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INDEX, S.No, , NAME OF THE LESSON, , 1, , What is science, , 2, , Cell-The basic unit of life, , 3, , Story of micro organisms -I and II, , 4, , Reproduction in animals, , 5, , Attaining the age of adolescence, , 6, , Biodiversity and its conservation, , 7, , Different Ecosystems, , 8, , Production of food from plants, , 9, , Production of food from animals, , 10, , Not for drinking-not for breathing, , 11, , Why do we fall ill

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1.What Is Science, Key points:, 1. The word science comes from the word Scientia it means knowledge ., 2. Science is an organized study of knowledge which is based on experimentation., 3. Scientist follow a specific way for their innovation called scientific method., 4. Species found restricted to a particular area of a country are called endemic, species., 5.There are over 1000 organisms living on our skin., 6. Science process skills are useful to speak ,listen ,read, write or think., , 4 marks Question and answers., 1.What are scientific methods? Write the steps involved in a scientist work., A. Scientists solve a problem OR answer a question by using organized ways they, are called scientific methods ., Scientific method follows these steps, Step1: ask questions, Step2: form hypothesis, Step3: plan experiment, Step4: conduct the experiment, Step5: draw conclusions and communicate results., 2. How do you appreciate the contributions of scientists?, A.a)Scientists made a significant contributions to understand science.

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b) Due to the work of scientists people are saved from deadly diseases., c) Scientist brought remarkable changes in immunology, microbiology, pathology,, biotechnology etc., d) So ,we are thankful to our scientists., 3. What are process skills?, A. Observe,compare,classify are the process skills., 1.Observe: Use the senses to learn about objects and events., 2.Compare: Identify characteristics of things or events to find out how they are, alike and different., 3.Classify: Group or organize objects or events in categories based on specific, characteristics., 4.) List the safety rules that are to be followed in science lab?, A)1. Study the steps of the investigation., 2. Keep your work area clean., 3. Wear safety goggles., 4. Never eat or drink anything during a science activity., 5. Wash your hands when you have finished the experiment, 5.How is knowledge of science useful in our daily life?, A)1. Crop production., 2. Preparation of drugs., 3. Various industries., 4. Communication and information technology., 5. Processing of food extra., 6. Transportation.

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6. Rock are broken down when a sand rubs against them write an experiment to, prove it?, A.Aim: to prove that rocks are broken down when a sand rubs against them., Apparatus: Rocks, water, jar, sand etc., Procedure:, 1. Collect three Rocks and measure their masses., 2. Put the rocks in a jar with sand and water., 3.Shake the jar every day for about a week., 4. After a week measure and record the mass of the rocks, the sand, and the, container., Conclusion:, 1. Sand rubbing against rocks will change the size and shape of the rocks., 2. Hence rocks are broken down when sand rubs against them., 7. What is generalization give an example?, A) Based on the experiment and its results explaining the solution for the, problem is called generalization., Example:, 1. The bulb did not light in the room., 2. Identify the problem that may be this defilament, fuse failure switch problem, wire problem., 3. Then take tester, screw, wooden scale, wire Insulation Tape table and blade., 4. Observe the filament of the bulb., 5. If the filament of the bulb is good then observe fuse., 6. As the fuse is damaged we need to replace the fuse.

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Based on this the bulb did not lit in the room because the fuse is damaged this, is the generalization in the above experiment., 2 marks question and answers, 1. what is science?, A) 1.Science is an organised study of knowledge which is based on, experimentation., 2. Science is a tool for searching truths., 3. Science is the way of exploring the world., 4. Science is a process of thinking., 2. Pickles do not spoil but sambar gets spoil why?, A) Pickles contain preservatives like salt and oil which prevent them from spoiling, where as sambar do not contain these preservatives., 3. What is hypothesis water variables?, A) Making a statement about an expected outcomes is called hypothesis., Variables are factor that can affect the outcome of the investigation, 4. What are endemic species name some endemic species of our state?, A)Plants or animal species found restricted to a particular area of a country are, called endemic species.Tiger, tortoise ,Scorpion extra are some of the endemic, species of our state.

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1 Mark question and answers, 1. What does a geologist do?, A) A geologist examines the distribution of fossils and makes observation to find, pattern in natural phenomena., 2.What does a chemist do?, A) A chemist observes that rate of a chemical reaction at a variety of, temperatures., 3. what does a biologist do?, A) A biologist observe the reaction of a particular tissue to various stimulants., 4.what does a climatologist do?, A) Climatologist collect data from weather balloons and make the observations, basing on it., 5. How do ants identify sweet kept in a tin?, A) Ants have a far better sense of smell than humans do and they can find things, by smell even if they are out of sight.

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2.Cell-The basic unit of life, Key points

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3.STORY OF MICRO ORGANISMS I & II, Sub topics:, ➢ Discovery of micro organisms, ➢ Group of micro organisms, ➢ Micro organisms, ➢ Observing micro organisms, ➢ Bacterial staining, , KEYWORDS&MEANINGS:, Discovery: finding something for the first time., Invention: creation of something new., Microscope: a device for forming a magnified, image., Microbiology: the scientific study of micro, organisms., Bacteria: a prokaryote, cell walled micro, organism., Fungi: primitive multi cellular organisms., Protozoa: a phylum of eukaryotic, primitive,, micro organism., Micro arthropods: these are very small., Virus: noncellular macroscopic factors,, smaller then bacteria., MAIN POINTS:, • Micro organisms are very minute. We can’t see them with our naked eye., • We can see micro organisms with the help of microscope., • Leeuwenhoek discovered the micro organisms in 1678.

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• He called them as “animalcules’’., • Leeuwenhoek invented a powerful single, lens microscope., • Microbes present everywhere in our, surroundings., • Micro organisms belongs to the group like, – Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Micro, Arthropods, • There are several bacteria growing on our, skin., • Bacteria are useful in our digestion., • Soil is highly rich of micro organisms., VIRUS:, • Viruses are special type of micro organisms, which stand between living and non living, organisms., • Virus can reproduce only host living cell., • Virus can be seen only through electron microscope., • They cause diseases like – polio - swine flu - small pox - AIDS., QUESTON AND ANSWERS, 1. What are the micro organisms?, A. Some micro organisms can be seen only with the help of microscope., Such micro organisms are called ‘micro organisms’., 2. Where we can find the micro organisms?, A. Micro organisms can found in air, water, soil, and all living organisms., 3. What are the diseases caused by bacteria?, A. Diseases like typhoid, tuberculosis (T.B), septicaemia (blood poisoning)., 4. What are the diseases caused by virus?, A. Diseases like polio, swine flu, conjunctivitis, small pox, chicken pox and AIDS., 5. What are the diseases caused by protozoan?, A. Diseases like malaria, amoebiasis., 6. What are the diseases caused by Micro Arthropods?, A. Scabies caused by scabies mites., 7. Which organisms are interlinked between living and non living organisms? Why do, you think so?, A. 1. Viruses are interlinked between living and on living things., 2. They behave like, non-living organisms., 3. But they behave like living organisms in host cells., 4. They can be seen only through powerful electron microscope., 8. What type of micro organisms we can observe in pond water?, A. Bacteria, algae, protozoan.

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9. Whether micro organisms are useful and harmful. How explain?, A. Useful micro organisms: They are useful in making different verities of food like, bread, curd, breakfast like idly, dose. They are useful bio pesticides to kill the pests., Several bacteria help in the process of sewage treatment., Harmful micro organisms:, They cause diseases., They spoil the food causing food poisoning., They block water pipes., 10. How are the human’s actions causing the death of useful bacteria and fungi? What, will happen if it continuous?, A. 1.Using wide variety of antibiotics, kill the useful bacteria in the body., 2. Using enormous amount of chemicals during crop production kills the bacteria which, increases soil fertility., 3. If the micro organisms are eliminated like this its leads to the drastic effect on human, health., 11. Why the cooked food spoil soon but not uncooked food. Give your reasons?, A. 1. Cooking of food items makes the proteins in the food materials coagulate., 2. It also degrades the protective surface of the food., 3. Thus the cooked foods can be easily inhabited by microorganisms., 4. So they can be spoiled in less time than the uncooked food., 12. What questions would you like to ask your teacher to know about different shapes of, bacteria?, A., 1. Where can we find bacteria?, 2. How can we see bacteria?, 3. What do we call the round shaped bacteria?, 4. What do we call the spring shaped bacteria?, 5. What is the name of coma shape bacteria?, 6. How many types of bacteria do we find in nature?, 7. What is the shape of Lactobacillus bacteria? How is it useful?, 8. How are septicaemia bacteria harmful?, 9. Which type of bacteria is responsible for food poisoning?, 13. What will happen if you add buttermilk to chilled milk?, A., 1. A Lacto bacillus bacterium is responsible for the formation of curd., 2. When we add buttermilk to Luke warm milk it takes 2 or 3 hours time to form curd., 3. But if we add buttermilk to chilled milk it takes more time or curd would not form., 4. Curdling indicates that the increase in number of bacteria in milk., 5. In chilled condition the number of bacteria does not increase in number there by curd, would not be formed., 14. Visit any bakery or milk chilling center near your school with the help of your, teacher or parents. Learn about some techniques to culture and usage of some, Microorganisms and prepare a note on them., A. Techniques to culture micro organisms:

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1. At the wet condition microorganisms grow well., 2. At the temperature of 20-30c, fungi grow rapidly., 3. Fungi grow in warm, dark and dump condition., 4. Bacteria grow rapidly at the temperature between 20-40C., 5. Protozoans grow in decoction of the hay., 6. Algae grow in the water, which expose to sun light., 15. Why should we clean our hands with soap before eating?, A., 1. We touch the objects., 2. Microbes are present on them., 3. When we touch them, they will inhabit our hands., 4. Washing our hands with soap kills all the microbes., 5. And makes our hands clean and hygienic., 6. So we should clean our hands with soap before eating., 16. How do you observe Lactobacillus bacterium?, A. Take one or two drops of buttermilk on a slide and spread it. Heat the slide slightly on a, lamp (3-4 seconds). Add a few drops of crystal violet. Leave it for 30-60 seconds and wash the, slide gently with water., Observe the slide under the Compound Microscope to see the Lactobacillus bacterium., MICRO ORGANISMS, TYPES:, Virus - HIV, Protozoan’s – amoeba, Algae - spirogyra, Fungi - rhizopus, Micro arthropods - daphnia, , EXPERMENTS:, observing bacteria--- butter milk, observing protozoan---decoction of hay, observing algae---green scrapings, observing fungi---black spoiled bread, observing arthropods---soil

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STORY OF MICRO ORGANISMS PART –II, , ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, , Useful micro organisms, Medically use of micro organisms, Commercial use of micro organisms, Vaccine, Antibiotic penicillin, Harmful micro organisms diseases in plants, Organisms in soil fertility, Some common diseases, Food preservation, , Leeuwenhoek, Discovery of, , Edward Jenner, Vaccine, , Dr. Yellapragada Subbarao, Antibiotics

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Micro Organisms, , Louis Pasteur, Pasteurisation, , Alexander Flemming, Penicillin, , Jonas Salk, Polio vaccine, , Ronald Ross - Plasmodium, , ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, , KEY WORDS & MEANINGS, Lactobacillus: bacteria, which converts milk into curd., Penicillin: fungi which produce penicillin., Fermentation: a stage of anaerobic respiration, which convert the sugar into alcohol., Vaccination: weakened diseases causing micro organisms put into our body., Bacillus thuringiensis: bacteria which produce a toxin, helps in pest control., Pathogens vectors: inserts or animals carry diseases causing micro organisms., Pasteurisation: milk preservation process., Symbiosis: the relationship of two organisms, thus both help each other., Sterilisation: the process of removing or killing micro organisms., , MAIN POINTS, ▪ Some micro organisms are useful and some are harmful., ▪ Curd contains bacterium named ‘lactobacillus’., ▪ Process of conversion sugars into alcohol is known as ‘fermentation’., ▪ Medicines that kill the bacteria are called as ‘antibiotics’., ▪ Penicillin is made from ‘penicillium notatum’., ▪ Vaccination protects against certain diseases., ▪ Dr. Jonas Salk discovered vaccine for polio 1952., ▪ B.T means—bacillus thuringiensis is the name of a bacterium., ▪ Several bacteria help in the process of sewage treatment., ▪ Some micro organisms harmful to human beings., ▪ Micro organisms which cause diseases are called ‘pathogens’.

