energy, industry., •, , Physical Appearance,  Transistors are smaller in size compared to vacuum tubes, so the size of the, computer was also reduced., , FIG 1.10: Second generation computer, •, , Examples,  PDP-8, IBM 1401, CDC 1604 and IBM 7090., , •, , Advantages,  Second generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to, symbolic or assembly languages. This allowed programmers to specify, instructions in words., , •, , Disadvantage,  High cost, limited to special purpose tasks., , •, , Applications,  The cost of products in the second generation was high, but lesser than the, first generation computer., , Page | 15 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.2 What is Computer, Topic: 1.2.1E Third generation computer, , Third generation computer (Not in use), •, , The period of third generation was 1964-1971 using Integrated Circuits (IC's), , FIG 1.11: Integrated Circuits (IC's), •, , Hardware Technology,  The third generation computers used the Integrated Circuit (IC's) chips.,  In an IC chip, multiple transistors are placed on a silicon chip.,  Silicon is a type of semiconductor.,  The use of IC chip increased the speed and the efficiency of computers.,  The keyboard and monitor were used instead of the punched cards and, printouts., , •, , Software Technology,  In this generation, Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multiprogramming Operating System (OS) were used.,  Operating System allowed different applications to run at the same time., , Page | 16 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC),  High-level languages were used mostly for programming, instead of machine, language and assembly language., •, , Computing Characteristics,  The computation time was in nanoseconds (10-9 sec)., , •, , Physical Appearance,  The size of these computers was quite small compared to the second, generation computers., , FIG 1.12: Third generation computer, •, , Examples,  NCR 395, B6500, IBM-360, IBM-370, PDP 11., , •, , Disadvantage,  Limited storage capacity., , •, , Application,  Computers were produced commercially, and were smaller and cheaper than, the first and second generation computers.,  Used for both commercial and scientific applications., , Page | 17 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.2 What is Computer, Topic: 1.2.1F Fourth generation computer, , Fourth generation computer, •, , The period of the fourth generation was 1971-Present using Large Scale, Integration (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) circuits., , •, , The fourth generation computers were designed by using a microprocessor., , FIG 1.13: Microprocessor, •, , Hardware Technology,  The technology used is Large Scale Integration (LSI) and the Very Large Scale, Integration (VLSI) circuits.,  Thousands of transistors are integrated on a small silicon chip using LSI, technology.,  VLSI allows hundreds of thousands of components to be integrated in a small, chip.,  Microprocessor is a chip containing millions of transistors and components, designed using LSI and VLSI technology.,  Semiconductor memory replaced the earlier magnetic core memory, resulting, in faster access to storage., , Page | 18 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC),  Secondary storage device like magnetic disks became smaller in physical size, and larger in capacity. The linking/networking of computers is another key, development of this era., •, , Software Technology,  Several new Operating Systems like the MS-DOS and MS-Windows, developed during this time.,  This generation of computers supported Graphical User Interface (GUI).,  The GUI is a user-friendly interface that allows user to interact with the, computer via menus and icons.,  High-level programming languages are used for writing programs., , •, , Physical appearance,  They are smaller than the computers of the previous generation.,  Some can even fit into the palm of the hand., , FIG 1.14: Fourth generation computer, •, , Examples,  Intel 4004 chip was the first microprocessor.,  IBM introduced the first computer for home use in 1981.,  In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh., , •, , Disadvantage, , Page | 19 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC),  The latest technology and highly skilled staffs are required for manufacturing, of microprocessors, so it is difficult to build., •, , Application,  They became widely available for commercial purposes like billing and, computing machines.,  Computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form, networks, which eventually led to the development of the internet usage., , Page | 20 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.2 What is Computer, Topic: 1.2.1G Fifth generation computer, Fifth generation computer, •, , The period of fifth generation is present and beyond date using Ultra Large Scale, Integration (ULSI)., , •, , Recent research has focused on developing the "thinking computers" that is "Artificial, intelligence (AI)"., , •, , This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial, Intelligence) software., , FIG 1.15: Artificial intelligence, •, , Hardware Technology,  The VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology,, which enabled to store millions of components on a single chip., , •, , Software Technology,  AI (Artificial Intelligence) software which includes areas like Expert System, (ES), Natural Language Processing (NLP), speech recognition, voice, recognition, robotics, etc.,  All the high level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net, etc., are used in this, generation., , •, , Examples,  Robot, , Page | 21 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.16: Robot, •, , Application,  This generation of computers uses parallel processing that allows several, instruction to be executed in parallel, thus results in faster processing speed.,  The Intel dual core microprocessor uses parallel processing.,  Mainly used for high-level scientific applications in the areas of space research, and defence., , FIG 1.17: Comparison between Generations of computers, , Page | 22 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Chapter: 1.2 What is Computer, Topic : 1.2.2 Characteristics of computer system, , Characteristics of computer system, •, , Computers have some important features which have made them so popular., , •, , The key characteristics of computers are,  Speed,  Accuracy,  Diligence/Industrious,  Versatility,  Storage capacity, , •, , These features are basically the reasons for which the computers were originally, built., , Speed, •, , A computer can work at enormously high speed., , •, , Computers can process data very fast, at the rate of millions of instructions per, second., , •, , Some calculations that would have taken hours and days to complete by human,, but it can be completed in a few seconds using the computer., , •, , For example, calculation and generation of salary slip of thousands of employees, of an organization, weather forecasting that requires analysis of a large amount of, data related to temperature, pressure and humidity of various places, etc., , •, , A powerful computer is capable of performing about 3-4 million simple arithmetic, operations per second., , •, , The speed of the computer is measured in microseconds (10-6), nanoseconds, (10-9) and also picoseconds (10-12)., , •, , A unit for the speed of the processor is usually in Millions of Instructions Per, Second (MIPS)., , Page | 23 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Accuracy, • The computer can produce highly accurate and reliable results., •, , The degree of accuracy is determined by the design of the computer., , •, , Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy., , •, , For example, the computer can accurately give the result of division of any two, numbers up to any no. of decimal places, as decided by the user., , •, , The errors in computer are due to human and inaccurate data - Computer as such, will never make mistakes., , Diligence/ Industrious, •, , Computers can perform long and complex calculations with the same speed and, accuracy from the start till the end., , •, , Computers are free from tiredness and lack of concentration, even if it is working, for a long period of time., , •, , If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform every, calculation with the same accuracy., , •, , Due to this capability, it overpowers human being in the routine type of work., , Versatility, •, , A computer is a very versatile machine., , •, , Computers are very flexible in performing the different jobs at the same time., , •, , This machine can be used to solve the problems relating to different fields., , •, , At one moment, the user may solve a complex scientific problem and the very, next moment user may play music or print document., , Storage capacity, •, , Storage memory is a very important characteristic of computers., , •, , Large volumes of data and information can be stored in the computer and also, retrieved whenever required., , •, , Computer memory is normally classified as Primary and Secondary memory, , •, , A limited amount of data can be stored, temporarily, in the primary memory., , •, , Secondary storage devices like floppy disk, memory card and Hard disk can store, a