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English Grammar, , THE PARTS OF SPEECH, We use words in order to express our thoughts. These words are divided into, different classes or kinds according to the purpose for which they are used. The, different kinds of words are called PARTS OF SPEECH. They are of eight kinds:1., Noun, 5., Adverbs, 2., Pronoun, 6., Preposition, 3., Adjective, 7., Conjunction, 4., Verb, 8., Interjection, i) The Noun: - A noun is the name of a person, place, animal or a thing., Eg. man, India, basket., ii) The Pronoun: - which is used instead of a noun in order to avoid its repetition., Eg.I, we, they, you., iii) The Adjective: - which adds something to the meaning of the noun. It qualifies, the noun, by describing its quality or quantity., Eg. good man, tall boy, long legs, huge ball., iv) The Verb: - A verb is a word used to express an action or state., Eg. Jack laughed, The bell rang, The tree fell, Kolkata is a big city., v) The Adverb: - a word which modifies a verb or an adjective or another adverb., Eg.Jack laughed loudly. The Tree fell suddenly, She is very proud., vi)The Preposition:- A preposition denotes the relationship of a noun or a pronoun, with the other objects in the sentence., Eg. On, in, into, of , from, for, to, vii) The Conjunction: - which joins words or sentences., Eg. 1) Jack fell down and broke his crown. 2) Two and three make five., viii) The Interjection: - It expresses sudden feelings or emotions., Eg. Oh!, Hi!, Hello!, Hush!., THE NOUN, Noun:, A noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, animal or thing. In, short, all naming words are nouns., Classification: - Nouns are classified into five kinds., NOUN, , PROPER NOUN, COLLECTIVE NOUN, , COMMON NOUN, ABSTRACT NOUN, , 1, , MATERIAL NOUN
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English Grammar, , 1. Proper noun: - A proper noun is the name of any particular person ,place or a, thing., (‘Proper’ means own. Hence a proper name is a person’s own name.), Proper nouns always begin with a capital letter at the beginning., E.g. Asoka was a wise king., Asoka : - proper noun, 2. Common noun: - A common noun is a name given in common to every person or, thing of the same class or kind., E.g. Asoka was a great king., King: - common noun, 3. Material noun: - The raw material, which we use to produce something and make, it into a finished product, is known as material noun., E.g. This table is made of wood., Wood: - material noun, 4. Collective noun: - A collective noun is the name of a number (or collection) of, persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole; as –, An army ------ a collection of soldiers, A fleet ------- a collection of ships or vessels, 5. Abstract noun: - An abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or state, considered apart from the object to which it belongs as:, Quality – goodness, kindness, whiteness., Action – laughter, theft, movement., State – childhood, boyhood, youth., E.g. I remember the days of my childhood., Childhood: - abstract noun, THE PRONOUN, Definition: A word which is used instead of a noun is called a pronoun., (Pronoun means for-a-noun), Classification: - Pronouns are classified into five types. They are: 1., Personal pronoun, 2., Relative pronoun, 3., Demonstrative pronoun, 4., Reflexive pronoun, 5., Interrogative pronoun, 1. Personal pronoun: - The pronouns which stand for persons are called as personal, pronouns., PERSONAL PRONOUNS, Pronoun, , Noun – number, , Nominative, , Possessive, , Accusative, , First, Person, , Singular, Plural, Singular, Plural, Singular, Plural, , I, We, You, You, He, She, It, They, , My, Mine, Our, Ours, You, Yours, You, Yours, His, Her, Hers, Its, Their, Theirs, , Me, Us, You, You, Him, Her, It, Them, , Second, Person, Third, Person, , 2
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English Grammar, , 2. Relative pronoun: - It is used to join two sentences in which the relation is shown, to someone., Relative pronouns are who, whose, what, that, which etc.,, E.g. The person who is standing next to the door is my sister., 3. Demonstrative pronoun: This, that, these and those are called Demonstrative pronouns, E.g. This belongs to me., 4. Reflexive pronoun: - The pronouns which are used to (eflect upon the subject, itself. So, these pronouns are called as Reflexive pronouns., Reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, himself, itself etc.,, E.g. They hurt themselves., 5. Interrogative pronoun: - The pronouns which ask questions or which are used in, question form are called as Interrogative pronouns., Interrogative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, what etc.,, E.g. Whom do you want?, , I., , THE NOUN, Identify the nouns and name their kinds: -, , 1., , The crowd was very big., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 2., , Always speak the truth., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 3., , We all love honesty., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 4., , Our class consists of twenty pupils., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 5., , The elephant has great strength., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 6., , Solomon was famous for his wisdom., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 7., , Cleanliness is next to Godliness., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 8., , We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 9., , The class is studying Grammar., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 10., , The Godavari overflows its banks every year., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, 3
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English Grammar, , 11., , A committee of five was appointed., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 12., , Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 13., , The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 14., , Without health, there is no happiness., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 15., , He gave me a bunch of grapes., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 16., , I recognized your voice at once., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 17., , Our team is better than yours., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 18., , Never tell a lie., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 19., , Wisdom is better than strength., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 20., , He sets a high value on his time., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 21., , I believe in his innocence., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 22., , This room is thirty feet in length., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 23., , I often think of the happy days of my childhood., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 24., , The streets of some of the cities are noted for their crookedness., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 25., , What is your verdict, gentleman of jury?, , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 4
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English Grammar, , THE PRONOUN, I., , Pick out the pronoun in the following sentences and name its kind:, , 1., , Alice was not a bit hurt, but she jumped upon her feet in a moment., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 2., , There were doors all around the hall but they were all locked., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 3., , Alice opened the door and found that it led into a small passage., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 4., , “I wish I hadn’t cried so much,” said Alice., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 5., , “You are not attending,” said the mouse severely. “What are you thinking of?”, , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 6., , “Come back!” The caterpillar called after her. Alice turned and came back again., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 7., , Hari brought his book and laid it on the table., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 8., , Wasim has lost his dog and cannot find it., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 9., , Suresh always stands top in his class as he works hard., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 10., , Rama, you are a lazy boy., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 11., , The camel is a beast of burden. It is used to carry loads., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 12., , The female lion is called a lioness. She has no name., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 13., , The horse fell down and broke its leg., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 14., , Birds build their nests in trees., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 15., , If the thief is caught, he will be punished., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, 5
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English Grammar, , 16., , Train up a child in the way he should go and when he is old, he will not depart from, it., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 17., , And Nathan said to David, “Thou art the man.”, , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 18., , We often deceive ourselves., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 19., , The prisoner hanged himself., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 20., , The pen that you gave me is a good one., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 21., , By whom was this book written?, , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 22., , Who did she say was the winner?, , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 23., , This is the book which you gave me yesterday., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 24., , These mangoes are not so ripe as the ones which I brought yesterday., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 25., , I hit myself against the wall., , A., , …………………………………………………………………………………………, RELATIVE PRONOUNS, Relative Pronouns:, The pronouns ‘who, whom, whose, which that etc.’ which join two sentences refer, back to nouns going before them are called Relative pronouns., The noun to which a Relative Pronoun refers or relates is called its ‘antecedent’., Relative Pronoun:, It is so called because it refers or relates to some noun going before it., FORMS OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS, The relative Pronoun ‘who’ has different forms., Who ---Nominative, Whose ---Possessive, Whom ---Objective, Who:, As a rule, ‘who’ is used for persons only. It may refer to a singular or plural noun, Ex: A man who is honest is trusted., 6
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English Grammar, , The man who is going there is my brother., Whose:, It is used when speaking of persons., Ex: We met the woman whose child was hurt., I saw a beggar whose leg was broken., Whom:, It is also used in speaking of persons., Ex: This is the friend whom we met last week., Which:, It is used for animals and non-living things in general., Ex: The cat which killed the rat belongs to her., The book which I gave you is new., ‘Which’ has the same form of the Nominative, accusative and it has no Genitive case,, but, ‘whose’ is used as a substitute for ‘which’., Ex: A triangle whose three sides are equal is called right angle triangle., That:, It is used for persons and things., Ex: The cat killed the rat that ate the corn., I have lost the watch that you gave me., What:, ‘What’ refers to things only. It is used without an antecedent expressed, and is, equivalent to‘that which’ (or the thing which), Ex: What has happened is not clear., I say what I mean., He failed in what he attempted., EXAMPLES, , 1., 2., 3., , 1., 2., 3., , WHO, There is a man standing at the bus stop. He is my uncle., The man who is standing at the bus stop is my uncle., A blind orphan girl was adopted by a rich couple. She is very lucky., A blind orphan girl who was adopted by a rich couple is very lucky., A girl is carrying the tray. She is my sister., The girl who is carrying the tray is my sister., WHOM, Here is the man. I met him yesterday., Here is the man whom I met yesterday., This is my cousin. I am speaking of him., This is my cousin whom I am speaking of., There is a boy. I scolded him., 7
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English Grammar, , WHOSE, 1., 2., 3., , We saw a beggar. His leg was broken., We saw a beggar whose leg was broken., We met Rama. His eyes were blue., We met Rama whose eyes were blue., He is a poet. His works are widely known., He is a poet whose works are widely known., , THAT, ‘That’ is used only in defining clauses, i.e., restrict, limit or defining the, antecedent., 1. He declared his innocence., He declared that he is innocent., 2. A rolling stone gathers no mass., A stone that is rolling gathers no mass., 3. He built this house., This is the house that he built., WHICH, 1. I bought a horse recently. It is an Arab., The horse, which I bought recently, is an Arab., 2. The moment is lost. It is lost forever., The moment, which is lost, is lost forever., 3. I heard a song. It pleased me., I heard a song, which pleased me., EXERCISE, Pick out the Pronoun from the following and name its kind:, 1., , An old man is standing near the gate. He is my uncle., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 2., , A tall boy is running there. He is my friend., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 3., , This is the juggler. We saw him last month., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 4., , A blind man needs help., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 5., , I saw a girl in the park. Her eyes were red., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 6., , The criminal used a sharp knife. It was found., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 7., , I went to an office. It was very big., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, 8
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English Grammar, , 8., , A man hit me yesterday. He was mad., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 9., , A nurse is a woman. She looks after the sick people., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 10., , I met a man at that gate. He was an old soldier., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 11., , I heard a song. It pleased me., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 12., , The captain praised Pathan. Pathan’s bowling was very good., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 13., , A man stole your horse. I can recognize him., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 14., , He found the lost scooter., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 15., , She hoped to win the first prize., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 16., , Thorpe is a fine swimmer. He has much fun in the water., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 17., , These are the boys. I wanted to meet them., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 18., , Honest people are trusted., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 19., , Hari spoke to a soldier. The soldier’s arm was in a sling., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 20., , He said he saw me yesterday. It is a lie., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 21., , The bicycle is a new one. Ravi rode it., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 22., , He is a police officer. He controls the traffic., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 23., , The boy has hurt his leg. He fell off his cycle., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, 9
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English Grammar, , 24., , We were talking about a person yesterday. He is walking along the road., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 25., , I saw a boy in the hotel. His hair was long., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 26., , He is a well-known man. His generosity is the talk of the town., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 27., , A man dashed you. He is my brother., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 28., , We all despise a cowardly boy. He is one., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 29., , The earth is round and we can prove it., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 30., , Some people live in glass houses. They should not throw stones at others., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 31., , Some people always expect the worst to happen. They are pessimists., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 32., , One person will send the first best answer. He will be given a free T.V. set., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 33., , John is our servant. He died last night., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 34., , He is Gopi. His behaviour is praised by all., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 35., , He is a man. His reputation is bad., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 36., , This is a black horse. It won the race., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 37., , I know a man. He can solve your problem., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 38., , You called a person. He is not a trustworthy person., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 39., , There is a dog in my house. Its barking gives me headache., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, 10
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English Grammar, , 40., A:, , You bought a T.V. It is not functioning well., ______________________________________________________________, , THE ADJECTIVE, Definition: A noun merely names a thing and it is often necessary to use some other, word along with a noun to add something to its meaning. Such a word is called an Adjective., It qualifies a noun or pronoun or adds meaning to the them., E.g., , 1. There are five red cows over there., 2. Those good cows give us milk., 3. That big strong man is a soldier., EXERCISE, , Underline the adjectives in the following sentences:, 1., , The ship sustained heavy damage., , 2., , I called him several times., , 3., , Every dog has its day., , 4., , A live ass is better than a dead lion., , 5., , Every man has his duties., , 6., , Say the same thing twice., , 7., , Several persons were present at that time., , 8., , He is a man of few words., , 9., , Neither party is quite in the right., , 10., , What time is it now?, , 11., , Which pen do you prefer?, , 12., , The way was long, the wind was cold., , 13., , He comes here everyday., , 14., , I have not seen him for several days., , 15., , There should not be much talk and less work., , 16., , Abdul won the second prize., , 17., , The child fell down from a great height., , 18., , He was absent last week., , 19., , He had a glorious death., , 20., , A small leak may sink a great ship., , 21., , Good wine needs no bush., 11
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English Grammar, , 22., , I like the little peddler who has a crooked nose., , 23., , King Francis was a great king., , 24., , My uncle lives in the next house., , 25., , A cross child is not liked by anyone., FORMS OF ADJECTIVES, Positive, , Comparative, , Superlative, , Tall, , Taller, , Tallest, , Happy, , Happier, , Happiest, , Beautiful, , More beautiful, , Most beautiful, , We use the positive form of the adjective to show that two things or two, people are the same in some respect. We use it with “as………….. as”., E.g. Misha is as tall as Radha., We use the comparative form of the adjective to show that two things or two, people are different from each other in some respect. We use it with “than”., E.g. Misha is taller than Radha., We use the superlative form of the adjective to compare more than two things, or people in some respect. We use it with “The”., E.g. Misha is the tallest of all., Complete the sentences with the correct form of the given adjectives. (Positive,, comparative, superlative), 1., , The whale is the ______________________ animal in the world. (heavy), , 2., , My mother is ______________________ than my aunt. (thin), , 3., , The Nile is the __________________________ river in Africa. (long), , 4., , I think Harry is _________________________ as Bill. (dirty), , 5., , He is a Negro and is _______________________ as coal. (black), , 6., , This exercise is the __________________________ of all exercises. (easy), , 7., , Hari is a ___________________ singer __________________ David. (good), , 8., , Do you think Mumbai is ________________________ than Calcutta? (big), , 9., , Misha ate __________________ chocolate ___________________ Lila did. (little), , 10., Our class room is the _______________________ of all other rooms in the school., (large), 11., , There were _____________________ people in the garden than in the house. (many), , 12., Jenny was feeling sick, so she ate __________________ of every one at the party., (little), 13., , Silver is as ______________________ gold. (light), , 14., , He is the _____________________ of the two. (tall), 12
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English Grammar, , 15., , Your knife is _____________________than mine. (sharp), , 16., , The pen is __________________________than the sword. (mighty), , 17., , Bombay is as _______________________ as Delhi. (hot), , 18., , He is one the ______________________ friends I have. (good), , 19., , Solomon was the _______________________ king. (wise), , 20., , A living ass is _________________________ a dead lion. (good), , 21., , America is ___________________________than Russia. (advanced), , 22., , Raju is the _____________________________ of all boys. (clever), , 23., , Sandhya looks as ____________________________ Geeta. (pretty), , 24., , This novel is _____________________________ as that novel. (interesting), , 25., , Iron is _______________________________ than copper. (useful), , THE VERB, Definition: A verb is a word which tells or asserts something about a person or thing., It comes, from the Latin word “Verbum” which means an action doing word. It is so, called because it is the most important word in the sentence., Classification: Verbs are classified into two types., THE VERB, , TRANSITIVE VERB, VERB, (Action passes from the doer, doer itself), to the object), , INTRANSITIVE, (Action stops with the, , Read these sentences:, 1. The boy kicks the ball., 2. The girl laughs loudly., In sentence (1), the action denoted by the verb ‘kicks’ passes over from the, doer or subject ‘boy’ to some object ‘ball’. The verb ‘kicks’ therefore is a Transitive verb., (Transitive means passing over)., In sentence (2), the action denoted by the verb ‘laughs’ stops with the doer or, the subject ‘boy’. The verb ‘laughs’ is therefore is called an Intransitive verb. (Intransitive, means not passing over)., , 13
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English Grammar, , Pick out the verbs in the following sentences and say in each case whether the, verb is Transitive or Intransitive. Where the verb is Transitive, name its object:, 1., , Satish opened the door., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 2., , She made a doll., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 3., , Mohan saw a snake., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 4., , The boy laughed., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 5., , The water is boiling., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 6., , An old beggar stood by the gate., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 7., , The sun sets in the west., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 8., , The fire burns dimly., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 9., , The fire burnt the house., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 10., , He met a beggar-maid., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 11., , The train started immediately., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 12., , The horse fell into the water., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 13., , He seems innocent., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 14., , She became sad., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 15., , She looks guilty., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 16., , The driver stopped the train., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., 14
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English Grammar, , 17., , The train stopped suddenly., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 18., , The sky grew dark., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 19., , The little girl hurt her finger., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 20., , He dropped the ring into the well., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 21., , I found her weeping., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 22., , We waited patiently at the station., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 23., , She cut her hand with a knife., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 24., , The sky looks threatening., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 25., , The cat jumped on the bed., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , THE ADVERB, Definition: An Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of the verb, an, adjective or another adverb., E.g., , 1. He came yesterday., 2. The man stood here., 3. That’s very good., 4. Govind reads quite clearly., EXERCISE, , Underline the adverb in the following sentences:, 1., , How did you enter the house?, , 2., , She often goes to Ram’s house., , 3., , He died peacefully., , 4., , Gopal is going down., , 5., , The servant works very slowly., , 6., , The sea is calm today., , 7., , She knows the day when Rama returns., 15
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English Grammar, , 8., , She knew how the boy broke his leg., , 9., , He will certainly come today., , 10., , She does not sell flowers here., , 11., , I helped him twice., , 12., , They can meet daily., , 13., , Do it now., , 14., , Yes, I think so., , 15., , He is undoubtedly great., , 16., , Govind reads clearly., , 17., , He is well matched., , 18., , They should handle glasses carefully., , 19., , He did it just for a joke., , 20., , Did you try enough?, , 21., , The Sikhs fought bravely., , 22., , My uncle lives abroad., , 23., , Listen to me carefully., , 24., , He does his work happily., , 25., , He finished his work yesterday., , KINDS OF ADVERBS, Adverbs are six in number., THE ADVERB, , ADVERB OF, ADVERB OF, INTERROGATIVE, MANNER, PLACE, ADVERB, , ADVERB OF, TIME, , ADVERB OF, , ADVERB OF, , FREQUENCY, , DEGREE, , 1. Adverb of Manner: It shows how the action is done. It shows the quality or, manner in which an action is done., E.g. 1. Mohan acted wisely., 2. She ran fast., 3. The boy rowed well., 2. Adverb of Place: It shows the place where the action is done., E.g. 1. The boys are waiting outside., 2. We looked for her every where., 16
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English Grammar, , 3. Hither and thither the children ran., 3. Adverb of Time: It denotes the time when the action is done., E.g. 1. Twice the boy struck him., 2. We often talk to ourselves., 3. He seldom comes here., 4. She visited us once., 4. Adverb of Frequency: It shows how often the action is done., E.g. 1. The postman called again., 2. I have told you twice., 3. I have not seen him once., 5. Adverb of Degree: It shows how much or in what degree or to what extent the, action is done., E.g. 1. He was very tired., 2. He was somewhat pleased., 3. I am fully prepared., 6. Interrogative Adverb: These adverbs are used for asking questions., E.g. 1. When did he come?, 2. Where did he go?, 3. How are you today?, Pick out the adverbs from the following sentences and name their kind:, E.g. 1. Walk forward and then walk back slowly., Forward – Adverb of place, slowly – Adverb of manner., 1., , She was dressed all in black., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 2., , Yesterday she wrote the exercise neatly., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 3., , The sun shines every where., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 4., , The smoke rises upward., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 5., , Today you have not done your lessons well., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 6., , He never comes home late., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 7., , I sometimes work very hard., 17
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English Grammar, , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 8., , The servant has gone downstairs., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 9., , He cannot spell these words correctly., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 10., , The king treated the queen very cruelly., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 11., , She is somewhat better today., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 12., , Your watch is not quite right., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 13., , She came here late today; tell her to come early tomorrow., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 14., , The old woman opened the door of the cage and the bird flew out., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 15., , The door opened slowly and the queen walked in., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 16., , All the children shouted suddenly, “The mother is here”., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 17., , I hope you will be soon well., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 18., , He seldom comes here., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 19., , He is old enough to know better., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 20., , Once or twice we have met alone., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 21., , Do not walk so fast., 18
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English Grammar, , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 22., , His health is worse than before., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 23., , He is too shy., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 24., , The railway station is far off., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 25., , Where have you been all these days?, , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , THE PREPOSITION, Definition: A Preposition is a word used before a noun or pronoun to show its, relation to some, other word in the sentence., E.g. 1. The man shot at the tiger., 2. I bought a horse from him., 3. What is this for?, Some of the prepositions are at, by, for, from, in, off, on, out, through, till, to, up,, with, above, across, under, over, between, beyond, according to, on account of, in front of, in, favour of, on behalf of, in order to, in place of, with reference to, owing to, instead of, etc.,, Underline the prepositions in the following sentences :, 1., Tom agreed with me on that point., 2., She did not agree to my proposal., 3., He acted upon my advice., 4., He is addicted to smoking., 5., He was ashamed of his conduct., 6., I am not afraid of death., 7., Harry is very fond of reading novels., 8., She was very kind to us all., 9., I prefer riding to walking., 10., Be careful about your health., 11., You must take care of your health., 12., The teacher was angry with me for my misconduct., 13., He died of fever., 14., He is proud of his wealth., 15., Ali begged for mercy from the king., 16., The teacher was displeased with me., 17., Sita was born of rich parents., 18., She takes delight in swimming., 19
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English Grammar, , 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., 31., 32., 33., 34., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., 41., 42., 43., 44., 45., 46., 47., 48., 49., 50., , I was then busy with my lessons., We were astonished at her rudeness., We all wondered at her success., The people were alarmed at this news., The dog is ever faithful to his master., He is ill with fever., The boy jumped for joy., My book is different from Harry’s., Please excuse me for coming late., The basket is full of flowers., Fill the bottle with hot water., He invited me to dinner., She prays to God daily., He quarreled with me over this point., He is tired of this work., I am satisfied with your statement., He warned me of the danger., He is ignorant of the facts., The accused was charged with murder., He has no pity for poor labourers., Have pity on us., He prevented me from going there., He was rewarded with a medal., She was very anxious about her son’s health., We laughed at her dress., Who rules over England?, It is a pleasure to deal with him., At last fortune smiled on him., He is now free from cares., We arrived in Bombay at noon., We arrived at the station just in time., He introduced me to his uncle., Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:, , 1., , He was born ______________ rich parents., , 2., , She begged ______________ help., , 3., , We believe ______________ God., , 4., , The cat sprang ______________ the mouse., , 5., , He was killed ______________ a robber., 20
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English Grammar, , 6., , Corbett was shocked to see the change ______________ Chamari., , 7., , Radium is a cure ______________ cancer., , 8., , He journeyed all ______________ India., , 9., , They helped me ______________ doing the work., , 10., , I tried to know more ______________ the boys., , 11., , A computer acts ______________ information., , 12., , I was ______________ you at La Force., , 13., , She broke ______________ tears., , 14., , What are you aiming ______________?, , 15., , Try to cope ______________ the situation., , 16., , We have been staying in this house ______________ 1985., , 17., , The passenger was hit ______________ a stone ______________ his head., , 18., , She tore the paper ______________ pieces., , 19., , We don’t go ______________ school ______________ Sundays., , 20., , Children are fond ______________ chocolates., , 21., , Wait ______________ me ______________ the bus-stop., , 22., , Most children remain ______________ school ______________ six __________, sixteen ears., , 23., , We walked ______________ the main street from our house., , 24., , The van dashed ______________ the lamp-post., , 25., , There is no use ______________ arguing ______________ him., , 26., , Chess is a good game ______________ children., , 28., , The officer got angry ______________ the typist., , 29., , I caught the thief ______________ the collar., , 30., , My brother writes articles ______________ dailies., , 31., , Our car broke ______________ on the way ______________ Bangalore., , 32., , How did you come ______________ Ravi?, , 33., , The Chief Minister ruled ______________ the scheme., , 34., , The factory was forced to lay ______________ some workers due to heavy losses., , 35., , Winter has set ______________ early this year., , 36., , Cheap cloth wears ______________ soon., , 37., , Mr. Rao stood ______________ us through thick and thin., , 38., , He started __________ six __________ the morning., , 39., , There is no exception ______________ the rule., , 40., , They went home ____________ train., 21
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English Grammar, , 41., , I have sent ______________ our doctor., , 42., , The court ordered that the property must be divided equally ______________ the four, brothers., , 43., , This flower is different ______________ that flower., , 44., , The girl is going to school ______________ foot., , 45., , Sugar dissolves ______________ water., , 46., , ____________ English, he knows Telugu., , 47., , Look ____________ the picture ______________ the wall., , 48., , I prefer coffee ____________ tea., , 49., , The employees called ______________ the strike., , 50., , She has been suffering __________ fever __________ Monday last., THE CONJUNCTION, Definition: A Conjunction is a word used to join sentences and words., Classification: Conjunctions are classified into three types., THE CONJUNCTION, , CO-ORDINATING, CONJUNCTIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, , SUB-ORDINATING, , CORRELATIVE, , CONUJUNCTIONS, , 1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions: They join parts of a sentence that are of the equal, order or rank., The chief co-ordinating conjunctions are : - and, or, nor, but, for, also, either – or,, neither – or., 2. Subordinating Conjunctions : They join noun clauses, adjective clauses and, adverb clauses to other part of a complex sentence., The following are some of the most important subordinating conjunctions: when, while, before, till, until, after, since, where, whether, whence, because, that,, lest, if, unless, though, as, than., 3. Correlative Conjunctions: Some conjunctions are used in pairs as:, Either – or ………… Either take it or leave it., Neither – or ……….. It is neither useful nor ornamental, Both – and ………… We both love him and honour him., Whether – or ………. I don’t care whether you go or stay, Not only – but also ……Not only is he foolish but also obstinate., Such Conjunctions which are used in pairs are called as Correlative conjunctions., Fill in the blanks with a suitable conjunction:, 1., , Get out ……………… I will kick you out., 22