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▪ The diseases which spread from infected people to healthy ones are known as, communicable diseases., ▪ Some insects and animals carry diseases causing micro organisms. They are called, ‘vectors’., ▪ Dr. Ronald Ross discovered that female anopheles mosquitoes carry of the parasite for, malaria., ▪ Some microbes release toxins in improperly preserved food which causes food, poisoning., ▪ Pasteurisation helps in milk preservation., ▪ The bacterium ‘rhizobium’ present in root nodules of leguminous plants, fixes, atmospheric nitrogen., ▪ Refrigeration helps to inhibit the growth of micro organisms., ▪ Two organisms live together, thus both help each other. This relationship is known as, symbiosis., ▪ Growing pulses crop helps in increasing soil fertility., Commercial Use of Microorganisms:, ➢ Microorganisms are used for large scale production of alcohol, wine and acetic acid, (Vinegar)., ➢ For commercial production of alcohol and wine, yeast is grown on natural sugars present in, grains like barley, wheat, rice, crushed fruit juices, etc., Medicinal Use of Microorganisms:, ➢ Whenever we fall ill the doctor may give us some antibiotic tablets,, capsules or injections like penicillin. The source of these medicines is, microorganisms., ➢ These medicines produced from Bactria and fungi kill or stop the growth, of the disease-causing microorganisms. Such medicines are called, antibiotics., ➢ Streptomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin are some of the, ➢ The antibiotics are made by growing specific microorganisms and are used to, cure a variety of diseases. Antibiotics should be taken only on the advice of a, qualified doctor., ➢ Antibiotics are even added with the feed of livestock and poultry for, checking microbial infection in animals., ➢ Microorganisms are also used to control many plant diseases., Vaccine:, ➢ When a disease-carrying microbe enters our body, the antibodies produced, by our body fight with the invader. If microbes enter again, the body also, remembers that how to fight with the microbes., ➢ If dead or weakened microbes are introduced in a healthy body, the body, fights and kills them by producing suitable antibodies., ➢ The antibodies remain in the body for protecting from the disease-causing, microbes. This is how a vaccine works., ➢ Several diseases like cholera, tuberculosis, smallpox and hepatitis can be, prevented by vaccination.

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Increasing Soil Fertility:, Some bacteria and blue green algae are able to increase the fertility of soil by fixing nitrogen, from the atmosphere to enrich soil with nitrogen. These microbes are commonly called, biological nitrogen fixers, Airborne diseases, • Certain diseases can spread by air., • These diseases are called airborne diseases., • Influenza is the best example of this type of disease., Waterborne diseases, • The diseases that spread through water are called waterborne diseases., • Contaminated water is host to several pathogens., • Typhoid is the best example of waterborne disease., , Some common diseases caused by micro organisms in human, Name of the, diseases, tuberculosis, , Causative micro, organism, bacteria, , Chicken fox, Measles, mumps, polio, Swine flu, Cholera, typhoid, , virus, virus, virus, virus, bacteria, , Mode of, transmission, air, , Preventive measures, , Vaccination (BCG) Avoid, using infected persons, towels hand kerchiefs, glasses etc., air, Vaccination(varisella), air, Vaccination(MMR), Air, water, Vaccination(polio drops), air, vaccination, Contaminated water Consume boiled drinking, Food, housefly, water, Mosquitoes, Using mosquitoes nets, Mosquitoes, Mosquitoes, Mosquitoes, , malaria, protozoan, dengue, virus, chickengunya, virus, Japanese, virus, encephalitis, Plant diseases, • Certain pathogens can cause diseases in plants. Just like humans, plants can be attacked, by bacteria or virus.

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•, , Several micro-organisms cause diseases in plants like rice, potato, wheat, sugarcane,, orange, apple and others., , Food poisoning, • When food contaminated with pathogens or toxins are consumed, it causes food, poisoning., • The most common symptom is a pain in the stomach., • In severe cases, food poisoning can also cause death., • ‘Clostridium botulinum’ a bacteria which is widely responsible for causing food, poisoning., Food preservation, • Food preservation is the most vital part of the food industry., • Certain chemicals inhibit the growth of bacteria and increase the life of the cooked food., • Certain simple preservation methods can be carried out at our home.

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Types of diseases, There are two types of diseases:, ➢ Communicable, ➢ Non Communicable, Communicable Disease, Microbial diseases that can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air,, water, food or physical contact are called communicable diseases. Examples of such diseases, include cholera, common cold, chicken pox and tuberculosis., Non-Communicable Disease, The diseases that do not spread through sick to a healthy person are called non – communicable, diseases. We can also say that the non-communicable diseases are those which cannot be, transferred from one person to another person. For example: Lung Cancer or liver damage., , Preventing the spread of Communicable diseases:, Some simple methods of limiting the spread of communicable diseases are:, ✓ To keep the infected person separated from others and to advise him/ her to, keep a handkerchief on the nose and mouth while sneezing., ✓ To keep our environment or surrounding clean., ✓ Never let garbage collect in the neighbourhood., ✓ Timely vaccination against diseases.

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✓ To prevent mosquitoes from breeding, we should not allow water to collect, , anywhere in our neighbourhood., A. Heat and Cold Treatments:, ❖ Boiling of milk kills many microorganisms, after that it can be stored or used., ❖ We keep our food in the refrigerator. Low temperature inhibits the growth of microbes., ❖ Pasteurized milk can be consumed without boiling as it is free from harmful microbes., ❖ The milk is heated to about 70 0C for 15 to 30 seconds and then suddenly chilled and, stored., ❖ By doing so, it prevents the growth of microbes. This process was discovered by Louis, Pasteur. It is called pasteurisation., Storage and Packing:, ❖ Dry fruits and even vegetables are sold in sealed air tight packets to prevent the attack of, microbes., Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrogen constitutes 78% of our, atmosphere. In living organisms, it is found, in:, •, , Proteins,, • Nucleic Acids,, • Chlorophyll, and, • Vitamins., Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used directly by the plants and animals. It gets, fixed by either lightning or natural nitrogen fixers., , QUESTION AND ANSWERS, 1. How do vaccine works in our body?, A., When a vaccine is given which contains weak microorganisms our body learn to fight them by producing, antibodies whenever danger comes. When the disease-causing microorganisms enter in our body, the already, present antibodies fight and eliminate them. And the disease is controlled. The weakened disease-causing, microorganisms which are injected into our bodies are called as vaccine., 2. What are the differences between Antibiotic and Vaccine?, , A., , Antibiotic, An antibiotic is a compound or a substance, that inhibits or kills the growth of bacteria., , Vaccine, Vaccine is a preparation that improves the, immunity to a particular disease., , An antibiotic heals infection caused by small A vaccine prevents diseases like polio,, pox., bacteria., Antibiotics are available in different forms, like tablets, capsules, drops or ointments., , Vaccines can be given orally or through, injection.

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3. Invention of penicillin protected the world from deaths during First World War, Explain., A., 1. Penicillin was invented by Dr. Alexander Flemming., 2. He was an army doctor in First World War., 3. In the First World War many injured soldiers died because of bacterial infection of wounds., 4. Penicillin killed many disease causing bacteria., 5. So the invention of penicillin protects the world from deaths during the First World War, 4. What is pasteurisation? What is the use of it?, A.:, 1. Pasteurisation is a process which helps in the preservation of the milk., 2. It is discovered by “Louis Pasteur.” Hence it is called as pasteurisation., 3. In this process milk is heated up to 70° for 15 to 30 seconds and suddenly chilled and stored., 4. This prevents the growth of the microorganisms, 5. Make an album of scientists and their discoveries related to Microorganisms., , 6. Visit the veterinary hospital and prepare a list of cattle diseases by asking questions, to the, doctor., A.:, Disease, Animal, 1) African Horse Sickness, Horses, 2) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Cattle, 3) Contagious Equine Metritis, Horses, 4) Equine Infectious Anaemia, Horses, 5) Anthrax, Cattle and other mammals, 6) Brucellosis (Brucella abortus), Cattle, 7) Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis), Sheep and Goats, 8) Contagious agalactia, Sheep and Goats, 9) Contagious bovine pleuro – pneumonia, Cattle, 10) Dourine, Horses, 11) European Bat Lyssavirus (FBLV), Bats, 12) Enzootic bovine leukosis, Cattle

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7. How do you appreciate Edward Jenner’s experiment?, A. Edward Jenner was a man of the Enlightenment and believed in, the intellectual and moral improvement of mankind., Possessing that spirit, he predicted in 1801 that “the annihilation of, small pox-the most dreadful scourge of the human race-will be the, final result of this practice” of vaccination. And he was right. Since, the Enlightenment, the core branches of science and medicine have, generally developed rationally. As a result, the World Health, Organization was able to declare in 1980 that smallpox had been, eradicated worldwide. Only two laboratory samples emained, one, in Russia and one in the United States., 8. milk chilling centre. Observe the process and make a report on it., A. The Milk Collection Station is a specially designed, integrated unit, which combines the several functions, of a milk collection centre. It measures the weight, fat content and gives the price of the milk brought in by, the each producer. The equipment is particularly useful for the milk cooperatives / milk collection centres as it, can also maintain a summary of milk supplied. This state of the art equipment operates both on battery and, mains and is able to process and record 120-150 milk collection per hour. An Electronic Milk Weighing Unit,, the Electronic Milk Tester and Data Processor Unit are main components of the system. The membership code, of individual mem¬bers is entered automatically by member identity card / manually by an electronic keyboard., 9. Prevention is better than cure” comment., A. We heard about “prevention is better than cure” since our childhood – brushing of teeth twice to prevent, tooth decay, washing of hands before eating to prevent stomach upset, do not eat uncovered road side food, items, get vaccine against polio to free from disability, get rid of stagnate water to prevent malaria like that, follow the life skills to avoid dangerous AIDS. It’s better to take care that a problem does not happen than to, have to solve the problem afterwards. It’s easier to stop something bad from happening in the first place than, to fix the damage after it has happened., 10. Raheem tells to his neighbours, “stagnation of’ sewage in our surroundings is harmful to our health., ” Do you support this? Why?, A. Stagnation of sewage in our surroundings is harmful to our health in different ways. Sewage consist, different wastes of organic matters. Microbes decompose all organic wastes. Disease transmitting carriers, prefer to grow on decomposing organic matters. Hence sewage provides good shelter to mosquitoes,, houseflies and other insects which transmit life threatening diseases like encephalitis, malaria, cholera, typhoid, and other epidemics. Therefore sewage stagnation is more harmful to our health.

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11. Pranavi is suffering from serious illness. Doctor prescribed antibiotics for five days. After three days, of usage she stopped taking antibiotics. Is it right or not, discuss., A. No, it is not right. Doctor prescribed anitbiotics for five days. Because the doctor knows that the correct days, of the recovering of her illness. After three days of usage she stopped taking antibiotics. But her illness is not, completely recovered. It is breaking out after some time. So it is not right., 12. One medical store owner is giving antibiotics to his customer who is suffering from fever without, doctor’s prescription? But the customer’s daughter Malathi is telling her father not to take antibiotics, without doctor’s prescription. Whom do you support and why?, A. We must use antibiotics prescribed by qualified doctor only. If you use antibiotics without consulting a, qualified doctor it may harm us. Unnecessary use of antibiotics affects blood cells which fight infections., Sometimes they may kill useful bacteria too in our intestine and this increases the resistance towards, antibiotics., , 13. What are the precautions taken to eradicate malaria?, A. 1. Malaria is caused by the pathogen piasmodium, is, transmitted by female Anopheles, mosquito., 2. Methods used to prevent malaria include medications,, mosquito elimination and the prevention of bites., 3. Using of indoor mosquito repellents, residual sprays,, taking care not to store water., 4. Providing awareness how to control mosquito, population., 14. Jeevan said that “If there are no microorganisms earth will remain with wastes. ” Will you, agree this statement? Why?, A. Yes, I will agree this statement. Because of:, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., , Microorganisms present in the soil, air and water act upon wastes around us., They decomposes them., They are converted into simple substances., Thus microorganisms help us in cleaning the environment., So if there are no microorganisms earth will remain with wastes., , 15. Take three bowls and mark as A,B,C. Pour lukewarm milk in bowl A, hot milk in bowl B, cold milk in, bowl C. Add one tea spoon of curd or butter milk in three bowls and stir them slightly. Cover the bowls, with lids. Keep the bowls undisturbed for five to six hours. In which bowl milk turned into curd ? Give, your reasons., A. After six hours the milk in the bowl A converted into curd., This conversion is happened by fermentation. Fermentation is one kind of enzymatic action in anaerobic, respiration. Fermentation needs the help of microbes like yeast or some other bacteria. This process occurs at a, particular temperature. Be-cause of enzymes are inactive at low and high temperatures. Hence the milk in bowl, A converted into curd by the bacterium Lactobacillus.

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16. Collect more information about scientists who invented and discovered other facts related to, Microorganisms. How these discoveries helped mankind ? Make a chart presentation and paste it on, your classroom wall magazine.

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4.Reproduction in Animals (High Achievers), CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING, 1.Differentiate between :, a) Asexual Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction, b) Gametes and Zygote, c) External fertilization and internal fertilization, d) Viviparous and Oviparous animals, A. a), , b)

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c), , d), , 2.Compare the reproduction in Hydra and Amoeba. Note down the differences, in your note book., A. Both Hydra and Amoeba reproduce asexually., Amoeba reproduces by a process known as binary fission in which parent, cell divides into two equal daughter cells whereas in hydra reproduction, occurs by budding. Binary fission in case of amoeba.