large amount of data permanently., , Page | 24 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and/or any other, type., , Disadvantages, •, , Computer can only perform tasks that it has been programmed to do., , •, , Computer cannot do any work without instructions from the user., , •, , It executes instructions as specified by the user and does not take its own, decisions., , Page | 25 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.2 What is Computer, Topic: 1.2.3 Basic applications of computer, , Basic applications of computer, •, , Computers play a vital important role in our daily life., , •, , Computer helps in the development of communication and information technology, around worldwide., , •, , It is a social tool that adds job skills necessary for the modern world (teach online, interaction, how to type, use of programs, etc)., , •, , It is also used to get information about reservation of tickets, books in a library,, medical history of a person, place in a map, etc., , •, , The various applications of the computer in the field are, but not limited to:,  Education,  Communication,  Banking,  Medical,  Scientific Research,  Entertainment,  Government,  Business,  Designing, , Education, •, , Computers are extensively used, as a tool and as an aid, for the education, system., , •, , Educators use computers to prepare notes and presentations., , •, , In the field of teaching in particular, the wide use of computers is evident in, different schools in elementary, high schools, colleges and universities., , Page | 26 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , Computers used for education, which allows the students to learn modern tools, and knowledge that will make users to understand possible technological changes, in the future., , •, , Computers are used to develop computer-based training packages, to provide, distance education using the e-learning software, and to conduct online, examinations., , FIG 1.18: Computers in classroom, Communication, •, , Communication means to send a message, which may be a text explanation,, information, a picture or speech that is received and understood clearly by the, person for whom it is meant., , •, , The main use of the internet is the main use to establish communication of users, through computers., , •, , The communication through computers helped to know many things and also, used to interact with many new peoples on social websites like Facebook, Yahoo,, Orkut, twitter, etc., , •, , At present satellites are used to communicate all over the world and it is controlled, and operated by computers., , Page | 27 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.19: Mail communication, , FIG 1.20: Social websites, Banking, •, , Banking is mainly depending on the computers for their transaction (fund transfer)., , •, , Banks also give on-line accounting facility, which includes current balances,, deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, shares and trustee records., , •, , ATM machines controlled by computer help lot of the people to get money from, their accounts at any time in an easy and fast way., , •, , It helps bank to operate more efficiently and effectively., , •, , Without computers, it would be very hard for a bank to offer good customer, service day in and day out., , FIG 1.21: ATM banking, , Page | 28 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Medical, •, , Computers are now becoming an important part of all medical systems., , •, , Computers are used in hospitals to keep the records of the patients and, medicines., , •, , It is mainly used for diagnosing the diseases by scanning, ECG, EEG, CT scans, etc., , •, , Nowadays, computers are also used for performing surgery. For example key-hole, surgery., , FIG 1.22: Surgery by Robot, Scientific research, •, , Scientists use computers for performing complex scientific calculations, for, designing and making drawings and also for simulating and testing the designs., , •, , Computers are used for storing the complex data, performing complex calculations, and for visualizing 3-dimensional objects for the use of researches., , •, , Launching rockets, space exploration are the main usage of computer in the, world., , •, , The development in scientific technology and new inventions by scientists are only, with the help of the computers., , Page | 29 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.23: Scientific research, Entertainment, •, , Computers had a major impact on the entertainment industry., , •, , People look forward for an entertainment and recreation, to reduce their stress, and strains of their complex machine like schedules., , •, , There are many numbers of entertaining things developed with the help of, computers. For example, movie using animation, development of music., , •, , With the advent of the internet, computers are means of entertainment such as, watching shows, movies and videos., , •, , The computers are also used to listen music, download and share music, create, music using computers, etc., , FIG 1.24: Entertainment, Government, •, , Computers are used by the government in various ways., , Page | 30 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , The government uses computers to manage its own operations and also for, e-Governance., , •, , Government websites are more useful to the peoples., , •, , Computers are used to pay all the taxes online, apply for all government related, jobs, e-Filing tax returns, pay electricity bills, apply for PAN (Permanent Account, Number) card, apply for passports and to access property & asset related records., , FIG 1.25: Filing tax, , Business, •, , On-line purchase of any items becomes the order of the day., , •, , Booking of tickets through on-line for flight, train, bus, movies, and hotels etc., made easier., , •, , On-line advertisement for buying and selling, online matrimonial for marriages, make life easier., , Designing, •, , Computers are widely used in engineering design and manufacturing., , •, , Today in fashion design has reached new heights by computer aided methods of, design., , •, , New software programs continue to replace old manual skills., , Page | 31 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , Computer-aided Design (CAD), also known as Computer-Aided Design and, Drafting (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the process of design and, design-documentation., , •, , Various structural engineering software is used for designing of ships, buildings,, budgets, airplanes, etc., , •, , In Industrial engineering, computers are used to deal with design, implementation, and improvement of integrated systems of people, materials and equipment., , •, , In architectural engineering, computers help in planning towns, designing, buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D, drawings., , FIG 1.26: Architectural designing, , Page | 32 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU), Central Processing Unit (CPU), •, , The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer, it is a part of a, computer which interprets and executes instruction., , FIG 1.27: Central Processing Unit, •, , CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. It is also known as microprocessor or, processor., , FIG 1.28: Processor, •, , The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called, processing., , •, , The CPU takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of, calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data is provided. It is, then sent back to the storage unit., Page | 33 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , It processes the instructions that it collects by decoding the code in programs., , •, , The CPU chip is usually in the shape of a square or rectangle and has one, notched corner to help place the chip into the motherboard properly., , •, , The main functions of the CPU are to Fetch, Decode, Execute and Write back., , FIG 1.29: CPU Processor in Motherboard, , Functional block of CPU, •, , The two components in CPU are,,  Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU),  Control Unit (CU), , FIG 1.30: Functional block of CPU, •, , Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU),  The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations., , Page | 34 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC),  Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.,  Logical operations compare numbers, letters and special characters.,  The ALU is a fundamental building block of the Central Processing Unit of a, computer., •, , Control Unit (CU),  A Control Unit (CU) handles all processor control signals.,  It directs all input and output flow, fetches code for instructions from micro, programs and directs other units and models by providing control and timing, signals.,  Control Unit is designed in two ways;,  Hardwired control,  Micro program control,  Hardwired control,  The design is based on a fixed architecture. The CU is made up of flipflops, logic gates, digital circuits and encoder & decoder circuits that are, wired in a specific and fixed way.,  Micro program control,  Micro programs are stored in a special control memory and are based on, flowcharts.,  They are replaceable and ideal because of their simplicity., , Page | 35 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.2A Keyboard, Keyboard, •, , Keyboard is an input device., , FIG 1.31: Keyboard, •, , It is used to enter data into a computer and it is similar to a typewriter keyboard., , •, , A keyboard is usually includes alphabetic, numerical and common symbols used, in everyday transcription., , •, , Most of the keyboards have 80 to 110 keys including,,  Typing (Alphanumeric keys),  A numeric keypad,  Function keys,  Control keys, , •, , Typing (Alphanumeric keys),  The typing keys include the letters of the alphabet, generally laid out in the, same pattern used for typewriters.,  Which include same letter, number, punctuation, and symbol keys., , •, , A numeric keypad, Page | 36 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC),  The numeric keypad is a more recent addition to the computer keyboard.,  It is handy for entering numbers quickly. The 17 keys are grouped together in, a block like a conventional calculator or adding machine., •, , Function keys,  Keys that act as shortcuts for performing certain functions such as saving files, , or printing data.,  Function keys usually are lined along the top of the keyboard labeled F1, through F12.,  A program is capable of not only using individually, each of the function keys,, but also combining the function keys with the ALT or CTRL key, for example,, Microsoft Windows users can press ALT + F4 to close the program currently, active., •, , Control keys,  These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform certain, actions.,  The most using control keys are Insert, Home Page up, Page down, Delete,, End, Ctrl, Windows key., , •, , Some of the frequent uses key combinations are,,  Ctrl+F4 - Exit,  Ctrl+A, , - Select all, ,  Ctrl+C, , - Copy, ,  Ctrl+V, , - Paste, ,  Ctrl+B, , - Bold, ,  Ctrl+S, , - Save, , Page | 37 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.2B Mouse, Mouse, • Mouse is an input device for computers., • It is also called as a pointing device which contains an optical in its base., , FIG 1.32: Mouse, • The development of Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) has made the computer, mouse a standard input device, it is now practically available on any PC (Personal, Computer)., • The most conventional mouse has two buttons, the left and the right click. Left one, is used most frequently for clicking., • The left click lets the user click once to send a "Select" indication that provides the, user with feedback that a particular position has been selected for further action., • The next click on a selected position or two quick clicks on it causes a particular, action to take place on the selected object., • The right click, usually provides some less-frequently needed capability., • Use of right click., , Page | 38 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC),  Right-clicking an item, usually displays a list of things user can do with the, item.,  For example, when user right-clicks the Recycle Bin on your desktop, users, will see a menu with options to open it, empty it, rename it, or see its, properties., , FIG 1.33: Right clicking a mouse,  If you're ever unsure of what to do with something, right-click it., , Page | 39 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.2C Visual Display Unit (VDU), , Visual Display Unit (VDU), •, , The VDU called as monitor looks like a TV screen., , FIG 1.34: Visual Display Unit, •, , A monitor or display (sometimes called a Visual Display Unit) is an electronic, visual display for computers., , •, , The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry, and an enclosure. The display, device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal, display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors use a cathode ray tube about, as deep as the screen size., , •, , Monitors available in 14", 15", 17" and even 21 to 30" in size., , •, , It is used to get the data in the form of soft copy. Their functioning is exactly, similar to the television., , •, , It contains a CRT which emits the electrons to trace a regular pattern of horizontal, lines on the screen., , Page | 40 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Features of Monitor, •, , Most modern monitors will switch to a power-saving mode if no video-input signal, is received., , •, , This allows modern Operating Systems to turn off a monitor after a specified, period of inactivity. This not only saves power consumption; but also extends the, monitor's service life., , •, , The monitors having the highest resolution are often used in the graphic arts and, film industries etc., , Developmental changes in Monitor [From beginning until now], , CRT monitor → LCD monitor → LED monitor → UHD monitor, FIG 1.35: Stages of monitor, , Page | 41 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Chapter Name : 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.3A Other Input Devices, Input Device, •, , Input devices are devices used to input data or information into a computer., , Other Input devices, •, , An input device components such as,,  Scanner,  Barcode Reader,  Joystick,  Touch Screen,  Web cam,  Microphone, , FIG 1.36: Input Devices, , Page | 42 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.3B Scanner, Scanner, •, , A scanner is an input device that scans any documents such as photographs and, pages of text., , •, , Scanners are used to import a picture or document into the computer for sending, or printing., , FIG 1.37: Scanner, •, , Scanner works by placing the object to be scanned on the glass surface., , •, , While scanning a camera moves across the object, capturing the image and, storing it on the computer., , •, , When a document is scanned, it is converted into a digital format., , •, , Scanners have become an important part of the office over the last few years,, where file can be sent over the internet at a faster speed., , •, , The various types of scanners are,,  Flatbed scanner,  Sheet-fed scanner/ Auto feeder,  Hand held scanner,  Drum scanner, , Page | 43 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , Flatbed scanner,  A flatbed scanner is a type of scanner or copier that uses a flat, glass surface, for scanning documents or other objects., , FIG 1.38: Flatbed Scanner, •, , Sheet-fed scanner/Auto feeder,  A sheet fed scanner is a type of scanner that scans only one piece of paper at, a time and it has no room for bulky objects like books and other material., , FIG 1.39: Sheet-fed Scanner, •, , Handheld scanner,  A handheld scanner is a small scanning device used for digitizing images.,  Handheld scanners use the same basic technology as a flatbed scanner, but, rely on the user to move them instead of a motorized belt., , FIG 1.40: Handheld Scanner, , Page | 44 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , Drum scanner,  A drum scanner is a type of scanner used to capture the highest resolution of, an image., , FIG 1.41: Drum Scanner, , Page | 45 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.3C Barcode Reader, Barcode Reader, •, , A barcode reader, also called as price scanner or Point-of-sale (POS) scanner., , •, , It is a handheld or stationary input device used to capture and read the information, contained in a bar code., , FIG 1.42: Barcode Reader, •, , Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor, translating optical impulses into electrical ones., , •, , It contains a light sensitive detector which identifies the values of the bars on the, product and converts them into numeric code., , •, , These Barcode readers are used in shopping malls in a very large scale, to read, the article code and price., , •, , Bar codes are often used to help organize and index information or prices about, an object., , •, , Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry analyzing the, barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content, to the scanner's output port., , •, , A perfect example of a barcode reader is a super market bar code scanner that, reads and logs the price of a product., , Page | 46 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , There are five basic kinds of barcode readers such as,,  Pen Wands,  Slot Scanners,  Charge-Couple Device (CCD) Scanners,  Image Scanners,  Laser Scanners, , •, , Pen Wand,  Pen wand is the simplest bar code reader. It contains no moving parts and is, known for its durability and low cost.,  A pen wand can present a challenge to the user, however, because it has to, remain in direct contact with the bar code, must be held at a certain angle, and, has to be moved over the bar code at a certain speed., , •, , Slot Scanner,  Slot scanner remains stationary and the item with the bar code on it is pulled, by hand through the slot.,  Slot scanners are typically used to scan bar codes on identification cards., , •, , Charge Coupled Device (CCD) Scanner,  The Charge Coupled Device scanner has a better read-range than the pen, wand and is often used in retail sales.,  Typically, a CCD scanner has a "gun" type interface and has to be held no, more than one inch from the bar code.,  Each time the bar code is scanned, several readings are taken to reduce the, possibility of errors.,  A disadvantage of the CCD scanner is that it cannot read a bar code that is, wider than