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English Grammar, , 2., , He does not study well ……………… he will fail., , 3., , He is a millionaire ……………… he is greedy., , 4., , Run faster ……………… you will lose the race., , 5., , He has lost the purse ……………… he is sad., , 6., , He played very well ……………… he lost the game., , 7., , I went to the shop ……………… bought a pen., , 8., , He disobeyed the prohibitory order ……………… he was arrested., , 9., , He knew English ……………… he always spoke in the parliament in Hindi., , 10., , Our forests should not be destroyed ……………… they help to bring rain., , 11., , He will help you ……………… you go to him., , 12., , The child did not stop crying ……………… it got a toy., , 13., , We shall sleep inside ……………… it is cold outside., , 14., , I could not come ……………… I had some urgent work., , 15., , Go away from here ……………… the officer comes., , 16., , The film had started ……………… before we got in., , 17., , ……………… he is old his vision is good., , 18., , The accident happened ……………… the train was crossing the bridge., , 19., , He was married ……………… he was fourteen., , 20., , ……………… they heard the bell they ran to the classes., , 21., , Our house is neither small ……………… large., , 22., , The dacoits ……………… robbed the travellers but also shot two of them., , 23., , It is ……………… very hot nor very cold in winter in Hyderabad., , 24., , We could not know ……………… the rumour is true or false., , 25., , ……………… Rama and his brother had their education abroad., , 26., , No sooner did the crowd see the police ……………… they started running in all, directions., , 27., , He not only lost the election ……………… lost the deposit., , 28., , I can’t tell you now whether I will be able to come ……………… not., , 29., , Both Sunil ……………… his brother have got bikes., , 30., , The questions were so easy ……………… all the students finished the paper half an, hour before the bell., , 31., , You are tired ……………… you are working., , 32., , Two ……………… two make four., , 33., , She is pretty ……………… her sister is ugly., , 34., , Trust in God ……………… do the right., 23
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English Grammar, , THE INTERJECTION, Definition: An Interjection is a word that expresses some sudden feeling or emotion., Such words are Hello!, Alas!, Hurrah!, Ah! Etc., are called Interjections., Interjections may express: 1. Joy as – Hurrah!, huzza!, 2. Grief as – Alas!, 3. Surprise as – Ha!, What!, 4. Applause as – Bravo!, E.g. 1. Hello! What are you doing there?, 2. Alas! He is dead., 3. Hurrah! We have won the game., 4. Ah! Have they gone?, Identify the parts of speech for the underlined words., 1., , We eagerly waited for the new movie., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 2., , I have never seen such a wonderful sight in my life., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 3., , The beautiful woman cried softly., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 4., , The bearded man quietly slipped away., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 5. The room was filled with strong stench of smoke. He carefully looked at every face., A: _____________________________________________________________________, 6., , He grasped the bottle firmly and opened with his strong hands., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 7., , When the door finally opened, I felt a gentle pat on my shoulder., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, Nehru’s wife looked at him questioningly. She could see slight embarrassment on, his face., A: _____________________________________________________________________, 8., , 9., , I looked at him without any enthusiasm., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 10., , He closed his eyes. Suddenly he became a small brown mouse., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 24
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English Grammar, , 11., , I walked towards the door quietly., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 12., , I realize very well that superstition is confined to India alone., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 13., , I tried frantically to collect my senses. My cold feet were numb., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 14., , The old man told me angrily that he wanted to see my father., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, “Do you have any significant reason for delaying the project?” the manager enquired, angrily., A: _____________________________________________________________________, 15., , 16., , Ramanujan made several important discoveries in Mathematics., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 17., , History was his most favourite subject at school., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 18., , He put this ideal quite literally into practice., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 19., , She let a gentle smile over her face., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, 20., , One day when I was asleep my cousin Mourad came into my room., , A: _____________________________________________________________________, Identify the parts of speech of the words underlined., 1., , He kept the fast for a week., , A: ______________________, , 2., , Don’t boast too much., , A: ______________________, , 3., , It matters little what he says., , A: ______________________, , 4., , He has no command over himself., , A: ______________________, , 5., , Still waters run deep., , A: ______________________, , 6., , He went after I came., , A: ______________________, , 7., , Please call me early., , A: ______________________, , 8., , It is a long since we met., , A: ______________________, , 9., , Do not speak so loud., , A: ______________________, , 10., , The boy is good., , A: ______________________, , 11., , She is not a doctor., , A: ______________________, , 12., , Is that any better?, , A: ______________________, , 13., , He told us about the battle., , A: ______________________, 25
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English Grammar, , 14., , He was only a yard off me., , A: ______________________, , 15., , Let us move on., , A: ______________________, , 16., , The girl wrote a letter to her cousin., , A: ______________________, , 17., , Calcutta is a big city., , A: ______________________, , 18., , Iron and copper are useful metals., , A: ______________________, , 19., , He worked the sum quickly., , A: ______________________, , 20., , There is a cow in the garden., , A: ______________________, , 21., , I ran fast, but missed the train., , A: ______________________, , 22., , Two and two make four., , A: ______________________, , 23., , Hurrah! We have won., , A: ______________________, , 24., , They arrived soon after., , A: ______________________, , 25., , John is absent, because he is ill., , A: ______________________, , 26., , Akbar was a great king., , A: ______________________, , 27., , There are twenty boys in the class., , A: ______________________, , 28., , Where did you leave them?, , A: ______________________, , 29., , Sit down and rest a while., , A: ______________________, , 30., , The Godavary overflows its banks every year., , A: ______________________, , 31., , It is my pen., , A: ______________________, , 32., , He gave me a bunch of grapes., , A: ______________________, , 33., , Never tell a lie., , A: ______________________, , 34., , I am going to a movie., , A: ______________________, , 35., , The hand has five fingers., , A: ______________________, , 36., , Wait here until I come., , A: ______________________, , 37., , He is a mad man., , A: ______________________, , 38., , He did not eat any rice., , A: ______________________, , 39., , The horse runs very quickly., , A: ______________________, , 40., , He may be at home., , A: ______________________, , 41., , Alas! He is dead., , A: ______________________, , 42., , Rama writes well., , A: ______________________, , 43., , It is a famous story., , A: ______________________, , 44., , Rama is a hard worker., , A: ______________________, , 45., , Sruthi works hard., , A: ______________________, , 46., , The man is poor but honest., , A: ______________________, , 47., , She must weep or she will die., , A: ______________________, , 48., , Try again., , A: ______________________, , 49., , Where is Abdul?, , A: ______________________, 26
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English Grammar, , Identify the parts of speech of the words underlined., 1. He lives next door., , Ans. ___________________, , 2. He places his chair next to her., , Ans. ___________________, , 3. Who came next?, , Ans. ___________________, , 4. All men are mortal., , Ans. ___________________, , 5. We must all die some day or the other., , Ans. ___________________, , 6. The house was all destroyed by fire., , Ans. ___________________, , 7. We lost our all in the floods., , Ans. ___________________, , 8. A beggar was standing before the gate., , Ans. ___________________, , 9. I never saw him before., , Ans. ___________________, , 10. The train had started before I reached the station., , Ans. ___________________, , 11. The woman still lives in the old house., , Ans. ___________________, , 12. Still waters run deep., , Ans. ___________________, , 13. Their cries could be heard in the still of the night., , Ans. ___________________, , 14. They stoned him to death., , Ans. ___________________, , 15. Stone walls do not make a prison., , Ans. ___________________, , 16. It is a heavy stone., , Ans. ___________________, , 17. She talks too much., , Ans. ___________________, , 18. There is much sense in what he says., , Ans. ___________________, , 19. Much of it is true., , Ans. ___________________, , 20. Her house is near the temple., , Ans. ___________________, , 21. Come near and listen., , Ans. ___________________, , 22. He is a near relation of mine., , Ans. ___________________, , 23. Who will bell the cat?, , Ans. ___________________, , 24. The church bell rings., , Ans. ___________________, , 25. This is a holy book., , Ans. ___________________, , 26. Book this luggage for Madras., , Ans. ___________________, , 27. Most of the people back him., , Ans. ___________________, , 28. The dog watches the back door., , Ans. ___________________, , 29. Come back soon., , Ans. ___________________, , 30. A square thing does not fit into a round hole., , Ans. ___________________, , 31. The earth revolves round the Sun., , Ans. ___________________, , 32. Birds fly round and round., , Ans. ___________________, , 33. We shall round the lake., , Ans. ___________________, , 34. I have been waiting here since morning., , Ans. ___________________, , 35. I have not seen him since., , Ans. ___________________, 27
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English Grammar, , 36. Since you say, so I must believe it., , Ans. ___________________, , 37. That boat sails., , Ans. ___________________, , 38. That is my house., , Ans. ___________________, , 39. I can do that much., , Ans. ___________________, , 40. He told us that rain had fallen., , Ans. ___________________, , 41. The man that you were looking for has come., , Ans. ___________________, , 42. All the boys came running down the hill., , Ans. ___________________, , 43. Prices have come down., , Ans. ___________________, , 44. The down train has arrived., , Ans. ___________________, , 45. There is a little danger in going there., , Ans. ___________________, , 46. She eats very little., , Ans. ___________________, , 47. The Sun rises up., , Ans. ___________________, , 48. The boys went up the hill., , Ans. ___________________, , 49. The up train is on the platform., , Ans. ___________________, , 50. What do you want?, , Ans. ___________________, , VERBS, Irregular verbs (strong verbs):Verbs which form their past tense by means of changing a vowel in their, present form and which don’t need any addition like ‘ed’ or ‘d’ are called ‘Irregular, verbs’ or’ Strong verbs’., Regular verbs(weak verbs):The verbs which form their past tense by adding ‘ed’ , ‘d’ or ‘t’ to their, present form are called ‘Regular verbs’ or ‘ Weak verbs’., REGULAR VERBS( WEAK VERBS), S.No., , V1, , V2, , V3, , V4 (V1+ing), , V5 (V1+’s’ or, ‘es’), , 1., , abolish, , abolished, , abolished, , abolishing, , abolishes, , 2., , abscond, , absconded, , absconded, , absconding, , absconds, , 3., , abuse, , abused, , abused, , abusing, , abuses, , 4., , accelerate, , accelerated, , accelerated, , accelerating, , accelerates, , 5., , accept, , accepted, , accepted, , accepting, , accepts, , 6., , accompany, , accompanied, , accompanied, , accompanying, , accompanies, , 7., , accomplish, , accomplished, , accomplished, , accomplishing, , accomplishes, , 8., , accuse, , accused, , accused, , accusing, , accuses, , 9., , achieve, , achieved, , achieved, , achieving, , achieves, , 10. acknowledge, , acknowledged, , acknowledged, , acknowledging, , acknowledges, , 11. acquire, , acquired, , acquired, , acquiring, , acquires, , 28
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English Grammar, , 12. act, , acted, , acted, , acting, , acts, , 13. adapt, , adapted, , adapted, , adapting, , adapts, , 14. add, , added, , added, , adding, , adds, , 15. adjust, , adjusted, , adjusted, , adjusting, , adjusts, , 16. admire, , admired, , admired, , admiring, , admires, , 17. admit, , admitted, , admitted, , admitting, , admits, , 18. adopt, , adopted, , adopted, , adopting, , adopts, , 19. advertise, , advertised, , advertised, , advertising, , advertises, , 20. advise, , advised, , advised, , advising, , advises, , 21. affect, , affected, , affected, , affecting, , affects, , 22. afford, , afforded, , afforded, , affording, , affords, , 23. agree, , agreed, , agreed, , agreeing, , agrees, , 24. aim, , aimed, , aimed, , aiming, , aims, , 25. alert, , alerted, , alerted, , alerting, , alerts, , 26. allot, , allotted, , allotted, , allotting, , allots, , 27. allow, , allowed, , allowed, , allowing, , allows, , 28. amaze, , amazed, , amazed, , amazing, , amazes, , 29. amputate, , amputated, , amputated, , amputating, , amputates, , 30. amuse, , amused, , amused, , amusing, , amuses, , 31. analyze, , analyzed, , analyzed, , analyzing, , analyzes, , 32. annotate, , annotated, , annotated, , annotating, , annotates, , 33. announce, , announced, , announced, , announcing, , announces, , 34. annoy, , annoyed, , annoyed, , annoying, , annoys, , 35. answer, , answered, , answered, , answering, , answers, , 36. applaud, , applauded, , applauded, , applauding, , applauds, , 37. apply, , applied, , applied, , applying, , applies, , 38. appoint, , appointed, , appointed, , appointing, , appoints, , 39. appreciate, , appreciated, , appreciated, , appreciating, , appreciates, , 40. argue, , argued, , argued, , arguing, , argues, , 41. arrange, , arranged, , arranged, , arranging, , arranges, , 42. arrive, , arrived, , arrived, , arriving, , arrives, , 43. ask, , asked, , asked, , asking, , asks, , 44. associate, , associated, , associated, , associating, , associates, , 29
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English Grammar, , 45. assume, , assumed, , assumed, , assuming, , assumes, , 46. attack, , attacked, , attacked, , attacking, , attacks, , 47. attempt, , attempted, , attempted, , attempting, , attempts, , 48. attend, , attended, , attended, , attending, , attends, , 49. augment, , augmented, , augmented, , augmenting, , augments, , 50. avoid, , avoided, , avoided, , avoiding, , avoids, , 51. await, , awaited, , awaited, , awaiting, , awaits, , 52. baffle, , baffled, , baffled, , baffling, , baffles, , 53. bargain, , bargained, , bargained, , bargaining, , bargains, , 54. behave, , behaved, , behaved, , behaving, , behaves, , 55. believe, , believed, , believed, , believing, , believes, , 56. bestow, , bestowed, , bestowed, , bestowing, , bestows, , 57. betray, , betrayed, , betrayed, , betraying, , betrays, , 58. blame, , blamed, , blamed, , blaming, , blames, , 59. borrow, , borrowed, , borrowed, , borrowing, , borrows, , 60. bulge, , bulged, , bulged, , bulging, , bulges, , 61. burst, , burst, , burst, , bursting, , bursts, , 62. bury, , buried, , buried, , burying, , buries, , 63. calculate, , calculated, , calculated, , calculating, , calculates, , 64. call, , called, , called, , calling, , calls, , 65. cancel, , cancelled, , cancelled, , cancelling, , cancels, , 66. canvas, , canvassed, , canvassed, , canvassing, , canvases, , 67. capture, , captured, , captured, , capturing, , captures, , 68. carry, , carried, , carried, , carrying, , carries, , 69. celebrate, , celebrated, , celebrated, , celebrating, , celebrates, , 70. certify, , certified, , certified, , certifying, , certifies, , 71. challenge, , challenged, , challenged, , challenging, , challenges, , 72. cheat, , cheated, , cheated, , cheating, , cheats, , 73. check, , checked, , checked, , checking, , checks, , 74. circulate, , circulated, , circulated, , circulating, , circulates, , 75. clean, , cleaned, , cleaned, , cleaning, , cleans, , 76. climb, , climbed, , climbed, , climbing, , climbs, , 77. collect, , collected, , collected, , collecting, , collects, , 30
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English Grammar, , 78. combine, , combined, , combined, , combining, , combines, , 79. compare, , compared, , compared, , comparing, , compares, , 80. compel, , compelled, , compelled, , compelling, , compels, , 81. compete, , competed, , competed, , competing, , competes, , 82. complain, , complained, , complained, , complaining, , complains, , 83. concentrate, , concentrated, , concentrated, , concentrating, , concentrates, , 84. conclude, , concluded, , concluded, , concluding, , concludes, , 85. condemn, , condemned, , condemned, , condemning, , condemns, , 86. confuse, , confused, , confused, , confusing, , confuses, , 87. congratulate, , congratulated, , congratulated, , congratulating, , congratulates, , 88. consider, , considered, , considered, , considering, , considers, , 89. console, , consoled, , consoled, , consoling, , consoles, , 90. contend, , contended, , contended, , contending, , contends, , 91. contest, , contested, , contested, , contesting, , contests, , 92. continue, , continued, , continued, , continuing, , continues, , 93. contribute, , contributed, , contributed, , contributing, , contributes, , 94. control, , controlled, , controlled, , controlling, , controls, , 95. convince, , convinced, , convinced, , convincing, , convinces, , 96. cook, , cooked, , cooked, , cooking, , cooks, , 97. crow, , crowed, crew, , crowed, , crowing, , crows, , 98. cry, , cried, , cried, , crying, , cries, , 99. cumulate, , cumulated, , cumulated, , cumulating, , cumulates, , 100. curse, , cursed, , cursed, , cursing, , curses, , 101. dance, , danced, , danced, , dancing, , dances, , 102. dare, , dared, , dared, , daring, , dares, , 103. daze, , dazed, , dazed, , dazing, , dazes, , 104. deal, , dealt, , dealt, , dealing, , deals, , 105. decide, , decided, , decided, , deciding, , decides, , 106. defy, , defied, , defied, , defying, , defies, , 107. delay, , delayed, , delayed, , delaying, , delays, , 108. deny, , denied, , denied, , denying, , denies, , 109. depart, , departed, , departed, , departing, , departs, , 110. describe, , described, , described, , describing, , describes, , 31
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English Grammar, , 111. destroy, , destroyed, , destroyed, , destroying, , destroys, , 112. determine, , determined, , determined, , determining, , determines, , 113. develop, , developed, , developed, , developing, , develops, , 114. die, , died, , died, , dying, , dies, , 115. disappoint, , disappointed, , disappointed, , disappointing, , disappoints, , 116. discourage, , discouraged, , discouraged, , discouraging, , discourages, , 117. discover, , discovered, , discovered, , discovering, , discovers, , 118. discuss, , discussed, , discussed, , discussing, , discusses, , 119. dispel, , dispelled, , dispelled, , dispelling, , dispels, , 120. disturb, , disturbed, , disturbed, , disturbing, , disturbs, , 121. divide, , divided, , divided, , dividing, , divides, , 122. donate, , donated, , donated, , donating, , donates, , 123. drop, , dropped, , dropped, , dropping, , drops, , 124. drown, , drowned, , drowned, , drowning, , drowns, , 125. dub, , dubbed, , dubbed, , dubbing, , dubs, , 126. dye, , dyed, , dyed, , dyeing, , dyes, , 127. edit, , edited, , edited, , editing, , edits, , 128. educate, , educated, , educated, , educating, , educates, , 129. encourage, , encouraged, , encouraged, , encouraging, , encourages, , 130. ensure, , ensured, , ensured, , ensuring, , ensures, , 131. entertain, , entertained, , entertained, , entertaining, , entertains, , 132. eradicate, , eradicated, , eradicated, , eradicating, , eradicates, , 133. erupt, , erupted, , erupted, , erupting, , erupts, , 134. examine, , examined, , examined, , examining, , examines, , 135. expect, , expected, , expected, , expecting, , expects, , 136. expel, , expelled, , expelled, , expelling, , expels, , 137. explain, , explained, , explained, , explaining, , explains, , 138. exploit, , exploited, , exploited, , exploiting, , exploits, , 139. explore, , explored, , explored, , exploring, , explores, , 140. export, , exported, , exported, , exporting, , exports, , 141. felicitate, , felicitated, , felicitated, , felicitating, , felicitates, , 142. fetch, , fetched, , fetched, , fetching, , fetches, , 143. finish, , finished, , finished, , finishing, , finishes, , 32
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English Grammar, , 144. finish, , finished, , finished, , finishing, , finishes, , 145. flip, , flipped, , flipped, , flipping, , flips, , 146. flow, , flowed, , flowed, , flowing, , flows, , 147. fluctuate, , fluctuated, , fluctuated, , fluctuating, , fluctuates, , 148. follow, , followed, , followed, , following, , follows, , 149. frighten, , frightened, , frightened, , frightening, , frights, , 150. furl, , furled, , furled, , furling, , furls, , 151. gain, , gained, , gained, , gaining, , gains, , 152. gasp, , gasped, , gasped, , gasping, , gasps, , 153. gather, , gathered, , gathered, , gathering, , gathers, , 154. grab, , grabbed, , grabbed, , grabbing, , grabs, , 155. growl, , growled, , growled, , growling, , growls, , 156. grumble, , grumbled, , grumbled, , grumbling, , grumbles, , 157. guess, , guessed, , guessed, , guessing, , guesses, , 158. guide, , guided, , guided, , guiding, , guides, , 159. handle, , handled, , handled, , handling, , handles, , 160. harm, , harmed, , harmed, , harming, , harms, , 161. haunt, , haunted, , haunted, , haunting, , haunts, , 162. heal, , healed, , healed, , healing, , heals, , 163. hike, , hiked, , hiked, , hiking, , hikes, , 164. hope, , hoped, , hoped, , hoping, , hopes, , 165. horrify, , horrified, , horrified, , horrifying, , horrifies, , 166. hug, , hugged, , hugged, , hugging, , hugs, , 167. impel, , impelled, , impelled, , impelling, , impels, , 168. implement, , implemented, , implemented, , implementing, , implements, , 169. import, , imported, , imported, , importing, , imports, , 170. impress, , impressed, , impressed, , impressing, , impresses, , 171. imprison, , imprisoned, , imprisoned, , imprisoning, , imprisons, , 172. improved, , improved, , improved, , improving, , improves, , 173. inaugurate, , inaugurated, , inaugurated, , inaugurating, , inaugurates, , 174. increase, , increased, , increased, , increasing, , increases, , 175. inculcate, , inculcated, , inculcated, , inculcating, , inculcates, , 176. influence, , influenced, , influenced, , influencing, , influences, , 33
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English Grammar, , 177. inform, , informed, , informed, , informing, , informs, , 178. initiate, , initiated, , initiated, , initiating, , initiates, , 179. inquired, , inquired, , inquired, , inquiring, , inquires, , 180. install, , installed, , installed, , installing, , installs, , 181. insult, , insulted, , insulted, , insulting, , insults, , 182. interfere, , interfered, , interfered, , interfering, , interferes, , 183. interrupt, , interrupted, , interrupted, , interrupting, , interrupts, , 184. introduce, , introduced, , introduced, , introducing, , introduces, , 185. invest, , invested, , invested, , investing, , invests, , 186. invite, , invited, , invited, , inviting, , invites, , 187. invoke, , invoked, , invoked, , invoking, , invokes, , 188. irritate, , irritated, , irritated, , irritating, , irritates, , 189. jam, , jammed, , jammed, , jamming, , jams, , 190. judge, , judged, , judged, , judging, , judges, , 191. juggle, , juggled, , juggled, , juggling, , juggles, , 192. jump, , jumped, , jumped, , jumping, , jumps, , 193. justify, , justified, , justified, , justifying, , justifies, , 194. kidnap, , kidnapped, , kidnapped, , kidnapping, , kidnaps, , 195. kill, , killed, , killed, , killing, , kills, , 196. knock, , knocked, , knocked, , knocking, , knocks, , 197. laugh, , laughed, , laughed, , laughing, , laughs, , 198. launch, , launched, , launched, , launching, , launches, , 199. learn, , learned, , learned, , learning, , learns, , 200. lend, , lent, , lent, , lending, , 1ents, , 201. levy, , levied, , levied, , levying, , levies, , 202. light, , lighted, , lighted, , lighting, , lights, , 203. like, , liked, , liked, , liking, , likes, , 204. loiter, , loitered, , loitered, , loitering, , loiters, , 205. love, , loved, , loved, , loving, , loves, , 206. marry, , married, , married, , marrying, , marries, , 207. melt, , melted, , melted, , melting, , melts, , 208. mend, , mended, , mended, , mending, , mends, , 209. mention, , mentioned, , mentioned, , mentioning, , mentions, , 34
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English Grammar, , 210. merge, , merged, , merged, , merging, , merges, , 211. modify, , modified, , modified, , modifying, , modifies, , 212. munch, , munched, , munched, , munching, , munches, , 213. name, , named, , named, , naming, , names, , 214. neigh, , neighed, , neighed, , neighing, , neighs, , 215. nod, , nodded, , nodded, , nodding, , nods, , 216. nominate, , nominated, , nominated, , nominating, , `nominates, , 217. notice, , noticed, , noticed, , noticing, , notices, , 218. notify, , notified, , notified, , notifying, , notifies, , 219. nullify, , nullified, , nullified, , nullifying, , nullifies, , 220. number, , numbered, , numbered, , numbering, , numbers, , 221. obey, , obeyed, , obeyed, , obeying, , obeys, , 222. object, , objected, , objected, , objecting, , objects, , 223. obscure, , obscured, , obscured, , obscuring, , obscures, , 224. obstruct, , obstructed, , obstructed, , obstructing, , obstructs, , 225. offend, , offended, , offended, , offending, , offends, , 226. omit, , omitted, , omitted, , omitting, , omits, , 227. open, , opened, , opened, , opening, , opens, , 228. oppose, , opposed, , opposed, , opposing, , opposes, , 229. ordain, , ordained, , ordained, , ordaining, , ordains, , 230. owe, , owed, , owed, , owing, , owes, , 231. pacify, , pacified, , pacified, , pacifying, , pacifies, , 232. paint, , painted, , painted, , painting, , paints, , 233. perpetuate, , perpetuated, , perpetuated, , perpetuating, , perpetuates, , 234. plan, , planned, , planned, , planning, , plans, , 235. plant, , planted, , planted, , planting, , plants, , 236. play, , played, , played, , playing, , plays, , 237. portray, , portrayed, , portrayed, , portraying, , portrays, , 238. praise, , praised, , praised, , praising, , praises, , 239. pray, , prayed, , prayed, , playing, , plays, , 240. preserve, , preserved, , preserved, , preserving, , preserves, , 241. produce, , produced, , produced, , producing, , produces, , 242. promise, , promised, , promised, , promising, , promises, , 35
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English Grammar, , 243. propagate, , propagated, , propagated, , propagating, , propagates, , 244. propose, , proposed, , proposed, , proposing, , proposes, , 245. protest, , protested, , protested, , protesting, , protests, , 246. prove, , proved, , proved, , proving, , proves, , 247. publish, , published, , published, , publishing, , publishes, , 248. punish, , punished, , punished, , punishing, , punishes, , 249. purchase, , purchased, , purchased, , purchasing, , purchases, , 250. purify, , purified, , purified, , purifying, , purifies, , 251. push, , pushed, , pushed, , pushing, , pushes, , 252. qualify, , qualified, , qualified, , qualifying, , qualifies, , 253. question, , questioned, , questioned, , questioning, , questions, , 254. quote, , quoted, , quoted, , quoting, , quotes, , 255. raise, , raised, , raised, , raising, , raises, , 256. reach, , reached, , reached, , reaching, , reaches, , 257. react, , reacted, , reacted, , reacting, , reacts, , 258. realize, , realized, , realized, , realizing, , realizes, , 259. receive, , received, , received, , receiving, , receives, , 260. recognize, , recognized, , recognized, , recognizing, , recognizes, , 261. recommend, , recommended, , recommended, , recommending, , recommends, , 262. reduce, , reduced, , reduced, , reducing, , reduces, , 263. refuse, , refused, , refused, , refusing, , refuses, , 264. regret, , regretted, , regretted, , regretting, , regrets, , 265. reject, , rejected, , rejected, , rejecting, , rejects, , 266. relax, , relaxed, , relaxed, , relaxing, , relaxes, , 267. release, , released, , released, , releasing, , releases, , 268. rely, , relied, , relied, , relying, , relies, , 269. remind, , reminded, , reminded, , reminding, , reminds, , 270. remit, , remitted, , remitted, , remitting, , remits, , 271. remove, , removed, , removed, , removing, , removes, , 272. renew, , renewed, , renewed, , renewing, , renews, , 273. repeat, , repeated, , repeated, , repeating, , repeats, , 274. replace, , replaced, , replaced, , replacing, , replaces, , 275. reply, , replied, , replied, , replying, , replies, , 36
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English Grammar, , 276. represent, , represented, , represented, , representing, , represents, , 277. request, , requested, , requested, , requesting, , requests, , 278. rescue, , rescued, , rescued, , rescuing, , rescues, , 279. reside, , resided, , resided, , residing, , resides, , 280. resign, , resigned, , resigned, , resigning, , resigns, , 281. respect, , respected, , respected, , respecting, , respects, , 282. rest, , rested, , rested, , resting, , rests, , 283. reveal, , revealed, , revealed, , revealing, , reveals, , 284. revise, , revised, , revised, , revising, , revises, , 285. rush, , rushed, , rushed, , rushing, , rushes, , 286. safeguard, , safeguarded, , safeguarded, , safeguarding, , safeguards, , 287. satisfy, , satisfied, , satisfied, , satisfying, , satisfies, , 288. scold, , scolded, , scolded, , scolding, , scolds, , 289. search, , searched, , searched, , searching, , searches, , 290. separate, , separated, , separated, , separating, , separates, , 291. settle, , settled, , settled, , settling, , settles, , 292. sew, , sewed, , sewed, , sewing, , sews, , 293. shift, , shifted, , shifted, , shifting, , shifts, , 294. slap, , slapped, , slapped, , slapping, , slaps, , 295. solve, , solved, , solved, , solving, , solves, , 296. sow, , sowed, , sowed, , sowing, , sows, , 297. specify, , specified, , specified, , specifying, , specifies, , 298. spoil, , spoiled, , spoiled, , spoiling, , spoils, , 299. start, , started, , started, , starting, , starts, , 300. stay, , stayed, , stayed, , staying, , stays, , 301. stop, , stopped, , stopped, , stopping, , stops, , 302. study, , studied, , studied, , studying, , studies, , 303. succeed, , succeeded, , succeeded, , succeeding, , succeeds, , 304. suggest, , suggested, , suggested, , suggesting, , suggests, , 305. support, , supported, , supported, , supporting, , supports, , 306. suppress, , suppressed, , suppressed, , suppressing, , suppresses, , 307. surprise, , surprised, , surprised, , surprising, , surprises, , 308. survive, , survived, , survived, , surviving, , survives, , 37
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English Grammar, , 309. sustain, , sustained, , sustained, , sustaining, , sustains, , 310. talk, , talked, , talked, , talking, , talks, , 311. threaten, , threatened, , threatened, , threatening, , threatens, , 312. tie, , tied, , tied, , tying, , ties, , 313. tolerate, , tolerated, , tolerated, , tolerating, , tolerates, , 314. touch, , touched, , touched, , touching, , touches, , 315. travel, , travelled, , travelled, , travelling, , travels, , 316. trust, , trusted, , trusted, , trusting, , trusts, , 317. try, , tried, , tried, , trying, , tries, , 318. tug, , tugged, , tugged, , tugging, , tugs, , 319. twist, , twisted, , twisted, , twisting, , twists, , 320. underline, , underlined, , underlined, , underlining, , underlines, , 321. unfurl, , unfurled, , unfurled, , unfurling, , unfurls, , 322. unite, , united, , united, , uniting, , unites, , 323. use, , used, , used, , using, , uses, , 324. utilize, , utilized, , utilized, , utilizing, , utilizes, , 325. vacate, , vacated, , vacated, , vacating, , vacates, , 326. vanish, , vanished, , vanished, , vanishing, , vanishes, , 327. vary, , varied, , varied, , varying, , varies, , 328. verify, , verified, , verified, , verifying, , verifies, , 329. vitalize, , vitalized, , vitalized, , vitalizing, , vitalizes, , 330. vote, , voted, , voted, , voting, , votes, , 331. wait, , waited, , waited, , waiting, , waits, , 332. wander, , wandered, , wandered, , wandering, , wanders, , 333. want, , wanted, , wanted, , wanting, , wants, , 334. warn, , warned, , warned, , warning, , warns, , 335. waste, , wasted, , wasted, , wasting, , wastes, , 336. welcome, , welcomed, , welcomed, , welcoming, , welcomes, , 337. weld, , welded, , welded, , welding, , welds, , 338. whirl, , whirled, , whirled, , whirling, , whirls, , 339. work, , worked, , worked, , working, , works, , 340. yawn, , yawned, , yawned, , yawning, , yawns, , 341. yield, , yielded, , yielded, , yielding, , yields, , 38
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English Grammar, , IRREGULAR VERBS, We distinguish three types of irregular verbs., TYPE-I, All three forms are different as:1. arise, arose, arisen, 2. awake, awoke, awaken/awaked, 3. bear(carry), bore, borne, 4. bear(produce) bore, born, 5. befall, befell, befallen, 6. beget, begot, begotten, 7. begin, began, begun, 8. bite, bit, bitten, 9. blow, blew, blown, 10. break, broke, broken, 11. choose, chose, chosen, 12. do, did, done, 13. draw, drew, drawn, 14. drink, drank, drunk, 15. drive, drove, driven, 16. eat, ate, eaten, 17. fall, fell, fallen, 18. fly, flew, flown, 19. forbid, forbade, forbidden, 20. forget, forgot, forgotten, 21. forgive, forgave, forgiven, 22. forsake, forsook, forsaken, 23. freeze, froze, frozen, 24. give, gave, given, 25. go, went, gone, 26. grow, grew, grown, 27. hide, hid, hidden, 28. know, knew, known, 29. lie, lay, lain, 30. mistake, mistook, mistaken, 31. overcome, overcame, overcome, 32. ride, rode, ridden, 33. ring, rang, rung, 34. rise, rose, risen, 35. see, saw, seen, 36. shake, shook, shaken, 37. show, showed, shown, 38. shrink, shrank, shrunk, 39. sing, sang, sung, 40. sink, sank, sunk, 41. slay, slew, slain, 42. smite, smote, smitten, 43. speak, spoke, spoken, 39, , arising, awakening, bearing, bearing, befalling, begetting, beginning, biting, blowing, breaking, choosing, doing, drawing, drinking, driving, eating, falling, flying, forbidding, forgetting, forgiving, forsaking, freezing, giving, going, growing, hiding, knowing, lying, mistaking, overcoming, riding, ringing, rising, seeing, shaking, showing, shrinking, singing, sinking, slaying, smiting, speaking, , arises, awakens, bears, bears, befalls, begets, begins, bites, blows, breaks, chooses, does, draws, drinks, drives, eats, falls, flies, forbids, forgets, forgives, forsakes, freezes, gives, goes, grows, hides, knows, lies, mistakes, overcomes, rides, rings, rises, sees, shakes, shows, shrinks, sings, sinks, slays, smites, speaks
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English Grammar, , 44., 45., 46., 47., 48., 49., 50., 51., 52., 53., 54., 55., 56., 57., , spin, spring, steal, swear, swim, take, tear, throw, tread, undertake, wake, wear, weave, write, , span, sprang, stole, swore, swam, took, tore, threw, trod, undertook, woke, wore, wove, wrote, , spun, sprung, stolen, sworn, swum, taken, torn, thrown, trodden, undertaken, waken, worn, woven, written, , spinning, springing, stealing, swearing, swimming, taking, tearing, throwing, treading, undertaking, waking, wearing, weaving, writing, , spins, springs, steals, swears, swims, takes, tears, throws, treads, undertakes, wakes, wears, weaves, writes, , TYPE -II, Two of the forms are the same as :58., 59., 60., 61., 62., 63., 64., 65., 66., 67., 68., 69., 70., 71., 72., 73., 74., 75., 76., 77., 78., 79., 80., 81., 82., 83., 84., 85., 86., , abide, beat, become, bend, beseech, bring, bleed, breed, build, buy, behold, catch, come, creep, cling, deal, dig, feed, feel, fight, find, flee, fling, get, grind, hear, hold, keep, kneel, , abode, beat, became, bent, besought, brought, bled, bred, built, bought, beheld, caught, came, crept, clung, dealt, dug, fed, felt, fought, found, fled, flung, got, ground, heard, held, kept, knelt, , abode, beaten, become, bent, besought, brought, bled, bred, built, bought, beheld, caught, come, crept, clung, dealt, dug, fed, felt, fought, found, fled, flung, got, ground, heard, held, kept, knelt, 40, , abiding, beating, becoming, bending, beseeching, bringing, bleeding, breeding, building, buying, beholding, catching, coming, creeping, clinging, dealing, digging, feeding, feeling, fighting, finding, fleeing, flinging, getting, grinding, hearing, holding, keeping, kneeling, , abides, beats, becomes, bends, beseeches, brings, bleeds, breeds, builds, buys, beholds, catches, comes, creeps, clings, deals, digs, feeds, feels, fights, finds, flees, flings, gets, grinds, hears, holds, keeps, kneels
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English Grammar, , 87. lay, 88. lead, 89. leave, 90. lend, 91. light, 92. lose, 93. make, 94. mean, 95. meet, 96. pay, 97. run, 98. say, 99. seek, 100. sell, 101. send, 102. shine, 103. sit, 104. slink, 105. sleep, 106. slide, 107. spell, 108. sling, 109. spend, 110. speed, 111. spit, 112. stand, 113. stick, 114. sting, 115. strike, 116. sweep, 117. swing, 118. teach, 119. tell, 120. think, 121. understand, 122. win, 123. wind, 124. wear, 125. weep, 126. wring, TYPE:- III, , laid, led, left, lent, lit, lost, made, meant, met, paid, ran, said, sought, sold, sent, shone, sat, slunk, slept, slid, spelt, slung, spent, sped, spat, stood, stuck, stung, struck, swept, swung, taught, told, thought, understood, won, wound, wore, wept, wrung, , laid, led, left, lent, lit, lost, made, meant, met, paid, run, said, sought, sold, sent, shone, sat, slunk, slept, slid, spelt, slung, spent, sped, spat, stood, stuck, stung, struck, swept, swung, taught, told, thought, understood, won, wound, wore, wept, wrung, , Laying, Leading, leaving, lending, lighting, losing, making, meaning, meeting, paying, running, saying, seeking, selling, sending, shining, sitting, slinking, sleeping, sliding, spelling, slinging, spending, speeding, spiting, standing, sticking, stinging, striking, sweeping, swinging, teaching, telling, thinking, understanding, winning, winding, wearing, weeping, wringing, , lays, Leads, leaves, Lends, Lights, loses, makes, means, meets, pays, runs, says, seeks, sells, sends, shines, sits, slinks, sleeps, slides, spells, slings, spends, speeds, spits, stands, sticks, stings, strikes, sweeps, swings, teaches, tells, thinks, understands, wins, winds, wears, weeps, wrings, , All three forms are the same as:Sl., , V1, , V2, , V3, , No., 127. bet, , bet, , bet, 41, , V4, (V1 + ‘ing’), betting, , V5, (V1 + ‘s’ or ‘es’), bets