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Reproduction through budding in case of hydra, In budding, the bud is formed from the parent individual whereas in binary fission no, bud formation occurs. In binary fission equal division of cytoplasm takes place whereas, unequal division of cytoplasm occurs in case of budding. In budding new individual is, formed from old one’s whereas in fission old individual splits to give two new, individuals., 2. Why do fish and frog lay more number of eggs whereas cow and human beings, usually give birth to only one at a time?, A) External development of young ones occurs in case of frog and fish due to which its, protection from the surrounding decreases. So to cope up with the loss they lay more, no. of eggs because not many have a chance to survive. Whereas in case of cow and, human beings development occurs inside the mother’s body and the egg is protected., So they give birth to only one at a time., 3. Can animals produce off springs even without formation of zygotes, how? Explain, with suitable example., A).Yes, some animals can produce offspring even without formation of zygotes. For, example, in case of amoeba, the parent cell nuclei divided into two which is followed, by the equal cytoplasm division. The result is the formation of two new daughter cell, from the old parent cell with each nuclei i.e., one cell containing one nuclei. These, daughter cell will further behave as parent cell and it itself undergoes the same process, and results in formation on new daughter cell., 5.How can you identify the animal is viviparous or oviparous., A) If an organisms give birth to fully developed young ones they are identified as, viviparous. Whereas organism that lay eggs and is hatched in external environment

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are identified as oviparous. Birds lay eggs and the further development of zygotes, occur outside the parent’s body and when it develops at a certain stage it hatches out., This is an example of oviparous. In case of mammals the zygotes and developed inside, females body and when it attains a certain stage of development it is expelled from, the female’s body., , 6.How can you identify the animal is viviparous or oviparous., Who am I?, a) I am formed by the fusion of male and female gametes..., b) I am a gamete that has a tail and travel to fuse with female gamete..., c) I am a fully developed embryo inside a mother’s body..., , A), (a) Zygote, (b) Sperm, (c) Foetus

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7.State the reason why most of the terrestrial animal fertilization takes place, internally., A) The environment on terrestrial land keeps on changing than that of the marine, environment. So, in order to increase the survival chance of the fertilization, (internal environment is nearly constant) terrestrial animals’ fertilization takes, place internally., 8.Observe the following figures and write the functions of them., , A), A) Testis- production of sperms., B)Fallopian tube – captures mature ova after it is released from the ovary and, provides the site of fertilization., c)Sperm – male gamete that fertilizes female gamete ova., D)Fertilization – one of the sperm fertilizes ova and results in zygote, formation which will further developed into young ones.

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9.Explain the process of metamorphosis in housefly by taking help from in the, given diagram and label the following life cycle., Answer:, Metamorphosis is the process by which the immature forms develop into an, adult. The adult male and female produces gametes which are haploid (n). The, gametes then fertilize and form a zygote (2n). After 1-2 days of fertilization, the, zygote will develop into a larva which is segmented, have mouth hooks, and, actively feed. After the larval stage comes the pupa stage in which the body is, enclosed in a puparium (outer hard shell) and is inactive and immature. After the, pupa stages the adult comes out from the puparium by breaking it., Label the Diagram

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ASKING QUESTION AND MAKING HYPOTHESIS, 10.What would happen if all the organisms stop the process of reproduction?, A) If all organisms stop the process of reproduction the there will be no, organism left and it will lead to extinction., 11. Kavitha found a tadpole in a pond. She collected it carefully and put it in, an aquarium supposing it as a fish. After some days what did she find and why?, A) The tadpole is the intermediate stage in the life cycle of a frog. So the, tadpole that Kavitha has collected will develop into an adult frog., COMMUNICATION THROUGH DRAWING, MODEL MAKING, 12.Sketch the diagrams of male and female reproductive systems?, A), MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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13.Draw a labeled diagram of the life history of frog and identify forms are, herbivores, , A)

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APPRECIATION AND AESTHETIC SENSE VALUE, , 14. How would you appreciate Ritwik’s work when he kept back the pigeon, squab in the ventilator? If you were in Ritwik’s place what would you do?, Answer:, Before keeping pigeon squab one must know everything about them live the, conditions in which they grow, feeding habits, breeding habits and should take a, proper check on the environment., By the action of Ritwik, we can say that he has an interest in birds and like to, keep them. I would have done the same what Ritwik has done., OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

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COMMUNICATION THROUGH DRAWING, MODEL MAKING, 1. Draw a neat labeled diagram of Human Ovum, , 2. Draw the below given figure showing the human sperm and answer the, , questions., , 1), 2), 3), 4), , Name the parts A, B,C,D., Where is the nucleus present in the above mentioned parts?, What is the function of Part D?, What happens if Part C is absent?, , A) 1) A - Head, B - Middle Piece, C – Mitochondria, D – Tail, 2) Nucleus is present in A Head region., 3) Part ‘D’ i.e. tail helps in movement or locomotion of the sperm., 4) If Part ‘C’ is absent, the sperm cannot generate energy for its cellular, , activities.

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CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER, , 1. The animals that produce new young ones are known as, I. Oviparous, II. Viviparous, III. Both, IV. None of these, 2. Tadpole is the developing stage of which of these, I. Dogs, II. Cats, III. Frogs, IV. Humans, 3. Where does the fusion of male and female gametes generally take place?, I. Fallopian tube, II. Ovary, III. Uterus, IV. Zygote, 4. The cell formed after fertilization is called, I. Fetus, II. Zygote, III. Embryo, IV. None of these, 5. Egg are formed in the, I. Testes, II. Penis, III. Ovary, IV. None of these, 6. How many modes of reproduction are there in animals?, I. One type, II. Two types, III. Three types, IV. Four types, 7. A sperm consists of, I. One part, II. Two parts, III. Three parts, IV. Four parts

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8. Foetus is the, I. Well developed embryo, II. Developing embryo, III. A zygote, IV. Male gamete, 9. Viviparous organisms are the ones which, I. Produce eggs, II. Produce young ones, III. Both I and II, IV. None of these, 10. Cloning is a mode, , of, I. Sexual production, II. Asexual production, III. Both I and II, IV. None of these, ANSWERS, 1. II, 2. III, 3. I, 4. II, 5. III, 6. II, 7. III, 8. I, 9. II, 10. II

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CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING, 1. What is the IVF and what is the method followed?, , A) A process by which an egg I fertilized by it sperm outside the body, in vitro is, called IVF, IVF is followed when there is female infertility due to problems with the, fallopian tubes or making fertilization in vivo is difficult., 2. Who are called test tube babies?, , A) The babies that are developed from an egg fertilized outside the body and, then implemented in to the mother’s uterus are called test tube babies., 3. Fertilization results in the production of Zygote. Zygote is called the vital, , link. Why I it called so?, A) Every Sexually reproducing organism, including human being begins life as a, single cell which is Zygote., Zygote is the link between organism of one generation and the next because, it ensures the continuity of species between them.

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ASKING QUESTIONS AND MAKING HYPOTHESIS, 1. Suppose the acrosome of mammalian spermatozoa does not function, , normally. But how would it effect fertilization? Give reasons., A) If the acronym of mammalian spermatozoa does not function normally, the, process of fertilization does not take place as acrosome help the sperm get, through egg’s protective coat and allows the plasma membrane of sperm and, eggs to fuse., 2. What happens if all the couples give birth to more than two babies? How, , does it affect the nation?, A) If all the couples give birth to more than two babies, it leads to increase in, population growth which creates several problems like unemployment, shortage, of food etc., 3. What happens if seminal ducts are absent in human body?, , A) If seminal ducts are absent in human body, transportation of semen from, seminal vehicles to vas deferens is interrupted. It may result in acidic ejaculate., INFORMATION SKILLS AND PROJECTS, 1. List the apparatus that you require to conduct a project to observe the life, cycle of frog?, A) Wide mouthed transparent bottle, Transparent glass, Dropper Petri, dish, Some pebbles, Magnifying lens

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4.REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS (LOW ACHIEVERS), , CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING, , 1. Differentiate between :, a) Asexual Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction, b) Gametes and Zygote, c) External fertilization and internal fertilization, d) Viviparous and Oviparous animals, A. a), , b)

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c), , d), , 2. Compare the reproduction in Hydra and Amoeba. Note down the, differences in your note book., A. Both Hydra and Amoeba reproduce asexually., Amoeba reproduces by a process known as binary fission in which parent, cell divides into two equal daughter cells whereas in hydra reproduction, occurs by budding.

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Binary fission in case of amoeba, , Reproduction through budding in case of hydra, In budding, the bud is formed from the parent individual whereas in binary, fission no bud formation occurs. In binary fission equal division of cytoplasm, takes place whereas unequal division of cytoplasm occurs in case of budding. In, budding new individual is formed from old one’s whereas in fission old individual, splits to give two new individuals., 3. Why do fish and frog lay more number of eggs whereas cow and human, beings usually give birth to only one at a time?, A) External development of young ones occurs in case of frog and fish due to, which its protection from the surrounding decreases. So to cope up with the loss, they lay more no. of eggs because not many have a chance to survive. Whereas, in case of cow and human beings development occurs inside the mother’s body, and the egg is protected. So they give birth to only one at a time., 4. Can animals produce off springs even without formation of zygotes, how?, Explain with suitable example., A).Yes, some animals can produce offspring even without formation of zygotes., For example, in case of amoeba, the parent cell nuclei divided into two which is, followed by the equal cytoplasm division. The result is the formation of two new, daughter cell from the old parent cell with each nuclei i.e., one cell containing, one nuclei. These daughter cell will further behave as parent cell and it itself

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undergoes the same process and results in formation on new daughter cell., , 5. How can you identify the animal is viviparous or oviparous., , A) If an organisms give birth to fully developed young ones they are identified, as viviparous. Whereas organism that lay eggs and is hatched in external, environment are identified as oviparous. Birds lay eggs and the further, development of zygotes occur outside the parent’s body and when it develops, at a certain stage it hatches out. This is an example of oviparous. In case of, mammals the zygotes and developed inside females body and when it attains a, certain stage of development it is expelled from the female’s body., 6. How can you identify the animal is viviparous or oviparous., Who am I?, a) I am formed by the fusion of male and female gametes..., b) I am a gamete that has a tail and travel to fuse with female gamete..., c) I am a fully developed embryo inside a mother’s body..., , A), (a) Zygote, (b) Sperm, (c) Foetus

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7. State the reason why most of the terrestrial animal fertilization takes place, internally., A) The environment on terrestrial land keeps on changing than that of, the marine environment. So in order to increase the survival chance of, the fertilization (internal environment is nearly constant) terrestrial, animals’ fertilization takes place internally., 8.Observe the following figures and write the functions of them., , A), A) Testis- production of sperms., B) Fallopian tube – captures mature ova after it is released from the ovary and, , provides the site of fertilization., C) Sperm – male gamete that fertilizes female gamete ova., D) Fertilization – one of the sperm fertilizes ova and results in zygote, , formation which will further developed into young ones., 9. Explain the process of metamorphosis in housefly by taking help from in the, given diagram and label the following life cycle., Answer:, Metamorphosis is the process by which the immature forms develop into an, adult. The adult male and female produces gametes which are haploid (n). The, gametes then fertilize and form a zygote (2n). After 1-2 days of fertilization, the, zygote will develop into a larva which is segmented, have mouth hooks, and, actively feed. After the larval stage comes the pupa stage in which the body is, enclosed in a puparium (outer hard shell) and is inactive and immature. After, the pupa states the adult comes out from the puparium by breaking it.

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Label the Diagram

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ASKING QUESTION AND MAKING HYPOTHESIS, , 11. What would happen if all the organisms stop the process of reproduction?, , A) If all organisms stop the process of reproduction the there will be no, organism left and it will lead to extinction., , 12. Kavitha found a tadpole in a pond. She collected it carefully and put it in an, aquarium supposing it as a fish. After some days what did she find and why?, , A) The tadpole is the intermediate stage in the life cycle of a frog. So the, tadpole that Kavitha has collected will develop into an adult frog., COMMUNICATION THROUGH DRAWING, MODEL MAKING, , 14.Sketch the diagrams of male and female reproductive systems?, A)MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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15. Draw a labeled diagram of the life history of frog and identify forms of, herbivores., , A)

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APPRECIATION AND AESTHETIC SENSE VALUE, , 16. How would you appreciate Ritwik’s work when he kept back the pigeon, squab in the ventilator? If you were in Ritwik’s place what would you do?, Answer, Before keeping pigeon squab one must know everything about them live the, conditions in which they grow, feeding habits, breeding habits and should take, a proper check on the environment., By the action of Ritwik, we can say that he has an interest in birds and like to, keep them. I would have done the same what Ritwik has done., OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

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COMMUNICATION THROUGH DRAWING, MODEL MAKING, , 1. Draw a neat labeled diagram of Human Ovum, , 2. Draw the below given figure showing the human sperm and answer the, , questions., , 1), 2), 3), 4), , Name the parts A, B,C,D., Where is the nucleus present in the above mentioned parts?, What is the function of Part D?, What happens if Part C is absent?, , A) 1) A - Head, B - Middle Piece, C – Mitochondria, D – Tail, 2) Nucleus is present in A Head region., 3) Part ‘D’ i.e. tail helps in movement or locomotion of the sperm., 4) If Part ‘C’ is absent, the sperm cannot generate energy for its cellular, , activities.

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CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER, , 1. The animals that produce new young ones are known as, I. Oviparous, II. Viviparous, III. Both, IV. None of these, 2. Tadpole is the developing stage of which of these, I. Dogs, II. Cats, III. Frogs, IV. Humans, 3. Where does the fusion of male and female gametes generally take place?, I. Fallopian tube, II. Ovary, III. Uterus, IV. Zygote, 4. The cell formed after fertilization is called, I. Fetus, II. Zygote, III. Embryo, IV. None of these, 5. Egg are formed in the, I. Testes, II. Penis, III. Ovary, IV. None of these, 6. How many modes of reproduction are there in animals?, I. One type, II. Two types, III. Three types, IV. Four types, 7. A sperm consists of, I. One part, II. Two parts, III. Three parts, IV. Four parts, 8. Foetus is the, I. Well developed embryo, II. Developing embryo, III. A zygote, IV. Male gamete

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9. Viviparous organisms are the ones which, I. Produce eggs, II. Produce young ones, III. Both I and II, IV. None of these, , 10. Cloning is a mode, , of, I. Sexual production, II. Asexual production, III. Both I and II, IV. None of these, , ANSWERS, II, III, I, II, III, II, III, I, II, 10. II, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9.