its input face., , •, , Image scanner,  The Image scanner is also called a camera reader, which uses a small video, camera to capture an image of the bar code and then uses sophisticated digital, image processing techniques to decode the bar code., , Page | 47 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC),  It can read a bar code from about 3 to 9 inches away and generally costs less, than a laser scanner., •, , Laser Scanner,  The Laser scanner is either handheld or stationary, does not have to be close, to the bar code in order to do its job.,  It uses a system of mirrors and lenses to allow the scanner to read the bar, code regardless of orientation, and can easily read a bar code up to 24 inches, away.,  To reduce the possibility of errors, a laser scanning may perform up to 500, scans per second. Specialized long-range laser scanners are capable of, reading a bar code up to 30 feet away., , Page | 48 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.3D Joystick, , Joystick, •, , A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports, its angle or direction of the device it is controlling., , FIG 1.43: Joystick, •, , A joystick, also known as the control column, it is the principal control device in, the cockpit of many civilian and military aircraft, either as a center stick or sidestick., , •, , It often has supplementary switches to control various aspects of the aircraft's, flight., , •, , Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more, push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer., , Page | 49 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.4A Other Output Devices, Other Output Devices, •, , The devices which are used to display the data/information to the user either in, the form of hard copy or soft copy are called output devices., , •, , Output device converts data from binary form to human readable form., , •, , An output devices are such as,,  Printer,  Plotter,  Speaker, , Page | 50 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.4B Printer, Printer, •, , A printer is an electromechanical device which converts the text and graphical, documents from electronic form to the physical form., , •, , Generally they are the external peripheral devices which are connected with the, computers or laptops through a cable or wirelessly to receive input data and print, them on the papers., , •, , A wide range of printers are available with a variety of features ranging from, printing black and white text documents to high quality colored graphic images., , •, , Quality of printer is identified by its features like color quality, speed of printing,, resolution etc., , •, , Modern printers come with multipurpose function i.e. they are combination of, printer, scanner, photocopier, fax, etc., , Types of printer, •, , There are different types of printers and those are,,  Dot matrix printer,  Inkjet printer,  Laser printer, , •, , Dot matrix printer,  It is a popular computer printer that prints text and graphics on the paper by, using tiny dots to form the desired shapes., , FIG 1.44: Dot matrix Printer, , Page | 51 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , Inkjet printer,  Inkjet printing is a type of computer printer that creates a digital image by, propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates., , FIG 1.45: Inkjet Printer, •, , Laser printer,  Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process that rapidly produces, high quality text and graphics by passing a laser beam over a charged drum to, define a differentially charged image., , FIG 1.46: Laser Printer, , Page | 52 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.4C Plotter, Plotter, •, , The plotter is a computer printer for printing vector graphics., , FIG 1.47: Plotter, •, , A plotter is a printer that interprets commands from a computer to make line, drawings on paper with one or more automated pen., , •, , A plotter is a computer hardware device similar to a printer that uses a pen, pencil,, marker or other writing tool to make a design., , •, , The plotters were the first type of printer that could print with color and render, graphics and full-size engineering drawings., , •, , Plotters are much more expensive than normal printers., , Page | 53 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.4D Speaker, Speaker, •, , Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are speakers attached external to a, computer, for better sound to view video, play audio and doing some graphic, entertainment work., , FIG 1.48: Speaker, •, , Speakers are transducers that convert electromagnetic waves into sound waves., , •, , The speakers receive audio input from a device such as a computer or an audio, receiver, this input may be either in analog or digital form., , •, , Analog speakers simply amplify the analog electromagnetic waves into sound, waves., , •, , Since sound waves are produced in analog form, digital speakers must first, convert the digital input to an analog signal, then generate the sound waves., , •, , The internal amplifiers require an external power source, usually an AC adapter., , •, , Speakers typically come in pairs, which allow them to produce stereo sound. This, means the left and right speakers transmit audio on two completely separate, channels., , Page | 54 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , By using two speakers, music, sounds much more natural since our ears are used, to hear sounds from the left and right at the same time. Surround systems may, include four to seven speakers (plus a subwoofer), which creates an even more, realistic experience., , •, , There are different types of speakers available according to the sound system are.,  2.1 Speakers,  5.1 Speakers,  7.1 Speakers, , •, , 2.1 Speakers,  2.1 speakers are basically a pair of stereo speaker and a powered subwoofer., , FIG 1.49: 2.1 Speaker, •, , 5.1 Speakers,  5.1 Speaker is the common name for six channel surround sound multichannel, audio systems.,  5.1, , is, , now, , the, , most, , commonly, , used, , layouts, , in, , both, , commercial cinemas & home theaters. It uses five full bandwidth channels, and one low - frequency effects channel., , Page | 55 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.50: 5.1 Surround Speaker, •, , 7.1 Speakers,  7.1 Speaker is the common name for an eight-channel surround audio system, commonly used in home theatre configurations.,  A 7.1 surround system splits the surround and rear channel information into, four distinct channels, in which sound effects are directed to left and right, surround channels, plus two rear surround channels., , FIG 1.51: 7.1 Surround Speaker, , Page | 56 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.5A Computer Memory, Computer Memory, •, , Computer memory is a device that stores computer's data and programs., , FIG 1.52: Computer Memory (RAM), •, , It stores program, data results or any kind of information., , •, , Memory stores binary information, i.e. 0's and 1's in internal storage areas in, the computer., , •, , Moreover, the term memory is usually used as a shorthand for physical memory,, which refers to the actual chips capable of holding data., , •, , Some computers also use virtual memory, which expands physical memory onto, a hard disk., , Page | 57 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.5B Types of Memory, Types of Memory, •, , The computer memory is divided into two types are,,  Primary or main memory,  Secondary memory, , FIG 1.53: Types of Memory, Primary memory, •, , Primary memory is used for immediate access of data by the processor., , •, , Most computer systems around the world use primary memory., , •, , While primary memory storage demonstrates faster processing ability, it is costly, and hence is not largely used for data storage., , •, , Primary memory can be divided into two types.,  RAM (Random Access Memory),  ROM (Read Only Memory), , RAM (Random Access Memory), •, , RAM is the central storage unit in a computer system., , Page | 58 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , It is the place in a computer where the Operating System, application programs, and the data in current use are kept temporarily so that they can be accessed by, the computer’s processor., , •, , The information stored in the RAM is typically loaded from the computer's hard, disk, and includes data related to the Operating System and certain applications., , FIG 1.54: RAM (Random Access Memory), •, , There are primarily two forms of RAM:,  Static RAM (SRAM),  Dynamic RAM (DRAM), , Static RAM (SRAM), •, , SRAM is more expensive among other forms of RAMs, SRAM uses bistable, latching circuitry to store one bit each, and hence it is faster than its counterpart., , •, , Its high price prevents it from being widely used in everyday computing machines,, but many modern machines use SRAM as the processor's cache register., , Dynamic RAM (DRAM), •, , DRAM is widely used in modern computers as primary memory, DRAM is slower, than SRAM, but is inexpensive due to its one transistor-one capacitor paired, assembly of memory storage., , •, , The Example of dynamic RAM such as DDR2, DDR3 RAM., , ROM (Read Only Memory), •, , Unlike RAM, ROM is a permanent form of storage. ROM stays active regardless, of whether