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English Grammar, , 128., 129., 130., 131., 132., 133., 134., 135., 136., 137., 138., 139., 140., 141., 142., 143., 144., 145., 146., 147., , bid, burst, cast, cost, cut, hit, hurt, let, put, rid, read, set, shed, shut, slit, split, spread, thrust, broadcast, telecast, , bid, burst, cast, cost, cut, hit, hurt, let, put, rid, read, set, shed, shut, slit, split, spread, thrust, broadcast, telecast, , bid, burst, cast, cost, cut, hit, hurt, let, put, rid, read, set, shed, shut, slit, split, spread, thrust, broadcast, telecast, , bidding, bursting, casting, costing, cutting, hitting, hurting, letting, putting, riding, reading, setting, shedding, shutting, slitting, splitting, spreading, thrusting, broadcasting, telecasting, , bids, bursts, casts, costs, cuts, hits, hurts, lets, puts, rids, reads, sets, sheds, shuts, slits, splits, spreads, thrusts, broadcasts, telecasts, , THE AUXILIARIES, Look at these sentences:, Gopal has a scooter., They have a car., In these sentences the verbs ‘has’ and ‘have’ express possession. A verb which has a, meaning of its own is called a principal verb or a main verb., Now read the following sentences:, Gopal has come today., They have visited the zoo., In these sentences the verbs ‘has’ and ‘have’ do not express the idea of possession., They help to form the present perfect tense of the verbs ‘come’ and ‘visit’ respectively. Such, helping verbs are called ‘Auxiliaries’., An Auxiliary is a verb used to form tenses, mood, voice etc., of other verbs., The following is the list of auxiliaries:, Be, am, is , are, was, were., Do, does, did., Have, has, had., Shall, should, will, would., Can, could, may, might., Must, ought to, need to, dare., BE (is, am, are, was, were), a), As a principal verb ‘Be’ is used :, (i), with a noun or pronoun identifying or asking about the subject., Eg : Paul is a teacher., It is me., (ii), with an adjective or a preposition indicating a quality., Eg:, The world is round., 42
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English Grammar, , (iii), Eg :, , (i), Eg:, (ii), Eg:, (iii), Eg:, (iv), Eg:, , Eg :, , Eg :, , (i), Eg :, , (ii), Eg :, , Eg :, , (1), Eg:, , (ii), Eg:, (iii), , They are of high quality., with a preposition or adverbial participle indicating a place:, The book is on the table., He is upstairs., b), As an auxiliary verb ‘Be’ is used :, in the formation of the continuous tenses, He is writing., She has been playing., in the formation of the passive, The door was opened., The boy was punished., with an infinitive to indicate a plan or arrangement, They are to meet me., They are to be married next week., with an infinitive to denote command or direction, You are to leave atonce., Father says I am to go to market., HAVE (have, has, had), As a principal verb ‘Have’ is used in the sense of possess, take, experience,, receive:, John has a scooter. (possess), They have lunch at 11.30 A.M. (take), He has a fever. (experience), I had a letter from my brother : (receive), Have is also used as a causative verb :, He had his shoes polished., She had her watch repaired., As an auxiliary verb ‘Have’ is used :, in the formation of the present perfect tense :, He has come., She has left., They have been working., with the infinitive to indicate obligation :, I have to be there by ten O’clock., The astrologer had to leave the village, DO (do, does, did), As a principal verb ‘Do’ is used in the sense of ‘act’., You must do your duty., Do as you are told., As an auxiliary verb ‘Do’ is used :, to form the negative and interrogative of the present simple and past simple tenses of, non – anomalous verbs., Do they sell rice?, Does he work well?, We didn’t go to the office on Sundays., He didn’t come yesterday., to avoid repetition of a previous verb, Do you know him? Yes I do., to emphasize an assertion, 43
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English Grammar, , Eg:, , (i), Eg :, (ii), Eg :, (iii), Eg :, (iv), Eg :, , (i), Eg :, (ii), Eg:, , (i), Eg :, , (ii), Eg :, (iii), Eg :, , He does look sad., I advised him not to go , but he did go., CAN, ‘Can’ is used :, to express ability :, He can lift the box., to express impatience : (when used with a question word), Where can I go ?, in the sense of ‘may’ to give permission :, You can go now., to express theoretical possibility, The watch can be repaired., Can’t is used to express prohibition :, You can’t play with time., COULD, Could is used :, as the past tense of can :, She could not find her purse., to ask polite questions :, Could you take me to the officer ?, Could you convey the message to him ?, SHALL, Shall is used :, in the first person. (to express simple futurity), I shall leave for Vijayawada tomorrow., We shall see you again., NOTE : In the present day English ‘will’ is used in all the persons., In the second and third persons to express a command or promise :, He shall not enter my office again. (command), You shall get a reward if you get first class. (promise), in the second and third persons to express a threat or determination :, You shall be punished for your rude behaviour. (threat), Everything shall be done according to law. (determination), SHOULD, Should is used :, , (i), Eg :, (ii), Eg :, (iii), Eg :, (iv), Eg :, (v), Eg :, , to express duty :, You should tell the truth., We should obey the law., in clauses of condition to express a supposition that may not be true :, If they should come, ask them to wait., If it should rain, he will not come., in indirect speech : (as the past tense of shall), He said that the rogue should be punished., after lest, Ride carefully lest you should fall., in the expression ‘should like to’ (polite form), I should like to help him., 44
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English Grammar, , (i), Eg :, , (ii), Eg :, (iii), Eg :, (iv), Eg :, (v), Eg :, , (i), Eg :, (ii), Eg :, (iii), Eg :, (iv), Eg :, (v), Eg :, (vi), Eg :, (vii), Eg :, , (iii), Eg :, (ii), Eg :, (iii), Eg :, , WILL, Will is used :, in the first person to express determination., willingness or promise on the part of the speaker :, I will not surrender. (determination), I will carry your books. (willingness), I will try to get you a job in our office. (promise), in the second and third persons to express simple futurity., The bus will leave at 8.30 A.M., He will be back in June., to express a characteristic habit :, She will sit for hours watching the television set., He will talk nothing about politics., to express an assumption :, This will be the last topic, I suppose., He will be the lawyer, I think., to indicate an invitation or a request :, Will you lend me your car ?, Will you have coffee ?, WOULD, Would is used :, to express willingness :, He said he would help me., in indirect speech (as the past tense of will), The clerk said that he would do the work., to express a customary action in the past :, After dinner the students would sing songs of Gurudev., As a child I would daily request my grandmother to tell me stories., to express a wish :, I wish he would go away., with ‘if only’ to express a hopeless wish :, If only he would come !, Would you mind lending me your scooter?, Would you like to go to the circus?, with the subordinate clause expressing improbable condition :, If I were the Prime Minister, I would make you Deputy Prime Minister., If I were a king, I would make you a Minister., MAY, May is used :, to express permission :, May I come in?, May I go now?, To express practical possibility :, He may win., She may agree., to express a wish :, May God bless you !, May you live long !, 45
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English Grammar, , (iv), , (i), Eg :, , Eg :, (ii), Eg :, , Eg :, , (i), Eg :, , (ii), Eg :, , (i), Eg :, (ii), Eg :, (iii), Eg :, , (i), Eg :, (ii), Eg :, , to express a purpose :, Eat that you may live., MIGHT, Might is used :, to express necessity, obligation or certainty :, You must study that book.(necessity), You must obey the officer’s orders. (obligation), It must be your cycle.( certainty), NOTE : To express necessity in the past time we use ‘had to’, He had to appear for an interview., They had to leave the town., to denote strong determination :, I must go to Delhi in summer., I must have my own way., Must n’t expresses a negative obligation or prohibition, Cars must n’t be parked here., You mustn’t move out of the house., OUGHT TO, Ought to is used :, to express necessity, duty, and moral obligation :, We ought to buy a radio. (necessity), You ought to obey the orders.(duty), We ought to help the needy. (moral obligation), ‘Ought to have’ is used to express a past obligation :, You ought to have done that., We ought to have helped him., NEED, Need is used :, As a principal verb ‘need’ is used in the sense of ‘require’ :, I need your help., We need another player., As an auxiliary verb ‘need’ remains unchanged, You need not do it., When referring to past time ‘need’ is followed by the perfect infinitive, You need not have waited for her., She need not have lost her temper., DARE, Dare is used :, As a principal verb ‘dare’ is used in the sense of face boldly’ :, He dared me to swim across the river., He dares you to a fight., As an auxiliary ‘dare’ is commonly used with ‘not’ :, She dare not do it., I dare not follow him., USED, , (i), Eg :, , Used is used :, to refer to a past habit / to describe what once was. It is followed by the to – infinitive:, He used to spend his holidays with his brother., 46
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English Grammar, , I., , They used to look after their business., ‘To be used’ is used to mean ‘accustomed’, He is used to driving long distances., ‘BE’ AUXILIARIES, Fill in the blanks with ‘Be’ auxiliaries:, , 1., , Mohan says that honesty …........... the best policy., , 2., , It …........... good that you have come., , 3., , …........... your father at home? I want to meet him., , 4., , Where …........... you yesterday?, , 5., , He said that he …........... very busy., , 6., , Mohan said that he …........... in Agra for two years., , 7., , I cannot catch the train because I …........... already late., , 8., , I couldn’t catch the train because I …........... late., , 9., , Deepa …........... too lazy to do her work., , 10., , He …........... not telling the truth., , 11., , …........... you a vegetarian or a non-vegetarian?, , 12., , When I went to her house, she …........... watching T.V., , 13., , After a long search, the thieves …........... caught., , 14., , The house …........... built by the mason., , 15., , Jack and Jill …........... a married couple., , 16., , …........... she present yesterday?, , 17., , What have you …........... doing this week?, , 18., , I …........... writing a detective story., , 19., , Caesar …........... stabbed by Brutus., , 20., , …........... tired, I went to bed early., , II., , ‘HAVE’ AUXILIARIES, Fill in the blanks with ‘Have’ auxiliaries:, , 1., , The train had left the station .............. before I arrived., , 2., , She. ................been suffering from fever for two days., , 3., , ................ finished the exercise, I went out to play., , 4., , All my friends................joined this college., , 5., , A good man and useful citizen ................ passed away., , 6., , It ................been a very cold winter., , 7., , I................ taken my camera with me., , 8., , One of my classmates...............won the first prize in weight lifting, , 9., , The two brothers...............a good fight for their father’s property., , (ii), Eg :, , 47
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English Grammar, , 10., , Either of these fellows...............stolen the watch., , 11., , Did you ...............a good sleep last night?, , 12., , I feel hungry .But I don’t...............anything to eat., , 13., , We don’t...............to go to school on Saturdays., , 14., , King Dasaratha............... four sons., , 15., , ............. you got any friends in the town?, , 16., , Salini.............blue eyes., , 17., , If you.............played the flute, I would have sung., , 18., , The new teacher.............taught us for six months, , 19., , I ............. finished my work just now., , 20., , He............eaten all the food by the time we returned., , III., , ‘DO’ AUXILIARIES, Fill in the blanks with ‘do’ auxiliaries:, , 1., , They...........not work hard., , 2., , How...........you go to school everyday? By bus or on foot., , 3., , I............ expect this from you., , 4., , She............not like mangoes., , 5., , Where ............you go yesterday?, , 6., , What ............you do with the money I gave you yesterday?, , 7., , The works have been ............perfectly well., , 8., , Mohan said that he had........... his work very well., , 9., , ............ forget to write you name on the study material given., , 10., , ............ you believe him?, , 11., , He........... smoke but doesn’t admit it., , 12., , You............worry about your son. I ‘ll look after him., , 13., , ............ they take you home last week?, , 14., , What a stupid thing you have............?, , 15., , ........... your homework regularly., , 16., , She. ............not like to be called by her name., , 17., , I............ expect your presence here., , 18., , Some people.............believe in prophecy., , 19., , ............ you get my point?, , 20., , ............ she speak French?, Fill in the blanks with appropriate auxiliaries:, , 1., , If I were rich, I...........help the poor., 48
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English Grammar, , 2., , Who............tolerate such an insult?, , 3., , The case is serious. You............consult some good doctor., , 4., , You...........to serve your aged parents., , 5., , ...........I smoke here?, , 6., , You have finished your work. You ...........go now., , 7., , You........... stand united., , 8., , We..........forget our duties., , 9., , We.........to win the trophy this time., , 10., , “.........I come again? No, you needn’t”, , 11., , We have completed our work...........we go now?, , 12., , ”Who..........answer this question?” said the teacher., , 13., , I hope she..........do well in the examination., , 14., , He can bowl well, but he..........bat quite as well., , 15., , He might pass, but he.......... get good marks., , 16., , He .......... drive a car when he was ten., , 17., , I have brushed my teeth. You...........bring the coffee now., , 18., , He said that he...........finish the work in time, , 19., , Sit down. You...........leave the hall so soon., , 20., , The principal is busy. You...........see him just now., , 21., , You are not a member of the club. You...........attend its meeting., , 22., , He...........smoke but does not admit., , 23., , I know that he..........beat my brother yesterday., , 24., , You..........worry about your son. I ...........help him in every way., , 25., , ...........We love our country? Of course we..........., , 26., , You ...........to work very hard this year., , 27., , You...........do it if he does not help you., , 28., , I think you...........succeed if you try., , 29., , We...........hurry; we are very late., , 30., , I’m afraid I ...........tell you that. It is a secret., , 31., , Help! He ...........he drowned, if no one save him., , 32., , My grandmother ...........to tell us amusing stories after dinner., , 33., , ...........I have a word with you?, , 34., , You ...........not worry, she won’t get lost., , 35., , The world ..........avoid war at all costs., 49
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English Grammar, , 36., , Your sister loves dolls. You...........to send her some., , 37., , He...........not take such a risk., , 38., , She ...........weep or she will die., , 39., , She...........to play chess before her winner., , 40., , Little children...........to be careful when crossing the road., Auxiliaries: Choose the correct alternative., , 1., , I don’t think I ………………………….………..(shall, should, can) be able to go., , 2., , He …………………………………….. (shall, will, dare) not pay unless he is, compelled., , 3., , You ……………………….……….. (should, would, ought) be punctual., , 4., , I wish you ………………………………….. (should, would, must) tell me earlier., , 5., , …………………………………….. (Shall, will, would) I assist you?, , 6., , …………………………..……….. (Shall, should, would) you please help me with, this?, , 7., , You ……………………………….…….. (ought, should, would) to pay debts., , 8., , He said that I…………………………..….. (can, might, should) use his telephone at, any time., , 9., , Unless you try hard, you ……………………………. (could, can, might) not reach, the goal., , 10., , He ………………………..….. (need, dare, would) not ask for a rise, for fear of losing, his job., , 11., , I …………….…….. (needn’t see, needn’t have seen, didn’t need to see) him, so I, sent a letter., , 12., , ……………………………..…….. (Shall, might, could) you show mw the way to, station?, , 13., , To save my life, I ran fast, and ……….…………….. (would, could, was able to), reach safely., , 14., , I ………………………….….. (would, used, ought) to be an atheist but now I believe, in God., , 15., , You ………………………….. (needn’t, mustn’t, won’t) light a match; the room is, full of gas., , 16., , The Prime Minister ……………..………….. (would, need, is to) make a statement, tomorrow., , 17., , You ……………………………………..….. (can, could, could have) win, if you run, fast., , 18., , I was afraid that if I asked him again he …………………………….. (can, may,, might) refuse., , 19., , She …………………….. (shall, will, dare) sit outside foe hours looking at the, passing traffic., 50
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English Grammar, , 20., , …………………………….……….. (Should, would, shall) you like another cup of, coffee?, , 21., , I wish he ………………….…………….. (should, will, would) not play his wireless, so loudly., , 22., , I …………………………………….….. (could not, will not, would not) go out, if it, rains., , 23., , He …………………….……….. (used, is used, was used) to play cricket before his, marriage., , 24., , …………………………………….. (Shall, will, would) I carry the box into the house, for you?, , 25., , He …………………………….………….. (will, can, might) come, but I should be, surprised., , a), , Fill in the blanks choosing the correct word given in the brackets:, , 1., , …………….. (do, did, done) you need to go?, , 2., , He ………………….. (had, have, has) a car now., , 3., , He ………………….. ( was, is , are) a man., , 4., , ………………….. (can, may, need) I write him?, , 5., , ………………….. (did, done, do) you know him?, , 6., , He ………………….. (has, had, have) gone just now., , 7., , They ………………….. (had, have, has) done this recently., , 8., , They ………………….. (were, are, is) police., , 9., , ………………….. (shall, should, could) we get another Sachin?, , 10., , When I saw them, they ………………….. (are, was, were) going., , b), , Rewrite each of these sentences, using a modal verb., , 1., , Possibly she isn’t Anil’s sister., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 2., , Perhaps we will go to Shimla next month., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 3., , My sister was able to read the alphabet when she was 15 months old., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 4., , It is necessary that you do not wash the car. (The paint is still wet), , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 5., , It is not necessary for you to wash the car., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 6., , I am certain that they have left already., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., 51
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English Grammar, , 7., , Do you allow me to use your phone?, , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 8., , I was in the habit of using an umbrella when I was young., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 9., , He will probably pass his driving test easily., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 10., , Perhaps he forgot about the meeting., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 11., , I suggest visiting the Taj Mahal., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 12. Nobody has answered the phone; perhaps they have gone out., A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 13., , I am sure he is over seventy., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 14., , It was not necessary for me to meet him but I met him., , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , 15., , It was not necessary fro me to meet hi. ( and I didn’t meet him), , A:, , ___________________________________________________________., , PREPOSITIONS, Definition :- A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show what one, person or thing has to do with another person or thing., It denotes the relation between a noun or a pronoun and the other part of the sentence., Eg:- There is a book on the table., The word ‘on’ shows the relation between two things ‘book’ and ‘table’., The noun or the pronoun which is placed after the preposition is called its object., Kinds of prepositions :At, by for, from, in, of, on, up, to with, out, through, above, across, along, amidst,, among, before, below, beside, between, inside, outside, within, without etc., are said to, be prepositions., Uses of prepositions :At :- denotes a certain time, place of work etc., He gets up at five O’ clock., I met him at the market., Smith works at the public library., The train arrived at 9.45 AM, He stayed at Apsara Hotel., In:- indicates time, place, names of certain places, passengers should be in time for the, train. The horse ran the distance in two minutes., He lives in America., Most people like to live in cities., John works in a bank., 52
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English Grammar, , On:- denotes specific day, date, cause ,condition etc.,, Indira Gandhi was born on November 19th, 1917. My brother reached London on, Sunday., He is on duty., He acted on my advice., They came here on Friday afternoon., By:- used in the passive voice, denotes means of travel, latest time, reason etc.,, The snake was killed by him., Came and sit by me., She goes to school by bus., The work would be finished by Monday., We were irritated by her actions., Of:- used to express cause, relief, relation, express a measure., She died of fever., The thief was accused of theft., Can I have a glass of water ?, Are you aware of the risks ?, He is one of my old friends., For:- to show the lapse of time, express purpose, cause etc., We are waiting for the train to arrive., It rained fro three hours., He shouted for help., Its for this reason he came here., He left for Hyderabad yesterday., To:- indicates things in motion, direction, decision etc.,, He ran to school, Let us go to the park., I prefer tea to coffee., He wishes to go for a walk everyday., I accompanied my friend to the bus stop., Towards:- indicates direction, He walked towards the bus stop., He ran towards the poles., Along:- indicates direction, He walked along the road., Against:- denotes opposition of same land., One should not act against the orders., The work was done against the orders of the Principal., With:- indicates the agent of an action., He cut the tree with an axe., HE Completed the task with great difficulty., Beside:- means by side of, He sat beside his friend., He put the pen beside the book., Besides:- means something in addition to, Besides being a teacher, she is a lecture., He has many problems besides this., Between:- refers to two persons or things., The ball was placed between the two poles., 53
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English Grammar, , Bob sat between Mary any jim ., Among:- refer to more than two persons or things :The boys quarreled among themselves., The property was distributed equally among the brothers., Since:- indicates a point of time., They have been living this house since ten years., I have known him since 1970., Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions, 1., , He lives ______ Hyderabad., , 2., , It has been raining ______ morning., , 3., , She ordered tow cups ______ coffee., , 4., , Ravana was killed ______ Rama., , 5., , ______ the morning, the children go to school., , 6., , The king ______ Nepal was on a visit to India., , 7., , The lion sprang ______ the cow., , 8., , I found him leaning ______ the chair., , 9., , It had a small kitchen garden ______ the back., , 10., , I told him ______ his face that he could not pass., , 11., , I have learned this lesson word ______ word., , 12., , Kashmir is a bone of connection ______ India and Pakistan., , 13., , Please open your hook ______ page twenty., , 14., , I saw him sitting ______ the minister., , 15., , Our friends have not been here ______ long., , 16., , Cigarette smoking is injurious ______ health., , 17., , Translate this passage from English ______ Hindi., , 18., , Let’s study the action ______ the heart., , 19., , Sachin has six fingers ______ the left., , 20., , It has been raining cats and dogs ______ Monday., , 21., , It is half part ten ______ my watch., , 22., , The tired traveler was sitting ______ the shade of the tree., , 23., , OUR examination begins ______ Monday., , 24., , The lamp fell and was broken ______ pieces., , 25., , He cut the apple ______ a new knife., , 26., , Sneha was admitted ______ the tenths class., , 27., , The children are fond ______ sweets., , 28., , The girl is related ______ the teacher., 54
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English Grammar, , 29., , My father is angry ______ me., , 30., , Road well ______ you answer the question., , 31., , Our head master has been working in this school ______ ten years., , 32., , The brothers divided the property ______ themselves after their father’s death., , 33., , Our principal usually comes ______ first bell., , 34., , I have a pen ______ the table., , 35., , Mokamen Ghat was infested ______ poisonous snakes., , 36., , Your method is different ______ (than, from), , 37., , The train is ______ (in, on) Time, , 38., , He is true ______ (to, with) his friends., , 39., , Distribute the mangoes ______ (among, between) the students., , 40., , She comes ______ (of, from) a noble family., , 41., , The soldiers marched ______ (in, into) the courtyard., , 42., , He congratulated me ______ (for, on) my success., , 43., , She was struck ______ (with , by) lightly., , 44., , He is not ______ (at, in) home just now., , 45., , We had to write the paper ______ (in, with) ink., , 46., , The boy is suffering ______ (by, with, from, of) fever., , 47., , The bag is red ______ colour. (on, by, with in), , 48., , His defective eyesight prevented him ______ enjoying sports. (in, for, from, to), , 49., , The thief was armed ______ a big stick. (with, by, on, to), , 50., , He jumped ______ joy (with, in), , Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions, 1., , I met a beggar …………………….……. the way., , 2., , I was surprised ………………………… his failure., , 3., , I am not acquainted ………………………….. her., , 4., , Be kind ……………………….….. the poor., , 5., , I warned him ……………………….…….. the danger., , 6., , I have no taste …………………………. music., , 7., , Her face is familiar ………………….. me., , 8., , He is always in need ……………………..…. money., , 9., , She is very fond …………………………….. chocolates., , 10., , She agreed …………………………..……. my proposal., , 11., , We deeply sympathized ………………….……….. her., 55
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English Grammar, , 12., , I will not hide the truth ………………………..……. you., , 13., , We waited …………………..………… the train., , 14., , He is sure ………………………..…… success., , 15., , I relied ………………………… the information you gave me., , 16., , He protected me ………………………… the danger., , 17., , He complained ………………….….. me ……………….……. the Headmaster., , 18., , He is now free ……………………….. pain., , 19., , We were provided ……………………….……… ink, pen and paper., , 20., , I am preparing ………………………..…… the exam., , 21., , She does not care ……………………….…. any one., , 22., , I am curious ……………………………… know it., , 23., , The dog is faithful ……………………………….. his master., , 24., , I congratulated him ………………………. his success., , 25., , I am late by ………………..……. 10 minutes., , 26., , Beware ……………………….… mad dogs., , 27., , I prefer milk ……………………… tea., , 28., , Has she recovered …………………..………….. illness?, , 29., , Satish is good ………………………………… English., , 30., , He introduced me ………………………………. his uncle., , Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:, 1., , The teacher was displeased ………………..……….. me., , 2., , The basket is full …………………………. flowers., , 3., , She prays ………………………..…. God daily., , 4., , He is busy …………………….…… his work., , 5., , He is addicted ………………..……….. smoking., , 6., , Have faith ……………………..… God., , 7., , He is negligent ………………..………….his work., , 8., , He insisted …………………..…… going there., , 9., , I am prepared …………………..…….. the worst., , 10., , Bala depends ………………………… your help., , 11., , My pen is superior ……………….………….. yours., , 12., , We were grieved …………………..………… hear this., , 13., , He has no pity ………………………… the poor., , 14., , The accused was charged ………………..………….. murder., 56
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English Grammar, , 15., , She was very anxious …………………………….. her son’s health., , 16., , He is poor …………………………….…. Mathematics., , 17., , She is obedient …………………..………… her parents., , 18., , I listened …………………….….. what he said., , 19., , He is famous ……………….…….. his kindness., , 20., , Are you tired ………………………. waiting?, , 21., , We believe ………………………….…… God., , 22., , Can you translate this Telugu paragraph …………………….…….. English?, , 23., , He was killed …………………………… a robber., , 24., , The mad dog ran …………………..…….. the road., , 25., , There is no cure ………………….….. laziness., , 26., , The girl goes to school …………………………….. foot., , 27., , Tobacco is any form is injurious …………………..……. health., , 28., , This flower is different ……………………………….. that flower., , 29., , She tore the paper ………………………..… pieces., , 30. The cat sprang ………………………….. the rat., Prepositions: Fill in the blanks with suitable Prepositions:, 1., The policeman is ______________ duty., 2., I met a beggar ______________ the way., 3., Father is ______________ home., 4., I was talking ______________ my friend., 5., He died ______________ plague., 6., She is proud ______________ her beauty., 7., I was surprised ______________ his failure., 8., I congratulate you ________ your success ______________ the examination., 9., I am not acquainted ______________ her., 10. I agree ______________ you ______________ all points., 11. Be kind ______________ the poor., 12. He is married ______________ Rita., 13. I warned him ______________ the danger., 14. Beware ______________ mad dogs., 15. He is famous ______________ his learning., 16. He is related ______________ me., 17. She laughed ______________ my face., 18. I have no taste ______________ music., 19. I am sorry ______________ my mistake., 20. Her face is familiar ______________ me., 21. He is always in need ______________ money., 57
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English Grammar, , 22., 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., , She is very fond ______________ sweets., This pen differs ______________ that., I prefer milk ______________ tea., She agreed ______________ my proposal., We deeply sympathized ______________ her., She acted ______________ my advice., The hall was full ______________ people., I am obliged ______________ you ______________ your kindness., , 30., , She insisted ______________ going there., , Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions., 1., , This building comprises ____________ sixty rooms., , 2., , He is busy ____________ his work., , 3., , The passengers are cautioned ____________ pickpockets., , 4., , The officer is quite popular ____________ his juniors., , 5., , Please send ____________a doctor., , 6., , His skills come ____________ practice., , 7., , He left ____________ the conference., , 8., , Sita is taller than Geetha ____________ two inches., , 9., , There is a cow ____________ the field., , 10., , The mother lulled the baby ____________ sleep., , 11., , He left school ____________ the age of 15., , 12., , He is famous all ____________ the world., , 13., , The sun hid ____________ the clouds., , 14., , He invited me ____________ dinner., , 15., , He has not been here ____________ Monday., , 16., , The book was written ____________ me., , 17., , Put your books ____________ the table., , 18., , They were driving ____________ full speed., , 19., , I take coffee ____________ milk., , 20., , He is a man ____________ great character., , 21., , She spends her time ____________ reading books., , 22., , She has been writing ____________ two hours., , 23., , The office works ____________ 10.00 and 5.00., , 24., , He hails ____________ a noble family, , 25., , Don’t go out ____________ the rain., , 26., , Don’t look ____________ me like that., 58
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English Grammar, , 27., , I am angry ____________ his behaviour., , 28., , Distribute the sweets ____________ you four., , 29., , Please listen ____________ me., , 30., , He is proud ____________ his riches., , 31., , I complained ____________ him., , 32., , He is fond ____________ sweets., , 33., , The cat is ____________ the table., , 34., , I sat ____________ Raghu and Krishna., , 35., , My house is ____________ the temple., , 36., , Here is the watch you asked ____________., , 37., , What are you thinking ____________?, , 38., , That is the boy I was speaking ____________, , 39., , In case ____________ need, call me., , 40., , A little girl sat ____________ the shadow., , 41., , I prefer coffee ____________ tea., , 42., , I am not familiar ____________ this., , 43., , Come away ____________ there., , 44., , She plucked the flowers ____________ the tree., , 45., , The dog ran ____________ the road., , THE ARTICLE, ‘A’ or ‘An’ and ‘The’ are called articles. They are essentially adjectives, determiners., Where is an indefinite article used ?, Note:- ‘A’ or ‘An’ is used before a singular countable noun. ‘A’ or ‘An’ implies ‘one’. The, use of the indefinite article depends on the spoken form of the word and not on the written, form., ‘A’ is used before a consonant sound :, Eg: - a boy, a red sari, a pen, a chair, a pond, a bus , a girl, a town., ‘An’ is used before a vowel sound :, Eg: - an egg, an umbrella, an eagle, an inkpot, an apple, an orange., We also use indefinite article ‘A’a., before a word beginning with a vowel but giving the sound of a consonant., Eg:, 1. He gave me a one rupee note., 2. I saw a one – legged man., Here we get ‘v’ sound, 3. This is a one-way road., 4. It will be completed within a year., 5. She is a university student, 6. It is a useful book, 7. He is a European., , Here we get the sound of ‘YU’., , 59
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English Grammar, , b., , c., , d., f., g., , 1., 2., , 1., 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., 6., , 7., 8., 9., , 10., , to show that something is same., Eg:- 1. Birds of a feather flock together, 2. Two of a trade seldom agree., In the sense of ‘every’., Eg: - 1. Apples cost Rs. 70/- a dozen, 2. A pen earns him a profit of one rupee (every pen), When a proper noun is used in the sense of common noun, Eg: - 1. A Daniel (a wise judge) comes to judgement., to show a certain quantity :a lot of, a great deal of , a couple of,, In exclamations, What a pity !, What a fine day !, THE USE OF ‘AN’, Used before a word which starts with a consonant but has a vowel sound., Eg:- an hour, an honourable man., Used before abbreviation that begin with a consonant but has a vowel sound., Eg:- an M.A. student, an S.P., an M.L.A., USAGE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE ‘THE’, The is used before the nouns which are specific, unique, or only one of its kind., Eg: - The sun, the moon, the earth, When we are speaking of a particular person or thing or one already referred to, 1. The pen which I want was not available, b) The book you mentioned was out of print., Used before the names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountains, islands, gulfs, deserts,, canals, plains, seasons etc., Eg: The Ganga, The Red Sea, The Bay of Bengal, The Himalayas, The Sahara, The, Rainy Season., Before holy books :, Eg:- The Rmayana, The Bible, The KOran, Note:- If the authors name is indicated ‘the’ is omitted., Eg:- Valmiki’s Ramayana, Before Newspapers., Eg:- The Hindu, The D.C., Before Superlative degree, Eg:- This is the best movie I ‘ve ever seen, He is the noblest of all., With most of the common time expressions, Eg: - WE expect him to reach in the morning., Before a noun, which becomes definite as a result of being mentioned again., Eg: - Once upon a time there lived a king. The king had four sons., before comparatives when they are repeated (more ……. less), Eg:- The deeper the well the cooler the water is., The less you work, the less you get., The higher you go, the cooler it is., The more one has, the more one wants., before the names of public buildings, institutions, Eg:- The Tajmahal, The University of London, The Nehru Zoological park., 60