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5.Attaining the age of Adolescence ( High Achievers), Key points, 1. We see changes in the age of 13 to 19 years this period is called adolescence., 2. During this period changes are observed, inside( internal) and (outside) external the body, example change in voice and growing tall., 3. Adolescence is a complex stage of life., 4. This is a period of confusion and transition., 5. Growth is one of the important characteristic in human beings., 6. Initially girls grow faster than boys., 7. Changes occurring in adolescent boys and girls are different., 8. Generally change in voice is seen during adolescence., 9. The Adam's Apple is actually a partial growth of our voice box or larynx., 10.The Larynx is made up of 9 cartilages., 11.The largest cartilage is thyroid cartilage., 12.Sweat and pimples are common in adolescence boys and girls., 13.The sex organs by which children are identified as boy or girl at birth represent, primary sexual characters ., 14.During adolescence male sex organs like testis and penis develop completely., 15.In girls ovary enlarges and egg begins to mature., 16.Facial hair mustaches and beards are secondary sexual characters in male., 17.Development of breast is secondary sexual characters in females., 18.Reproduction is most important for continuation of human race., 19.Adolescence is in between 11 to 15 years.

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20.First menstrual cycle is called menarche., 21.Reproductive phase starts around 11 to 12 years and lasts upto 45 to 50 years., 22.One ovary matures and is released by one of the ovaries once in about 28 to 30 days., 23.The unfertilized egg comes out along with thickened lining of uterus this causes, bleeding in women which is called menstruation., 24.Menopause is stoppage of menstruation in the age of 45 to 50 years., 25.If menstruation remains irregular for over a year there is a need to consult to doctor, (gynecologist), 26.Marriage is a social and cultural practice to produce next generation in our country., 27.The onset of puberty or development of secondary sexual characters and maturity of, reproductive parts are controlled by hormones that become functional at the onset of, adolescence., 28.Hormones are the secretions of endocrine glands without ducts which secrete them, directly into the bloodstream., 29.Endocrine glands help in the regulation of the functioning of human body., 30.Pituitary glands secrete hormones which include growth hormones and other, stimulating hormones that make other glands such as testes, ovary, adrenals etc. to, secrete hormones., 31.Testosterone is male hormone and oestrogen is female hormone., 32.It is more essential to be careful about health and hygiene., 33.Adolescent quiries must never go unanswered., 34.Child marriage is a social evil., 35.The legal age for marriage is 21 years for girls and 23 years for boys.

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Question and answers, 1. How is adolescence different from childhood, Answer, Adolescence, , Childhood, , It is independent nature and very self- It depends upon parental assistance and, conscious, for basic needs, Adolescence seek company of friends to Children, learning, through, share their feelings, experimenting and communicating with, others, Taking decisions by critical thinking Advance supervise and support the, don't like the supervision of elders, development process of, Lot of stress and strain, , No stress make new friends and gain, new skills, , Rate of growth is more, , Comparatively less, , 2. Write short notes on the following, A.A Secondary sexual characters, 1. In adolescence age some external changes have seen in both girls and boys., 2. These are called secondary sexual characters., 3. Example: facial hair moustaches beards begin. hair starts growing on the chest., 4. In girls breast begin to develop., 5. In both boys and girls hair grows in armpit.

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B.Adam's Apple, 1. Adam's Apple is actually a person growth of our voice box on Larynx., 2. The larynx is made up of nine cartilages one of which is largest thyroid cartilage., 3. Due to elongation of the thyroid cartilage the Adam's Apple is formed it protrudes out, in front of the neck., 4. This is caused mainly by male hormone testosterone., 5. Also result muscles or chords attached to the cartilage get loosened and thickened., 6. when air passes through these chords hoarse sound is produced., 7. This is the reason for the disturbance in voice in the stage of adolescence at the end of, the stage voice get perfect., 3. list out the changes in the body that take place at the age of adolescence., 1. During this adolescence changes occur in internal external parts of the body., 2. They show interest to spend time with years., 3. Girls voice become soft ,pimples also may appear on the face by the activation of oil, and sweat glands., 4. There is growth and maturity in reproductive system growth and maturity., 5. In the boys voice becomes a coarse pimples acne appear on the face, facial hair like, Mustache begin to grow.

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4.Why acne and pimples are common in adolescence., 1. Naturally in adolescence boys and girls feel worried of their pimples and acne., 2. Reason is the secretions of sweat and sebaceous glands which are very active in, adolescence., 3. When these glands are clogged and infected ,leading to swollen ,red ,lesions filled with, pus., 4. Proper washing of face and avoiding oil rich food can prevent these acnes., 5. What can you suggest to your classmates to keep himself / herself clean and healthy?, 1. It would be better to have bath at least twice every day., 2. All parts of the body and inner wears should be washed and cleaned everyday., 3. If Cleanliness is not maintained there are chances of having fungal and other unwanted, infections., 4. Girls should take special care of cleanliness during the time of menstrual cycle, 5. .Making use of disposable napkins is suggested., 6. If you have chance to talk with the doctor what questions you would ask about adolescence, emotions and changes in the body., Ans:If I have chance to talk with the doctor I would ask him about, 1. How to develop positive emotions like bravery, self confidence, happiness, satisfaction, appreciation, gratitude ,concern and forgiveness., 2. And also how to overcome the negative emotions like anger, bitterness,, dissatisfaction ,sadness anxiety, fear, shame, guilt which are needed in adolescence., 7. Write few suggestions to improve the performance of Red ribbon club of your school., 1. To instill life skills., 2. To ensure your that every college going youth is is equipped with conceptual, knowledge about various basic health aspects., 3. To increase the capacity of of educational system in teaching various basic health, aspects.

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4. To motivate youth and build their capacity as peer educators., 5. To promote voluntary blood donations., 8. Prepare 3 minute speech on behavioral changes in adolescence., 1. Adolescence is the growing age where we may observe some changes in behavior., 2. They are very fast in taking decisions., 3. They do not want it to be forced to do any work behave really peculiarly sometimes, fast and sometimes., 4. adolescence preface to spend more time before the mirror and like to use perfumes., 5. They do not want to listen to parents suggestions and feels friends are correct but not, parents., 6. They search for identity from teachers and peer groups., 7. They want more independence intake., 8. Sometimes they feel shy and sometimes feel happy., 9. They try to get romantic relationships., 10.They are more inclined towards and healthy habits., 11.The adolescence have attraction towards opposite sex., 12.The mind of an adolescent is full of jealous acts and urge to find reasons for several, things around., 13.Emotionally they are in a turbulent state all the time they get new thoughts for their, life activities., 14.An adolescent feel insecure while trying to adjust to the changes in the body and the, mind., 15.They seek company of friends to share their feelings even if they are of opposite sex., 9. Nature prepares human body to reproduce her generations what do you think of it?, Ans:, 1. In females, the reproductive phase of life begins usually around 10 to 12 years of age.

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2. and generally it lasts till the age of 40 to 50 years., 3. The ova begin to mature with the onset of adolescence., 4. One ovary matures every month., 5. During this period the wall of uterus becomes thick so as to receive a fertilized egg this, results in pregnancy and childbirth., 6. If fertilization does not occur the released egg and thickened lining of the uterus will, be released with some amount of blood in women this is called menstration ., 7. Menstrual cycle prepares the female human body to reproduce generations and after, generation to continue human life on the earth., 8. this is the secret of nature and its nature's wonderful phenomena., 10. You know but early marriage that it is a social sin paper slogans prevent this., Ans:, 1. Married in hastel, we repent at leisure., 2. Save girl child and save nature., 3. Child marriages lead hanged marriages., 4. Please stop child marriage., 5. Child marriage is shame to nation., 11. 13 years old Swaroop always think of his height .can he improve his height? what do you, suggest him?, Ans: yes, swaroop can increase his height .He should take nutritious diet rich with proteins, and carbohydrates.

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12. Are you angry with your parents .How do you wish your parents to be?, When insulted or threatened unfairly by parents we get angry on them. In our opinion a, parent is, 1. to be a good advisor., 2. to give advice how., 3. to control stress and spray which is needed by the adolescence., 4. to be like a guide ., 5. to give guidance., 6. how to behave with opposite sex., 7. to be like a friend to give good suggestions ., 8. to be like a well wisher and always stand behind us two leaders for bright future., 13. What are your expectations about your parents and teachers?, 1.Parents and teachers play an important role to develop the adolescence into healthy, productive young ones to the nation., 2.parents feel to develop their children into better ones then themselves., 3. they must have good courage, confidence, boldness and free to solve the problems ., 4.they should not be tense and parent is to be a friend and guide towards adolescence ., 5.teacher is not only a master he is to be a captain Or a leader every adolescent needs mental, support ., 6.teacher is the only Person who gives suitable suggestions to make them free from all mental, stress

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5.Attaining the age of Adolescence ( Low Achievers), Key points, 1. We see changes in the age of 13 to 19 years this period is called adolescence., 2. During this period changes are observed inside ( internal) and (outside) external the body, example change in voice and growing tall., 3. Adolescence is a complex stage of life., 4.This is a period of confusion and transition., 5.Growth is one of the important characteristic in human, beings., 6.Initially girls grow faster than boys., 7.Changes occurring in adolescent boys and girls are different., 8.Generally change in voice is seen during adolescence., 9.The Adam's Apple is actually a partial growth of our voice box or larynx., 10.The Larynx is made up of 9 cartilages., 11.The largest cartilage is thyroid cartilage., 12.Sweat and pimples are common in adolescence boys and girls., 13.The sex organs by which children are identified as boy or girl at birth represent primary, sexual characters ., 14.During adolescence male sex organs like testis and penis develop completely., 15.In girls ovary enlarges and egg begins to mature., 16.Facial hair mustaches and beards are secondary sexual characters in male., 17.Development of breast is secondary sexual characters in females., 18.Reproduction is most important for continuation of human race., 19.Adolescence is in between 11 to 15 years., 20.First menstrual cycle is called menarche.

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21.Reproductive phase starts around 11 to 12 years and lasts upto 45 to 50 years., 22.One ovary matures and is released by one of the ovaries once in about 28 to 30 days., 23.The unfertilized egg comes out along with thickened lining of uterus this causes bleeding, in women which is called menstruation., 24.Menopause is stoppage of menstruation in the age of 45 to 50 years., 25.If menstruation remains irregular for over a year there is a need to consult to doctor, (gynecologist), 26.Marriage is a social and cultural practice to produce next generation in our country., 27.The onset of puberty or development of secondary sexual characters and maturity of, reproductive parts are controlled by hormones that become functional at the onset of, adolescence., 28.Hormones are the secretions of endocrine glands without ducts which secrete them, directly into the bloodstream., 29.Endocrine glands help in the regulation of the functioning of human body., 30.Pituitary glands secrete hormones which include growth hormones and other stimulating, hormones that make other glands such as testes, ovary, adrenals etc. to secrete hormones., 31.Testosterone is male hormone and oestrogen is female hormone., 32.It is more essential to be careful about health and hygiene., 33.Adolescent queries must never go unanswered., 34.Child marriage is a social evil., 35.The legal age for marriage is 21 years for girls and 23 years for boys.

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Question and answers, 1. How is adolescence different from childhood, Answer, Adolescence, , Childhood, , It is independent nature, , It depends upon parents, , They like company of friends, , learning through experimenting and, communication, , Taking decisions with the help of elders, , Supervision of adults, , Lot of stress and strain, , No stress make new friends and gain, new skills, , Rate of growth is more, , Comparatively less, , 2. Write short notes on the following, A.A Secondary sexual characters, 1.In adolescence age some external changes have seen in both girls and boys., 2.These are called secondary sexual characters., Example: facial hair moustaches beards begin. hair starts growing on the chest., 3.In girls breast begin to develop., 4.In both boys and girls hair grows in armpit.

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B.Adam's Apple, 1.Adam's Apple growth of voice box in Larynx., 2.The larynx is made up of nine cartilages, largest is thyroid cartilage., 3.Due to elongation of the thyroid cartilage the Adam's Apple is formed it protrudes out in, front of the neck., 4.This is caused mainly by male hormone testosterone., 5.As a result muscles or chords attached to the cartilage get loosened and thickened., 6.when air passes through these chords hoarse sound is produced., , 3. list out the changes in the body that take place at the age of adolescence., 1.During this adolescence changes occur in internal external parts of the body., 2.They show interest to spend time with years., 3.Girls voice become soft ,pimples also may appear on the face by the activation of oil and, sweat glands., 4.There is growth and maturity in reproductive system growth and maturity., 5. In the boys voice becomes a coarse pimples acne appear on the face, facial hair like, Mustache begin to grow.