the power supply to it is turned on or off., , Page | 59 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , In spite of this, ROM was used (in rare cases is still used) as the primary device, for most computers back in the 80’s. This was because ROM devices do not allow, data stored on them to be modified., , •, , As the name itself suggests, data can only be accessed and read by the user, not, overwritten, upgraded, or modified., , •, , It is an ideal choice for bootable devices for old computers, programmable, interpreters, and the portable OS files carrier., , •, , The system programs stored on a ROM device could never be altered and hence,, stayed secure for use., , Page | 60 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.3 Components of Computer System, Topic: 1.3.5C Secondary memory, Secondary memory, •, , Secondary memory refers to storage devices, such as hard drives and Solid State, Drives (SSD). It may also refer to removable storage media, such as USB flash, drives, memory chips/cards, CDs, and DVDs., , •, , Secondary memory is much slower than primary memory, however, it typically, offers a far greater storage capacity., , •, , For example, a computer may have a one Terabyte hard drive, but only 16GB, (gigabytes) of RAM. That means the computer has roughly 64 times more, secondary memory than primary memory., , •, , Additionally, secondary memory is non-volatile, meaning it retains its data with or, without electrical power. RAM on the other hand, is erased when a computer is, shut down or restarted., , •, , Therefore, secondary memory is used to store "permanent data," such as, the Operating System, applications, and user files., , •, , The secondary memory, such as,  Floppy disk,  Magnetic tape,  Hard disk drive,  Optical disk, , •, , Floppy disk (Not in use),  These are small removable disks that are plastic coated with magnetic, recording material.,  This portable storage device is a rewritable media and can be reused a, number of times., , Page | 61 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.55: Floppy disk, •, , Magnetic tape (Not in use),  The Magnetic tape is Flat, circular platter with metallic coating that is rotated, beneath read/write heads.,  It is a random access Device; read/write head can be moved to any location on, the platter., , FIG 1.56: Magnetic tape, •, , Hard disk drive,  Another form of auxiliary storage is a hard disk. A hard disk consists of one or, more rigid metal plates coated with a metal oxide material that allows data to, be magnetically recorded on the surface of the platters.,  The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed, typically 5400 to 7200, Revolutions Per Minute (RPM).,  Storage capacities of hard disks for personal computers range from 10 GB to, 120 GB (one billion bytes are called a gigabyte)., , Page | 62 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.57: Hard disk, , •, , Optical disk,  An Optical disk is any storage media that holds content in digital format and is, read using a laser assembly is considered optical media.,  The most common types of optical media are Blu-ray, CDs, and DVDs.,  Computers can read and write to CDs (Compact Disk) and DVDs (Digital Video, Disk) using a CD writer or DVD writer drive, and a Blu-ray is read with a Bluray drive.,  Drives such as a CD-R (CD-recordable) and DVD-R (DVD-recordable) drive, that can read and write information to discs are known as magneto-optic (MO).,  CDs can store up to 700 megabytes (MB) of data., , Page | 63 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.58: Optical CD,  DVDs can store up to 8.5 GB of data., , FIG 1.59: Optical DVD,  Blu-ray discs, which are the newest type of optical media, can store up to 50, GB of data., , FIG 1.60: Optical Blu-ray, , Page | 64 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.4 Concept of Hardware and Software, Topic: 1.4.1 Hardware, Hardware, •, , Computer hardware is the physical components like mother board, ROM, RAM, that connects the computer system., , •, , In other words Computer hardware is the mechanical, electronic and electrical, components that make up a computer system, and controlled by software or, operating system., , FIG 1.61: Computer Hardware, •, , Computer hardware refers to the components of a computer, such as the monitor,, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, Hard Drive Disk (HDD) etc., , Components of Hardware, •, , There are many different kinds of hardware that can be installed inside, and, connected to the outside of a computer.,  Internal hardware device,  External hardware device, , •, , Internal hardware device,  The internal hardware devices that are installed inside CPU include motherboards, hard drives, and RAM., , Page | 65 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.62: Internal hardware devices, •, , External hardware devices,  The external hardware devices can be viewed outside. It includes the Central, Processing Unit, keyboard, mouse, speaker, webcam, microphone etc., , FIG 1.63: External hardware devices, •, , A perfect example of hardware is a computer monitor, which is an output, device that lets user see what you're doing on the computer., , •, , Without any hardware, your computer would not exist and software would not be, able to run., , •, , Computer hardware devices are used to perform two critical tasks.,  Giving input instructions to the computer.,  Getting output data from the computer., , Page | 66 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.4 Concept of Hardware and Software, Topic: 1.4.2A Software, Software, •, , Software is a collection of instructions that enables the user to interact with a, computer, this set of instruction is often called as a "program"., , •, , A program is a sequence of instruction written to solve a particular problem., , •, , The software is all the instructions written for the computer's hardware to function, properly., , •, , For example, without your internet browser software user cannot browse the, internet or read this page and without a software Operating System the browser, would not be able to run on the user's computer., , •, , Program: A finite set of sequence of instructions., , •, , Software is often packaged on CD-ROMs and diskettes or downloaded from the, internet., , •, , Today, much purchased software is downloaded over the Internet., , •, , Examples of computer software are, , Page | 67 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC),  Windows Operating System,  Microsoft Office,  Device Driver software,  Assembler and compiler software, Note: Above mentioned software are of the respective vendors., Types of Software, •, , There are two categories of software are:,  Application software,  System software, , Page | 68 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.4 Concept of Hardware and Software, Topic: 1.4.2B Application Software, Application Software, •, , Application software is computer software designed to help the user to perform, singular or multiple related specific tasks., , •, , They act as instructions which direct the hardware to perform specific functions., , •, , Application software cannot be operated unable to run without the Operating, System and system utilities., , •, , Application software can be used as a productivity/business tool; to assist with, graphics and multimedia projects., , •, , Examples of Application Software are,  Microsoft Word,  Microsoft PowerPoint,  Macromedia Freehand,  Adobe Photoshop,  CorelDraw, , Note: Above & below mentioned software/Logos are of respective vendors., , FIG 1.64: Application software, , Page | 69 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Types of Application software, •, , General purpose application software is designed to satisfy common needs of, various businesses such as,,  Word processing software,  Database software,  Multimedia software,  Educational software,  Application suites, , •, , Word processing software,  Word processing software enables users to create and edit documents.,  The most popular of this type of software are MS-word, WordPad., , •, , Database software,  A database is a structured collection of data.,  This database software allows users to store and retrieve data from databases.,  Examples are MS Access, File maker pro and Apple works etc., , •, , Multimedia software,  The multimedia software allows users to create and play audio and video files.,  They are capable of playing all types of media files.,  Examples of this type of software are Windows Media player and RealTek, Real player., , •, , Educational software,  The educational software has the capabilities of running tests and tracking, progress.,  It also has the capabilities of collaborative software.,  This type of software is often used in teaching and e-learning.,  Some of the well-known dictionaries like Britannica, Encarta are using this, software., Note: Above mentioned software are of respective vendors., , Page | 70 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , Application suites,  An application suite consists of a group of applications combined top perform, related functions.,  These application suites come as a bundle of applications like Word processor,, Spreadsheets, Presentation software etc., , •, , Features of application