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English Grammar, , 11., Before the names of peoples (nations) families and Adjectives formed from, proper nouns, as, Eg: - The English Language, The Hindus, The Buddists, The Turkish tobacco, 12., Before a common noun, to give it meaning of an Abstract Noun; as, Eg:- 1. He felt the patriot in his heart. (the patriotic spirit or feeling), 2. At last the mother in her was thoroughly aroused. (the motherly feeling), 13., Before ordinals :, Ex:- The fifteenth of August, The first of January., 14., Before a proper noun only when it is qualified by an Adjective or by a phrase or, a clause used as an Adjective., Eg: - The immortal Shakespeare, The great Ceasar., Omission of Article : ‘The’, 1., Article is not used before common nouns used in the widest sense., Man is mortal., Woman is delicate hearted., 2., Before proper nouns, Mumbai is a big city., Soloman was a wise ruler., 3., Before abstract nouns used in general sense as, Honestyis the best policy., He loved wisdom and virtue., 4., Before material nouns :, Gold is a precious metal., Bench is made of wood., Articles: Fill in the blanks with suitable articles., 1., , _____________ cow is __________ animal., , 2., , ___________ eye has _________ lid., , 3., , ______________ ornament is made of gold., , 4., , __________ sword is made of steel., , 5., , ___________ fly is ____________ insect., , 6., , _______________ owl is _____________ bird., , 7., , She returned after _____________ hour., , 8., , Misha is ____________ tallest girl in the class., , 9., , ________ sun rises in _______ east., , 10., , I saw ___________ one-eyed man., , 11., , He is ______ man who can do it., , 12., , _______ Bible is _______ sacred book of ________ Christians., , 13., , Raju is ________ honest boy., , 14., , She wrote _________ essay., , 15., , I waited for you for _________ hour., , 16., , I heard __________ loud noise., 61
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English Grammar, , Articles: Fill in the blanks with suitable articles., 1., , He is ___________ most courageous man I have ever seen., , 2., , I first met her _______ year ago., , 3., , This is ____________ oldest house in the village., , 4., , I shall return in __________ hour., , 5., , ______________ rose is _____________ loveliest of all flowers., , 6., , _____________ aeroplane flies in _________ sky., , 7., , ____________ Ganges is _________ sacred river., , 8., , I saw ____________ ass grazing in _____________ garden., , 9., , Have _______ inkpot with you?, , 10., , __________ Alps cannot be easily climbed., , 11., , We found _________ empty box., , 12., , He bought _______ ox and ______ buffalo., , 13., , We saw __________ Englishman riding on __________ elephant., , 14., , ___________ boy with _________ red coat is my cousin., , 15., , We saw ________ ugly woman and _____________ foolish man., , 16., , Delhi is _________ capital of India., , 17., , French is ____________ easy language., , 18., , Copper is _________ useful metal., , 19., , Let us discuss ________ matter seriously., , 20., , John is _________ American, but James is _______ European., , 21., , _____________ Ramayana is ________ epic., , 22., , He can play ___________ flute well., , 23., , Gold is ____________ precious metal., , 24., , _________ cow is __________ useful animal., , 25., , He is as stupid as _________ owl., , 26., , The children found _____ egg in _________ nest., , 27., , _____________ Andamans are ______ group of islands., , 28., , He is eating _________ ice-cream., , 29., , Twelve inches make ________ foot., , 30., , ___________ Bible is ___________ holy book., , 31., , Honesty is __________ best policy., , 32., , _________ lion is _________ king of beasts., , 33., , He is not ________________ honourable man., 63
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English Grammar, , 34., , She is ____________ untidy girl., , 35., , March is _____________ third month of _________ year., , 36., , ____________ Himalayas lie to _________ north of India., , 37., , I saw _________ one-eyed beggar in _________ street., , 38., , Sanjay is __________ laziest boy in _________ class., , 39., , ___________ Nile is a long river., , 40., , He has been suffering for ___________ last two days., , 41., , __________ poor are becoming poorer., , 42., , ______ higher you go _______ cooler it gets., , 43., , ______________ monkey is _____________ mischievous animal., , 44., , _________ writing of that man is good., , 45., , Krishna went to ________ rescue of Arjuna., , 46., , This is ____________ only medicine available here., , 47., , The girl is ____________ orphan., , 48., , He called me from __________ distance., , 49., , I waited for him for ________ hour and _________ half., , 50., , This is _______________ unfortunate incident., , Articles: Fill in the blanks with suitable articles., 1., , The earth is __________ planet., , 2., , Do you see __________ blue sky?, , 3., , Allaudin has __________wonderful lamp., , 4., , French is __________easy language., , 5., , The world is __________happy place., , 6., , Sanskrit is __________difficult language., , 7., , John got __________ best prize., , 8., , __________ government passed __________ order., , 9., , __________ Mr. Shyam calls you over the phone., , 10., , __________ poor are becoming poorer., , 11., , __________ hand writing of that man is very good., , 12., , Tomorrow will be ___________ holiday., , 13., , I saw __________ elephant in ___________ zoo., , 14., , Is there ____________ hospital in this place?, , 15., , __________ dog is __________ faithful animal., , 16., , My brother has __________ few friends., 64
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English Grammar, , 17., , What __________ pretty girl!, , 18., , Kalidasa is __________ Shakespeare of India., , 19., , __________ doctor belongs to __________ noble family., , 20., , The Mahabharata is __________ epic., , 21., , This is __________ boy who won the match., , 22., , Mussolini is __________ Hitler of Italy., , 23., , I looked at him for __________ few minutes., , 24., , She reads __________ Gita., , 25., , He is __________ idiot., , 26., , __________ cow is __________ useful animal., , 27., , He is __________ angry man., , 28., , __________ Taj is __________ heritage monument., , 29., , __________ Indian can easily befriend __________ European., , 30., , He went to __________ hospital to see his uncle., , 31., , He met with _____________ accident., , 32., , Man is __________ social animal., , 33., , There is __________ orange in __________ basket., , 34., , Tomorrow will be __________ holiday., , 35., , We play tennis in __________ evening., , 36., , Copper is __________ useful metal., , 37., , __________ car in that showroom is beautiful., , 38., , What __________ lovely building!, , 39., , __________ more you give __________ more he wants., , 40., , He called me from __________ distance., , 41., , One evening __________ beggar came to my door., , 42., , I found __________ one-rupee coin., , 43., , __________ apple __________ day keeps __________ doctor away., , 44., , Asia is __________ continent., , 45., , My wife is __________ M.A., , 46., , He is late by __________ hour., , 47., , I joined in __________ University., , 48., , This is __________ unfortunate incident., , 49., , Rome was not built in __________ day., , 50., , She knew __________ lot of things., 65
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English Grammar, , Fill in the blanks with suitable articles., 1., , Peaches are sold by __________ dozen., , 2., , The doctor said that it was __________ hopeless case., , 3., , __________ Hindu is __________ oldest newspaper in India., , 4., , __________ poem is very interesting., , 5., , I saw __________ police officer., , 6., , This is __________ University., , 7., , I first met him __________ year ago., , 8., , I like jam on __________ piece of bread., , 9., , __________ friend in need is __________ friend indeed., , 10., , How blue __________ sky looks!, , 11., , Rustum is __________ young Parsee., , 12., , Sachin is __________ Don Bradman of Jndia., , 13., , Rama has come without __________ umbrella., , 14., , They formed __________ union., , 15., , The Pacific is __________ ocean., , 16., , __________ Titanic was a big ship., , 17., , __________ cow is worshipped in India., , 18., , __________ Andamans are in __________ Bay of Bengal., , 19., , They do not do it as __________ rule., , 20., , Raju joined in __________ university., , 21., , Benaras is a __________ city., , 22., , What __________ grand sight!, , 23., , __________ lion is __________ king of beasts., , 24., , At first, __________ infant mewls and pukes in __________ nurse’s arms., , 25., , __________ stitch in time saves nine., , 26., , There is __________ ox under the tree., , 27., , He is __________ man of great wealth., , 28., , Everyone respects __________ honest man., , 29., , This is __________ best game., , 30., , __________ Pluto is the smallest planet., , 31., , __________ dog is __________ faithful animal., , 32., , Speak __________ truth., , 33., , Priya is __________ cleverest girl in the class., 66
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English Grammar, , 34., , They work as __________ unit., , 35., , I joined __________ union., , 36., , He is __________ most cunning man., , 37., , There is __________ lion in __________ zoo., , 38., , __________ moon is a satellite., , 39., , I like to leave in __________ open air., , 40., , __________ rich ought to help __________ poor., , 41., , __________ boy who is walking there, is my friend., , 42., , India is __________ noble land., , 43., , He is famous all over __________ world., , 44., , __________ sky is blue., , 45., , __________ sea is deep., , 46., , __________ man you wanted is over there., , 47., , Prabhu Deva is __________ Michael Jackson of India., , 48., , I ate __________ apple., , 49., , __________ hour has 60 minutes., , 50., , __________ gift that you gave me is very valuable., , QUESTION TAGS, 1., , Read the following sentences :, (a) It’s not a brilliant publication, is it?, (b) You know him, don’t you?, (c) They will accompany you, won’t they?, Notice that these sentences are not questions, but each one is accompanied by a tag, with a question mark at the end. The words in bold type in the above sentences are questiontags. All sentence types, except interrogatives, can be accompanied by question-tags., • A tag reverses the subject-verb order of the main clause., He walks to office, doesn’t he?, • A tag is generally negative if the main clause is positive and vice-versa., You are happy, aren’t you?, You aren’t happy, are you?, • Response to a tag is always ‘yes’ or ‘no’., • A tag is normally used to seek confirmation of the point made in the statement., II., Add question-tags to each of the following. Use correct punctuation marks., (a) Children like sweets, _______________________, (b) They are joining us here, _______________________, (c) You’ll contact him, _______________________, (d) You like the way it is done, _______________________, (e) He wouldn’t want it, _______________________, 67
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English Grammar, , (f) Your sisters have trained you in music, _______________________, (g) Your cousin went to college last year, _______________________, (h) When we reached, they had finished dinner, _______________________, (i) You shouldn’t speak loudly, _______________________, (j) I don’t have to do it, _______________________, III., Look at the following imperative sentences and the accompanying tags., • Shut the door, will you?, can you?, can’t you?, could you?, • Sit down, will you?, won’t you?, can you?, can’t you?, could you?, Imperatives allow for a wide choice of tags. The speaker’s intention as well as the, context determines which tag is to be used with an imperative sentences., IV., Add suitable tags to the following sentences. Use correct punctuation marks., 1., How gracefully she sings!, _______________________, 2., Cool down, _______________________, 3., He must do it, _______________________, 4., They ought to be punished, _______________________, 5., Come here, _______________________, A ‘Question Tag’ – is generally used when we want the listener to, confirm, what we have said., E.g., 1. Peter works hard, doesn’t he?, 2. He doesn’t like reading books, does he?, Note: When the statement is positive, the tag is negative., When the statement is negative, the tag is positive., Some more examples: 1. You are coming tomorrow, aren’t you?, 2. You know her well, don’t you?, 3. She will visit us tomorrow, won’t she?, 4. She didn’t lie to us, did she?, 5. He hasn’t finished his work yet, has he?, Add appropriate question tags:, 1., , They haven’t come, __________________?, , 2., , You are free, __________________?, , 3., , Your sister is cooking well, __________________?, , 4., , She hasn’t come yet, __________________?, , 5., , Gopi has broken the glass, __________________?, 68
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English Grammar, , 6., , You don’t like him, __________________?, , 7., , It is raining, __________________?, , 8., , Sita did it, __________________?, , 9., , Kishore will come, __________________?, , 10., , He hadn’t passed the exam, __________________?, , 11., , He didn’t paint it himself, __________________?, , 12., , We have sold the house, __________________?, , 13., , Let’s go to the picture, __________________?, , 14., , Some of us didn’t go to play cricket, __________________?, , 15., , None of the clerks had come, __________________?, , 16., , The boy will do it, __________________?, , 17., , I am a boy, __________________?, , 18., , He would like to play, __________________?, , 19., , They could lift the box, __________________?, , 20., , She can do it, __________________?, , 21., , They are playing well, __________________?, , 22., , He watches a film everyday, __________________?, , 23., , I did the work, __________________?, , 24., , You must clear it, __________________?, , 25., , Some of you open the door, __________________?, , 26., , I am playing chess, __________________?, , 27., , He is not drawing the picture, __________________?, , 28., , Let’s discuss the matter, __________________?, , 29., , It is not cold, __________________?, , 30., , It didn’t sound alright, __________________?, , 31., , You could not do me the favour, __________________?, , 32., , Today is Sunday, __________________?, , 33., , Nothing will work, __________________?, , 34., , You could lend me some money, __________________?, , 35., , Don’t make a noise, __________________?, , 36., , He was here yesterday, __________________?, , 37., , I am a student, __________________?, , 38., , I am not a magician, __________________?, , 39., , Rani has never drunk coffee, __________________?, 69
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English Grammar, , 40., , Two roads did diverge in a yellow wood, __________________?, , 41., , I didn’t take the other road, __________________?, , 42., , We know him, __________________?, , 43., , We don’t know him, __________________?, , 44., , I shall do it, __________________?, , 45., , He will be there before six, __________________?, , 46., , It won’t be a good thing, __________________?, , 47., , They will appreciate good food, __________________?, , 48., , I have invited you, __________________?, , 49., , It isn’t time to leave, __________________?, , 50., , Ganesh can write as fast as you speak, __________________?, , I Add the suitable question tag., 1., , He came early this morning,………………………?, , 2., , She swims well, ……………………………?, , 3., , I ran very quickly, ……………………..……?, , 4., , Ravi accepted the gift, …………………………?, , 5., , Snow covered the houses, ……………………….……?, , 6., , He finished the work in time, ………………….………?, , 7., , You teach English, …………………..………?, , 8., , He didn’t come, ……………………..……?, , 9., , He drinks too much, ……………………………?, , 10., , We got home very late, …………………………?, , 11., , Boys don’t like to wash, ……………….…………?, , 12., , George left for Mumbai,……………….…………?, , 13., , Viswanath plays chess very well, …………….……………?, , 14., , Her rudeness vexes me, ………………..………?, , 15., , Anil reads French fluently, ………………..…………?, , 16., , Your dog barks at passing scooters, …………………………?, , 17., , The post office doesn’t work on Sundays, …………………………?, , 18., , Children enjoy listening to music, …………………..………?, , 19., , This medicine tastes bitter, ……………………………?, , 20., , Your sister cooks well, ……………………..……?, , 21., , This bottle contains milk, ………………….…………?, , 22., , You love your parents, ………………….……?, 70
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English Grammar, , 23., , We didn’t wait, …………………………?, , 24., , We go now, …………………….……?, , 25., , You knew that before, …………………….……?, , 26., , His decisions surprise me, …………………….………?, , 27., , Padma broke the jug, …………………..………?, , 28., , We keep the butter here, …………………………?, , 29., , All of us like ice creams, ……………………………?, , 30., , People speak English all over the world, …………………..………?, , 31., , Marconi invented the wireless, ……………….…………?, , 32., , All the boys laughed at the poor beggar, ………………..…………?, , 33., , The flowers smell sweet, …………………..……?, , 34., , She deposited the money in the bank, ……………………………?, , 35., , The managers grant permission, …………………..………?, , 36., , Few students ask questions,…………………..……?, , 37., , Gandhiji preached Non-Violence, ……………………………?, , 38., , The post man delivers the letters, …………………………?, , 39., , The principal issued me the conduct certificate, …………………..………?, , 40., , He offered them a nice job,……………………..………?, , Question tags:, , Fill in the blanks with appropriate question tags., , 1., , They went late, _______________________?, , 2., , Let’s help him, _______________________?, , 3., , Please send the book, __________________?, , 4., , We should not be crazy, ________________?, , 5., , Everything is right, ___________________?, , 6., , I am not a girl, _______________________?, , 7., , He has done the crime, ________________?, , 8., , He can solve the problem, _____________________?, , 9., , He should make his presence felt, _____________________?, , 10., , He goes for walk everyday, ______________________?, , 11., , You aren’t busy, _____________________?, , 12., , He doesn’t work hard, ________________?, , 13., , They have not come yet, ______________?, , 14., , I am right, _________________________?, , 15., , Wait a minute, ______________________?, 71
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English Grammar, , 16., , He is good, _______________________?, , 17., , They will meet me tomorrow, ___________________?, , 18., , There is park, ______________________?, , 19., , Have some more rice, _______________?, , 20., , Somebody has called me, __________________?, , 21., , You were not busy then, __________________?, , 22., , They called me early, ______________________?, , 23., , You always lie, _____________________?, , 24., , He is honest, _______________________?, , 25., , The tiger does not eat grass, ____________________?, , 26., , I didn’t hurt you, ______________?, , 27., , You are not going out, ______________?, , 28., , She will not come, ______________?, , 29., , Venu came late, ______________?, , 30., , I shall not do it, ___________________?, , 31., , It wasn’t cool there, ___________________?, , 32., , I never rebuke you, __________________?, , 33., , I am not in your way, ___________________?, , 34., , They refused my admission, ___________________?, , 35., , He looks dishonest, ____________________?, , 36., , I won the election, _____________________?, , 37., , It was very ugly, ___________________?, , 38., , They had finished the game, ____________________?, , 39., , They would steal the money, ____________________?, , 40., , Let’s go to the beach, ____________________?, , 41., , There is a mosque in that street, ___________________?, , 42., , There are some girls in your class, ____________________?, , 43., , Tom wasn’t there, ____________________?, , 44., , We understood the joke, ___________________?, , 45., , Hari was late, ______________?, , 46., , The apples aren’t good, ______________?, , 47., , I don’t know French, ______________?, , 48., , We should not drop him, ______________?, , 49., , He is very kind, ______________?, 72
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English Grammar, , 50., , He left for Delhi, ______________?, , Add appropriate question tags to the following sentences:, 1., , She didn’t come home late, __________________________________, , 2., , She hasn’t paid her fees, __________________________________, , 3., , A farmer is an important person,_______________________________, , 4., , He grows food for the country, __________________________________, , 5., , You have met her before, __________________________________, , 6., , She doesn’t look well, __________________________________, , 7., , Mary didn’t pass the examination, _______________________________, , 8., , They haven’t had tea yet, __________________________________, , 9., , The girl won the prize, __________________________________, , 10., , All the students have done well, ________________________________, , 11., , They didn’t tell lies, __________________________________, , 12., , We can’t cross the street here, _________________________________, , 13., , She doesn’t understand English, ________________________________, , 14., , The horse didn’t win the race, _________________________________, , 15., , Judges wear wigs, _________________________________, , 16., , We must serve our country, __________________________________, , 7., , We ought to help her, __________________________________, , 18., , Missionaries are devoted persons, ______________________________, , 19., , She will visit us tomorrow, __________________________________, , 20., , They have gone to their village today,____________________________, , 21., , They won’t help us, __________________________________, , 22., , They couldn’t answer any of the question_________________________, , 23., , They aren’t clever enough, __________________________________, , 24., , He wasn’t present at the party, ________________________________, , 25., , They didn’t know her, __________________________________, , 26., , The fisherman caught nothing, _________________________________, , 27., , She speaks French, __________________________________, , 28., , They could go early if they wanted, _____________________________, , 29., , She went home early, __________________________________, , 30., , We must leave soon, __________________________________, , 31., , She doesn’t speak English, __________________________________, , 32., , She hasn’t come yet, __________________________________, 73
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English Grammar, , 33., , We must not be impatient, __________________________________, , 34., , Jack and Jill didn’t pass, __________________________________, , 35., , They won’t attend the meeting, ________________________________, , 36., , He usually comes home late, _______________________________, , 37., , She came early this morning, __________________________________, , 38., , I will see her tonight, __________________________________, , 39., , We had to finish our home work quickly.__________________________, , 40., , She shouldn’t tell lies, __________________________________, , 41., , Let us go for the party, ________________________________, , EXERCISE, 1., , They were tired, ----------------------?, , 2., , She answered all the questions, ----------------------?, , 3., , You can speak Hindi, ----------------------?, , 4., , They have not any T.V. set, ----------------------?, , 5., , It was a cold day, ----------------------?, , 6., , He won’t pass this year, ----------------------?, , 7., , I am not late, ----------------------?, , 8., , You are not well today, ----------------------?, , 9., , Sita sings well, ----------------------?, , 10., , She is not here now, ----------------------?, , 11., , He came late, ----------------------?, , 12., , They didn’t score any goal, ----------------------?, , 13., , It won’t rain, ----------------------?, , 14., , They grow all our food, ----------------------?, , 15., , Children love to eat ice creams, ----------------------?, , 16., , We need not wait, ----------------------?, , 17., , He is a very important person, ----------------------?, , 18., , He works hard for us, ----------------------?, , 19., , He has a strong body, ----------------------?, 74
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English Grammar, , 20., , They were poor, ----------------------?, , 21., , They will help us, ----------------------?, , 22., , The children were not noisy, ----------------------?, , 23., , It is a fine morning, ----------------------?, , 24., , You will help us, ----------------------?, , 25., , They didn’t help you, ----------------------?, , 26., , They call you, ----------------------?, , 27., , They are not going, ----------------------?, , 28., , He doesn’t keep a buffalo, ----------------------?, , 29., , He has not any radio set in his hut, ----------------------?, , 30., , They don’t go to school, ----------------------?, , 31., , He doesn’t quarrel with anyone, ----------------------?, , 32., , We can’t live without food, ----------------------?, , 33., , You didn’t come yesterday, ----------------------?, , 34., , They were not present there, ----------------------?, , 35., , It was not fine, ----------------------?, , 36., , His children haven’t any fine clothes, ----------------------?, , 37., , She will help us, ----------------------?, , 38., , He won’t come to school tomorrow, ----------------------?, , 39., , They have played the match, ----------------------?, , 40., , They helped their friend, ----------------------?, , 41., , They didn’t score three goals, ----------------------?, , 42., , There was a large crowd, ----------------------?, , 43., , It rained yesterday, ----------------------?, , 44., , He often goes there, ----------------------?, , 45., , They could help you, ----------------------?, , 75
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English Grammar, , 46., , You shouldn’t do this, ----------------------?, , 47., , The sun had already set, ----------------------?, , 48., , A strong wind blew across the meadow, ----------------------?, , 49., , The moon shines bright, ----------------------?, , 50., , She doesn’t like cold weather, ----------------------?, , TENSES, Introduction:, The verb in a sentence expresses an action or event or a state. It also tells whether an, action took place in the past or whether it is taking place now or whether it will take place in, future. Thus the verb shows the time of action by certain forms it takes. These forms are, called the tense forms of the verb., Mainly there are three tenses., They are;, 1., Present Tense,, 2., Past Tense and, 3., Future Tense., The different forms of Tenses :, Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous, Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous, Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous, , Present, , Tenses, , Past, , Future, , I., , 1., , Present Tense., Present Tense consists of four subdivisions, which are;, 1. Simple Present Tense,, 2. Present Continuous Tense, 3. Present Perfect Tense, and, 4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense., Simple Present Tense: [Sub + V1 (-s or –es], Sub, V1, I, study, We, study, 76
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English Grammar, , You, He/She/It, They, Manoj, , study, studies, study, studies, , Uses:, a) To express a daily or a habitual action;, Eg:, 1. She drinks milk daily., 2. He gets up at 5 everyday., 3. College begins at 10 o’ Clock., 4. He goes to the temple daily., 5. They do exercise every morning., b) To express a universal truth or a general fact;, Eg:, 1. Water boils at 1000C., 2. The Sun rises in the east., 3. Cows give us milk., 4. The Earth moves round the sun., 5. Man is mortal., c) To express a planned future action;, Eg:, 1. The match starts at 5 P.M., 2. The President of the US visits India next month., 3. The train leaves at 5.20 A.M., 4. We leave for Hyderabad at 8.30 next Sunday, 5. The Prime Minister arrives in Vijayawada at 3 P.M. on Wednesday., d) Some verbs like see, smell, love, like, seem, want, need, believe, taste, wish etc are, usually expressed in simple present form., Eg:, 1. This mango tastes sweet., 2. She wants to get her watch repaired., 3. I wish you all the best., 4. They believe in God., e) With the adverbs like usually, generally, daily, every, occasionally etc., Eg:, 1. I play tennis daily., 2. Usually she doesn’t tell a lie., 3. The Olympic games take place every four years., Note: In simple present tense, when the subject is third person singular, (such as he, she it,, or any other singular nouns), we have to add –s, or –es to the verb., Eg:, 2., , He drinks tea every morning., Manu does her homework daily., Present Continuous Tense. [Sub +is/am/are + V1 + ing], Sub, I, We, You, He/She/It, They, Manoj, , is/am/are, am, are, are, is, are, is, , V1 + ing, studying, studying, studying, studying, studying, studying, 77
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English Grammar, , Uses:, a) To express an action going on at the time of speaking;, Eg:, 1. She is singing now., 2. The boys are playing hockey., 3. The leaves are falling to the ground., b) For a temporary action which may not be happening at the time of, speaking;, Eg:, 1. I am reading “The Trojan War.” (but I am not reading at this moment), 2. He is verifying the accounts., 3. They are constructing a bridge., c) To express an action which is already planned to take place in near future;, Eg:, 1. We are going to cinema tonight., 2. My uncle is arriving tomorrow., 3. They are leaving for Delhi in the evening., d) With the words like now, at present, at this moment, look, see Etc., Eg:, 1. Look, how the bird is flying., 2. He is doing his studies at present., 3. See Your friend is coming., 4. It is raining now., 3., Present Perfect Tense. [ Sub + have/has + V3], Sub, have/has, V3, I, have, studied, We, have, studied, You, have, studied, He/She/It, has, studied, They, have, studied, Manoj, has, studied, Uses:, a) To express past actions whose time is not mentioned or not definite;, Eg:, 1. We have got freedom., 2. I have never known him to be angry., 3. Have you read “Gulliver’s Travels?”, 4. Mr. Peter has been to USA., b) To express completed activities in the immediate past (with just, just now), Eg:, 1. He has just gone out., 2. Ravi has just had his dinner., 3. The train has just arrived., 4. They have come just now., c) With the adverbs like, already, till now, yet, so far, just, today, this week, ever, never, Eg:, 1. I haven’t seen him this week., 2. She has already completed her work., 3. Have you ever seen a lion?, Note: In Present Perfect Tense, We use ‘has’ if the subject is third person, singular (such, as he, she, it or any singular nouns) and ‘have’ for all other subjects., Eg:, 1. Sona has danced well., 2. You have crossed all your limits., 4., Present Perfect Continuous. [Sub + have/has + been + V1 + ing], Sub, have/has, Been, V1 + ing, I, have, been, studying, 78
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English Grammar, , We, You, He/She/It, They, Manoj, , have, have, has, have, has, , been, been, been, been, been, , studying, studying, studying, studying, studying, , Uses:, a) To express an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing., Eg:, 1. He has been sleeping for three hours., 2. They have been building a bridge for several months., 3. You have been playing since morning., 4. I have been working here since 1998., b) With the phrases like for and since., Eg:, 1. It has been raining since yesterday., 2. They have been waiting for three hours., 3. Maria has been learning English for two years., Note: In Present Perfect Continuous Tense, We use ‘for’ to indicate a period of time and, ‘since’, to indicate a point of time., Point of time, 1. Years in figures (Ex: 2001, 2005), 2. Names of days. (Monday, Friday), 3. Names of months ( January, June), 4. Names of festivals (Dasara, Independence day), 5. Particular dates. (7th April), 6. Particular time. (2 0’ clock), Period of time, 1. Years in period. (4 years), 2. Months, days and hours in period. (4 months, 5 days, 8 hours), II., Past Tense:, Past Tense consists of four subdivisions. They are;, 1. Simple Past Tense,, 2. Past Continuous Tense,, 3. Past Perfect Tense, and, 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense., 1., Simple Past Tense [ Sub + V2], Sub, V2, I, studied, We, studied, You, studied, He/She/It, studied, They, studied, Manoj, studied, Uses:, a) To express an action completed in the past. It is usually expressed with adverbs or, adverb phrases of past time., Eg:, 1. I went to see him yesterday., 2. She left the school last year., 3. Ravi was absent last week., 79
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English Grammar, , 4. He got his hair cut yesterday., b) With the words like last, yesterday, ago, in 1965, before etc., Eg:, 1. I received his letter before a week., 2. India got freedom in 1947., 3. The steamer sailed yesterday., Note: We use simple past tense (sub + V2) only if past time of action is given . If the time is, not mentioned or not definite we should use Present Perfect Tense., (sub+have/has+V3), Eg:, 1. We have got freedom (present perfect tense), 2. We got freedom in 1947. (simple past tense), 2., , Past Continuous Tense [Sub + was/were + V1 + ing], Sub, I, We, You, He/She/It, They, Manoj, , was/were, was, were, were, was, were, was, , V1 + ing, studying, studying, studying, studying, studying, studying, , Uses:, a), To express an action which was going on at some time in the past. The time may, or may not be mentioned., Eg:, 1. We were listening to the radio all evening., 2. It was getting darker., 3. Ann fell asleep while she was reading., b), Past Continuous Tense and Simple Past Tense are used together when a new, action happened in the middle of a longer action in the past. The longer action is, expressed in Past Continuous Tense and the new action in Simple Past Tense., Eg:, 1. I was walking home when I met Dev., 2. The doorbell rang while she was reading., 3. Kiran was watching television when we arrived., 4. It was raining when I got up., 5. Madhu phoned while we were having dinner., 3. Past Perfect Tense [Sub + had + V3], Sub, Had, V3, I, had, Studied, We, had, studied, You, had, studied, He/She/It, had, studied, They, had, studied, Manoj, had, studied, Uses:, a), If two actions happened in the past, the action which happened earlier than the, other is expressed in past perfect tense. The second action is expressed in simple, Past Tense., Eg:, 1. Before the doctor arrived the patient had already died., 2. When I reached the station the train had already left., 80
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English Grammar, , 4., , 3. I didn’t know who she was. I had never seen her before., 4. When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home., 5. Rahul had just got home when I phoned., Past Perfect Continuous [Sub + had + been + V1 + ing], Sub, Had, been, V1 + ing, I, had, been, studying, We, had, been, studying, You, had, been, studying, He/She/It, had, been, studying, They, had, been, studying, Manoj, had, been, studying, , Uses:, a) To express an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued upto, that time., Eg:, 1. When Mr. Ravi came to the school in 1998, Mr. Krishna had been teaching, there for five years., 2. I had been waiting an hour when you came to see me., 3. We had been playing for half an hour when it started to raining., 4. When I got home, Neetu had been watching T.V. for two hours., III., Future Tense:, Future Tense also consists of four subdivisions. They are –, 1. Simple Future Tense., 2. Future Continuous Tense., 3. Future Perfect Tense, and, 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense., 1., Simple Future Tense. [Sub + will/shall + V1], Sub, will/ shall, V1, I, shall, study, We, shall, study, You, will, study, He/She/It, will, study, They, will, study, Manoj, will, study, Uses:, a) To express some future action or event., Eg:, 1. I shall go to Lucknow next week., 2. He will come here on Sunday., 3. When will you get your exam results?, 4. When she returns; she will find a lot of changes here., b) To talk about things which we cannot control. It expresses a future fact;, Eg:, 1. I shall be twelve next week., 2. It will be Diwali in a week., 3. We will know our exam results in May., c) To express an action which we think or believe, will happen in the future., Eg:, 1. I think India will win the match., 2. I am sure Helen will get a first class., 3. I believe God will save me from all the troubles., 2., Future Continuous Tense: (Sub + will/shall + be + V1 + ing], 81
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English Grammar, , Sub, will/shall, be, V1 + ing, I, shall, be, studying, We, shall, be, studying, You, will, be, studying, He/She/It, will, be, studying, They, will, be, studying, Manoj, will, be, studying, a) To express an action that will be continuing at some point in future., Eg:, 1. We shall be sleeping then., 2. This time tomorrow they will be watching the cricket match., 3. The girls will be singing then., 4. I suppose it will be raining when we start., 3., Future Perfect Tense: [Sub + will/shall + have + V3], Sub, will/shall, have, V3, I, shall, have, studied, We, shall, have, studied, You, will, have, studied, He/She/It, will, have, studied, They, will, have, studied, Manoj, will, have, studied, a) To express an action that will be completed by a certain time in future., Eg:, 1. He will have left before you go to see him., 2. By the end of this month, I will have worked here for five years., 3. The film will already have started by the time we reach the theatre., 4. Phone me after 8o’ clock. I will have finished dinner by then., 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense: [ Sub + shall/will + have + been + V 1+ ing], Sub, will/shall, have, been, V1+ ing, I, shall, have, been, studying, We, shall, have, been, studying, You, will, have, been, studying, He/She/It, will, have, been, studying, They, will, have, been, studying, Manoj, will, have, been, studying, a) To express an action which will be in progress over a period of time that will end in, the future,, Eg:, 1. By next month, we will have been living here of six years., 2. I will have been teaching for twenty years next July., 3. We shall have been playing for three hours when you come there., 4. They will have been making preparations for the marriage for two months., Tense, Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous, Present Sub + Verb, Sub+ is/are/am +, Sub+has/have + past Sub+has/have, Eg: He writes, Verb+ing, participle, +been+verb+ing, Eg: He is studying He has written, He has been writing, Past, Sub+verb, Sub+was/were+, Sub+had+past, Sub+had+been+, He wrote, verb+ing, participle, verb+ing, He was writing, He had written, He had been writing, Future Sub+shall/will+ Sub+shall/will+be Sub+shall/will+, Sub+shall/will+, 82