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4.Why acne and pimples are common in adolescence., 1.Naturally in adolescence boys and girls feel worried of their pimples and acne., 2.Reason is the secretions of sweat and sebaceous glands which are very active in, adolescence., 3.Proper washing of face and avoiding oil rich food can prevent these acnes., 5. What can you suggest to your classmates to keep himself / herself clean and healthy?, 1.It would be better to have bath at least twice every day., 2.All parts of the body and inner wears should be washed and cleaned everyday., 3.If Cleanliness is not maintained there are chances of having fungal and other unwanted, infections., 4.Girls should take special care of cleanliness during the time of menstrual cycle, 5.Making use of disposable napkins is suggested., 6. If you have chance to talk with the doctor what questions you would ask about adolescence, emotions and changes in the body., Ans:If I have chance to talk with the doctor I would ask him about, 1.How to develop positive emotions like bravery, self confidence ,happiness, satisfaction, appreciation, gratitude ,concern and forgiveness., 2.And also how to overcome the negative emotions like anger, bitterness, dissatisfaction,, sadness, anxiety, fear, shame, guilt which are needed in adolescence., 7. Write few suggestions to improve the performance of Red ribbon club of your school., 1.To instill life skills., 2.To ensure your that every college going youth is is equipped with conceptual knowledge, about various basic health aspects., 3.To increase the capacity of of educational system in teaching various basic health aspects., 4.To motivate youth and build their capacity as peer educators., 5.To promote voluntary blood donations.

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8. Prepare 3 minute speech on behavioral changes in adolescence., 1.Adolescence is the growing age where we may observe some changes in behavior., 2.They are very fast in taking decisions., 3.They do not want it to be forced to do any work behave really peculiarly sometimes fast, and sometimes., 4.Adolescence prefer to spend more time before the mirror and like to use perfumes., 5.They do not want to listen to parents suggestions and feels friends are correct but not, parents., 9. Nature prepares human body to reproduce her generations what do you think of it?, Ans:, 1.In females, the reproductive phase of life begins usually around 10 to 12 years of age, and, generally it lasts till the age of 40 to 50 years., 2. The ova begin to mature with the onset of adolescence., 3.One ovary matures every month., 4.During this period the wall of uterus becomes thick so as to receive a fertilized egg this, results in pregnancy and childbirth., 5.Menstrual cycle prepares the female human body to reproduce generations and after, generation to continue human life on the earth., 10. You know but early marriage that it is a social sin paper slogan prevent this., Ans:, 1.Married in hastel , we repent at leisure., 2.Save girl child and save nature., 3.Child marriages lead hanged marriages., 4.Please stop child marriage.

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11. 13 years old Swaroop always think of his height .can he improve his height? what do you, suggest him?, Ans: yes, swaroop can increase his height .He should take nutritious diet rich with proteins, and carbohydrates., , 12. Are you angry with your parents .How do you wish your parents to be?, 1.When insulted or threatened unfairly by parents we get angry on them. In our opinion a, parent is to be a good advisor., 2. To give advice how to control stress and spray which is needed by the adolescence., 13. What are your expectations about your parents and teachers?, 1.Parents and teachers play an important role to develop the adolescence into healthy, productive young ones to the nation., 2.parents feel to develop their children into better ones then themselves., 3. they must have good courage, confidence, boldness and free to solve the problems ., 4.teacher is not only a master he is to be a captain Or a leader every adolescent needs mental, support ., 5.teacher is the only Person who gives suitable suggestions to make them free from all mental, stress

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6.BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION, QUESTION AND ANSWERS

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7. Different Ecosystem( High Achievers), , Definition:Agroupoforganismsinteractingamongthemandwithenvironmentiscalledecosystem, , 1. Define an ecosystem. Explain it with a suitable, , example. Answer:, 1. An ecosystem can be defined as a functional unit of nature, where living, , organisms interact among themselves and also withthe surrounding, physical environment., 2. For example, Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystem on, , earth, deriving nourishment from terrestrial fresh water and tidal, salt water.

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5.Biotic components:The living organisms (or) living members in an ecosystem collectively form its community called biotic, components (or) biotic community., Examples:, •, , plants (producers), mangrove,spirogyra,euglena, oscilatoria,blue green algae,, ulothrix etc, • Animals (consumers) shrimp, crab, hydra, protozoans, mussel, snails, turtle,, daphnia, brittle word, tube worm etc, • Microorganisms (decomposers). Detritus feeding bacteria etc., 6. Abiotic components: Abiotic (non-living) components, The non-living components (physical and chemical) of ecosystem collectively form community called abiotic, components (or) abiotic community., Examples, Climate, soil, water fair, energy, nutrients, Salt and fresh water, air, sunlight, soil, etc., 2. Explain how diversity of living organisms helps in enriching any ecosystem., , Answer:

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1. The existence of the ecosystem depends on the continued survival of the organisms in, , the ecosystem., 2. All organisms require energy for growth, reproduction and survival., 3. This energy is obtained by the organisms from the food they consume., 4. Plants are the producers producing food in any ecosystem. The animals present in the, , ecosystem are consumers as they consume food from plants., 5. Some of the organisms in the ecosystem such as bacteria and fungi, obtained their, , nutritional requirements by decomposing the dead bodies of both producers and, consumers., 6. They retain nutrients tothesoilfortheplantstouse.Asthecyclebeginsagain., 7. Like this diversity of living organisms helps in enriching any ecosystem.

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3.What happens when two animals having similar habits share one, ecosystem?, Answer:, 1.When two animals having similar habits, sharing one ecosystem , only the stronger and, better equipped animal can survive, while the weaker one die or eliminated from the ecosystem., 2.This is called ‘Survival of the fittest’., , 4. What is the difference between habitat and, , ecosystem?, Answer:, 1.Habitat isthenaturallivingplaceofanorganismoragroupoforganisms.Landandwater, are the major habitats., 2.An ecosystem is a Natural unit and has both Abiotic and biotic components, which interact, and influence each other.

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5. Who am I?, , 1. I am the base of, , foodchain. Answer:, Green plants., 2. I depend on plants for, food. Answer:, Consumers (Herbivorous Animals), 3. I break down the remains of dead plants and, animals. Answer:, Decomposers., Ex: Bacteria, Fungi., 6. Which of the following is producer and why?, , а) fox b) fungus c) chicken d) grass., Answer:, 1. Grass is theproducer., 2. All green plants produce food materials with the help of carbon dioxide and water in the, , presence of sunlight. So plants are called producers., 3. Asgrassisthegreenplantandproducefoodforotheranimals,itiscalledproducer., 7. What do you understand by food web? Describe your own food web with the help, , of diagrammatic representation., Answer, , 1. A food web consists of several interlinked food chains and, , each organism in the food web will be a member of, more than one food chain.

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2. For example rats and insects eat seeds and otherplantparts.Astheirfood., 3. Insects are eaten by frogs and lizards., 4. Rats and frogs are eaten by snakes., 5. Lizards and snakes are eaten by birds., 6. Birds are eaten by fox, wolves. These are eaten by tigers and lions., 7. Thusasingle plant or an animal maybecomefood for more than oneanimal., 8. Similiarly an animal may consume more than one type of food depending on its taste and, , availability in theecosystem., 9. Thuseachorganisminanecosystemmaybeamemberofmorethanonefoodchain., 10. When we looked at these relationships between various organisms for food in the ecosystem,, , it appears that several food chains are interlinked with each other forming a food web., , 8. An ecosystem that had mice. What happens if more cats were added to, , it? Answer:, 1. In an ecosystem if the mice and the cats were existing equally, smooth balance would be, , maintained. When reproduction took place in these animals, generations would be continued, then the ecosystem would be maintained healthy., 2. When more cats were added in that ecosystem all the mice would be eaten away by the, , cats it leads to the end of mice population., 3. Because of lack of food, the cats, either have to leave the ecosystem or they die., 4. If there is no continuity of the animals, the ecosystem would be destroyed., 9. List out producers (plants, bushes, trees), consumers (herbivores and carnivores), , and decomposers that you observed in your agriculture field or school garden., Answer:, Producers:, Plants – Grass plants, creepers like pumpkin, bottlegourd, etc. Bushes –, Rose, Jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold., Trees – Palm, coconut, mango, drumstick, lemon, sweet lemon, guava.

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Consumers:, Herbivores – Goat, sheep, buffalo, ox, rats, butterflies, etc. Carnivores –Crow,, dogs, snakes, frogs, lizards., Decomposers – Fungi (mushroom),Bacteria., 10. In grassland ecosystem, rabbit eats only plants. They eat plants faster than, , the plants can grow back. What must happen to bring the ecosystem into, balance?, Answer:, 1.The animals like fox, wolves, tigers, etc. which feed on rabbits will be introduced in that grass., 2.land ecosystem, then the rabbits will be controlled by them. Thus the ecosystem will comes into, balance., 11. Plant, Tiger, Rabbit, Fox, Hawk., , Did you find any connection among the above list of things. If we remove Rabbit, from the list what will happen?, Answer:, 1. Plant, tiger, rabbit, fox, hawk these are the animals living in an ecosystem and are, , interdepending one on the other, and maintaining a food web – Plants → Rabbit → Hawk →, Fox → Tiger., 2. A delicate balance is seen in nature between members of different species., 3. Any disturbance in this balance affects the organisms in a food web., 4. If we remove rabbit from the list the other animals like tiger, fox, hawk which are, , depending one on the other for food will die because of no food., 5. “LIVE AND LET LIVE” should become our motto., 12. What, , do you understand by interdependency of animals and plants ? How do, you appreciate ?, Answer:, 1. An ecosystem is made up of groups of living things and their environments.

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3. All these organisms live together and interact with one another in many ways., 4. There is a feeding relationship between plants and animals. Along with this an, , interdependence between plants and animals for space, reproduction, shelter, etc., 5. All organisms in an ecosystem derive energy from food to live., 6. The sun is the main source of energy for all living things., 7. Plants being autotrophic, trap this energy through a process called photosynthesis and produce, , food to all living organisms. They are known as Primary producers., 8. Animals as they can not prepare food,they consume plants directly or indirectly and called, , consumers.

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1. Draw the diagram of Interdependence between the biotic components and, , answer the following questions., Answer:, Interdependence between the bioticcomponents:, , 1. What do the arrows in the figure, , indicate? Answer:, The animals are depending one on the other for food., 2. Trace the path from grass to tiger. You may trace out other paths as, , well. Answer:, Grass → grass hopper → frog → snake., Carrot and grass → rabbit → fox → tiger, Plants → deer → bear → tiger, Seeds → squirrel → eagle → tiger, 3. On how many organisms is rabbit dependent? Write their, , names. Answer:, Carrot, grass.

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4. How many organisms depend on rabbit? Write their, , names., Answer:, Snake, fox, eagle, tiger., 5. Where do plants get their food, , from?, Answer:, Plants are autotrophs they can prepare their food from carbondioxide and water, in the, presence of sunlight., 6. What other things do animals need for their, , survival?, Answer:, Abiotic components like soil, water, sunlight, etc., , Observe the food web given below figure., , Answer:, The diagram showing food web.

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Now answer the following Questions., 1. Which are the producers in the food web?, Answer:, Grass, rice plants, maize, bushes., 2. Which are consumers?, Answer:, Fish, frog, birds, rats, rabbit, deer, tadpole, larva ,sheep, cat, fox, tiger, crane, eagle, snake, owl, peacock,, insects, lion., 3. Where does the food web start from?, Answer:, Food web starts from greenplants., 4. Name the organism where the food web ends., Answer:, Crane, eagle, owl, peacock, lion., 5. What happens when plants and animals die in a food web?, Answer:, When plants and animals die, they are decayed and decomposed by Decomposers like, bacteria and fungi. They return nutrients to the soil for plants to use, as the cycle begin, again. This is the reason ‘Decomposers ‘are also called as recyclers.

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Name of the Forest – Kondapalli Reserve Forest, , 1. Do all the forest have same type of vegetation?, Answer:, No, there are mainly trees that show much species diversity and greater, degrees stratification., 2.Are producers afforest ecosystem higher than its consumers?, Answer:, Trees are higher than consumers, besides trees shrubs and ground vegetation, also there., 3.Do all the forests have same type of animals?, Answer;- No

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7.Different Ecosystems (Low Achievers), , 1) Define an ecosystem. Explain it with a suitable example?, A) The unit of nature where living organisms interact with each other and their, environment, (or), An ecosystem contains of biotic species and abiotic components in a specific, environment, Ex: - forest ecosystem., Biotic components: - Trees, animals., Abiotic components: - Soil, water, Air, Sunlight., 2) Explain how diversity of living organisms helps in enriching any ecosystem?, A) Biological diversity means differences between all living organisms. This helps maintain, the ecological balance, and provide food and shelter to different organisms. And also, help in the survival and sustenance of each other by helping enrich the ecosystem., 3) What happens when two animals having similar habits share one ecosystem?, A) If two animals having similar habits share one ecosystem then the ecosystem will, collapse. Because they compete with each other for food and space, only stronger, animal can survive, weaker are eliminated from the ecosystem.

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4) What is the difference between habitat and ecosystem?, A), Habitat, • Place where an organism lives is, called Habitat., EX:- Tree, , Ecosystem, • Place where group of organisms, lives with their environment, EX:- Forest, Pond, , • Physical Unit, • Functional unit, 5) Who am I?, ➢ I am the base of food chain -producer, ➢ I depend on plants for food- consumers, ➢ I break down the remains of dead plants and animals- decomposer, 6) Which of the following is a producer? And why? (a) fox (b) fungus (c) Chicken (d) grass, A) Grass is a producers, because they it can prepare it’s own food by the process of, photosynthesis, , 7) What do you understand by food web? Describe your own food web with the help of, a diagrammatic representation?, A) Interconnection of food chain is called food, web., In a given diagrammatic there are four food, chains in operation., 8) An ecosystem that had mice. What happens if more cats were added to it?, A) Cats feed on mice. If cat population increases then, the mice population would, significantly decrease; there is no balance between predator and prey. So, food chain, may not operate properly.