software,  Application software is close to users.,  This software is easy to understand and manipulate.,  Application software is easy to design., , Page | 71 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.4 Concept of Hardware and Software, Topic: 1.4.2C System Software, Definition, •, , Systems software is a set of instructions that serves primarily as an intermediary, between computer hardware and application programs, and may also be directly, manipulated by knowledgeable users., , •, , It makes the operation of a computer system more effective and efficient., , •, , Systems software provides important self-regulatory functions for computer, systems, such as,  Loading itself when the computer is first turned on.,  Managing hardware resources such as secondary storage for all applications, and,  Providing commonly used sets of instructions for all applications to use., , •, , Without using the system software, there may be no computer program that can, be run on a computer system., , •, , So the system software is an important or indispensable part of the computer, system., , Page | 72 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.65: Structure of System Software, Types of System Software, •, , Operating System (OS), , •, , Utility Programs, , Operating System (OS), •, , Operating System is an important system software found almost in all computers., , •, , Operating System is defined as the program, that instructs the computer how to, work with its various components., , •, , It helps to manage files and checks the various peripheral devices such as, printers, monitors, etc., , •, , The OS itself is a collection of programs, these programs translate our instructions, to the computer's language and then translate the computer's response from, computer's language to the user understandable form., , Page | 73 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Utility Programs, •, , Utility software is a type of system software designed to help analyze, configure,, optimize and maintain the computer., , •, , A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool., , •, , Utility software should not be confused with application software, which allows, users to do things like creating text documents, playing games, listening to music, or surfing the web., , •, , Rather than providing these kinds of user-oriented or output-oriented functionality,, utility software usually focuses on how the computer infrastructure (including the, computer, , hardware,, , operating, , system,, , application, , software, , and, , data, , storage)operates., •, , Due to this focus, utilities are often rather technical and targeted at people with an, advanced level of computer knowledge., , •, , Examples of utility software include,,  Virus scanner - to protect your system from trojans and viruses,  Disk defragmenter - to speed up your hard disk,  System monitor - to look at your current system resources,  File managers - to add, delete, rename and move files and folders, , Features of system software such as, •, , The system software is faster in speed., , •, , Smaller in size., , •, , System software is generally written in low level language., , Page | 74 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Difference between Application software and System software, , Page | 75 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Chapter: 1.4 Concept of Hardware and Software, Topic: 1.4.3A Programming Languages, Programming Languages, •, , A programming language is a set of commands, instructions and other syntax use, to create a software program., , •, , Languages that programmers use to write code are called "high-level languages"., , •, , The code written in high-level language can be compiled into a "low-level, language", which is recognized directly by the computer hardware., , FIG 1.66: Programming languages, •, , The most basic computer language is the machine language (low-level) that uses, binary (0's and 1's) code which a computer can run (execute) very fast without, using any translator or interpreter program, , •, , The high-level languages (such as Basic, C, Java) are much simpler to use,, but need to use another program (a compiler or an interpreter) to convert the highlevel code into the machine code, and are therefore slower., , •, , The earliest programming languages preceded the invention of the computer, and, were used to direct the behavior of machines., , Page | 76 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the, computer field, and many more still are being created every year., , •, , The description of a programming language is usually split into the two, components such as syntax (form) and semantics (meaning)., , Page | 77 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Chapter: 1.4 Concept of Hardware and Software, Topic: 1.4.3B Types of Programming Languages, Types of Programming Languages, •, , Different languages have different purposes, so it makes sense to talk about, different kinds, or types, of languages. Some types are,,  Machine Languages,  Assembly Languages,  High level Languages, , Page | 78 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.4 Concept of Hardware and Software, Topic: 1.4.3C Machine Languages, Machine Languages, •, , Machine language is the only language that a computer understands., , •, , Machine language is a low-level programming language. It is easily understood by, computers, but difficult to read by people., , •, , Each statement in a machine language program is a sequence of bits. Each bit, may be set to 0 or 1., , •, , A series of bits represents instructions that a computer can understand. For, example, the number 455 is represented by the bit sequence 111000111., , •, , Programs written in high-level languages are compiled and/or interpreted, (converted) into machine language (0's and 1's) so computers can execute them., , FIG 1.67: Machine language code, Advantage of machine language, •, , The only advantage is that program of machine language run very fast because, no translation program is required for the CPU., , Disadvantage of machine language, •, , It is very difficult to program in machine language., , Page | 79 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , The programmer has to remember a lot of code to write a program which results in, program errors., , •, , It is difficult to debug the program., , Page | 80 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.4 Concept of Hardware and Software, Topic: 1.4.3D Assembly Languages, Assembly Languages, •, , Assembly language is a representation of machine language., , •, , The program is in alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and 1’s. The designer, chooses easy symbols that are to be remembered by the programmer, so that the, programmer can easily develop the program in assembly language., , •, , The programs written in other than the machine language need to be converted to, the machine language., , •, , Translators are needed for conversion from one language to another language., , •, , Assemblers are used to convert assembly language program to machine, language., , •, , Every processor has its own assembly language., , •, , The alphanumeric symbols are called mnemonics in the assembly language. The, ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV, etc are some symbols called mnemonics., , FIG 1.68: Assembly language structure, , Page | 81 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Advantages of Assembly language, •, , The symbolic programming in assembly language is easier to understand and, saves a lot of time and effort by the programmer., , •, , It is easier to correct errors and modify program instructions., , Disadvantages of Assembly language, •, , One of the major disadvantages is that assembly language is machine dependent., , •, , A program written for one computer might not run on other computers with, different hardware configuration., , Page | 82 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.4 Concept of Hardware and Software, Topic: 1.4.3E High Level Languages, High Level Languages, •, , Procedure-oriented languages are high-level languages. These languages are, employed for easy and speedy development of a program., , •, , The disadvantages observed with assembly languages are overcome by highlevel languages., , •, , The programmer does not need to remember the architecture and registers of a, CPU for developing a program., , •, , The compilers are used to translate high-level language program to machine, language., , •, , High level languages are designed to be used by the human operator or the, programmer., , •, , High-level language doesn’t require addressing hardware constraints to a greater, extent when developing a program., , •, , High level languages have the following features such as, easier to write, easier to, read, easier to maintain, portable can across different CPU families, supports a, wide range of data types., , •, , Examples of high level language are C, C++, Java, Python etc., , Advantages of High level language, •, , Testing and debugging a program is easier than in the assembly language., , •, , Portability of a program from one machine to other., , Disadvantage of High level language, •, , A disadvantage of high-level languages is