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English Grammar, , verb, He will write, , +verb+ing, He will be writing, , have+past participle, He will have written, , have+been+verb+ing, He will have been, writing, , Complete the sentences using the ‘Simple Present’ of the verbs given in bracket.1., Margaret ______________four languages. (speak)., 2. Water _____________at 100 degrees celsius (boil)., 3. My job is very interesting. I ___________ a lot of people. (meet)., 4. In Britain, the banks usually ___________at 9.30 in the morning.(open)., 5. Food is expensive. It ________ a lot of money. (cost)., 6. He often __________ to my house. (come), 7. It ___________ a lot in the month of October. (rain), 8. He _______________ many bank accounts. (have), 9. He usually __________ in the first row. (sit), 10. We ________________ a lot of different things in our free time. (do), 11. I __________________a shower everyday. (have), 12. A molecule of water _______________two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen., (have), 13. Julie _______________(not/drink) tea very often., 14. Excuse me,_______________ you _____________English? (do/speak), 15. I always _______________ something different. (do), 16. Liars are the people who ________________the truth.(not/tell), 17. Where _______________from? (Martin/come), 18. The teacher __________ the difficult points regularly. (explain), 19. Bad driving ________________many accidents.(cause), 20. I don’t often_____________coffee. (drink), 21. Here __________the bus! (come), 22. They ________________ a mill in this town. (have), 23. Vegetarians _____________meat. (not/eat), 24. “What ________________(you/do)?” I ______________ an electrician. (be), 25. An atheist ________________ in God. (not/believe), 26. The examinations _________________next Monday. (begin), 27. The telephone bell, sometimes, _____________thirty times a day. (ring), 28. Our teacher seldom _________________ (sit) when she ______________ (teach)., 29. Where _______________ to spend your holidays this winter? (you/go), 30. Mr.Joy generally __________________ his work at night. (do), 83
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English Grammar, , Use the verbs given in brackets in Simple Present or Present Continuous Tense., 01., , Mr. Chaterjee......................... (write) a novel. He ............................. (expect) to, complete it by the end of this month., , 02., , It...........................(rain ). Take an umbrella with you., , 03., , It seldom .......................... (rain ) here in February., , 04., , The clerk ....................... ..….(type) the letter still. He usually…… …...................., (finish ) his work quickly but today he .............................(seem) to be a bit slow., , 05., , Mr.Das rarely ............................(wear) a tie, but today he..........................(wear) one., , 06., , Someone ..........................(knock). Go and open the door., , 07., , Father..........................(look) into some important papers. Don't disturb him., , 08., , Mother..........................(make) tea. It will be ready in five minutes., , 09., , I............................(learn ) driving these days., , 10., , My scooter........................(give) a lot of trouble these days., , 11., , The child has got up and…………...................(cry).Perhaps, he……....................(want) milk., , 12., , This house ......................... ( belong ) to Mr. Raj. He …..................... ( build) another, one in the next street., , 13., , Who ...........................( make) that funny noise?, , 14., , This tin ........................(contain) eight litres of oil., , 15., , Usually I ......................... (read) at night, but today I............................ (read) now., , 16., , She ..........................(wear) a sweater this morning., , 17., , It.........................(rain ). Take an umbrella with you., , 18., , I.........................(have) a new sari. I bought it yesterday., , 19., , My husband will see you in an hour. He ….......................( have) lunch at the moment., , 20., , He ......................... (love) her, but she .......................... (hate) him., , 21., , There are some birds that..........................(migrate) every year., , 22., , A vegetarian is a person who never……......................(eat) meat., , 23., , They ..........................(do) something at the moment., , 24., , It.......................(rain ) everyday in this country., , 25., , I........................(remember) his face. He used to live near our house., , 26., , He is very fat. He ………................. (weigh)90kg., , 27., , That child ..........................(cry). It can't find its mother., , 28., , Thank you for explaining the tenses. Now I ............................( know) them., , 29., , An honest man always ............................(tell) the truth., , 30., , Mr. Johnson …………..................(go) to the office in his car every morning., 84
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English Grammar, , Fill in the blanks with 'For' or 'Since'., 01., , We have been fishing ..................... two months., , 02., , I have been working in this office …..................... a month., , 03., , That man has been standing here .......................... six o' clock., , 04., , The kettle has been boiling ....................... a quarter of an hour., , 05., , I have been using this machine ........................ twelve years., , 06., , I have been trying to open this door...................... forty-five minutes., , 07., , The police have been looking for him ....................... four days., , 08., , They have been quarrelling ever....................... they got married., , 09., , We have been waiting ...................... half an hour., , 10., , It has been raining ......................... 6 0’ clock., , Use the verbs given in brackets in simple past or past continuous., 01., , He ........................ (go) to school when I .......................... (meet) him., , 02., , It.........................(rain ) heavily last night., , 03., , Where did you stay while it............................(rain )?, , 04., , I .........................(see) a black cat as I ..........................(come) out of my house., , 05., , As they ........................(shout), I……..................(tell) them to be silent., , 06., , I...........................(fall) from the bicycle as I …….......................(go) down the slope., , 07., , I .........................(go) out side while it...........................(rain)., , 08., , I....................... (think) of my friend while I ...................... (drive)., , 09., , I......................(sleep) when the accident.......................(happen)., , 10., , He ........................ (drive) at 90 kms. when the tyre …......................... (get )flat., , 11., , I......................... (reach ) home at midnight., , 12., , I.......................(run ) when the arrow .........................( hit) me., , 13., , The hunter.......................... ( walk ) along the forest. Suddenly he ........................., ( see ) a cobra in front of him., , 14., , Who......................(talk) to you when I..........................( pass) you at the bus stop?, , 15., , While the boys………...................(play) the match, it suddenly........................(start), raining., , 16., , When I ......................... ( knock ) at the headmaster's room, he .........................., ( speak ) to someone on the phone., , 17., , The thieves........................(divide) the money when a quarrel….......................(break, out) between them., , 18., , What ........................... (go on) in your house when my son .................................., ( call) you last night?, , 19., , As he........................( cross) the road, a bus........................( knock) him down., 85
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English Grammar, , 20., , When we.......................( go) to see them last night, they…….................... (play) cards., , 21., , I ........................( buy) a bicycle yesterday., , 22., , He........................( see) this film in Calcutta last week., , 23., , I........................(get) Anil's letter last week. I.........................( not reply) to it already., , 24., , I......................(bring) my shirt from the tailor. I........................( not try) them on yet., , 25., , Three prisoners.........................(escape) from the jail last week. The, police........................(not catch) them on yet., , 26., , It.........................(rain) a month ago. It.........................(not rain) since then., , 27., , He doesn't know me. He ......................... (never see) me., , 28., , My uncle .......................... (visit) me a few days ago., , 29., , I ....................... .(see) two films this week. I........................(see) only one film last, week., , 30., , Mr.Das......................... (just leave ) the city., , 31., , He ........................ (hurt) his leg. He can't play., , 32., , He ....................... (fail) in the exam three times so far., , 33., , I........................ (empty) the bottle. Here it is., , 34., , It...................... (stop) raining. We can go out., , 35., , We...................... (go) to the theatre last evening., , 36., , We...................... (come) to this house in 1980 and.......................(live) here ever since., , 37., , It......................... (rain) everyday this week., , 38., , The accident..........................(occur) at 10.30 this morning., , 39., , Mr. Chaterjee is writing a novel. He ...........................(write ) five hundred pages, already., , 40., , I.................. (type) all the letters. But I.......................( not post) them yet., , Use the verbs given in brackets in Simple Past or Present Perfect Tense., 01., , I..............................( correct) your exercises. You can take back your books., , 02., , We first...........................(meet) a month ago. We..............................(meet) several, times since then., , 03., , We ............................( spend ) all our money. So we shall have to walk home., , 04., , Shakespeare ........................... (live) from 1564 to 1616., , 05., , The postman ............................ (not come) yet., , 06., , We ............................(tell) you already that we cannot do what you ask., , 07., , She.......................... (go) out at 10. She........................... (not return ) yet., , 08., , Mr. Ramesh is not in the house. He ................................(go) to visit some friends., , 09., , Several books on that subject...........................( appear) during the present year., , 10., , The train ....................... (just arrive)., 86
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English Grammar, , Use the verbs given in brackets in Simple Past or Past Perfect., 01., , The patient…………….................. ( die) even before they ............................... (call), for the doctor., , 02., , The fire ......................... ( spread ) to the neighbouring villages before we, .............................(control) it., , 03., , When he............................... (enter) the bus he ....................... (realize) that he, ........................ (forget) to take money with him., , 04., , When I....................... (reach ) the post office, it......................... (close) already., , 05., , When I ........................ (go) to hospital my friend ........................... (get) discharged, already., , 06., , The boys ....................... (feel) tired because they .......................... (walk) 10Kms., , 07., , The match .......................... ( begin ) before we .......................... (reach ) the stadium., , 08., , His mother........................ (feel) that her lungs .......................... (get) damaged., , 09., , I.......................... ( do)the exercises after I .......................... (explain)., , 10., , She.......................(open) the door after I......................... ( knock) twice., , 11., , She.........................(inform) me that she.........................(do) the work already., , 12., , The boy ....................... ( be ) under the impression that he ......................... (pay) the, fees already., , 13., , He ........................ (hand) in his answer paper when he ......................... (look) through, his answers twice., , 14., , By half time our school team ....................... (score) two goals., , 15., , Mr. Das ........................ (work) in a private school before he ......................... (join), government service., , 16., , By mid day, the climbers ........................( reach ) a spot only a hundred feet below the, peak., , 17., , We .........................(expect) two hundred members to attend the meeting, but only a, hundred ......................... (turn) up., , 18., , Jamil........................(hope) to get a first class. But he only .........................(get) a, second., , 19., , The young boy ............................. (wonder) what.......................... (happen ) to his, coat., , 20., , When he ..................................... ( reach ) his house, he ........................ ( find ) that, someone ........................... (steal) all the costly things., , Use the suitable form of the verbs given in brackets., 01., , They ........................... (live ) in Calcutta for ten years., , 02., , At the moment, the baby ........................( play) in the garden., , 03., , He .........................(take) bath when the telephone rang., , 04., , I........................(tell) you already to work hard., 87
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English Grammar, , 05., , He always ........................ (remember) that honesty is the best policy., , 06., , He .......................(leave ) his house when I called on him., , 07., , He always .........................( believe) that love is stronger than hatred., , 08., , He told me that his father........................(go) to office half an hour before., , 09., , I.......................(wash ) my hands when the telephone rang., , 10., , It is high time that you ........................ (start) working hard., , 11., , Ram ........................ ( pass) the post office on his way to school everyday., , 12., , He .........................(watch ) TV when I came in., , 13., , He ........................(tell) me that he had never met you., , 14., , He .......................(read ) since this morning., , 15., , If you promise to work hard I ......................... ( allow) you to go home this week., , 16., , The doctor.......................( arrive) before I came., , 17., , Suresh……………………. (be) only five years old when his father died., , 18., , I was doing the last sum when the bell........................ (ring )., , 19., , They left Mumbai only after they .......................(see) the Trimurthi., , 20., , My brother......................... (go) to school since we came here five years ago., , 21., , We hope that you ........................ ( give ) your support., , 22., , My brother........................(just write) a letter to our uncle., , 23., , Let us hurry, otherwise we .......................(never get) to the station in time., , 24., , The doctor came an hour after the ambulance ........................( arrive)., , 25., , If it......................(rain ) we shall not go out., , 26., , I cannot play in the match as I ......................... (injure) my leg., , 27., , It........................... (rain) since 10 am., , 28., , The earth ........................ (move) round the sun., , 29., , My friends....................... (see) the PM yesterday., , 30., , I......................... (send ) him only one letter upto now., , 31., , I shall telephone you when he ........................ (come) back., , 32., , It started to rain while we ........................( plan ) to play., , 33., , Can I have some milk before I ..........................( go) to bed?, , 34., , He ........................ (fall) asleep while he was driving., , 35., , I am sure I ........................ (see ) him last night., , 36., , He .......................( have ) a mill in this town., , 37., , He ........................(work) here for the last five years., , 38., , He thanked me for what I.......................(do)., 88
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English Grammar, , 39., , I .......................( hear) some strange noise., , 40., , I ....................... (read) for half an hour when the lights suddenly went off., , Tenses: Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of the verb., 1., , When I _____________ (cross) the road, I saw a big accident., , 2., , He _____________ (post) the letter just now., , 3., , The great patriot _____________ (die) in 1948., , 4., , The train _____________ (leave) the platform before I went to the station., , 5., , If you invite me, I _____________ (come) to the party., , 6., , By next Friday, we _____________ (complete) the topic., , 7., , Look! it _____________ (rain)., , 8., , The sun _____________ (rise) in the east., , 9., , They _____________ (live) here for ten years., , 10., , See! how the bird _____________ (fly) in the sky., , 11., , He will phone when he _____________ (come) back., , 12., , I _____________ (suffer) from fever for three days., , 13., , He often _____________ (go) to theatre to see pictures., , 14., , The novelist _____________ (finish) the novel by August 2007., , 15., , Don’t make a noise, the child _____________ (sleep)., , 16., , I _____________ (write) a story last week., , 17., , The boys _____________ (finish) the exercise by this evening., , 18., , English _____________ (be) spoken allover the world., , 19., , I _____________ (not, remember) his address., , 20., , She _____________ (cook) when her husband came in., , 21., , It _____________ (rain) since 9’O clock., , 22., , She _____________ (drink) milk everyday., , 23., , I _____________ (use to) walk two kilometers when I was young., , 24., , He _____________ (study) for the last two hours., , 25., , All the boys _____________ (be) present yesterday., , 26., , I _____________ (do) this so far., , 27., , They _____________ (leave) for Paris yesterday., , 28., , We can’t go out as it _____________ (rain) now., , 29., , Last year, we _____________ (build) a new house., , 30., , I _____________ (study) when the bell rang., , 89
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English Grammar, , ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE, Voice:, Voice is that form of a verb which shows what is denoted by the subject. Whether ‘subject, does something or something is done to the subject’., There are two kinds of Voices. They are:, 1., Active Voice and, 2., Passive Voice, I, Active Voice:, A verb is in the Active voice when its form shows that the person or thing denoted by the, subject does something. In other words, is the doer of the action., Ex:, Rama killed Ravana., II, Passive Voice:, A verb is in the Passive voice when its form shows that something is done to the subject., Ex:, Ravana was killed by Rama., RULES FOR CHANGING VOICE, There are five rules to be followed when changing Active voice into Passive voice., 1., The object in the A.V becomes the subject in the P.V., 2., Suitable ‘Be’ form must be used., 3., V3 (Past Participle) of the verb is used., 4., Generally the preposition ‘by’ follows. (Sometimes: to, in, at or with), 5., , The verbs ‘know’ and ‘marry’ take the preposition ‘to’, The verbs ‘please’ and ‘satisfy’ take the preposition ‘with’, The verb ‘surprise’ takes the preposition ‘at’, , 6., , Subject in the A.V. becomes the object in the P.V., These are the rules to be followed., , Note: Only Transitive verbs have the Passive form., Ex:, 1., Cats kill rats., Rats are killed by the cats., 2., The sun rises in the east., (Here the action is not passed. Therefore there is no Passive voice for this sentence.), Note the changing of the voice:, Active Voice, Passive Voice, I write a letter., A letter is written by me., I am writing a letter., A letter is being written by me., I have written a letter., A letter has been written by me., I wrote a letter., A letter was written by me., I was writing a letter., A letter was being written by me., I had written by me., A letter had been written by me., I will write a letter., A letter will be written by me., I will have written a letter., A letter will have been written by me., , 90
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English Grammar, , Active passive voice – structure, 1. Present Tense, 1.1. Simple Present:, A.V - V1, , 2. Past Tense, 2.1. Simple past:, A.V - V2, , 3. Future Tense, 3.1. Simple Future :, A.V - will/Shall + V1, , P.V - is/ am/ are + V3, Eg: - He writes novels (A.V), Novels are written by him (P.V), , P.V – was/were + V3, Eg: He wrote novels (A.V), Novels were written by him (P.V), , P.V - will/shall + V3, Eg:He will write novels (A.V), Novels will be written by me (P.V), , 1.2. Present Continuous:, A.V - is/am/ are + V1+ing, , 2.2. Past continuous:, A.V - was/ were + V1 + ing, , 3.2. Future continuous:, A.V - will/shall+be +V1+ing, , P.V - is/ am /are + being + V3, Eg: He is writing novels (A.V), Novels are being written by him (P.V), , P.V – was/ were = being + V3, Eg: He was writing novels (A.V), Novels were being written by him (P.V), , No passive form, Eg: He will be writing novels (A.V), , 1.3. Present perfect Tense:, A.V . Has/ have + V3, , 2.3. Past perfect:, A.V - had + V3, , 3.3. Future perfect:, A.V. –will/shall + have +V3, , P.V. has/ have + been + V3, Eg: He has written novels (A.V), Novels have been written by him (P.V), , P.V - had + been + V3, Eg: He had written novels (A.V), Novels had been written by him (P.V), , P.V. – have+been+V3, Eg: He will have written novels (A.V), Novels will have been written by him (P.V), , 1.4. Present perfect continuous:, A.V. – has/have +been+V1+ing, , 2.4. Past Perfect continuous:, A.V - had+been+V1+ing, , 3.4. Future Perfect continuous:, A.V. - will/shall+have+been+V1+ing, , No Passive From, Eg: He has been writing novels (A.V), , No Passive From, Eg: He had been writing novels (A.V), , No Passive From, Eg: He will have been writing novels., , Note: A.V = Active voice,, , P.V = Passive Voice, 91
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English Grammar, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 17., 18., , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , SIMPLE PRESENT, ................ + am / is/ are +V3 + by + .........................., I eat mangoes., Mangoes are eaten by me., He plays chess., Chess is played by him., He sees films., Films are seen by him., I teach English., English is taught by me., I do my homework., My homework is done by me., Sita reads the poems., Poems are read by Sita., All love him., He is loved by all., He scolds me., I am scolded by him., She plucks flowers., Flowers are plucked by her., I don’t like her., She is not liked by me., People speak English allover the world., English is spoken allover the world by the people., Bees make honey., Honey is made by bees., Does she sell rice?, Is rice sold by her?, Do you recite a poem?, Is the poem recited by you?, Do you like sweets?, Are the sweets liked by you?, Does she watch movies?, Are the movies watched by her?, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, .............. + am / is / are + V3 + by + .................., He is writing a novel., A novel is being written by him., She is beating a dog., A dog is being beaten by her., They are building a house., A house is being built by them., They are pulling down the old house., The old house is being pulled down by them., The are preparing the material., The material is being prepared by them., He is teaching us grammar., You are being taught grammar by me., 92
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English Grammar, , 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., , The boys are laughing at the beggar., The beggar is being laughed at by the boys., I am playing cricket., Cricket is being played by me., Rani is milking the cow., The cow is being milked by Rani., Priya is singing a song., A song is being sung by Priya., The boys are making the kites., The kites are being made by the boys., They are throwing the stones at the birds., The stones are being thrown at the birds by them., She is winding the watch., The watch is being wound by her., Are you drawing a picture?, Is a picture drawn by you?, Is she making dolls?, Are the dolls being made by her?, Is she making mistakes?, Are the mistakes being made by her?, Are they catching the goods?, Are the goods being caught by them?, PRESENT PERFECT, ........... + has / have + been + V3 + by + ................, Ravi has written a letter., A letter has been written by Ravi., The farmer has ploughed the field., The field has been ploughed by the farmer., I have not bought a car., A car has not been bought by me., She has invited me., I have been invited by her., The police have caught the thieves., The thieves have been caught by the police., He has solved all the problems., All the problems have been solved by him., I have completed the work., The work has been completed by me., Someone has stolen my pen., My pen has been stolen., He has written many poems., Many poems have been written by him., They have painted the door green., The door has been painted green by them., Gopi has posted many of the invitations., Many of the invitations have been posted by Gopi., Have you spent all the money?, Has all the money been spent by you?, 93
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English Grammar, , 13. What have you done?, What has been done by you?, 14. Have you read this story?, Has this story been read by you?, SIMPLE PAST, ........... + was / were + V3 + by + ................, 1. She wrote a letter., A letter was written by her., 2. He caught the thief., The thief was caught by him., 3. A mad dog bit my sister., My sister was bitten by a mad dog., 4. Every child carried a bag., A bag was carried by every child., 5. We laughed at the beggar., The beggar was laughed at by us., 6. The farmer killed the snake., The snake was killed by the farmer., 7. The discovery surprised all., All were surprised by the discovery., 8. We built two houses., Two houses were built by us., 9. She kept us wait., We were kept wait by her., 10. We sent them back., They were sent back by us., 11. Nobody told him., He was told by nobody., 12. She broke the window., The window was broken by her., 13. He hit the dog with a stick., A snake was hit by him with a stick., 14. An English man almost always accompanied me., I was almost always accompanied by an English man., 15. Aanand wrote a poem on the renunciation of Buddha., A poem on the renunciation of Buddha was written by Aanand, 16. What questions did the examiner set?, What questions were set by the examiner?, 17. Did Tagore write Geetangali?, Was Geetangali written by Tagore?, 18. Did the noise frighten you?, Were you frightened by the noise?, 19. Did you do this?, Was this done by you?, 20. Did she call you?, Were you called by her?, 21. What did they taught you?, What were you taught by them?, 22. Did you throw the paper?, 94
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English Grammar, , Was the paper thrown by you?, 23. Did they give suggestions?, Were the suggestions given by them?, PAST CONTINUOUS, ........... + was / were + being + V3 + by + ................, 1. They were planting the trees., The trees were being planted by them., 2. The players were practicing cricket., Cricket was being practiced by the players., 3. The gardener was cutting the plants., The plants were being cut by the gardener., 4. John was learning Hindi., Hindi was being learnt by John., 5. The peon was ringing the bell., The bell was being rung by the peon., 6. They were painting the house green., The house was being painted green by them., 7. Pratima was singing a song., A song was being sung by Pratima., 8. They were doing the homework., Homework was being done by them., 9. The government was abolishing the liquor., The liquor was being abolished by the government., 10. Were you drawing a picture?, Was the picture being drawn by you?, 11. Was he doing any job?, Was any job being done by him?, PAST PREFECT, ........... + had + been + V3 + by +................, 1. I had sold the car., The car had been sold by me., 2. You had wasted the money., The money had been wasted by you., 3. He had sung a sweet song., A sweet song had been sung by him., 4. Kalidasa had written many poems., Many poems had been written by Kalidas., 5. I had not fed the poor., The poor had not been fed by me., 6. Someone had rebuked me., I had been rebuked by someone., 7. She had married a handsome man., A handsome man had been married by her., 8. I had done nothing wrong., Nothing wrong had been done by me., 9. The society had expelled him., He had been expelled by the society., 10. Had we taken it?, Had it been taken by us?, 95
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English Grammar, , SIMPLE FUTURE, ........... + will / shall + be + V3 + by + ................, 1. He will do it., It will be done by him., 2. I shall buy a camera., A camera shall be bought by me., 3. You will recite a poem., A poem will be recited by you., 4. The teacher will not forgive me., I will not be forgiven by the teacher., 5. The news will alarm everyone., Everyone will be alarmed by the news., 6. The dog will bark at the stranger., The stranger will be barked at by the dog., 7. I shall punish you., You shall be punished by me., 8. You will send the book tomorrow., The book will be sent tomorrow by you., 9. Everyone will laugh at us., We will be laughed at by everyone., 10. I will convince him., He will be convinced by me., 11. Will she wear a hat?, Will a hat be worn by her?, 12. Will you give a pen ?, Will a pen be given by you?, FUTURE PERFECT, ........... + will have / shall have + been + V3 + by + ................, 1. She will have opened a school., A school will have been opened by her., 2. I shall have painted a picture., A picture will have been painted by me., 3. She will have paid the loan., A loan will have been paid by her., 4. The teacher will have corrected the papers., The papers will have been corrected by the teacher., 5. Will he have taken the permission?, Will the permission have been taken by him?, Change the voice of the following sentences:, 1., The mother manages the house., Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 2., , He grows rice in his field., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 3., , This pot contains milk., , Ans …………………………………………………………………………………..., 96
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English Grammar, , 4., , The rich hate the poor., , Ans …………………………………………………………………………………….., 5., , I do not know the reason for his coming., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 6., , My father sends me money every month., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 7., , We manufacture many kinds of engines., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 8., , They make utensils in Chennai., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 9., , I have eaten the apples., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 10., , I am learning a point., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 12., , She has broken the windows., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 13., , The farmers are ploughing their fields., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 14., , The boys are playing cricket., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 15., , The servant has posted the letter., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 16., , The farmers have reaped the harvest., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 17., , He has lent me a pen., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 18., , I have not beaten the dog., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 19., , He is reading a book., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 20., , I am drawing a picture., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 21., , We have warned everybody., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 97
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English Grammar, , 22., , She has received two letters., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 23., , The baby has dropped the glass., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 24., , They are teaching English., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 25., , They are doing up parcels., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 26., , My mother is washing the clothes., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 27., , Hari has invited me to the party., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 28., , We have spent all the money, , Ans …………………………………………………………………………………….., 29., , He is rebuking me., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 30., , She likes sweets., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., Change the voice of the following sentences:, 1., , I forgave him., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 2., , He watched the sports., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 3., , The officer gave me two files., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 4., , They postponed the match because of rain., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 5., , The murderer hid the knife in the grass., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 6., , My uncle will visit us tomorrow., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 7., , He will rob you., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 8., , The boys will catch the birds., 98
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English Grammar, , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 9., , You were writing a letter to your friend., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 10., , We had already missed the train., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 11., , We were revising our lessons., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 12., , None of them had seen me., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 13., , The army will have captured the city., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 14., , I did not call you., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 15., , He booked a complaint against me., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 16., , The judge dismissed the case., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 17., , I brought the baby a doll., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 18., , He sent me two gifts., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 19., , They had opened two offices., , Ans …………………………………………………………………………………, 20., , They had never visited Nepal., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 21., , Our team had won two matches., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 22., , The farmers will have sown the paddy., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 23., , The shopkeeper had already packed the parcel., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 24., , My uncle will pay the school fee., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 25., , My parents will look after me., 99
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English Grammar, , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 26., , You should learn it., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 27., , You should write the address neatly., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 28., , One cannot please everybody., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 29., , I completed my exercises., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., 30., , The electrician was repairing the switch., , Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………., ‘Wh’ – Questions:Change the following sentences into passive voice., 1., , Who bought these?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 2., , What does he give?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 3., , Who gives this kind of news?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 4., , When will you complete it?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 5., , What has they done?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 6., , Who has theft it?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 7., , Who has given you the ticket?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 8., , What has been taken by them?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 9., , Who did this thing?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 10., , Who bought mangoes?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 11., , When did you steal that?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 100
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English Grammar, , 12., , What did he expect?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 13., , When did they leave you?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 14., , Who paid the fee?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 15., , Who won the game?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 16., , What did she eat?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 17., , What are they doing?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 18., , Who has caught them?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 19., , What are they preparing?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 20., , Who has sent you back?, , A:_____________________________________________________., ‘Yes / no’ Questions:, 1., , Does she eat sweets?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 2., , Does he sell the goods?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 3., , Do you love your friend?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 4., , Do they finish this?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 5., , Is she knitting a sweater?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 6., , Are you building a house?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 7., , Is he milking the cow?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 8., , Are they making a noise?, 101