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9) List out producers (Plants, Bushes, trees). Consumers (herbivores and carnivores) and, Decomposers that you observed in your agriculture field or school garden?, A) Producers- Crops, Seeds, Trees., Consumers- Snakes, Crow, rats., Decomposers-Earthworm, microbes that live in soil., 10), In grassland ecosystem, rabbit eats only plants they eat plants faster than the, plants can grow back. What must happen to bring the ecosystem into balance?, A) In grassland ecosystem, rabbit feed on plants faster than the growth of plants. To bring, this ecosystem into balance more carnivores such as fox hawks are needed to control, the population of rabbit., , 11.Plants, tiger, rabbit, fox, haws. Did you find any connection among the above list, of things. If we remove rabbit form the list what will happen?, A) Plant, tiger, rabbit, fox, hawk is the part of food chain and food web, , The rabbit is removed from the food web, grass population will increase., The population of fox tiger, and hawk will decrease in absence of their food., So, imbalance will be created in a given ecosystem., 12.What do you understand by inter –dependency of animals and plants? How do you, appreciate?, A) Inter dependence is the dependence of two or more living things on each other., Plants and animals depend on each other for food, protection, shelter and, reproduction.

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8.Production and Management of Food from, Plants, Question 1., State reasons why wheat is cultivated in Kharif., Answer:, 1. The crops grown in the rainy season are termed as Kharif in the months of June to, October., 2. If we cultivate wheat crop in the month of July it takes 8 – 10 weeks for growing., 3. After that flowering will take place. By that time, it would be October., 4. Then the night duration extends more than 1212 hours. Wheat plants flowering takes, place only in long night durations., 5. Crop production is based on the flowering of plant. If flowering of plant is more, the, crop production also is more., 6. Wheat is important cereal crop gained a lot through Green Revolution by developing, high yielding hybrid strains., Question 2., Ramaiah’s field is flattened. Somaiah’s field has many up and downs. Who will get more, crop ?, Answer:, 1. Generally the fields have a lot of ups and downs even after ploughing. So, a leveller is, used for levelling the soil., 2. By levelling the soil, it becomes flattened, water and nutrients can be reached to every, part of the land. It also helps in sowing seeds and planting., 3. Because Ramaiah’s field is flattened, he will get more produce than Somaiah., Question 3., What are the advantages of ploughing?, Answer:, Before growing crops ploughing the soil properly is necessary., Advantages:, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., , Ploughing loosens the soil and it helps in easier transportation of air and water., Water is stored deeply for a long time as the soil is soft., Roots penetrate in the deep and can respire well as the air enters easily into the soil., Friendly microorganisms and earthworms can grow well when the soil is soft., Some foe microorganisms die due to the sun rays.

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Question 4., Treating with fungicides before sowing the seed is necessary. Why?, Answer:, 1. Sometimes farmers wash seeds with chemicals to protect from pests., 2. Medication is done to keep away the seeds from the harmful microorganisms like, bacteria, fungi etc., 3. So, generally farmers treat the seeds with fungicides before sowing the seeds before, making them to germinate., Question 5., Why do farmers dry the paddy crop after cutting them from fields?, Answer:, 1. Naturally food produce can be damaged by fungi, pests, rats and bacteria., 2. If moisture is also there in the grains, it helps to develop moulds (fungi)., 3. Such grains neither germinates nor suitable to eat., 4. To overcome this problem farmers dry the grains for 2-3 days in sun., 5. After drying they keep the grains in jute bags and preserve them in godowns., Question 6., Give some examples of plants that grow after replanting., Answer:, Seeds that are broadcast in a plot, grow into seedlings. When these plants grow to, certain height, farmers pick out the plants (seedlings) from the plots, make bundles and are, sown in proper distances. This is called transplantation (replanted), E.g.: Rice (Sri Vari), Tobacco, Onions, Chillies etc., Question 7., Rahim removed weeds in his crop field, but David did not. Guess who get more yield. Why?, Answer:, 1. Rahim get more yield than David. Because, 2. Weeds are the unwanted or undesirable plants which grow in the fields and compete, with crop plants for water, nutrients, light and space., 3. Because of these plants the crop plants may not grow properly. So they should be, removed., 4. Otherwise the yield of the crop will be reduced., 5. Weeds give shelter for insects, pests and microorganisms and serve as a host for them., 6. Weeds are capable of germinating and growing fastern than crop plants. They flower, and form seeds much earlier than the crop plants., 7. Some weeds disperse pollen grain to air which in turn causes respiratory diseases.

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Question 8., What is natural manure? How to prepare it? Give two examples., Answer:, Natural manure: A manure made by the decomposition of plants and animal (organic) wastes, is called natural manure or natural fertilizer or Bio Fertilizer., Preparation:, 1. These fertilizers are formed by decomposing plant and animal wastes., 2. In rural areas farmers keep these plant and animal wastes outside the village in open, space., 3. Some bacteria like Azatobacter, Nitrobacter decompose and it becomes manure which, contain nutrients., 4. Wherever the manure is added to the soil, there it provides nutrients to the plants., Examples : Vermi compost, Dung fertilizer., Question 9., Why do farmers plough their field during summer?, Answer:, 1. Ploughing loosens the soil and it helps in easier transportation of air and water., 2. In summer temperature is very high. So the soil becomes dry. Then the soil becomes, very loosly., 3. Some foe microorganisms die due to the sunrays., Question 10., Rajendar cultivated cotton crop in his field. He did not get sufficient yield. Can you guess the, reasons? (OR), A farmer cultivated cotton crop in his field. He did not get sufficient yield. Guess any four, causes for it., Answer:, 1. Farmers in our state generally purchase seeds in the nearby market. The grains that are, available in the packets play vital role in agriculture., 2. Sometimes the rate of germination of the seeds is not up to the mark, which was, labelled on the packet., 3. Sometimes never germinate too., 4. At times, seeds grow into plants but they be sterile., 5. And sometimes the crop may be attacked by the larva of spotted brown boll-worm and, pinkish boll-worms., 6. The larva of brown catter pillar sucks the juice from the leaves. The buds and the fruits, of cotton plants drop off from the infected plants., 7. The larva of pinkish boll worm of cotton make hole in the stem, flower buds, flowers, and fruits. As a result flower buds, cotton bolls drop off., 8. May be these reasons Rajendar did not get sufficient yield

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Question 11., I am a plant. I grow in crop fields. Farmers pluck me. I do not know the reason. Can you tell, who am I ?, Answer:, 1. We observe some other plants growing along with the crop plants These are, undesirable plants called weeds. They should be removed immediately., 2. The weeds, compete with the crop plants for nutrients, water and light, so he crop, plants may not grow properly. This is the reason why they (weeds) should be removed., 3. Besides competition for food, light and water they also work as a carrier for different, diseases. They also serve as host for different pests., 4. Some weeds disperse pollen grains to air which in turn causes respiratory diseases., 5. So the farmers pluck the weeds from crop plants by using different methods., Question 12., What do you observe in the experiment of dropping a fist of Bengal gram seeds in water?, a) What are the differences you observed in both the seeds?, Answer:, We can observe some seeds floated on water, the remaining sank under the water. The seeds, which are floated are wrinkled and rough shaped but the sank seeds are round and smooth., The floated seeds are light in weight but the sank seeds are more in weight., b) Do you know why the floated seeds are lighter in weight?, Answer:, The floated seeds are not healthy, so they are lighter in weight., c) Which seeds germinate well? Why?, Answer:, The seeds which sank in water germinate well because they are healthy., d) Which seeds would not germinate properly? Why?, Answer:, The seeds which are wrinkled and rough would not germinate properly. Because the, cotyledon inside the seed would not develop healthy.

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Question 13., Go to your nearest fertilizer shop and collect the information about chemical fertilizers and fill, the table. Copy the following table in your notebook., Answer:

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Question 14., Prepare a flow chart from ploughing to yielding in paddy., Answer:, , Question 15., How do you appreciate the irrigation systems used in the drought prone areas?, Answer:, 1. This method is employed when the availability of water is poor., 2. As the water reaches the plants drop by drop this is called Drip irrigation., 3. A long tube followed by small tubes attached to a motor. The tubes are made holes. So, the water comes out from the tube., 4. The holes are arranged in such a way that it provide water exactly at the place where, plant roots could receive water., 5. The man’s best technical method of utilizing the water in farming where the conditions, are pravailing and in the areas where the availability of water is scanty.

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Question 16., Narendra sprayed over dose of pesticides on his cotton crop. Ramesh says it is a hazard to, biodiversity and crop yield. Can you support Ramesh? How?, Answer:, 1. In agriculture pests damage the crops. Almost all crops are generally effected by pests., 2. Wheat, Paddy and suagarcane are generally affected by fungal diseases. Groundnut is, affected by Tikka disease. The catterpillars of spotted brown boll worm and Pinkish boll, worm affect the crop., 3. A wide variety of agricultural and garden pesticides are available. A few derived from, neem tobacco and chrysanthemum (Chamanthi) are less dangerous to other living, organisms., 4. A wide variety of inorganic and organic pesticides are commonly used D.D.T. (Dichloro, diphenoxy Trichloro ethane) BHC (Benzene Hexa Chloride), Chlordane, Endrin, Aldrin,, Endosulfan and Diazinon pesticides are usually dusted or sprayed on crops or put in the, soil., 5. But pesticides should not use unwisely. They get into the bodies of plants and animals, in the soil and water. When these plants are eaten by animals like fish the pesticide get, into their bodies., 6. A bird that eat the fish might get a concentrated lethal dose., 7. D.D.T. also accumulate in the egg shells, weakening them and making the shells break, before hatching. It is observed D.D.T. is present in the milk of buffaloes and cows., 8. In this way pesticides are passed down the food chain and accumulate in the bodies of, higher animals including human beings causing sickness and sometimes death., Question 17., Venkatesh observed the irrigation method for paddy field. He wanted to follow the same, practice for his Maize crop. What suggestions do you give him?, Answer:, 1. Paddy is grown as a Kharif or a Rabi crop. It requires high temperature of 22°C to 32°C, and heavy rain fall. It is cultivated heavily in Kharif season., 2. Maize is cultivated in both Kharif and Rabi seasons but heavily in Kharif season. This, requires high temeprature (35°C) with moderate rainfall., 3. So Venkatesh can follow the ame practice for his maize crop as the requirements of, both the crops are almost same.

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Keywords: *, Crop : crops are plants grown in in large quantities for food or other needs, * Agriculture : the practice of forming involving the cultivation of soil crop production and, raising livestock, * Long term crops : crops that it takes 180 days and above for harvesting are called long term, crops, * Shart term crops : crops that takes 100 days and below for harvesting for called short term, crops, * Karif season : the rainy season in India is generally from June to October, * Rabi season : their time period is is generally from November to March, * Night duration : in some plants flowering depends upon the duration of night. Vendor night, duration is more than 12 .30. hours. Flowering will be more., * Sprouting : the germination of seeds into a seeding is called sprouting, . * Broadcasting : the method of despairing seeds bye sprinkling is called broad costing., * Manure : it is is an organic matter obtained from the decomposition of animal waste dead, plants and animals by the action of decomposers like bacteria and fungi., * Biofertilizers : biofertilizers are useful to tu to maintain soil health and productivity. These, are not having nutrients in in them like organic manure. They synthesize nutrients from, environment and soil. These are also called farmer friendly fertilizers., *. Irrigation : the supply of water to crops at different intervals is gold irrigation., * Sprinklers : the perpendicular Piper having rotating nazzler on the top urgent the main, pipeline at regular intervals., * Drip irrigation: in this system the water falls drop by drop just at the position of the roots.

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9.Production of food from animals(H.A)

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9.PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS

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CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING, 1. One honey bee hive consists of different types of bees. What are they? How, they differ from each other ?, A., , Queen:, • There is only one queen bee in colony., • The primary function of queen is lay eggs., • It lay nearly 800 – 1200 eggs per day., • The life span of queen is two three years., , Drones :, • Drones are male members of the colony., • These are hundred in number and life span is 57 days., • Their main duty is participating in mating., • The drones die after., , Workers :, • They are several thousands in mating., •, , Its life span is 5-6 weeks., • These are the sterile females attended to indoor duties.

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• These worker’s duties are secretion of royal jelly, feeding of the, , brood and collecting nectar., 2. Make a list of characters of local variety buffaloes which give good, , quantity of milk in your village ?, Ans:They are the some characters which gives good quantity of milk, • They have large breast., • Upper part is flat., • Body is big in size., • Horns are short., • External ears are large, 3. Explain the process of hatching eggs Under broody in rural areas ?, • In rural areas hatching eggs under broody hen., • First they a basket and fill with the hunk., • Lay the eggs in the basket and leave the broody and on them., • They sit on the and hatch them., • After 21 days the eggs hatch and released the chicks., 4. Write about the accessory products produced in animal, , husbandry ?, Ans :, • we get milk cheese, cova, butter, ghee, milk powder at home from the, livestock., •, , Livestock facility establishment of milk collecting and chilling centers, and biogas plant., • We have a production of butter packed milk and Milk products, in milk chilling centers., • By decomposing cattle dung and urine biogas in produced., • Biogas plant are helpful in cleaning the surroundings and meet the, demand the fuels.