that they are usually less powerful and, less efficient, since statements are busy., , •, , High-level languages also need to be compiled and/or interpreted into machine, language before execution., , Page | 83 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Chapter: 1.5 Representation of Data/Information, Topic: 1.5.1A Computer - Number system, Computer - Number system, •, , The data input, given to the computer in the form of digits, alphabet, symbols,, video, audio, etc., is understood by computer only as 0’s and 1’s. It converts all, input data into 0’s and ‘1s., , •, , Each character is represented as a unique combination of 0’s and 1’s., , •, , Number system is a way to represent a number., , •, , Number system used in the computer and is classified into:,  Decimal number system,  Binary number system,  Octal number system,  Hexadecimal number system, , FIG 1.69: Classification of Number System, , Page | 84 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.5 Representation of Data/Information, Topic: 1.5.1B Decimal number system, , Decimal number system, •, , The prefix- "deci-" stands for 10., , •, , The decimal numbers are specified with base or radix (10). For e.g. 3456(10) or, 3456., , •, , It consists of 10 digits- 0,1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9., , •, , In the decimal number system, the successive position to the left of the decimal, point represents units, tens, hundreds, thousands etc.,, , FIG 1.70: Representation of Place Values, , FIG 1.71: Digits Representation of Decimal Number, , Page | 85 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Example 1:, , FIG 1.72: Position and Weight Representation of Decimal Number, •, , In this example, decimal number 5319 (10) shows weight of each digit is a power, of 10., , •, , Each digit also has position number. The first digit on the right is zero, the next, digit is one and so on., , Page | 86 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.5 Representation of Data/Information, Topic: 1.5.1C Binary number system, , Binary number system, •, , The prefix "bi-" stands for 2., , •, , The binary numbers are specified with base or radix (2), because it contains only, two numbers (0’s and 1’s). For e.g... 10011 (2)., , FIG 1.73: Digits Representation of Binary Number, , •, , The leftmost bit is called Most Significant Bit (MSB) and the rightmost bit is called, Least Significant Bit (LSB)., , FIG 1.74: MSB and LSB, , Page | 87 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Example, , Page | 88 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.5 Representation of Data/Information, Topic: 1.5.1D Octal number system, Octal number system, •, , The number system with base or radix digit (8) is known as an octal number, system., , •, , This system consists of eight digits, i.e. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7., , •, , In this system, the largest single digit is 7, which is one less than the base., , •, , Each position in this number system represents a power of the base number (8)., , •, , The following table explains weight and weight values of octal number., , •, , To represent an octal digit in a binary system, 3bits (23 = 8) are sufficient., , Example, •, , The binary equivalent of 26.2(8) is 10110.01(2)., , FIG 1.75: Conversion of Binary to Octal Number, , Page | 89 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.5 Representation of Data/Information, Topic: 1.5.1E Hexadecimal number system, Hexadecimal number system, •, , The number system with base or radix digit is (16) is known as hexadecimal, number system., , •, , This system requires 16 digits to represent the number., , •, , The first 10 digits are digits of the decimal system from 0 to 9 and remaining 6, digits are denoted by (A to F) which representing decimal values (10 to 15) where, A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15., , FIG 1.76 : Bit Representation, , FIG 1.77: Digits Representation of Hexadecimal Number, , Page | 90 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Example, •, , Conversion of binary to hexadecimal., , Page | 91 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.5 Representation of Data/Information, Topic: 1.5.1F Conversions from one system to another system, Conversion of decimal to binary, •, , The easiest way to convert decimal to its binary equivalent is to use division, algorithm., , •, , Divide by two, keep track of the remainder at each step., , •, , Put a remainder bit as 0, if that number gets divided by two., , •, , Put a remainder bit as 1, if that number not divided by two., , FIG 1.78: Example for Decimal to Binary Conversion, •, , The binary equivalent of 67(10) is 1000011(2)., , Conversion of binary to decimal, •, , Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is "weight" of bits., , •, , The weight is position of the bit, which starts from 0 on the right, then 1 and goes, on., , •, , Add the result., , Page | 92 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.79: Example for Binary to Decimal Conversion, •, , Decimal equivalent of 11010(2) is 26(10)., , Conversion of binary to hexadecimal, •, , Group bits in fours, starting from the right., , •, , Convert to hexadecimal digits, , •, , To convert 1011010111(2) to hexadecimal, just substitute the codes., , FIG 1.80: Example of Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion, •, , The hexadecimal equivalent of 1011010111(2) is 2C7(16), , Page | 93 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Conversion of hexadecimal to binary, •, , Convert each hexadecimal digit to a four bit equivalent binary representation., , •, , To convert 10AF (16) to binary, just substitute the codes., , FIG 1.81: Example for Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion, •, , The Binary equivalent of 10AF (16) is 0001000010101111(2)., , Page | 94 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.6 Concept of Data processing, Topic: 1.6.1 Data Processing, Definition, •, , Data processing is the process in which the information is gathered/collected and, stored in the form of electronic media and manipulated into a more useful form., , Data Processing Cycles, •, , The data processing cycle consists of the following steps :,  Input,  Processing,  Output,  Storage, , FIG 1.82: Data Processing Cycle, •, , Input,  In this step the input data are coded or converted into machine readable form,, so that it can be processed through a computer., , •, , Processing, , Page | 95 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC),  Input data are changed and combined with other information to produce data in, a more useful form.,  The actual data manipulation techniques such as classifying, sorting,, calculating, summarizing, comparing, etc. that convert data into information., •, , Output,  It transmits results from previous steps after processing of data.,  It depends on the use of a particular type of data. Sometimes output also, needs decoding activity which converts into a user readable form., , •, , Storage,  The gathered output is stored in physical storage devices for future use., , Functions of Data Processing, •, , The four major functions of data processing of a computer are:,  Validating,  Sorting,  Analyzing,  Reporting, , •, , Validating,  Validating data helps user to identify invalid cases, variables and data value in, the particular data set.,  After validation data will be clean, correct and useful., , •, , Sorting,  Arranging data in a specific order is called sorting.,  For e.g. names in telephone book are sorted in alphabetical order., , •, , Analyzing,  It is the process in which data is organized, reviewed, verified and interpreted., , •, , Reporting,  In this function a collection of data is condensed and certain conclusions from, the data are represented in a simple form., , Page | 96 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Chapter: 1.7 Application of IECT, Topic: 1.7.1A Application of IECT, Application of IECT, •, , IECT stands for Information Electronics Communication Technology., , •, , It is a branch of DOEACC (Department of Electronics and Accreditation of, Computer Courses) society dealing with the training of govt. sponsored program in,  Computer fundamentals,  Operating System,  MS-Office,  Troubleshooting,  Maintenance of PC, , •, , It is used in various sectors to generate quality of manpower., , •, , Governments are specialized institutions that contribute to governance., , •, , Representatives of government seek and receive citizen support, but they also, need the active cooperation of their public servants., , •, , Governance is the outcome of politics, policies, and programs., , Page | 97 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.7 Application of IECT, Topic: 1.7.1B e-Governance, What is e-Governance?, •, , The term 'Governance' is wider than 'Government'., , •, , Governance may be an activity of governing/controlling a country by its, Government, similar to controlling an organization or a company by its CEO or, Board of Directors or controlling a household by the head of the house., , •, , e-Governance therefore means the application of IECT to transform the efficiency,, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of exchange of information and, transaction:,  Between Governments,,  