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English Grammar, , A:_____________________________________________________., 9., , Is she preparing the items?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 10., , Are you doing this?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 11., , Are the boys playing cricket?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 12., , Have you taken the permission?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 13., , Have you bought the ticket?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 14., , Has he opened the new shop?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 15., , Has she read this novel?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 16., , Has he made the mistake?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 17., , Have you lost your cycle?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 18., , Did the noise frighten you?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 19., , Did Rama call you?, , A:_____________________________________________________., 20., , Did you beat the dog?, , A:_____________________________________________________., Change the voice of the following sentences:, 1., , Post this letter at once., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 2., , Please help me in my hour of need., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 3., , Lower the boats., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 4., , Send him to school., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 5., , Tell him to leave the room., 102
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English Grammar, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 6., , Carry out my orders., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 7., , Kindly do this much for me., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 8., , Do not starve the cow., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 9., , Do not hate the poor., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 10., , Let me try this question., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 11., , Do not laugh at others., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 12., , Don’t disturb me., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 13., , Shut the door., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 14., , Obey your parents., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 15., , May God bless him., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 16., , Please enter it in the register., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 17., , Let him be brought here., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 18., , Let me be given back my pet dog., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 19., , Please bring me a glass of water., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 20., , Let the result be declared., , A: ___________________________________________________________., Change the voice of the following sentences:, 1., , Varun has called his sister a liar., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 2., , Some boys were helping the wounded man., 103
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English Grammar, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 3., , Why did your brother write such a letter?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 4., , The boy will have finished the work by the evening., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 5., , Did they rebuke you?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 6., , The governor will give away the prize to the winner., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 7., , The recitation pleased the inspector., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 8., , Haven’t I sold my bicycle?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 9., , Do not insult the weak., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 10., , The people regarded him as an imposter and called him a villain., , A___________________________________________________________., 11. He made his wife do the work., A: ___________________________________________________________., 12., , His subordinates have accused him of various offences., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 13., , Shall I ever forget those happy days?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 14., , I saw him cutting the trees., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 15., , The earthquake destroyed the town., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 16., , Will you buy a ticket for me?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 17., , All desire wealth and some acquire it., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 18., , He told me to leave the room., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 19., , They use video for teaching the students., 104
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English Grammar, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 20., , Someone has knocked me down., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 21., , Everyone was inspired by Gandhiji., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 22., , I refused his admittance., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 23., , Do we believe him?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 24., , Will they have sent the parcel?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 25., , They were going to take a decision on this matter., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 26., , Why did he defraud you?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 27., , We should not have done it., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 28., , Didn’t you call him?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 29., , How can you manage it?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 30., , Was she ringing the bell?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., Change the voice of the following sentences:, 1., , He grows wheat in his field., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 2., , Mohan will meet you at the station., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 3., , Anybody can do it easily., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 4., , One should do one’s duty., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 5., , They called many people for help., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 105
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English Grammar, , 6., , Two oxen pull the plough., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 7., , Where do we find best pearls?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 8., , Will you look after her?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 9., , I gave you a big reward., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 10., , They are singing film songs., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 11., , I have received a parcel just now., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 12., , Has she forgiven you?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 13., , The tailor was sewing your clothes., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 14., , Have I beaten my dog?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 15., , Gopi can paint this picture easily., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 16., , Ashok had never seen a wolf., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 17., , We have warned everybody., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 18., , I will have watered the plants before sunset., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 19., , Lower the boats., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 20., , Do not hate the poor., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 21., , You must put your signature in ink., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 22., , We are giving him all help., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 106
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English Grammar, , 23., , She was preparing dinner for us., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 24., , Does she like coffee?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 25., , Is the peon bringing the jug?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 26., , Are they singing the songs?, , A: ___________________________________________________________., 27., , The naughty boys were breaking the windows., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 28., , I handed her a chair., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 29., , Hari has invited me to tea., , A: ___________________________________________________________., 30., , We expect good news., , A: ___________________________________________________________., * * *, , 107
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English Grammar, , DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH, There are two ways in which we may report the words of a speaker., 1. Direct Speech, 2. Indirect Speech, Direct Speech:, When we quote the exact words of the speaker, it is called ‘Direct Speech’., Indirect Speech:, However, when we give the substance of his speech in our own words, we use ‘Indirect, Speech’., Direct Speech:, He says to me, “I am your friend.”, Indirect Speech:, He says to me that he is my friend., The speaker’s actual words are called the Reported Speech., Reporting Verb:, The verb, which introduces the Reported Speech, is called the “Reporting Verb”., He says to me, “I am your friend.”, R.V, R.S, In the above example:, Reporting Verb is ‘says’, Reported Speech is ‘I am your brother’., SOME IMPORTANT POINTS, Direct Speech:, 1. The R.S is enclosed within inverted commas., 2. The R.S is separated from the R.V by a comma., 3. The first letter of the R.S must begin with a capital letter., Indirect Speech:, 1. In the Indirect Speech inverted commas are not used., 2. But the R.S is generally introduced by the conjunctions ‘that, if, whether’ and the, preposition, ‘to.’, 3. The comma, separating the R.S from the R.V is removed and is replaced by ‘that, if,, whether and the preposition to.’, NOTE: In changing the Direct Narration into Indirect Narration the “Tense” of the, R.V is never changed, although the R.S is changed as by the required sense., RULES FOR CHANGING DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH, While changing Direct into Indirect Speech, the Tense of the verb is changed, according to the following rules., Rule: I, If the tense of the verb in the R.S is in the Present or Future tense then the tense of the, R.S is not changed., E.g., He says, “I am going.”, He says that he is going., He will say, “I am going”., He will say that he is going., Rule: II, If the R.V is in the past tense, the tense of the verb in the R.S is changed as follows in, the Indirect Narration:, 108
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English Grammar, , Simple Present, x, Present Continuous, x, Present Perfect, x, Present Perfect Continuous, x, Simple Past, x, Past Continuous, x, Particular Verbs:, Shall x, should, Will x, would, May x, might, Can x, could, Must x, had to, Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous remain unchanged., , Simple Past, Past continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, , Rules for the change of personal pronouns:, The persons of the pronouns that occur in the Reported Speech are changed in Indirect, speech according to the following rules., Rule : I, Pronouns of the first person in the R.S of the Direct Speech form are changed in, Indirect, Speech into those of the same person as the subject of the R.V., Rule : II, Pronoun and the possessive of the second person are changed into those of the same, person as that of the noun or pronoun that comes after the R.V., Rule : III, The third person is not changed in the Indirect Speech., CHANGE OF WORDS SHOWING NEARNESS, Now ___________ Then, Come ___________ Go, Ago ___________ Before, This ___________ That, These ___________ Those, Thus ___________ So / In that way, Here ___________ There, Here by ___________ There by, Hence ___________ Thence, Hither ___________ Thither, Today ___________ That day, Tonight ____________ that night, Tomorrow ___________ The next day, Yesterday ___________ The previous day, Last night ___________ The previous night, Next day ___________ The following day, , 109
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English Grammar, , Interrogative Sentences, In converting a question to the indirect speech:, 1. The R.V is changed to ‘ask’, ‘enquire’ or ‘demand’, 2. ‘Whether’ or ‘If’ is used to introduce the R.S if the question has ‘yes’ or ‘no’ for an, answer., 3. Conjunction ‘that’ & Interrogative sign (?) is removed and Assertive form of the, sentence is written., Imperative Sentences, The Reporting Verb is changed into some verb indicating command, request, entreaty, or advice according to the sense. The verb may be selected from the following., Command :, tell, order, bid, command etc., Request :, ask, request etc., Entreaty:, entreat, implore etc., Advice :, advice, forbid, exhort, urge etc., Guidelines, 1. If there is ‘Sir’ or ‘Madam’ in the direct speech, it will be changed into, ‘Respectively’., 2. If there are words like ‘My dear’, ‘dear’, ‘darling’ etc, it will be changed into, ‘lovingly’ or, ‘affectionately’., 3. If there is a word ‘Hay’, it will be changed into ‘greeted’, it will come in place of, ‘said to’., 4. If there are words like ‘good morning’ or ‘good evening’ or ‘good bye’ in the D.S,, they will, be changed as : ‘Respectfully wished’ or ‘Affectionately bade farewell’., OTHERS, 1. Sentences of ‘Let’:, He said, “Let us go out.”, He suggested to go out., She said, “Let us do it.”, She proposed to do it., 2. Sentences of ‘What’ or ‘How’:, He said, “What a lovely scene!”, He exclaimed that it was a lovely scene., Rules for changing of Personal Pronouns, The persons of the pronoun that occur in the R.S are changed in Indirect Speech into, those of the same person as the subject of the R.V., Rule: I, Pronouns of the “First person” in the R.S of the direct form are changed into those of, the same person as the “Subject of the R.V”., I said, “I am ill.”, I said that I was ill., Rule: II, Pronouns and possessive adjectives of the “Second person” are changed into those, that of the “ Noun or Pronoun that comes after the R.V”., She said to me, “I am ill.”, She told me that she was ill., Rule: III, The third person is not changed., Suresh said to Ramesh, “I am ill.”, Suresh told Ramesh that he was ill., 110
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English Grammar, , EXAMPLES, Present Tense and Future Tense do not change:, Present Tense:, 1., He says, “I am your friend.”, He says that he is my friend., Govind says to me, “You are my friend.”, Govind says to me that I am his friend., 3., He says, “Tea is ready.”, He says that Tea is ready., 4., He says, “The car is going.”, He says that the car is going., 5., They say, “Nobody is there.”, They say that nobody is there., Future Tense:, 1., He will say, “I am weak”., He will say that he is weak., 2., Rama will say to me, “I am your friend”., Rama will say to me that he is my friend., 3., He will say, “I am going”., He will say that he is going., 4., She will say to me, “ I will be your friend”., She will say to me that she will be my friend., 5., I will say, “I was going”., I will say that I was going., Past Tense:, If Universal truth or habitual action is expressed by the Reported Speech, the tense of, the verb (Simple Present) must not be changed, even the Reporting Verb is in the Past, tense., 1., Mohan said tom me, “Man is mortal”., Mohan said to me that man is mortal., 2., The teacher said to me, “The sun rises in the east”., The teacher told me that the sun rises in the east., 3., Kamala said, “Truth is bitter”., Kamala said that truth is bitter., 4., I said, “The cow gives milk”., I said that the cow gives milk., 5., She said, “German is easy to learn”., She said that German is easy to learn., If the tense of the Reporting Verb is in the Past tense then the Verb in the, Reported Speech is changed as follows:, SIMPLE PRESENT X SIMPLE PAST, 1., He said, “I am unwell”., He said that he was unwell., 2., He said, “My pen is lost”., He said that his pen was lost., 3., Anil said, “Rita sins a song”., Anil said that Rita sang a song., 2., , 111
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English Grammar, , PRESENT CONTINUOUS X PAST CONTINUOUS, He said, “Rama is working hard”., He said that Rama was working hard., 2., He said, “I am preparing for the exam”., He said that that was preparing for the exam., 3., She said, “I am doing nothing”., She said that she was doing nothing., 4., He said, “My daughter is learning French”., He said that his daughter was learning French., PRESENT PERFECT X PAST PERFECT, 1., He said, “Raju has done the work”., He said that Raju had done the work., 2., She said, “I have written the letter”., She said that she had written the letter., 3., He said, “I have posted the letter just now”., He said that he had posted the letter just then., 4., Sita said, “You have stolen my watch”., Sita said that I had stolen her watch., 5., I said, “She has gone”., I said that she had gone., PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS X PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS, 1., He said, “It has been raining since morning.”, He said that it had been raining since morning., 2., They said, “We have been working since 1990.”, They said that they had been working since 1990., 3., He said, “I have been playing since morning.”, He said that he had been playing since morning., SIMPLE PAST X PAST PERFECT, 1., He said, “Raju returned at afternoon.”, He said that Rahu had returned at afternoon., 2., He said, “I came in the evening., He said that had come in the evening., 3., She said, “Sita sang a song.”, She said that Sita had sung a song., PAST CONTINUOUS X PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS, 1., I said, “She was dancing.”, I said that she had been dancing., 2., He said, “All the boys were going.”, He said that all the boys had been going., 3., Mohan said, “I was watching T.V.”, Mohan said that he had been watching T.V., 1., , PAST PERFECT & PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS REMAIN UNCHANGED:, 1., Kamala said, “Leela had gone home.”, Kamala said that Leela had gone home., 2., Pavan said, “I had taught a lesson.”, Pavan said that he had taught a lesson., 3., Kiran said, “I had been playing.”, Kiran said that he had been playing., 112
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English Grammar, , He said, “We had been playing cricket.”, He said that they had been playing cricket., SHALL – WILL – CAN – MAY, 1., He said, “I shall try to help her.”, He said that he should help her., 2., He said, “Rama will come.”, He said that Rama would come., 3., I said, “He may pass.”, I said that he might pass., 4., She said, “I can do the sum.”, She said that she could do the sum., IMPERATIVE SENENCES, “That” is not used here. To + infinitive is used., Positive Commands:, 1., The master said to the servant, “Go away.”, The master ordered the servant to go away., 2., The teacher said to the boys, “Get away from this room.”, The teacher ordered the boys to get away from that room., 3., He said to his servant, “Leave this place now.”, He ordered his servant to leave that place then., 4., The manager said to the typist, “Type this letter.”, The manager ordered the servant to type that letter., 5., The queen said to her maid, “make my bed.”, The queen ordered her maid to make her bed., Negative Commands:, 1., He said to the students, “Don’t make a noise.”, He ordered the students not to make a noise., 2., He said to his soldiers, “Don’t loose your faith.”, He asked his soldiers not to loose their faith., 3., He said to me, “Don’t waste your time.”, He ordered me not to waste my time., Requests:, 1., I said to the teacher, “Please explain this question.”, I requested the teacher to explain that question., 2., The visitor said to me, “Please take me to the office now.”, The visitor requested me to take him to the office then., 3., The rat said to the lion, “Please pardon me for this time.”, The rat pleaded the lion to forgive it for that time., 4., My father said to me, “Don’t read this book.”, My father advised me not to read that book., 5., I said to Krishna, “Please give me your pen.”, I requested Krishna to give me his pen., Wishes:, 1., The old man said to him, “May you long live.”, The old man wished him that he might live long., 2., The people said, “May the God save the king.”, The people wished that the God might save the king., 3., He said to me, “Good morning.”, He wished me good morning., 4., , 113
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English Grammar, , He said to me, “Good evening.”, He wished me good evening., 5., The father said, “May god pardon the sinners”, The father prayed that god might pardon the sinners., INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES, In Interrogative sentences ‘that’ is removed., 1., He said to me “Who are you?”, He asked me who I was., 2., He said to me “What is your name?”, He asked me what my name was., 3., He said to me “How old are you?”, He asked me how old I was., 4., I said to you “Where are you going?’, I asked you where you were going., 5., She said to me “What do you want?”, She asked me what I wanted., 6., He said to me “When will you come?’, He asked me when I would come., 7., She said “Who is the first man to fly in the space?”, She asked who the first man to fly in the space was., 8., She said to him “Whose portrait are you painting?’, She asked him whose portrait he was painting., 9., “Whom do you want to see? She said to me., She asked me whom I wanted to see., 10., He said to her “When does the post-man come everyday?”, He asked her when the post-man came everyday., WHETHER / IF, ---------- YES / NO, If the question demands yes / no answer then ‘whether / if ‘ is used to introduce the, Reported Speech., 1., Mohan said to me “Do you like tea?”, Mohan asked me whether I liked tea. (Or), Mohan asked me if I liked tea., 2., Mohan said to me “Don’t you like tea?”, Mohan asked me whether I didn’t like tea., Mohan asked me if I didn’t like tea., 3., He said to me “Did you like him?”, He asked me if I had liked him., 4., He said to me “Didn’t you like this?”, He asked me whether I hadn’t liked that., 5., He said to me “Don’t you know me?”, He asked me if I didn’t know him., 6., She said to me “Can you do this?”, She asked me if I could do that., 7., I said to her “Are you married?”, I asked her whether she was married., 8., He said to me “Will you let me help you?”, He asked me if I would let her help me., 4., , 114
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English Grammar, , EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES, Hurrah!, -------Joy, Bravo!, -------Applauded or praised, Alas!, -------Sorrow, grief, sad or sadly, Hark!, -------Attention, Oh!, -------Surprised, Oh God!, -------Shock, bitterly, 1., He said, “Alas! He is dead.”, He exclaimed in grief that he was dead., He exclaimed with sorrow that he was dead., He exclaimed sadly that he was dead., He exclaimed sorrowfully that he was dead., 2., He said, “Hurrah! My friend came.”, He exclaimed joyfully that his friend had come., 3., He said to me, “Bravo you did well;”, He applauded me by saying that I had done well., 4., They said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”, They exclaimed joyfully that they had won the match., 5., Govind said, “Oh god! I lost my purse.”, Govind exclaimed bitterly that he had lost his purse., 6., Sita said, “Oh god! I am failed.”, Sita exclaimed sadly that she was failed., 7., He said, “How selfish I have been!”, He exclaimed that he had been very selfish., 8., She said, “How beautiful the garden is!”, She exclaimed that the garden was very beautiful., 9., He said, “What a fool I am!”, He exclaimed that he was a great fool., 10., She said, “How tall the building is!”, She exclaimed that the building was very tall., Type – 1 Assertive Sentences, 1., , Raju said, “I am fine here.”, , A., , Raju said that he was fine there., , 2., , Raju said “I was fine here.”, , A., , Raju said that he had been fine there., , 3., , Rakesh said to Venu, “I will be fine there”., , A., , Rakesh told Venu that he would be fine there., , 4., , Meena says, “I am watching a movie.”, , A., , Meena said that she was watching a movie., , 5., , Varun said, “We are playing a match today.”, , A., , Varun said that they were playing a match that day., , 6., , Mahesh said to Mani, “I have played my part well”., 115
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English Grammar, , A., , Mahesh told Mani that he had played his part well., , 7., , Anil said to Maneesha, “You have committed an error here.”, , A., , Anil told Maneesha that she had committed an error there., , 8., , Kamal said to Ramya, “ I have been trying to complete the project.”, , A., , Kamal told Ramya that he had been trying to complete the project., , 9., , Rathan said, “I did my job well.”, , A., , Rathan said that he had done his job well., , 10., , Rithu said to Karishma, “I was waiting for my friend then.”, , A., , Rithu told Karishma that she had been waiting for her friends (then) at that time., , 11., , Karina said to Roshan, “I had verified the contents before I submitted the papers.”, , A., , Karina told Roshan that she had verified the content before she submitted the papers., , 12., , I said to her, “I am writing a poem now.”, , A., , I told her that I was writing a poem then., , 13., , I said to her, “You have drawn the figure nicely.”, , A., , I told her that she had drawn the figure nicely., , 14., , I said to her, “He has left the room.”, , A., , I told her that he had left the room., , 15., , You said to me, “I completed the task yesterday.”, , A., , You told me that you had completed the task the previous day., , 16., , You said to me, “Your are playing the flute well.”, , A., , You told me that I was playing the flute well., , 17., , Nithin said to Trisha, “You can take whatever you want.”, , A., , Nithin told Trisha that she could take whatever she wanted., , 18., , Vineeth said to Suresh, “The Earth revolves round the Sun”., , A., , Vineeth told Suresh that the Earth revolves round the Sun., , 19., , He said “Children go to school everyday.”, , A., , He said that children go/went to school everyday., , 20., , The boy said, “Practice makes man perfect.”, , A., , The boy said that practice makes man perfect., , Interrogative Sentences :Questions starting with Auxiliary Verbs., 21., , Vijay said, “Do you know his address?”, , A., , Vijay asked whether he knew his address., 116
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English Grammar, , 22., , Vikraman said, “Have you watched Aparichutudu?”, , A., , Vikraman asked whether I had watched Aparichutudu., , 23., , The teacher said, “Are you preparing well for the exams?”, , A., , The teacher asked whether I was preparing well for the exams., , 24., , The Policeman said to the man, “Didn’t you steal it from the complex?, , A., , The policeman interrogated the man if he hadn’t stolen it from the complex., , 25., , The man said to the boy, “Can you show me the way to the Railway Station?”, , A., , The man asked the boy whether he could show him the way to the Railway Station., , 26., , The mother said to the girl, “Have you been doing the same exercise since morning?”, , A., , The mother asked the girl whether she had been doing the same exercise since morning., , 27., , Manohar said to Sri Lakshmi “Do you love me? Shall I kill you?”, , A., , Manohar asked Sri Lakshmi if she would love him or he should kill her., , 28., , He asked the child, “Have you taken your meal?”, , A., , He asked the child whether it had taken its meal., , 29., , The man said to the girl, “Does she colour the figure with crayons or oil colours?”, , A., , The man asked the girl whether she coloured the figure with crayons or oil colours., , 30., , Rohan said to Anila, “Will you go to Delhi next week?”, , A., , Rohan asked Anila whether she would go to Delhi the following week., , 31., , Rakshita said to Venki, “Will you be playing the benefit match next Sunday?”, , A., , Rakshita asked Venki whether he would be playing the benefit match the following Sunday., , 32., , Arthi said to Vamsi, “May I go through the script?, , A., , Arthi asked Vamsi whether she might go through the script., , 33., , Madhavan said to Mani, “Will it be all right if I take three takes to complete the shot?”, , A., , Madhavan asked Mani whether it would be all right if he took three takes to complete the, shot., , 34., , Shankar said to Sada, “Have you practised the lip movement properly?, , A., , Shankar asked Sada whether she had practiced the lip movement properly., , 35., , The teacher said to the student, “Are you confident of getting a seat in I.I.T?”, , A., , The teacher asked the student whether he was confident of getting a seat in I.I.T., , B., , Questions starting with Wh – Words., , 36., , Ameer said to Anand, “Which book do you want?”, , A., , Ameer asked Anand which book he wanted., , 37., , Hrithik said to Amisha, “What novels have you read this week?”, 117
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English Grammar, , A., , Hrithik asked Amisha what novels she had read that week., , 38., , Chitra said to Patnayak, “Where did you learn classical music?, , A., , Chitra asked Patnayak where he had learned classical music., , 39., , The teacher said to the boy, “Who is the writer of the novel Harry Pottor?”, , A., , The teacher asked the boy who was the writer of the novel Harry Pottor., , 40., , Nikhil said to Reena, “When did you return from Mumbai?”, , A., , Nikhil asked Reena when she had returned from Mumbai., , 41., , Vamsi said to Sheela, “When can I meet your parents?”, , A., , Vamsi asked Sheela when he could meet her parents., , 42., , Ganguly said to the bowlers, “Why have you not been attending the net practice, regularly?, , A., , Ganguly asked the bowlers why they had not been attending the net practice regularly., , 43., , Srikanth said to Sachin, “Where do you get your knees operated?”, , A., , Srikanth asked Sachin where he would get his knees operated., , 44., , The teacher asked the student, “Why were you absent from the class yesterday?”, , A., , The teacher asked the student why he had been absent from the class the previous day., , 45., , The girls said to the man, “ How can I reach the examination hall?”, , A., , The girl asked the man how she could reach the examination hall., , 46., , The man asked the girl, “When will your father return from the office?”, , A., , The man asked the girl when her father would return from the office., , 47., , The dentist asked the little girl, “How much Chocolate do you eat every day?”, , A., , The dentist asked the little girl how much chocolate she ate everyday., , 48., , The manager asked the stenographer, “Do you visit Kashmir this year?”, , A., , The Manger asked the stenographer whether she would visit Kashmir that year., , 49., , He said to the boy, “What is your name?”, , A., , He asked the boy what his name is/was., , 50., , The teacher said to the students, “Who can answer this question?”, , A., , The teacher asked the students who could answer that aquestion., Type – 3, Imperative Sentences, , 51., , The officer said to the typist, “Type these letters immediately.”, , A., , The officer ordered the typist to type those letters immediately., , 52., , He said to his colleague, “Check the content before you submit the papers.?”, 118
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English Grammar, , A., , He advised his colleague to check the content before he/she would submit the papers., , 53., , The teacher said to the students, “Write brief and accurate answers neatly without, mistakes.”, , A., , The teacher advised the students to write brief and accurate answers neatly without, mistakes., , 54., , The teacher said to the students, “Design your answer booklet and make it look, beautiful and special.”, , A., , The teacher ordered/advised/instructed the students to design their answer booklet and, make it look beautiful and special., , 55., , The teacher said to the students, “Check the section and question numbers before you, return the answer scripts.”, , A., , The teacher instructed the students to check the section and question numbers before, they return the answer scripts., Type – 4, Exclamatory Sentences, , 56., , The captain said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”, , A., , The Captain exclaimed with joy that they had won the match., , 57., , He said to her, “Alas! He has lost all his property”., , A., , He exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost all his properly., , 58., , She said, “Wow! How beautiful the flower is!”, , A., , She exclaimed with wonder that it was a beautiful flower., , 59., , He said, “Ah! What a big building it is!”, , A., , He exclaimed with astonishment that it was a big building., , 60., , The culprit said, “Oh! Lord! Take pity and pardon me.”, , A., , The culprit prayed to the Lord to take pity and pardon him., Exercise: 10.1, , Speech: Tenses, 1., , He said, “I want to finish my exercise today.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 2., , I said to my teacher, “I need your help.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 3., , She said, “They were going.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 4., , The teacher said, “The school will remain closed tomorrow.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., 119
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English Grammar, , 5., , He said to me, “Your are lucky but I am unlucky.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 6., , My mother said, “I am going to see Mrs. Sharma and will be back in a minute”., , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 7., , “I met John yesterday”, he said., , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 8., , The children said to me, “We will go out in the rain.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 9., , They said, “The boy is hiding in the place where we left him.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 10., , Kapil said, “Asha was combing her hair.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 11., , I said to the sir, “I am listening to you.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 12., , The clerk said, “I shall finish this work in time.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 13., , He said, “I killed the snake with a stick.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 14., , She said, “I have been working hard these days.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 15., , The parrot said, “A hunter has caught me.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 16., , He said, “I will give her a new frock.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 17., , He said to me, “You can never get my help.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 18., , He said to her, “You will go to Delhi tomorrow.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 19., , The boy said, “I am giving this to you.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 20., , Mohan said, “I will come if I can.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 21., , She said, “This dog can catch the ball.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., 120
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English Grammar, , 22., , Mr. Das said, “We bought a new vase from bazaar.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 23., , She said , “I shall leave this place as soon as I can.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 24., , Meena said, “Venu knows my place well.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 25., , I said to you, “I am your friend.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 26., , He said to me, “I will show you the way now.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 27., , I said, “You killed a snake yesterday.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 28., , Rama said, “I have a car.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 29., , Priya said, “I sold my Scooty last month.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., , 30., , Swathi said, “I am leaving for Chennai today.”, , Ans, , ……………………………………………………………………………………., Convert the following sentences into Indirect speech:, , 1., , He said to me “Will you play chess with me?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 2., , He said to me “Do you live in this colony?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 3., , “Did you plan to go away in summer?” he said to her., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 4., , “Don’t you want to start before it gets too dark?” she said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 5., , “Were you drawing then?” he said to her., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 6., , “Can you lend me some money?” I said to him., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 7., , “Did you read the novel yesterday?” I said to him., 121
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English Grammar, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 8., , “Where can I find the English dictionary?” she said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 9., , She said to me “Is not your name Appa Rao?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 10., , He said to me “What is it that makes you so much strong?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 11., , “Don’t you know the way home?” she said to me., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 12., , “Have you anything to say, little bird?” Ulysses said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 13., , He said to me “Which way did she go?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 14., , “Are you free this afternoon?” he said to me., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 15., , The conductor said “Why haven’t you bought the ticket for this boy?’, , Ans., , …………………………………………………………………………………………., , 16., , He said to me “Why don’t you consult your doctor?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 17. She said “Can we get another Ghantasala?’, Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 18. She said to me “Will you care for this man?’, Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 19., , I said to you “Did you come from Bombay?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 20., , “Are you visiting Araku valley today?” She said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 21., , You said to me “Can you lend me your pen?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 122