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•, , The eggs of the chicken are very nutrient food. the fund of the SIP is also, used in many products., , 5. what are estuaries, how are they suitable for both marine and river fish to, live ?, • Estuary is the place where river meets the environmental conditions, are in a state of flux, mostly marine species can tolerate large, variation in salinity. Eg : mullets, cat fishes, clupeids etc., • Tidal region influence the estuarine characters, with high tide bringing, more sea water into the estuary, low tide with more fresh water, entering into the area., • As the water content of estuary changes rapidly the fishes living in estuary, adopt to rapid changes in the salt content of water., , 6. If you have a change to visit chilling center, what droughts would you, , like to clarify ? Please list out them out?, • Why should all the milk is to be chilled in milk collection centre?, • What methods do you follow to sterilize the milk before, packing ?, • How long does the milk last in the milk chilling centre? Can we expect, packed milk that is freed from any contaminant.

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7. Collect news from newspapers about milk production and impurities in milk., Prepare a note and display it on wall magazine?, • The information of milk production is collected is from various villages, with the help of the dairy people who purchase the milk the farmers., • Water is the common adulterant for milk. It reduces the quality and, nutrient value of the milk., • Lactometer is used to measure the purity of milk., • Dairy people who collect the milk from farmers assess the fat, percentage and grade the milk into different categories., , Murra, , Holestein, , 8. Collect information about sea weeds, sea kelps, from your school library and, write a note with examples., Sea weeds :- The marine Algae which has medicinal and nutritional value. Red, Algae -Gelidium and gracilaria are cultured for Agar - Agar., Brown algae -Sargassum are used to produce algae., Sea kelps :- These are the large sea weeds belonging to brown algae. Kelps, ash is used in soap and glass production.

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Sea weeds, , sea kelps, , 9. Observe nearby poultry farm and find out, how do they export eggs, to market. What material is used for transportation ?, • The poultry farms are well established in and around major towns, and cities., • The broilers are used for meat purpose and layers are used for eggs, production., • The eggs are collected and graded as per their size., • The paper made by paper pulp / plastic toys are used to keep, , the eggs. These racks are piled up on one another.They are, transported through trunks from place to place

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10. Observe a dry honey bee hive and how the bees built it. Draw a picture., How does it look like ?, , Honey bee chambers, • It looks like a building block of hexagonals., • The worker bees make it with the help of bee wax secreted from their, abdominal region., , 11. Agriculture and animal husbandary are both sides of the same, coin. How can you justify this ?, In our country farmers believe that animal husbandry is part and parcel, of our agriculture because, • The bullocks are used in the agricultural practice and, transportation., • The milk of the buffaloes is used as an additional – income, Sources for farmers., • The fodder of the cattle is obtained as a byproduct from the, agriculture., , 12. How do you appreciate the uses of cattle?, • The term cattle represent both cows, bulls and also buffaloes. Another

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term that is used to represent these is livestock., • Cattle were domesticated primarily for food, for milk and meat., However, later they were used in agricultural operations, for, transporting loads forms place to place and their skins were used for, marking leather goods. Buffaloes are now reared for milk and their skin, is used for making leather goods, • The use of cattle for agricultural operations is more prevalent in, Asian countries. In western countries, the meat from cattle - called beef is, more popular and special breeds of cattle are grown for this purpose. Milk, yield from these animals is usually low when compared with dairy breeds of, cows., • The cow dung, its urine are useful as organic manure., • Bio gas is another advantage of cattle dung., , 13. What makes you amazing of work in honey bee colony support your, answer?, • Honey bee species are social insect like ants which lives in colonies., • A honeybee colony consists of three types one – queen, several, thousands of workers and few hundreds of drones., • There is only one queen bee in a colony. The primary function of a queen, is to lay eggs (800 – 1200), • The lifespan of the queen is two to three years, a worker has 5-6, weeks and the drone has 57 days., • There are sterile females which are called workers in the hive. These, bees attend to indoor duties and outdoor duties., • Drones are the male members of the colony. Their main duty is, participating in mating., • The division of work in honey bee colony is amazing.

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14. Conversion Of agricultural lands into fish ponds leads to food crisis, and environmental pollution. Write your opinion conduct a debate on, this issue?, • The fast conversion of agricultural fields into fish ponds in many villages, worried the administration, because the fish ponds cause damage to the, underground water sources. To make the fish ponds we remove the top, layers, and use fertile layers of the soil. If the disposal of waste generated, in aquaculture is not properly planned, it further causes pollution., Advantages :, • The farmers who get very low income from their agriculture can convert, their lands into fish ponds which is a good sources of income., • The unusual changes in the climatic conditions may not affect to a, greater extent., • Good marketing facilities and transportation is available for marine, products., Disadvantages :• Available crop land area decreases. Food production decreases., Terrestrial flora and fauna deplete.

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10.Not for drinking Not for breathing, Synopsis:, 1) Pollution :- Anything that is harmful to the environment is pollution., 2) Air pollution:- If solids, liquids and gaseous substances are, present in higher volumes that required in the air, it is harmful to air. It, is called air pollution., , 3) Thermal power plants :- The place where electric power is, generated by using coal is called thermal power plants., 4), , Pollutants :-Substances responsible for disturbing the naturally, occurring balance are said to be pollutants., , 5), , Chloric fluro carbons:-CFCs are used in Refrigerator, Air, conditions and Aerosol sprays. Use of CFCs pollutes air by depleting the, ozone layer as a result of which harmful ultraviolet rays each the earth., , 6), , Water pollutans:-The contamination of water with unwanted and, harmful substances such as sewage, toxic chemicals, industrial wastes, etc. is called water pollution., Main points, , ➢ With the rapid increase in the number of vehicles the problem of, automobile pollution has assumed greater significance., ➢ Anything that is harmful to the environment is pollution, ➢ The composition of air in the atmosphere comprises four major gases, namely nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide, ➢ Gases emitted by motor vehicles pollutes air by producing the harmful, pollutants like Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, un, burnt hydrocarbons, lead and soot.

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➢ Various industries like granite, lime, cement etc, pollute air by releasing, pollutants as sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, chlorine flu ash, dust, asbestos, dust etc., ➢ The two problems of nuclear power are radioactive waste and the, possibility of melt downs like Chernobyl., , ➢ Hydro electric power plants, thermal power plants using radioactive, elements like uranium., ➢ The industrial waste contains large number of harmful chemicals like acids,, alkali and metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium leading to, toxicity., ➢ Follow 3R’s principle to reduce pollution and recover resources., ➢ Natural resources are the divine gift for us by nature. Keep these clean, and healthy not only for us but also for future generations., , Mind maps, Air Pollution, , Reduce Reuse Recycle, Pollution, , water, , Pollution, , Thermal Pollution, Pollution, , Soil, Noise Pollution

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1 Mark Questions, 1. What, , is Pollution?, , A. Anything that is harmful to the environment is called pollution, 2. Name, , the diseases caused by air pollution?, , A. Diseases of the respiratory system like lung cancer, Asthma etc., 3. What, , are the four major gases in the air?, , A. The four major gases are nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide., , 4. Which, , department issues the pollution under control, certificate?, , A. The pollution check up centre issue the certificate., , 5. What, , is emission test?, , A. The test conducting of the gases releasing from the vehicle is called emission, , test., , 6.What components are tested in the pollution check up centre?, A. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide etc., 7. What, , are pollutants?, , A. Pollutants are the substances which contaminate the environment.

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8. Name, , the main pollutants in the atmosphere?, , A. Suspended particulate matter Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of, sulphur and nitrogen CFCs and heavy metals., , 9.How to reduce pollution from vehicles?, A. Reduce vehicular emission by using nonpolluting fuels like CNG., 10. What, , are 3R’s principles?, , A. The 3R’S principles are Reduce the use of the materials, Re use them for, secondary purpose and Recycle the material again and again., , 11. When do all the living organisms within the, environment will be healthy and thriving?, A. When everything is working the way it should be all the living organisms with, the environment including humans are healthy and thriving., , 12. What do our elders talk about the environment?, A. Our elders talk about the blue sky, clean water and fresh air that was available, M their times., , 13. What is our environment made up of?, A. The environment is made up of systems, cycles and specialized relationships, between living and non - living elements., , 14. Name some substances which impact the health of our earth?, A. Litter, car exhaust, motor oil, used tires, smoke, chemicals, disposed computer,, mobile phone material etc., all of these can have an instant or a gradual impact on, the health of our earth., , 15. What is Eutrophication?, A. The enrichment of water by nutrients leading to excessive plant growth and, duplication of oxygen is known as Eutrophication.

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Textual Questions and answers, 1., , How does air pollution lead to water pollution?, , Ans: 1) Air and water are not separate problem. There is a close link between, the health of air and the health of water., 2) Nitrogen and chemical contaminants are two types of pollutants that, harm, both the air and water., 3) Up to 1/3rd of the nitrogen that pollutes the bay and it's rivers comes from, the air., 4) Air pollution from a very large geographic area can eventually wind up in the, Bay., 5) Use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture pollutes not only air but also, land and water., 6) Sources of air pollution includes vehicles, industries, power plants and far, operations which lead to water pollution., 2., , What steps can be taken up to control air pollution, and water pollution?, , 3. Ans: Methods for controlling air pollution :, 1. In the open cast mining areas and the other mine areas, steps should be, taken to decrease the release of pollutants., 2. Using of tall chimneys in all factories reduce air pollution., 3. Better designed fuel burning equipment should be used in homes and, industries, so that fuel is burnt completely., 4. Install electrostatic precipitators in the chimneys of industries., 5. Use LPG for domestic use., 6. Improve the quality of fuel in automobiles and use catalytic converters, in them, 7. Use unleaded petrol., 8. Plant and grow more and more trees in your surroundings.

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9. We can protect plants and trees by conducting Vanmahotsav in July, every year., Prevention and controlling of water pollution :, ➢ Toxic industrial wastes should be treated chemically to neutralize the, harmful substances present in it before discharging into river water., ➢ The sewage should not be dumped into the rivers directly j. It should, be first treated at the sewage treatment plant to remove the organic, matter from it in the form of manure., ➢ The use of excessive fertilizers and pesticides should be avoided., ➢ The use of synthetic detergents should be minimized (or), biodegradable detergents should be used., ➢ Dead bodies of human beings and animals should not be thrown into, rivers., ➢ The excreta and other garbage should be treated in a biogas plant., ➢ Trees and shrubs should be planted along the banks of the rivers., 4., , Why does the increased level of nutrients in the ter, affect the chemical &aquatic organisms?, Ans: Plants nutrients :, ➢ Phosphates and nitrates - chemical fertilizers from agriculture run off due to ram and industrial wastes enter into water through, sewage and pollute the water., ➢ It helps algae to bloom, weeds to grow and bacteria is spread. As a, result water turn green and cloudy and smell bad., ➢ Decomposing plants use up the oxygen in water, disrupting aquatic, life., ➢ reducing biodiversity and even killing aquatic life., ➢ Thus, this enrichment of water by nutrients leading to excessive plant, growth and depletion of oxygen is known as 'Eutrophication'. This, affects aquatic life badly.

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5., , Draw a diagram showing the composition of air in, the atmosphere and write the percentages of gases?, , ANS:, , 6., , Road side plants cannot grow properly - Find your, own reasons and explain with your argument., Ans: 1. The dust of the air pollution is deposited on the leaves and it affects the exposure, of the leaves to the sunlight, so the photosynthetic rate is affected., 2. More harmful gases present in the polluted air makes plants not to grow in some areas., , 7., , Write a short note on the effects of water, pollution in your village. Suggest precautions., Ans. In our village, I have seen water in the tanks getting polluted. Open defecation on the, banks of tanks, washing clothes, animals and vehicles, bathing, releasing chemical, pollutants, falling leaves from nearby trees, garbage are polluting the water., , This pollution is causing harmful effects :, ➢ Human diseases : Pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans, cause various diseases in human beings., Eg : Typhoid, jaundice, dysentery., , ➢ Destruction of useful micro organisms : When untreated industrial, wastes get mixed with water in rivers and lakes, they kill the useful, micro -organisms present in the water bodies.

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➢ Eutrophication : The process in which excessive growth of algae, occurs as a result of extra loading of nutrients in water body., ➢ Biomagnification of chemicals : Pesticides levels increase in the living, organisms at each trophic level of the food chain., Precautions :, ➢ Open defacation washing clothes, animals and vehicles to be avoided., ➢ Bathing in water tanks with unclean bodies to be avoided., ➢ Factories are to be directed to instal chemical treatment plants before, releasing them into water., ➢ Fallen leaves and other garbage thrown into tanks are be removed, frequently., 8. What is air pollution? Make a flowchart to describe its causes a effects., Ans. Addition of air pollutants such as particulate matter, gases and, vapours in to the atmosphere which have adverse effects on humans is, called air pollution., AIR POLLUTION, Causes, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, , Sand storms, Mining, Homes (CO2), Volcanic eruption, Radio active elements, Industrial effluents, , Effects, —Breathing difficulty, —Change in atmosphere, — Mental disorders, —Destruction of Biodiversity, —Extinction of flora & fauna, —Atmospheric gases, Become poisonous, , ➢ Automobile exhaust, ➢ Pesticides Over, —Destroys ozone layer, ➢ usage of chemical fertilizers, 9. Clear and transparent water is always suitable for drinking Comment., Ans. The potable water which is suitable for drinking is colourless, without, any smel or any unwanted substances.

