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Class 8 - BS Unit 3 (Biology 3, 3. Let's Regain our Fields, , * Food security is the situation that ensures sufficient food for everyone to lead a healthy life ., * The crises or obstacles faced by farmers today,, - High cost of production —_- Fall in price of products _- Exploitation of middle people, , - Climate change - Lack of space - Environmental destruction, - Crop loss - Lack of interest - Diseases, * How can we overcome certain issues in the field of farming ?, - Increase the fertility of soil scientifically. - Proper testing the soil. - Proper irrigation, - High yielding hybrid varieties - Controlling disease - Agricultural socities, - Integrated pest management - Organic waste management, , - Adopt modern agricultural practices like hydroponics, polyhouse farming, precision farming etc., - Vertical farming, Terrace cultivation etc., , * Methods for improving soil fertility ?, Organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae,termites, earthworms, leguminous plants etc increase fertility of, soil. Maintain the pH of soil by proper soil test and scientific application of fertilizers., * Examples for essential elements for plant growth ? - C, H, O,N, P, K, and S, * Microbes that provide fertilizers ?, Bacteria like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, * Aquatic plants that provide nitrogen to soil ? - Azolla, * Consiquences of uncientific application of chemical fertilizers ?, - Adversely affect the growth of microorganisms, - Health issues, - Change in the composition of soil., , * What do you mean by Integrated pest management ?, - An ecofriendly method ensures pest control without disturbing the environment., This is done by reducing the use of chemical pesticides and encouraging the application of biopesticides,, natural enemies of pests, mechanical pest control etc., * Consiquences of excessive application of chemical pesticides ?, Possibility of many environmental and health issues. (eg:- cancer), , * Methods for the disposal of organic wastes ?, - Composting, biogas production, production of fodder fish feed or poultry fodder., , * Diversity in farming or culture:, , , , Sector Product Varieties, , Milk, Meat Cow: Jersey, Holstein Friesian, Vechoor, (Also for agricul- | Buffalo: Murrah, Niliravi, Bhadawari., tural purposes) Goat: Thalassery, Jamnapari, Boer ., , Egg, Meat Chicken : Athulya, Gramalekshmi,, White Leghorn, , Duck : Muscovy, Chara, Chemballi, , Quill : Japanese, Bob white., , Sericulture Natural silk Mulberry silkworm, Tussar silkworm,, (rearing of silkworms) Y Muga silkworm, , Pisciculture Meat Edible fish : Pearl spot, Rohu, Catla ., (rearing of fish, prawn) Ornamental fish : Gold fish, Guppy., Prawn: Naran, Kara., , , , Livestock management, (rearing of cattle), , , , , , , , Poultry farming @, (rearing of birds) §, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Floriculture, (cultivation of flowering, plants), , Flowers Jasmine, Marigold, Chrysanthemum,, Rose, Orchid, Anthurium

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Apiculture Honey, Wax Kolan, Mellifera, Njodiyan, (rearing of honey bees), , Cuniculture Meat, Fur Grey giant, White giant (for meat), (rearing of rabbits) Ankora (for fur), , , , , , Horticulture, (cultivation of fruits and, vegetables), , , , Mushroom culture Food Button mushroom (Palkoon),, Oyster mushroom (Chippikoon), a, , , , , , Fruits, Vegetables | Indigenous varieties and exotic varieties, like Litchi, Rambutan, Durian, , , , Medicine Basil, Aloe, Neem, Adathoda, Sida, (Kurunthotti), Vettivera (Ramacham),, Aegle marmelos (Koovalam), Plumbago, (Koduveli), , , , , , , , , , * Examples for indigenous varieties of plants and animals :, Indigenous varieities can survive the challenges of adverse climatic conditions., Eg:- Mango : Muvandan , Kilichundan ., Plantain ; Njalipoovan, Palayamkodan., Cow : Vechoor, Kasaragod Kullan ., Goat : Malabari, Attappadi black ., * Examples for a few techniques in farming (modern agricultural practices):, , a)- Polyhouse Farming :- The crop field is completely or partially covered by transparent polyethene, sheets, Since the temperature and moisture in the polyhouse is constantly regulated, growth of, plants becomes rapid, Nutrients are dissolved in water and are supplied on plants through drip, irrigation. Pest infestation will also be less ., , b)- Precision farming:- The nature of soil, quantity of elements in the soil, pH value of soil, presence of, water etc., are tested using modern technology, and appropriate crops are selected for cultivation., By covering the soil using polythene sheet, we can effectively control weeds and also limit, irrigation., , c)- Hydroponics:-Plants are grown in nutrient solution., , d)- Aeroponics:- Plants are grown in such a way that their roots grow into air and nutrients are sprayed, directly, on roots., , * Importance of Agricultural Societies or Organizations:, , - Helpful to farmers to market their products without the help of mediators and there by get maximum, , price to their products., , - The facility for storage of items is also ensured along with marketing facilities., , - They can sell such stored products when prices are high in the market and make profit., , - Loans at low interest rates are also made available to them., , - The online organizations of farmers help to identify customers for their quality organic products and, , ensure higher prices. Also possibilities to share their knowledge and experiences., * Areal farmer should be, in fact, a scientist. Why ?, The farmer is one who applies the scientific methods like observation, collecting information, analyse, and formulate inferences and apply these in to the agri field. Such farmer is a scientist in reality., * Advantage of 'Sunday farming’ or .Family farming’ ?, , - utilization of barren land, , - get pesticide free and fresh food, , - exercise for the body, , - recreation also, , * Ways to overcome the lack of space for cultivation and limitation in nurturing ?, , - Terrace cultivation, Grow bag cultivation, Vertical farming etc.