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English Grammar, , 22., , I said to her “Can you lend me some money today?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 23., , He said to her “Where did you go last night?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 24., , “When will the next letter come?” she said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 25., , He said to him “Are we meeting tomorrow?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 26., , The teacher said “What are the rivers that flow through A.P?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 27., , The stranger said to me “Can you show this address to me?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 28., , The teacher said to me “Why do you draw a blank?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 29., , “Do you really come from China?” he said to her., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 30., , “Who are you sir and what do you want?” I said., , Ans., …………………………………………………………………………………………., Exercise: Convert the following sentences into Indirect speech:, 1., , “Sit down boys” said the teacher., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 2., , I said to him, “Come again tomorrow.”, , Ans …………………………………………………………………………………………., 3., , “Please help me from starvation”, said the beggar., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 4., , “Bring me a drink or milk”, said the swamy to the villagers., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 5., , “Run away, children” said their Mother., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 6., , “Go to the market. Bring me some vegetables and a dozen plantains”, ordered the master., 123
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English Grammar, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 7., , The Forest Minister said to the people, “Grow more trees and get better life.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 8., , He said to us, “Mind your business”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 9., , He said to the boy, “Go out”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 10., , “Call the witness” said the judge., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 11., , The inspector said to the police, “Stop the man”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 12., , The manager said to the clerks, “Don’t come late”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 13., , The Lecturer said to the students, “Use the Oxford Dictionary”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 14., , He said to me, “Please wait here”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 15., , Mary’s father said to the Principal, “Please pardon my daughter”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 16., , She said, “Let us not waste our time”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………, 17., , My friend said, “Let us go to the cinema”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 18., , Rama said to Arjun, “Go away”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 19., , He said to her,, “Please wait here till I return”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 20., , He said, “Be quiet and listen to my words”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 21. Gopal said to me, “Do it thus.”, Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 22., , He said, “Alas! Our foes are very strong.”, 124
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English Grammar, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 23., , He said, “Wait until I come.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 24., , He said to his sons, “Don’t quarrel among yourselves when I am dead.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 25. He said to me, “Alas! He is dead.”, Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 26., , He said, “Let us wait for the award.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 27. He said to me, “Be careful.”, Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 28., , The boy said to her, “Don’t wait for the bus.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 29., , The teacher said to him, “Don’t read so fast.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 30., , “Don’t ever do this again.”, he said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 31., , “What a pity you didn’t come!” ,she said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 32., , The girl said, “How cold it is!”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 33., , John said to his sister, “Don’t wait for me this evening.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 34., , He said,”Bravo! You have done well.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 35., , Alice said, “How clever I am!”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., EXERCISE, 1., , He said to me “Will you play chess with me?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 125
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English Grammar, , 2., , He said to me “Do you live in this colony?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 3., , “Did you plan to go away in summer?” he said to her., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 4., , The Principal said “There will be a holiday tomorrow.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 5., , She said to him,“I don’t believe you.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 6., , She said, “My bag was found.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 7., , The boy says, “I can do it”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 8., , The prince said, “It gives me pleasure to be here this evening.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 9., , “I shall go as soon as it is possible”, she said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 10., , “Did you read the novel yesterday? I said to him., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 11., , “Where can I find the English dictionary?” she said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 12., , She said to me “Is not your name Sarkaar?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 13., , He said to me “What is it that makes you so much strong?, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 14., , My teacher said, “If you don’t work hard, you will fail.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 15., , I sad, “All are sinners.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 16., , He said, “I don’t want to see any of you.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 17., , He said, “Its gilded cage reminds me of my father whom they imprisoned’, 126
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English Grammar, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 18., , He said, “Alas! Our foes are very strong.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 19., , “Do you really come from China?” he said to her., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 20., , “Who are you sir and what do you want? I said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 21., , He said, “Wait until I come.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 22., , He said, I will never steal again.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 23., , “Don’t you know the way home?” she said to me., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 24. “Have you anything to say, little bird?” Ulysses said., Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 25., , He said to me “Which way did she go?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 26., , The boy said to us, I shall come with you.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 27., , She said, “Even though I come it is against my will.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 28., , He said to his sons, “Don’t quarrel among yourselves when I am dead.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 29., , He said to me, “Hark! I hear some strange sound.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 30., , “Are you free this afternoon?’ he said to me., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 31., , He said, “let us wait for award.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 127
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English Grammar, , 32., , The lion said to the fox, “I am weak. My teeth have fallen out. I have no appetite.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 33., , The conductor said “Why haven’t you bought the ticket for this boy?’, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 34., , He said to me “Why don’t you consult your doctor?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 35., , She said “Shall we get another Ghantasala?’, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 36., , He said to me, “Be careful.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 37., , Mohan said, “I shall meet Sekhar tomorrow.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 38., , The student said, “I am disappointed by my marks.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 39., , Jack said to Aunt Jane, “I will drive you to the station.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 40., , The father said to his son, “The things will be sorted out now.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 41., , The boy said to her, “Don’t wait for the bus.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 42., , She said to me “Will you care for this man?’, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 43., , I said to you “Did you come from Bombay?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 44., , “Are you visiting Arakuvalley today? She said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 45., , Anitha said, “We are late today.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 46., , The boy said, “I have pain in my right leg.”, 128
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English Grammar, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 47., , You said to me “Can you lend me your pen?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 48., , I said to her “Can you lend me some money today?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 49., , He said to her “Where did you go last night?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 50., , The teacher said to him, “Don’t read so fast.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., EXERCISE - 19, 1., , “Don’t ever do this again.” he said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 2., , “When will the next letter come?” she said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 3., , The father said, “My son don’t waste your time”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 4., , The boys said, “How stiff the paper is!”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 5., , He said, “Let me play in your garden”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 6., , He said to me, “Where is the station?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 7., , He said, “God is great”., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 8., , I said to him, “Please lend me your book.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 9., , He said, “May God reward your labour.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 10., , The boys said, “Papa forgive us this time.”, 129
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English Grammar, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 11., , He said to me, “Let me study.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 12., , “Do you know Hindi” the teacher asked the boy., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 13., , “Present the witness in the court now”, the Judge said., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 14., , I said to him, “Do you know English?’, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 15., , “Are you sure this is correct” I said to them., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 16., , She said to her mother, “Shall I marry him?’, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 17., , He said, “Shall I open that window?’, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 18., , He said, “We are in the play ground.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 19., , She said, “I am unwell.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 20., , He said to me, “I will meet your father today.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 21., , She said to me, “Your sister met me yesterday.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 22., , My brother said to me, “I took your pen.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 23., , The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 24., , The boy said, “My father went to Guntur.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 130
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English Grammar, , 25., , Balu said, “I don’t drink coffee.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 26., , I said to him, “Was I giving any trouble there?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 27., , The porter said, “The train will be late today.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 28., , He said to me “Will you help me?”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 29., , He said, “I have been ill since yesterday.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 30., , The teacher said, “Be silent in the classroom.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 31., , The teacher said to us “Did you complete the work I gave you yesterday?, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 32., , The doctor said to me, “Your temperature is alright.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 33., , He said, “I don’t want any food.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 34., , “Please tell me where I can find an application form”, she said to the boy., , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., 35., , She said, “I am living in Delhi.”, , Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………., * * *, , 131
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English Grammar, , DEGREES OF COMPARISON, Degrees of Comparison:, There are three types of Degrees of comparison. Degree means ‘the rank or grade, given according to the quality., 1., Positive Degree, 2., Comparative Degree, 3., Superlative Degree, Positive Degree: The Positive Degree of an adjective is the adjective in its simplest, form.It is used to denote the mere existence of a some quality of what we speak about., Ex:, Rama’s mango is sweet., Comparative Degree: The Comparative degree of an adjective denotes the higher, degree of the quality than the positive: and is used when two things or two set of, things are compared., Ex:, Hari’s mango is sweeter than Rama’s., Superlative Degree: The Superlative Degree of an adjective denotes the highest, degree of a quality, and is used when more than two things are used., Ex:, Govind’s mango is the sweetest of all., Formation of Comparative and Superlative:, More Adjectives of one syllable, and some of more than one form the, comparative by adding ‘ _er’ and the Superlative by adding ‘_est’ to the positive., Positive, Comparative, Superlative, Sweet, sweeter, sweetest, Small, smaller, smallest, Tall, taller, tallest, Kind, kinder, kindest, Young, younger, youngest, Great, greater, greatest, Clever, cleverer, cleverest, Old, older, oldest, Tough, tougher, toughest, Thick, thicker, thickest, When the Positive ends in ‘e’, only ‘-r’ and ‘-st’ are used., Brave, braver, bravest, Fine, finer, finest, White, whiter, whitest, Able, abler, ablest, Wise, wiser, wisest, When the Positive ends in’y’, preceded by a consonant the ‘y’ is changed into ‘i’ before, adding ‘- er’or ‘-est’., Happy, happier, happiest, Easy, easier, easiest, Heavy, heavier, heaviest, Merry, merrier, merriest, Wealthy, wealthier, wealthiest, 132
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English Grammar, , When a Positive is a word of one syllable and ends in a single consonant,, preceded by a short vowel, this consonant is doubled before adding ‘-er’ and ‘est’., Red, redder, reddest, Big, bigger, biggest, Hot, hotter, hottest, Thin, thinner, thinnest, Sad, sadder, saddest, Fat, fatter, fattest, Adjectives of more than two syllables, and many of those with two, form the, comparative by using the Adverb more with the Positive, and the Superlative by, using the Adverb ‘most’ with the Positive., Splendid, more splendid, most splendid, Beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful, Difficult, more difficult, most difficult, Proper, more proper, most proper, Important, more important, most important, Courageous, more courageous, most courageous, Learned, more learned, most learned, Industrious, more industrious, most industrious, Popular, more popular, most popular, Populous, more populous, most populous, Useful, more useful, most useful, Helpful, more helpful, most helpful, Perfect, more perfect, most perfect, Nutritious, more nutritious, most nutritious, Famous, more famous, most famous, Precious, more precious, most precious, IRREGULAR COMPARISONS, Good, well, better, best, Bad, evil, ill, worse, worst, Little, less, lesser, least, Much, more, most, Many, more, most, Far, farther, farthest, Fore, former, foremost, first, In, inner, inmost, innermost, Out, outer, utmost, uppermost, Late, later, latest, last, , Model -I, Positive, :No other country in the world is so great as India., Comparative: India is greater than any other country in the world., Superlative: India is the greatest country in the world., P.D No other boy in the class is so clever as Raghu., C.D Raghu is cleverer than any other boy in the class., S.D Raghu is the cleverest boy in the class., P.D, , No other girl is so pretty as Rani., 133
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English Grammar, , C.D, S.D, , Rani is prettier than any other girl in the class., Rani is the prettiest girl in the class., , P.D, C.D, S.D, , No other boxer in the world is so heavy as Tyson., Tyson is heavier than any other boxer in the world., Tyson is the heaviest boxer in the world., , P.D, C.D, S.D, , No other tree in the garden is so old as this ., This is the older than any other tree in the garden., This is the oldest tree in the garden, , P.D, C.D, S.D, , No other fruit is so sweet as mango., Mango is sweeter than any other fruit ., Mango is the sweetest fruit., Model – II, , P.D, C.D, S.D, , Very few Indian cities are as big as Chennai., Chennai is bigger than many other cities in India.(Indian cities), Chennai is one of the biggest Indian cities., , P.D, C.D, S.D, , Very few animals are as useful as the cow., The cow is more useful than many other animals., The cow is one of the most useful animals., , P.D, C.D, S.D, , Very few books in English are as good as ‘The Guide’., ‘The Guide’ is better than many other books in English., ‘The Guide’ is one of the best books in English., , P.D, C.D, S.D, , Very few planets are as big as Jupiter., Jupiter is bigger than many other planets., Jupiter is one of the biggest planets., , P.D, C.D, S.D, , Very few persons are as old as Ali., Ali is older than many other persons., Ali is one of the oldest persons., , MODEL -III, Comparison between two persons or two things.Therefore there will be no, Superlative Degree:, P.D I am not so great as he., C.D He is greater than I., P.D, C.D, , Kamala is not so wise as Vimala., Vimala is wiser than Kamlaa., , P.D, C.D, , Sachin does not bowl so fast as Pathan., Pathan bowls faster than Sachin., 134
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English Grammar, , MODEL – IV, Comparison between two persons or two things. Therefore there will be no, Superlative Degree., P.D Shyamala is at least as good dancer as Leela., C.D Leela is not better dancer than Shyamala., P.D, C.D, , Kumar is at least as tall as Ravi., Ravi is not taller than Kumar., , P.D, C.D, P.D, C.D, S.D, , Girls are at least as clever as boys., Boys are not cleverer than boys, Model – V, Some other buildings are at least as big as this., This is not bigger than some other buildings., This is not the biggest building., , P.D, C.D, S.D, , Some other boys are at least as handsome as Kiran., Kiran is not more handsome than some other boys., Kiran is not the most handsome boy., , P.D Some other dramatists are at least as popular as Narayan., C.D Narayan is not more popular than some other dramatists., S.D Narayan is not the most popular dramatist., III. Change the Degree of Comparison, without changing the meaning:1., Some poets are at least as great as Tennyson., Comp : Tennyson is not greater than some other poets., Super:- Tennyson is not the greatest of all poets., 2., , Very few boys are so industries as Latif., Comp:- Latif is more Industrious than many other boys., Super:- Latif is one of the most Industrious of the boys., , 3., , Super:- Australia is the largest Island in the world., Comp:- Australia is larger than any other Island in the world, Posi :- No other Island is as large as Australia in the world., , 4., , Comp:- Lead is heavier than other metals., Super:- Lead is the heaviest of all metal., Posi :- No other metal is so heavy as Lead., , 5., , Shakesphere is greater than any other English poet., Super:- Shakesphere is the greatest English poet., Posi:- No other poet in English is so great as Shakesphere., , 6., , Samudra Gupta was one of the greatest of Indian kings., Comp:- Samudra Gupta was greater than many other Indian kings., Posi:- Very few Indian kings were so great as Samudra Gupta., 135
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English Grammar, , 7., , The times is the most powerful newspaper in England., Comp:- The times is more powerful than any most other newspaper., Posi:- No other newspaper is so powerful as the times., , 8., , A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend. (comp), A foolish friend is not as good as a wise enemy. (positive), , 9., , David is as wise as Solomon. (positive), Solomon is not wiser than David (comparative), Very few countries are as rich as England., England is richer than many other countries. (comparative), MODEL – 1, , 10., , Positive, , Comparative, , No other –, as good as, , better than, any other, , Superlative, the best, , I., , Change the degree of comparison without changing the meaning:, , 1., , No other boy in the class is as clever as Ram., , Ans: 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 2., , He is better than any other bowler in the team., , Ans: 1., ……………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………..……………………………………, 3., , Kolkata is the biggest city in India., , Ans:, , 1., ……………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, , 4., , No other novel I have ever read is as interesting as this., , Ans: 1., ……………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 5., , R.K. Narayan is more famous than any other Indian writer., 136
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English Grammar, , Ans:, , 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, , 6., , Hyderabad is larger than any other city in Andhra Pradesh., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 7., , No other country in the world is as rich as America., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 8., , Lead is the heaviest metal., , Ans:, , 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, , 9., , No other flower is as beautiful as Rose., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 10., , Telugu is the easiest subject., , Ans:, , 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, , 11., , No other story book is so popular as “The Arabian Nights”., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 12., , This novel is more interesting than any other novel., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 137
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English Grammar, , 13., , Bhim is the strongest man., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 14., , No other physician is so well known as Dr.Hayer., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 15., , Raghu is cleverer than any other boy in the class., , Ans:, , 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, , 16., , No other girl is so pretty as Rani., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 17., , This is the oldest tree in the garden., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 18., , No other building in the world is as famous as this., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 19., , English is more interesting than any other subject., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 20., , Mango is the sweetest fruit., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 138
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English Grammar, , 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 21., , Bombay is the biggest seaport in india., , Ans:, , 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, , 22., , Shakespeare is greater than any other dramatist of England., , Ans:, , 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, , 23., , Riding is the best exercise., , Ans:, , 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, , 24., , She is more intelligent than any other girl in the class., , Ans:, , 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., , 25., , 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, The Taj Mahal is the most beautiful monument in India., , Ans: 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, 26., , Gold is more precious than any other metal., , Ans:, , 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, , 27., , This is the most useful book on English grammar., , Ans:, , 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 28., , Milk is the most wholesome drink., , 139
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English Grammar, , Ans:, , 1., ………………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, POSITIVE, , MODEL – 2, COMPARATIVE, , SUPERLATIVE, , very few, as good as, , better than, most other, , one of the, best, , II., , Change the degree of comparison without changing the meaning:, , 1., , Akbar was one of the ablest rulers of India (superlative), , Ans:, , 1., ……………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., …………………………………………………..……………………………………, , 2., , Very few countries are as rich as Japan., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 3., , Bombay is one of the richest cities in India., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 4., , Manu is more hard working than many other boys in the class., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 5., , Samudra Gupta was one of the greatest Indian kings., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 6., , Very few countries are as rich as England., 140
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English Grammar, , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 7., , Mohan is cleverer than most other boys in the class., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 8., Ans:, , 9., Ans:, , 10., Ans:, , 11., Ans:, , 12., Ans:, , 13., Ans:, , 14., Ans:, , 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, ‘The Hindu’ is one of the best news papers., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Very few boys are as industrious as Suresh., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Sri Lanka is one of the biggest islands in the world., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Raghu is more intelligent than most other boys in the class., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Very few Indian leaders are so great as Pt. Nehru., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Kalidasa is one of the greatest dramatists., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Napoleon was braver than many other generals., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 141
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English Grammar, , 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, 15., , Russia is one of the largest countries in the world., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 16., Ans:, , 17., Ans:, , 18., Ans:, , 19., Ans:, , 20., Ans:, , 21., Ans:, , 22., Ans:, , 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Very few girls in the class are as beautiful as Sita., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, The Indus valley civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Very few actresses of India are so talented as Sridevi., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Gold is heavier than many other metals., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Delhi is one of the biggest cities of India., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Very few girls in the class are as tall as Misha., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Mr. Kapoor is one of the best teachers in our school., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 142
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English Grammar, , 23., Ans:, , 24., Ans:, , 25., Ans:, , 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Very few countires are as hot as India., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Akbar was wiser than many other Indian kings., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, A sunset on the sea is one of the loveliest things in nature., 1., ……………………………………………………………………………………….., 2., ……………………………………………………..……………………………………, , 26., , Very few warriors of India are as brave as Rana Pratap., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 27., , ‘The Arabian Nights’ is one of the most interesting books., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 28., Ans:, , 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Very few ladies are as multi talented as Latha., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, MODEL – 3, , Positive, , not so good as, , Comparative, , better than, , Superlative, , -------, , 143
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English Grammar, , III., , Change the following degree of comparison without changing the meaning:, , 1., , Iron is not so heavy as gold., , Ans :…………………………………………………………………..……………………, 2., , Her sister is more beautiful than she., , Ans :…………………………………………………………………..……………………, 3., , Delhi is not so big as Bombay., , Ans:…………………………………………………………………..……………………, 4., , Honey is sweeter than sugar., , Ans :…………………………………………………………………..……………………, 5., , A bird can’t fly as fast as an aeroplane., , Ans:…………………………………………………………………..……………………, 6., , Manohar was stronger than Akhil., , Ans:…………………………………………………………………..…………………………, 7., , It is easier to preach than to practice., , Ans : …………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 8., , Abdul bowls faster than Kareem., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 9., , Sita is not as tall as Kamala., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 10., , Sarala are more industrious than Vimala., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 11., , Ashok is not as strong asAnand., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 12., , It is better to starve than to beg., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 13., , A cock is not as beautiful as a peacock., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 14., , A bee is not as busy as I., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 15., , Delhi is bigger than Ludhiana, , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 16., , A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 144
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English Grammar, , 17., , A dead lion is not so strong as a live ass., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 18., , I work harder than you do., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 19., , This lesson is easier than the last one., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 20., , Kalka is not so cool as Shimla., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 21., , Manu is taller than his sister., , Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….., 22., , The elephant is not so weak as the lion., , Ans ……………………………………………………………..……………………………, MODEL - 4, Positive, , Comparative, , Superlative, , at least as, good as, , not better than, , ----- -, , IV., , Change the following degree of comparison without changing the meaning:, , 1., , Some boys are at least as industrious as Suresh., , Ans:, , …………………………………………………………………………………, , 2., , He is at least as handsome as Karim., , Ans:, , …………………………………………………………………………………., , 3., , Kumar is at least as tall as Ravi., , Ans:, , …………………………………………………………………………………., , 4., , Girls are at least as clever as boys., , Ans:, , ………………………………………………………………………………….., MODEL – 5, Positive, , Comparative, , Superlative, , some other ----- at least as, good as, , not better than some, other, , not the best, , 145
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English Grammar, , V., , Change the following degree of comparison without changing the meaning:, , 1., , Some beans are at least as nutritious as meat., , Ans:, , 1., ……………………………………………………………………………………….., , (positive), , 2., ……………………………………………………..…………………………………, 2., Ans:, , Wordsworth is not the greatest poet., , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 3., , Karim is not more industrious than some other boys., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 4., Ans:, , 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Sarojini is not the cleverest girl in the class., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 5., , Some flowers are atleast as fragrant as the rose., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 6., , She is not more beautiful than some other girls., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 7., , India is not the hottest country., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 8., , Some girls in the class are at least as clever as Shoba., , 146
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English Grammar, , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 9., , Ashok is not better than some other boys in the team., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 10., , Some girls in the class are at least as wise as her., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 11., , Shimla is not the coolest hill stations in India., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 12., , Some students in the class are at least as bright as John., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 13., , Sunitha is not prettier than some other girls in the class., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 14., , Some buildings in the world are at least as famous as the Taj., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 15., , Lead is not the heaviest metal., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, 147
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English Grammar, , 16., , Rahul is not the best player., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, , 17., Ans:, , 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Some other girls as at least as wise as she., 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 18., , He is not richer than some other men of our town., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 19., , Shimla is not the best hill station., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 20., , Some other boys in the team are at least as good as Tony., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 21., , Rice is not the most nutritious grain., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, , 22., , She is not better than some other doctors in the town., , Ans:, , 1., …………………………………………………………………………………………, 2., …………………………………………………………..………………………………, Change the degrees of the following sentences., , 1., , Lokesh runs faster than Rakesh., , A:________________________________________________________, 2., , The moon shines brighter than the star., 148
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English Grammar, , A:________________________________________________________, 3., , A donkey can not run so fast as a horse., , A:________________________________________________________, 4., , Rajesh is at least as tough as Rahim., , A:________________________________________________________, 5., , I am not duller than he., , A:________________________________________________________, 6., , Very few Indian kings are as famous as Asoka., , A:________________________________________________________, 7., , Ooty is cooler than many other places in India., , A:________________________________________________________, 8., , Latif is one of the most industrious boys., , A:________________________________________________________, 9., , The dog is the most faithful animal., , A:________________________________________________________, 10., , Hyderabad is more populous than many other cities in India., , A:________________________________________________________, 11., , Sachin is the most popular player., , A:________________________________________________________, 12., , No other cricketer hits the ball so hard as Dhoni., , A:________________________________________________________, 13., , Rajasthan is the hottest region in India., , A:________________________________________________________, 14., , Indus valley civilization is one of the most ancient civilizations., , A:________________________________________________________, 15., , Australia is the largest continent in the world., , A:________________________________________________________, 16., , I know him quite as well as you do., , A:________________________________________________________, 17., , You don’t know him better than I do., , A:________________________________________________________, 18., , Preaching is easier than practicing., , A:________________________________________________________, 19., , No other man was so strong as Bhima., 149