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10. If, , our monument like Taj Mahal is effected by air, pollution, what i your advice to protect it?, ➢ Ans. Taj Mahal should be protected from air, pollutants by taking following precautions., ➢ Cars and buses are not to be allowed to drive, to the Taj Mahal. Only battery, run buses or, horse - drawn carriages are to be allowed to, reach the Taj Mahal., ➢ Shifting of polluting industries like Mathura oil refinery., ➢ Using unleaded petrol in the vicinity of the Taj Mahal., ➢ Switching over to clearer fuels like CNG and LPG., , 11. ‘’use, , Bicycle - Avoid motor bikes and cars". ". This, slogan is prepared by Sravani. prepare some more, slogans on pollution., , Ans: Slogans towards biodiversity :, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, , Segregate the reusable waste., Don't produce lot of waste., Use recycled paper., Don't use plastic covers., Compost the wet waste., Turn the waste into compost., Make compost out of fallen leaves., Never burn the fallen leaves of trees., Use bicycles if the destination is manageable., Plant trees in vacant places and take care to ensure their growth., Grow plants and protect them for fresh air and ventilation., Use cattle dung, organic fertilizers., , 12. If, , you are a general manager of a chemical industry, what precautions you would take to control air and, water pollution?, , Ans. 1. Tall chimneys should be installed to reduce air pollution at the ground level., , 2. Installing electrostatic precipitators in the chimneys.

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3. Plant and grow more trees in the surroundings., 4. Toxic industrial wastes should be treated chemically to neutralize the harmful, substances present in it before discharging into rivers and lakes., MULTIPLE CHOICE BITS, , 1. The pollution check will be done for every, A. 4 months B. 5 months, 2., , C. CFCs, , A, , ), , (, , A, , ), , (, , D, , ), , C, , ), , D. SO2, , B. Chlorine, , C. CO2, , D. NO2, , ‘Global warming’ is due to, A. CO2, , 5., , ), , D. 1 year, , Ozone layer is being destroyed by, A. CFCs, , 4., , C, , Which of the following is also called marsh gas? (, A. Methane B. CO2, , 3., , C. 6 months, , (, , B. Water vapour, , C. NO2, , D. Both A and B., , This is responsible for ‘ minimata’ disease., A. Cadmium B. Arsenic, , C. Mercury, , D. Sulphur, , (

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11.Why do We Fall Ill?, Introduction ::, 1. Definition of Health, 2. Ways to get healthy, 3. Definition of Disease, 4. Causes of Disease, 5. Types of Disease, 6. Infectious of Disease, • Infectious agents, • Means of spread, • Principle of treatment, • Principle of prevention

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Health:• State of complete Physical, mental and social well being, • Being Healthy means, @ Feeling good Physicaly, @ Has ability to Hope with social and mental pressures, Ways to get healthy,  Balanced and varied diet, ,  exercise,  Living in proper shelter,  Enough sleep,  Maintaining a, good hygiene, , Balanced and varied diet, , exercise, , Enough sleep

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Disease, • A diseased organism commonly exhibits signs or symptoms, indicative of its abnormal state is called Disease., , Difference between “Healthy” and “Disease-Free, Healthy, , Disease-Free, , It is the state of physical,, , It is the state of, , mental and social well being., , absence from, diseases., , It refers to the, , It refers only to the individual., , individual, physical, and social, environment., The individual has a, , The individual may or, , good health and is, , may not have good, , disease free., , health.

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Types of Diseases:Acute Diseases::, , • The diseases which last for only very short periods of time are called, , acute diseases., • Diseases don’t cause long term and bad effects on health., • For example: Influenza (Flu), Common cold, cholera , etc., , ”Common cold”, , Chronic Diseases::, , • The diseases which last for a long period of time, even as much as, a lifetime are called Chronic Disease., • For example: Tuberculosis, Cancer, etc., , “Cancer in small intestine”

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Difference between Acute and Chronic Diseases, Acute diseases, , Chronic Diseases, , These lasts for a small, , It lasts for a long, , period of time., , period of time, even, as much as lifetime., , They do not have long, , They have long term, , term effects., , effects on body., , These diseases recover, , These diseases do, not recover, , completely. Example-, , completely., Example- Diabetes,, , Cold, cough, typhoid etc., , tuberculosis,, elephantiasis etc.

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Causes of Diseases, There are basically 2 causes of diseases - Immediate cause and contributory cause., , Immediate cause:- The organisms that enter, our body and causes disease are called immediate, cause., Example- virus, bacteria, protozoa etc., bacteria, , Contributory cause:- The secondary factors which, led these organisms enter our body are called as, contributory cause., Example- dirty water, contaminated food etc., , contaminated food, , Diseases may be due to infectious and non-infectious causes., , Infectious causes:- Diseases where microbes, are the immediate causes are called infectious, diseases. The infection can spread from one, person to other., , Non-infectious causes:- These are the diseases that are not caused by infectious agents and, they remain internal. These diseases do not spread from one person to other. For ex- Cance

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Types of Diseases:Infectious diseases (Communicable diseases)- The diseases which can, easily spread from one person to other are known as communicable, diseases. The disease-causing organism enters the body, causes, infection, multiplies and grows in the body of host.

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Means of Spread :Direct Transmission :-, , 1. Pathogens transmitted directly from an infected person to a healthy, person., 2. A contact with infected person,  When an infected person comes in contact with healthy person, like huge and wresting etc..,  An infected person when include fluids with a healthy person,  From other to unborn child through placenta, − DS, etc.., , Blood transmission, , huge and wresting

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Means of Spread :Indirect Transmission:-, , • lood sucking insects transmit infectious agent, • Insects feed on host – Birds, Animals , Human, • Thus cause infectious to host, Ex;- Malaria, Dengue etc.., , Dengue Transmission, , Organ - Specific manifestation :• In Some cases, Infectious Agents go to a particular organ and then spread throughout, the body, • Sings symptoms depend upon the target organ, , Symptoms/ Sings, , Target Organ, , Cough, Breathlessness,, , Lungs, , Jaundice, , Liver, , Vomiting, Fits, Headache, , Brain

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PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION :-, , Three limitations are confronted, while treating an infectious diseases ., ➢ In Same Cases 100% recovery, is not possible because of, damaged organs., ➢ During treatment patient is likely, to be bedridden for sometimes., ➢ Patients becomes a medium fore spread of infection on during, treatment., ➢ This leads to above difficulties., ➢ Prevention is better than cure., , Precaution, IMMUNISATION VACCINATION :-, , ✓ Fooling immune, system develop, memory for a, particular, infection, ✓ This done by, putting something, that minimize

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✓, ✓, ✓, ✓, , microbes, This does not cause diseases, Immune system antibodies, Therefore, during second encounter, body recognizes pathogen, Thus, destroy it , before it can spread diseases, , Ex :- Tetanus, Diphtheria, whooping cough , Measles etc.., Question 1., A doctor/nurse/health-worker is exposed to more sick people than others in the, community. Find out how she/he avoids getting sick herself/himself., Answer:, 1. By choosing nutritious food and an active lifestyle, managing stress, using, tobacco- free, getting preventive immunizations and screenings and, choosing protection measures., 2. Maintaining good hygiene:, By washing hands frequently, cleaning their stethoscopes from patient to, patient, using gloves., 3. Recognising the symptoms quicker and knowing what to do can help speedy, recovery, easier access to medical care. (E.g.: They can self-prescribe, can ask, colleagues for help etc.), Question 2., Differentiate the infective and non-infective diseases., Answer:, 1. Infectious diseases can be spread from person to person., Non-infectious diseases can not be spread from person to person., 2. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens (microbes) which are disease, causing organisms., The major group of pathogens (microbes) are viruses, bacteria, fungi, single, cell organisms like protozoans, multicellular organisms like worms., Non-infectious diseases are not caused by Pathogens (microbes), but can be, caused by physiological malfunctions, environmental or chemical factors,, heredity, unknown causes. These are mostly internal, non-infectious causes., 3. Examples of infectious diseases are Viral, diseases, bacterial etc., Example for non infectious causes are some cancers caused by genetic

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abnormali¬ties and high blood pressure caused by excessive weight and lack, of exercise, 3.Why acute disease become chronic disease?, Answer:, 1. Some diseases last for only very short periods of time and these are called, acute diseases., E.g.: Common Cold lasts only a few days., 2. Some other diseases or ailments can last for a long time, even as much as a, life time and are called chronic diseases., E.g,: The infection causing elephantiasis, which is very common in some parts, of India., 3. As an example, a cough and cold which all of us have from time to time. Most, of us get better and become well within a week or so., 4. But if we get infected a chronic disease like tuberculosis of the lungs, it takes, over the years to suffer with cough and lose weight and feel tired all the time., 5. In other words, we are likely to have prolonged general poor health if we, have a chronic disease., 6. Chronic diseases therefore have very drastic, longterm effects on people’s, health, as compared to acute disease., 7. One reason might be that, because the person is not well nourished and does, not get enough food and it is because of poverty, the acute disease becomes, a chronic disease., Question 4., Draw the figure of leishmania and trypanosome., Answer:, , Question, 5., Ramu, was effected with, small pox. What advice do you give Ramu for not spreading disease?

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Answer:, Prevention of Small Pox:, 1. Isolation of the infected person., 2. Surrounding should be kept clean and hygeinic., 3. Clothes of the infected person must be washed in hot water and dried in the, Sun., 4. They should not be used by others., 5. Small Pox can be prevented by taking vaccine against it., 6. But in 1776 Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine for small pox. Now it is wiped, out from our country., Question 6., How do you appreciate for role of vaccine in preventing disease?, Answer:, 1. Vaccination was discovered by a British doctor called Edward Jenner in the, year 1776. Since then, this method has been modified and has become most, popular for making people resistant to disease., 2. In this process, the disease causing organism are cultured in the laboratory, and are collected. They are killed by heat treatment., 3. The dead micro-organisms are made into a suspension and injected into, humans. The body reacts to these dead micro-organisms as if they are alive, and are produces antibodies., 4. Next time when the same disease producing micro-organisms enter the, body, these antibodies will react and kill them., 5. Thus the person is not affected by the disease, even if he is exposed to the, disease causing microorganisms. Vaccination also prevents the spread of, epidemics., 6. At present, vaccines are available for various diseases-Cholera, typhoid,, diphtheria, whooping cough, polio, tuberculosis etc. Some of the vaccines if, taken once, the immunity persists for life time, while in some cases the, immunity will lasts only for limited amount of time., Question 7., Prepare a questionnaire to collect the information from your local health worker

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about spreading of diseases?, Answer:, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., , What are the causes for a disease?, Name the organisms that cause diseases., Name the diseases caused by virus, bacteria, fungi and protozoans., How the infectious agents spread?, Name the diseases caused by air, water and physical contact., What are the symptoms of Typhoid and Jaundice?, How can we prevent exposure to infectious diseases?, How do we kill microbes?, How to get rid of an infection in some one who has the disease?, , Question 8., How many times did you fall ill in the last one year? What were the illnesses?, a) Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any of/, most of the above illnesses., b) Think of one change you would wish for in your surroundings in order to avoid, any of/most of the above illnesses., Answer:, In the last one year, fall ill for one time with Malaria., Symptoms:, 1. It is a communicable disease caused by the Protozoan Plasmodium, Falciparum. It is spread by the infected female anopheles mosquito., 2. It starts with extreme cold. Patient wants to be covered with heavy blankets., This is followed by fever, as high as 106° F., 3. There will be severe head ache and body pains. There will be sweating., 4. In children the parasite enter and block the capillaries, supplying blood to the, brain. The blood vessels may ruptures child becomes unconscious and may, even die., a) Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any of/, most of the above illnesses., Answer:, Preventive measures of malaria:, 1. To reduce the mosquito population successfully.

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2. By protecting ourselves from mosquito bites, the spread of malaria can also, be prevented., 3. Best method is to use mosquito nets while sleeping and by using mosquito, proof nets for windows and doors. These nets do not allow mosquitoes to, enter the house., b) Think of one change you would wish for in your surroundings in order to avoid, any of/most of the above illnesses., Answer:, 1. Preventing water stagnation in water tanks, drainage canals, and discarded, vessels lying outside. The stored water tanks should be emptied frequently, and filled with fresh water., 2. Spraying of insecticides or light oil such as kerosene on stagnant water,, especially in drainage water., 3. Growing of specific varieties of fishes in stagnant water. They feed on, mosquito larvae., Question 9., Conduct a survey in your neighbourhood to find out what the three most common, diseases are. Suggest three steps that could be taken by your local authorities to, bring down the incidence of these diseases., Answer:, The most common cause for the spread of diseases in our neighbourhood is by, drinking of contaminated water. Polio, Cholera, Typhoid, Jaundice and Amoebiasis, and several worms spread through drinking water., Preventive Measures:, 1. Drinking water is purified by filtration and chlorination before it is supplied, through municipal taps and provide safe drinking water., 2. Providing basic sanitation by keeping the surroundings clean., 3. Arranging the public health programmes to prevent and control of local, diseases by giving immunization to childhood.