Between Government Agencies,,  Between Government and Citizens,,  Between Government and Businesses., , •, , e-Governance also aims to empower people through giving them access to, information., , •, , e-Governance uses a range of modern Information and Communication, Technologies such as,  Internet,  Mobiles/ Tablet,  Laptops/ Computers, , Page | 98 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.83: E-governance, Objectives of e-Governance, •, , The objectives/ aims of e-Governance are,  To build an informed society.,  To increase government and citizen interaction,  To encourage citizen participation,  To bring transparency in the governing process,  To make the government accountable,  To reduce the cost of governance,  To reduce the reaction time of the government, , Page | 99 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.84: e-Governance in multi task, •, , These are implemented by government to improve the effectiveness, efficiency,, service delivery and to promote an effective and efficient democracy., , Scope of e-Governance, •, , Governance is all about the flow of information between the government and, Citizens, government and businesses and government to government., , •, , e-Governance also covers all these relationships as follows:,  Government to Citizen (G2C),  Citizen to Government (C2G),  Government to Government (G2G),  Government to Business (G2B), , Advantages of e-Governance, •, , Following are the advantages of e-Governance :, , Page | 100 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC),  Speed,  Cost reduction,  Transparency,  Accountability, •, , Speed,  Technology makes communication speedier.,  Internet, Phones, Cell Phones have reduced the time taken in normal, communication., , •, , Cost reduction,  Most of the government expenditure is appropriated towards the cost of, stationary.,  Paper-based communication needs lots of stationary, printers, computers, etc.,, which call for continuous heavy expenditure.,  Internet and phones make communication cheaper and valuable money for the, government, , •, , Transparency,  Use of IECT makes governing process transparent.,  All the information of the government would be made available on the internet., , •, , Accountability,  Once the governing process is made transparent the government is, automatically made accountable.,  Accountability is answerability of the government to the people.,  An accountable government is a responsible government., , Page | 101 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Chapter: 1.7 Application of IECT, Topic: 1.7.2A Multimedia, Definition, •, , A media which combines different content forms of text, audio, video, animation,, interactive features, still images to get a finished product is defined as multimedia., , •, , Multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of media., , •, , Multimedia uses computers to present in various ways and combinations made, possible through the advancement of technology., , •, , For e.g. "multimedia presentation" involves audio and video clips; "multimedia, software” involves animations, sounds and texts., , FIG 1.85: Multimedia Resources, , Page | 102 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , FIG 1.86: Multimedia, , Multimedia Systems, •, , A basic multimedia system includes,  Input devices and software,  Output devices,  Backing storage, , •, , Input devices and software,  Input devices include keyboard, mouse, scanners and Optical Character, Recognition (OCR) software, microphone and Voice Recognition software,, digital camera and digital camera software, video camera., , •, , Output devices,  Output devices include monitor, speakers, sound cards, data projectors., , •, , Backing storage,  To store multimedia presentation user need backing storage.,  Some of the devices used for backing storage are,  Hard disk,  Floppy disk,  Compact disks,  USB - Flash drive, , Page | 103 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), Advantages of multimedia, •, , It improves learning process, the sense that the user can sit and watch the, presentation, read the text and hear the audio., , •, , It is user-friendly to create 2D and 3D videos and games. Popular software used, in multimedia design are:,  2D (Two Dimensional) animation tools - Flash, Photoshop, etc.,  3D (Three Dimensional) animation tools - Autodesk Maya, Adobe Premiere,, etc., , Applications of multimedia, •, , Multimedia can be used in a variety of ways and fields., , •, , It is being used to create interactive websites., , •, , It makes online user more interesting, because it uses different building to make a, web page., , •, , Education,  It can be used as a source of information.,  Teachers can use multimedia presentation to make lessons more interesting.,  It is used to produce computer-based training courses., , •, , Entertainment,  It is heavily used in the entertainment industries, especially to add special, effects in movies and animation.,  Multimedia games are popular pastimes.,  Nowadays, animated films are becoming more popular than ever before.,  Examples of 3D movies are Avatar, Iron Man, and X-men., , •, , Scientific Researches,  Simulation and modeling of new equipment are demonstrated with the help of, multimedia., , Page | 104 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Chapter: 1.7 Application of IECT, Topic: 1.7.2B Entertainment, Entertainment, •, , Multimedia entertainment applications aim at diverting users, engaging them in, amazing experiences such as:,  Reading books,  Listening to music,  Enjoying videos,  Playing games, , •, , Reading Books,  User can read novels and any kind of books just like real books, then able to, click on links throughout the text.,  Take a note and type directly on documents.,  It will take user to maps, videos and anything else., , FIG 1.87: Multimedia Books, , Page | 105 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , •, , Listening to Music, , FIG 1.88: Music,  People use music as a form of entertainment.,  ITunes is the famous mobile application developed by Apple, it is used to, download and play audios and videos.,  Windows Multimedia Player, VLC are famous software used to listen music.,  Devices used to listen music are mobile, headset, iPod, speaker, etc., •, , Enjoying videos, , FIG 1.89: Videos,  Devices used to watch videos are monitor, Tabs, Laptops, etc.,  VLC, Flash movie player, etc. are software used to play video., , Page | 106 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), •, , Playing Games, , FIG 1.90: Playing Games,  Flash is one of the best 2D animation software used to make 2D video games.,  For e.g. Aladdin video game is created with the help of flash software., , Note: Above mentioned software are of the respective vendors., , Page | 107 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Chapter: 1.8 Summary, Topic: Summary, •, , In this class, we have learnt about,,  Basics of computer,  Components of computer system,  Concept of hardware and software,  Representation of Data/Information,  Concept of data processing,  Application of IECT, , Page | 108 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Chapter: 1.9 Model Questions, Topic: Model Questions, , Model Questions, •, , Write about the generations of computer., , •, , Write about the components of computer system., , •, , Explain about Application software and System software., , •, , Write about the representation of data or information., , •, , Explain the concept of data processing., , •, , Explain the application of IECT., , Page | 109 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Assessment 1, 1. The Computer is an electronic device that ___________., a) Accepts (reads) data from the input device, b) Processes the data by performing calculations and operations on it as, per instructions, c) Generates (writes) the desired output results on to the specified output, devices., d) All the above, 2. The First generation of computers started using _______________ as the basic, components for memory and circuitry for CPU., a) vacuum tubes, b) vacuum cleaner, c) vacuum pump, d) None of the above, 3. CPU stands for___________________., a) Control Processing Unit, b) Central Performance Unit, c) Central Processing Unit, d) Control Performance Unit, 4. e-Governance uses a range of modern Information and Communication Technologies, such as_______________________, a) Internet, b) Mobiles/ Tablet, c) Laptops/ Computers, d) All the above, 5. Assembly language is a representation of___________________., a) Assembly Languages, b) Machine language, c) High level Languages, d) None of the above, , Page | 110 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Answers:, 1. d, 2 a, 3. c, 4. d, 5. a, , Page | 111 F 2

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E-Content of, COURSE ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS (CCC), , Assessment 2 (True/False), 1. The data input, given to the computer in the form of digits, alphabet, symbols, video,, audio., a) True, b) False, 2. Keyboard, mouse, light pen, microphone, touch screen, joystick are few output, devices., a) True, b) False, 3. Input devices are devices used to input data or information into a computer., a) True, b) False, , Answers:, 1. a, 2 b, 3. a, , Page | 112 F 2