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English Grammar, , A:________________________________________________________, 20., , Some boys are at least as industrious as Suresh., , A:________________________________________________________, 21., , Sachin is the most famous cricketer., , A:________________________________________________________, 22., , Tirupathi is more sacred than many other temples., , A:________________________________________________________, 23., , I am not lazier than he., , A:________________________________________________________, 24., , Srikanth is not the most popular hero., , A:________________________________________________________, 25., , England is richer than any other country in the world., , A:________________________________________________________, 26., , Some other boys are at least as courageous as Rahim., , A:________________________________________________________, 27., , The Ashram is one of the coolest places in India., , A:________________________________________________________, 28., , Vinay is not so handsome as Dheeraj., , A:________________________________________________________, 29., , She is the shortest girl in the class., , A:________________________________________________________, 30., , Navya is at least as clever as Sravya., , A:________________________________________________________, Change the degree of the following sentences.:1., , The pen is mightier than the sword., , A:________________________________________________________, 2., , Open rebuke is better than secret love., , A:________________________________________________________, 3., , Gupta was one of the greatest of Indian kings., , A:________________________________________________________, 4., , A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend., , A:________________________________________________________, 5., , Some people have more money than brains., , A:________________________________________________________, 150
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English Grammar, , 6., , Lead is heavier than any other metal., , A:________________________________________________________, 7., , The tiger is the most ferocious of all animals., , A:________________________________________________________, 8., , Very few metals are as useful as iron., , A:________________________________________________________, 9., , Shakespeare is greater than any other poet in English., , A:________________________________________________________, 10., , India is the largest democratic country in the world., , A:________________________________________________________, 11., , Soya beans are at least as nutritious as meat., , A:________________________________________________________, 12., , Mount Everest is the highest peak of the Himalayas., , A:________________________________________________________, 13., , No other drama in Sanskrit is so good as Shakuntala., , A:________________________________________________________, 14., , Tom is the worst boy in the class., , A:________________________________________________________, 15., , Tennyson is not greater than some other poets., , A:________________________________________________________, 16., , Mango is sweeter than pineapple., , A:________________________________________________________, 17., , Silver is more plentiful than gold., , A:________________________________________________________, 18., , This is the most useless of all the books., , A:________________________________________________________, 19., , Very few fruits are as sour as the wild-apple., , A:________________________________________________________, 20., , It is the rarest article., , A:________________________________________________________, 21., , No other diamond I have ever seen was so big as this., , A:________________________________________________________, 22., , Some other movie directors are at least as creative as Das., , A:________________________________________________________, 151
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English Grammar, , 23., , He is not so generous as his brother., , A:________________________________________________________, 24., , This is the most interesting novel I have read., , A:________________________________________________________, 25., , Macbeth is one of the most jealous women., , A:________________________________________________________, 26., , Mike Tyson is the heaviest boxing champion., , A:________________________________________________________, 27., , Very few people in the world are so courteous as the Japanese., , A:________________________________________________________, 28., , Nothing else travels so fast as light., , A:________________________________________________________, 29., , Srilanka is not the largest island in the world., , A:________________________________________________________, 30., , Darjeeling is the most beautiful place I have seen., , A:________________________________________________________, , * * *, , 152
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English Grammar, , CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, 1., 1., 2., 3., , There are three types of If Conditions. They are:, Probable Condition,, Imaginary Condition and, Impossible Condition., CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, I. Probable (or) Open Conditional Sentences :, It tells us that something will happen, if the condition is fulfilled.here the condition may, or may not be fulfilled., Structure, (Tense), , Sub. Clause (if-clause), , Main Clause, , Sub + V1, ‘s’ form, (Simple Present), , Sub + shall/will/can/may + V1, (Simple Future), , Exercise, 1., , a) Unless you work hard, you can't get the first rank., b) If you __________________________________, , 2., , a) Unless all people develop secular out look, there will be no salvation for, country., b) If all people __________________________________, , 3., , a) Attempt to define wisdom and this agreement ceases., b) If you __________________________________, , 4., , a) I see him. I shall give him his gift., b) If I __________________________________, , 5., , a) Heat the ice, it will turn into water., b) If you __________________________________., , 6., , a) Unless I have a quiet room, I shall not be able to do any work., b) If I __________________________________., , 7., , a) Take another three steps and you touch the bed post., b) If you __________________________________., , 8., , a) He must work hard. Then he can get first class., b) If __________________________________., , 9., , a) We have to return the horse immediately or else the farmer will find it., b) If __________________________________., , 10., , a) Waste not, want not., b) If you __________________________________, , 11., , a) Hurry up. You can catch the last bus., 153, , our
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English Grammar, , b) If __________________________________., 12., , a) Unless he is physically fit, he won't be recruited., b) If he __________________________________., , 13., , a) Unless it rains now, the plants will not get enough water., b) If it __________________________________., II. Improbable (or) Imaginary Conditional sentence :, It tell us an action which is purely imaginary and unlikely to happen., Sub. Clause (if-clause), , Main Clause, , Sub + V2, , Sub + would/should/could/might + V1, , (Simple Past), , (Conditional Past), , Structure, (Tense), , Exercise, 1., , a) I don't have money. So I can not give you a ride., b) If I __________________________________., , 2., , a) I don't have a car. So I can not give you a ride., b) If I __________________________________., , 3., , a) I don't have time. So I can not accept the job., b) If __________________________________, , 4., , a) Mala is not here. She will not approve of waht you are doing., b) If Mala __________________________________., , 5., , a) I don't think you have enough money so you can not buy this beautiful, cycle., b) If you __________________________________., , 6., , a) My mother wants to buy a gold chain. But she is not going to the shop., b) If my mother __________________________________., , 7., , a) I am not the Prime Minister. I want to help the poor., b) If __________________________________., , 8., , a) I am not a bird. I want to fly high in the sky., b) If __________________________________., , III., Impossible (or) Unfulfilled Conditional sentence :, It tells us an action which didn’t take place because the condition was not fulfilled., Structure, (Tense), , Sub. Clause (if-clause), , Main Clause, , Sub + had + V3, (Past Perfect), , Sub + would /could/ might/should+, have + V3, (Conditional Perfect), , 154
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English Grammar, , 1., , a) They did not prepare enough food. So they got some items from the near, hotel., b) If they __________________________________, , 2., , a) He wasted his time and he failed., b) If he __________________________________., , 3., , a) He did not clean his wind screen and so he was not able to see where we, were going., b) If he __________________________________, , 4., , a) It did not rain and so the crops withered away., b) If it __________________________________, , 5., , a) He did not ask for my help. So I did not help him., b) If he __________________________________., , 6., , a) You did not invite me, so I did not attend your marriage., b) If __________________________________., , 7., , a) Renu did not pay examination fee. She was not allowed to write, examination., b) If __________________________________, , 8., , a) The gate keeper did not close the gate. The accident happened., b) If __________________________________., , 9., , a) She did not carry her driving license. She had to pay a fine., b) If __________________________________., , 10., , a) If the doctor came late. The patient died., b) If the doctor __________________________________., , 11., , a) He came to the function late. He did not meet the chief guest., b) If he __________________________________., , 12., , a) She went late. She would not get a ticket., b) If she __________________________________., , 13., , a) I was held up in the traffic jam. So I missed the train., b) If I __________________________________., , 14., , a) Renu had missed the train. So she could not attend the interview., b) If Renu __________________________________, , 15., , a) No precautions were taken. So many were killed in the cyclone., b) If __________________________________., , 16., , a) You were very slow. So you could not finish the job in time., b) If __________________________________., 155, , by
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English Grammar, , 17., , a) He was not careful, so he could not avoid the accident., b) If he __________________________________., , 18., , a) The doctor arrived too late, he could not save the old man., b) If the doctor __________________________________., , 19., , a) You did not invite me, so I did not attend your birthday party., b) If you __________________________________., , 20., , a) I did not have enough money. So I did not buy the book., b) If I __________________________________., , 21., , a) Kavitha did not prepare for the exams. So she failed., b) If Kavitha had __________________________________., , 22., , a) Swami did not take the medicines regularly. So he fell ill again., b) If Swami had __________________________________., , 23., , a) You were very careless, that is why you failed the test., b) If you __________________________________., , 24., , a) You did not come before the office closed, So I could not give you the, certificate., b) If __________________________________., , 25., , a) I didn’t prepare well. So, I didn’t perform well., b) If __________________________________., , 26., , a) They were not ready. They could not start., b) If __________________________________., , 27., , a) You did not have enough sense in you so you made such silly mistakes., b) If you __________________________________., , 28., , a) If you had reported as many murder cases as I have, you would have known, before hand what line he would take., b) You did not __________________________________., , 29., , a) You did not inform me. So I did not wait for you., b) If __________________________________., , 30., , a) Arun did not inform me. So I did not wait for you., b) If Arun __________________________________., , 31., , a) Renu did not pay the examination fee. She was not allowed to write the, examination., b) If __________________________________., 156
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English Grammar, , 32., , a) The gate keeper did not close the gate. The accident happened., b) If the gate keeper __________________________________., , 33., , a) I did not know that you were in the hospital. I did not visit you., b) If I __________________________________________________., Exercise, , 1., , You didn’t approach me. So I didn’t advise you., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 2., , He invited me to the function. So I attended to it., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 3., , The doctor didn’t come in time. So he could not save the patient., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 4., , She didn’t apply for the job. She didn’t get it., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 5., , Rama worked hard and won the first prize., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 6., , John ran fast and win the race., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 7., , She didn’t put her hand up. So the driver didn’t stop the bus., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 8., , I didn’t see the movie. So I could not comment on it., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 9., , He came before the office closed. He received the application., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 10., , I completed my home work. The teacher did not punish me., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 11., , She was very slow. So her work was not completed., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 12., , Gopi was very careless. So he lost his purse, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 13., , No precautions were taken. So many were dead., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 14., , You were very lazy. So you could not get the promotion., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 15., , He was very watchful. He avoided the accident., 157
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English Grammar, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 16., , My fees was not paid. So I was not allowed to write the examination., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 17., , He was very sincere. So he was rewarded., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 18., , It was raining. So the crops were not failed., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 19., , I was not there in time. So I was not selected., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 20., , She was very clever. She won the first rank., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, Exercise, , 1., , Unless you read well, you can not get first prize., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 2., , Do it now or I will break your head., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 3., , The driver saw the signal. So, he stopped the bus., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 4., , You had better stop shouting a loud., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 5., , She was not my friend. So, I didn’t invite her to the party., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 6., , I think you have no money. So, you may not buy this book., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 7., , You were not loyal. So they didn’t trust you., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 8., , Buy a ticket, otherwise you can not travel by this bus., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 9., , She was very beautiful. They selected her Miss India., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 10., , You had better stop taking sugar., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 11., , I advise you to stop smoking., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, 158
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English Grammar, , 12., , I have no cycle. So, I cannot give you a lift., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 13., , There was no rain. So, the plants could not survive., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 14., , You tried hard and won the game., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 15., , He didn’t pay the fee. So, he was not allowed to write the examination., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 16., , I have no enough time. So I cannot accept this job., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 17., , You have no patience. So, you may not be apt for this job., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 18., , He didn’t get the opportunity. So, he couldn’t prove his talent., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 19., , I advise you to stop making a noise., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 20., , I fed it well. It was healthy., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, ******, , 159
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English Grammar, , SIMPLE, COMPOUND & COMPLEX, Simple Sentence:, A Simple sentence is one, which has only one subject and one predicate., Ex: The cow gives us milk., Honest man is trusted., To everyone’s surprise, he failed., Compound Sentence:, A sentence that has two or more subjects and two or more predicates is called a Compound, sentence., Ex: Children went to the park and played there., You can go home or stay back here., I went to Agra, saw the Taj and returned., Complex Sentence:, A sentence which has only one Main-clause and one or more Sub-ordinate clauses is called, a Complex sentence., Ex: She will do, as she likes., When I saw him, he was going., If you call me, I will come., TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES, Simple x Compound, A Simple sentence can be converted into a Compound one by enlarging a, word or a phrase into a co-ordinate clause., Sim:, The teacher punished the boy for his disobedience., Cmpd: The boy was disobedient and so the teacher punished him., Sim:, To avoid punishment, he ran away., Cmpd: He wanted to avoid the punishment and so he ran away., Sim:, Against the wishes of his family, he left school., Cmpd: He left the school and this was against the wishes of his family., Simple x Complex:, A Simple sentence can be converted to a Complex by expanding a word, a phrase into a sub-ordinate clause., Sim:, With your permission, I will go., Cmlx: If you permit me, I will go., Sim:, Cmlx:, , On being punished , she wept., When she was punished, she wept., , Sim:, Cmlx:, , Everywhere I will follow you., Wherever you go, I will follow you., , 160, , or
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English Grammar, , Compound x Complex:, A Compound sentence can be converted into a Complex by changing a, ordinate clause into a sub-ordinate clause., Cmpd: He saw the danger but pressed on., Cmlx: Though he saw the danger, he pressed on., Cmpd: Resist the evil and he will flee from you., Cmlx: If you resist the evil, he evil flee from you., Cmpd: He aimed at winning the prize and worked hard., Cmlx: He worked so hard so that he might win the prize., Cmpd: Do as I tell you or I will break your head., Cmlx: Unless you do as I tell you, I will break your head., Cmpd: You called me, so I am here., Cmlx: As you called me, I am here., Simple, , Compound, , Complex, , In spite of/ Despite, , But, Yet, Still, , Though / Although/Eventhough, , Notwithstanding, , But / Yet, , Though / Although, , Besides, , Not only - but also, , As well as, , Soon after, immediately, , No sooner.. than, , As soon as, , On + verb + ing, , And, , When, , Being / Owing to /, On account of, , So / And so, , As / Since, , In case of not,, In the event of, , Or, , If, , Too …. To, EXAMPLES, In spite of, , Very … and so, , So …. that, , Though, Although, , Sim, :, In spite of his poverty, he is honest., Cmpn: He is poor, but he is honest., Cmlx: Though he is poor, he is honest., , 161, , But, Yet, Still., , co-
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English Grammar, , Sim, :, In spite of his riches, he felt unhappy., Cmpn: He was rich, but he felt unhappy., Cmlx: Though he is rich, he felt unhappy., Sim, :, In spite of my calling, he gave me no answer., Cmpn: I called him, but he gave me no answer., Cmlx: Although I called him, he gave me no answer., Sim:, Despite working hard, he failed., Cmpd: He worked hare, yet he failed., Cmlx: Though he worked hard, he failed., Notwithstanding, Though / Although, But / Yet, Sim:, Nothwithstanding his hard work, he did not succeed., Cmpd: He worked hard, yet he did not succeed., Cmlx: Though he worked hard, he did not succeed., Sim:, Cmpd:, Cmlx:, Besides, Sim:, Cmpn:, Colx:, , Notwithstanding several efforts, he failed., He made several efforts, but he failed., Although he made several efforts, he failed., As well as, Not only ….. but also, Besides robbing the child, he killed her., He not only robbed the child but also killed it., He robbed the child as well as as killed her., , Sim:, Besides educated his nephew, he also set him up in business., Com: He educated his nephew as well as he set up him in business., Cmlx: He educated his nephew as well as set him up in business., Immediately, No sooner …. than, As soon as, Sim:, Immediately after hearing the news, he wrote to me., Cmpd: No sooner did he hear the news than he wrote to me., Cmlx: As soon as he heard the news, he wrote to me., Sim:, Immediately after seeing the tiger, they ran away., Cmpd: No sooner did they see the tiger than they ran away., Cmlx: As soon as they saw the tiger, they ran away., Sim:, Immediately after the peon ringing the bell, the boys rushed out., Cmpd: No sooner did the peon ring the bell than the boys rushed out., Cmlx: As soon as the peon rang the bell, the boys rushed away., Sim:, On seeing the giant, the people fled away immediately., Cmpd: No sooner did the people see the giant than they fled away., Cmlx: As soon as the people saw the giant, they ran away., Verb + ing, And, When, as, Sim:, Running at top speed, he got out of breath., Cmpd: he ran at top speed and got out of breath., Cmlx: When he ran at top speed, he got out of breath., Sim:, , Finding himself in difficulty, he went to his friend for help, 162
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English Grammar, , Cmpd: He found himself in difficulty and went to his friend for help., Cmlx: When he finished his exercise, he put away his books., Sim:, Seeing the rain coming on, we took shelter under a tree., Cmpd: We saw the rain coming on and took shelter under a tree., Cmlx: When we saw the rain coming on, we took shelter under a tree., Sim:, Feeling cold he lit fire., Cmpd: He felt cold and lit fire., Cmlx: As he felt cold, he lit fire.(when he felt cold, he lit fire), Sim:, Feeling out of sorts, he went to bed., Cmpd: He felt out of sorts and went to bed., Cmlx: As he felt out of sorts, he went to bed., Sim:, On seeing a snake, he ran away., Cmpd: He saw the snake and ran away., Cmlx: When he saw the snake, he ran away., Being / On account of /, As / since, Owing to, Sim:, Being a cripple, he can not ride a horse., Cmpd: He is a cripple and so he can not ride a horse., Cmlx: As he is a cripple, he can not ride a horse., , And so / so, , Sim:, Being poor, they often suffered great hardship., Cmpd: They were poor and so they often suffered great hardship., Cmlx: Since / as they were poor, they often suffered great hardship., Sim:, Being busy with his work, he did not go out., Cmpd: He was busy with his work and so he did not go out., Cmlx: As he was busy with his work, he did not go out., Sim:, Owing to drought, the crop is short., Cmpd: There is drought and so the crop is short., Cmlx: As there is drought, the crop is short., Sim:, Owing to his illness, he could not go to school., Cmpd: He was ill and therefore he could not go to school., Cmlx: As he was ill, he could not go to school., Sim:, Owing to his ill luck, he met with a bad accident., Cmpd: He was unlucky and therefore met with bad accident., Cmlx: As he was unlucky, he met with a bad accident., Sim:, On account of his negligence, he was suspended from the job., Cmpd: He was negligent and so he was suspended from the job., Cmlx: As he was negligent, he was suspended from the job., Sim:, , On account of his hard work, he secured good marks., 163
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English Grammar, , Cmpd: He worked hard and therefore he secured good marks., Cmlx: Since he worked hard, he secured good marks., In the event of, Or, If, Sim:, In the event of such a thing happening, I should take long leave., Cmpd: Let such a thing happen, and then I should take along a leave., Cmlx: If such a thing happens, I would take a long leave., Sim:, In the event of its occurring again, you will be punished., Cmpd: This must not occur again, or you will be punished., Cmlx: If it occurs again, you will be punished., , Sim:, In the case of not paying the bill, you will return the goods., Cmpd: You must pay the bill, or the goods will be returned., Cmlx: If you don’t pay the bill, the goods will be returned., Too … to, Very ….. and so, So ….. that, Sim:, The tea is too hot to drink., Cmpd: The tea is very hot and so it cannot be drunk ., Cmlx: The tea is so hot that it cannot be drunk., Sim:, The box is too heavy for us to lift., Cmpd: The box is very heavy and we cannot lift it., Cmlx: The box is so heavy that we cannot lift it., Sim:, He was too dull to understand., Cmpd: He was very dull and he couldnot understand., Cmlx: He was so dull that he couldnot understand., Model:I, In spite of, But, 1., , Though / Although, , In spite of his great strength, he was defeated., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 2., , In spite of his repeated attempts, he failed., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 3., , In spite of escaping several times, he was finally caught., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 4., , In spite of the steamer going down, the crew were saved., 164
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English Grammar, , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 5., , In spite of being a mere boy, he offered to fight the giant., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 6., , In spite trying hard, he did not succeed., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 7., , In spite of her annoyance, she said nothing., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 8., , In spite his many faults, he was good at heart., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 9., , In spite of his popularity, he cannot be called a good poet., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 10., , In spite of my continually inviting him, he never came., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 11., , In spite of his poor health, he worked hard., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 165
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English Grammar, , 12., , In spite of his having failed twice, he tried again., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 13., , In spite of the heat, they marched quickly., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 14., , In spite of my requesting him, he punished me., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 15., , In spite of my entreating him, he shot the dog dead., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………, Model – II, , Notwithstanding, 1., , But / Yet, , Though / Although, , Notwithstanding his serious attempts, she did not win., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 2., , He intends to try again notwithstanding his repeated failures., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 3., , Notwithstanding his sincere work, he was not rewarded., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , Besides, 1., , Not only … but also, , As well as, , Besides writing a letter, he posted., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 166
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English Grammar, , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 2., , Besides making a promise, he kept it too., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 3., , Besides being handsome, he is intelligent., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 4., , Besides pitying him, he relieved him., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 5., , Besides not paying the bill, he did not return the goods., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 6., , Besides men and women, children were also present., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 7., , Besides a pen, I carried a pencil., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 8., , Besides being a L.I.C agent, he is a chit manager., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 167
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English Grammar, , Exercise – 13.2, Model: III, 1., , Immediately after, , No sooner … than, , A soon as, , On seeing a scorpion, the girls shouted immediately., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 2., , Immediately after taking the tickets, they rushed into to theatre., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 3., , The peon rang the bell, all the boys ran out of classroom immediately., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 4., , Immediately after the arrival of the minister, everybody ran towards his car., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 5., , On seeing a tiger, he started running immediately., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 6., , Immediately after eating an ice cream, she drank a cool drink., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , V, , Being, , And so, , 1., , Being a mere boy, he could not stand the fight., , As (or) since, , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 2., , It being a rainy day, they did not go out., 168
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English Grammar, , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 3., , Being a good obedient boy, he worked exceedingly hard at school., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 4., , Being quite contended, he never gambled., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 5., , Being a conscientious man, he must have done his duty., , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 6., , Being a teacher, he inculcated the good habits in the students., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 7., , Being unwilling to disappoint his friend, he granted his request., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 8., , Being dissatisfied, he resigned his position., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 9., , Being a king, he looked the welfare of the people., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 10., , Being ill-treated by his master, he ran away., 169
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English Grammar, , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 11., , Being unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 12., , Being unable to get much, I accepted little., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 13., , Being rich, he can buy a new car every year., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 14., , Being a father, he looked after the child., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 15., , Being a clever lad, he soon took good decision., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , Model - IV, 1., , Verb + ing, , And, , As / Since / When, , His swords having broken, he was left defenseless., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 2., , Taking of his hat, he jumped into the river., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 170
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English Grammar, , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 3., , Sitting in this tower, the poet gazed at the sea., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 4., , Hearing their father’s footsteps, the children remained silence., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 5., , Taking pity on the mouse, the magician turned it into a cat., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 6., , Knowing no better, he used inaccurate language., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 7., , Having made no provision for old age, he is very poor., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 8., , Failing prompt payment, the goods must be returned by you., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 9., , Having overslept himself, he missed the train., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 10., , Having read this book carefully, he could tell the story in his own words., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 11., , Having hurt his ankle, Sachin will not be able to play today., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 12., , Having no money with me, I could not give you anything., 171
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English Grammar, , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 13., , The plague breaking out in the town, the people moved out into the jungle., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 14., , The ink having dried up, I could not write., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………, 15., The horse rearing, the rider was thrown down., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 16., , The piper advancing, the children followed., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 17., , The referee having whistled, the game was started., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 18., , Not liking the work, he began it unwillingly., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 19., , The viceroy coming into the hall, everyone rose from his seat., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 20., , His object becoming known, everyone tried to help him., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 21., , My friend having arrived, we went for a walk., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 22., , Seeing the cat, the dog jumped up., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 172
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English Grammar, , 23., , Slaying his brother, the prince became king., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 24., , His friend having helped me, he is prospering., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 25., , Hearing the footsteps of the teacher, the students kept silence., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., In the event of, Or, If, , 1., , In the event of your absence, you salary will be cut off., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 2., , In case of not functioning well, this T.V. will be exchanged., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 3., , In the event of his winning the battle, he will be crowned., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 4., , In case of not doing well, you will be suspended from the duty., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 5., , In the event of not carrying my orders, you will be punished., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , Too … to, 1., It is too dark to see., , Very …. and so, , So … that, , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 2., , It is too difficult to understand., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 3., , The tree was too high to climb., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 173
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English Grammar, , 4., , It is too hot to handle., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 5., , 6., , The glass is too hard to break., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………, Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., He was too short to reach it., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 7., , It is too expensive to buy., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 8., , The grapes were too sour to eat., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 9., , It is too cold to go out., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 10., , The jamuns were too sweet to eat., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , Change the given Simple sentences into Compound & Complex sentences., 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , She must weep to escape death., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , In the event of not being quiet, you will be punished., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , In case of not finishing the work in time, you will be punished., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , On arriving at the foot of hill, he blew his trumpet., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , Be good to be happy., 174
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English Grammar, , 6., , 7., , 8., , 9., , 10., , 11., , 12., , 13., , 14., , 15., , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , To everyone’s surprise, the project failed completely., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , Besides being beautiful, she is clever., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , The problem was too difficult to solve., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , In the event of not producing the witness, the case will be dismissed., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , Immediately after receiving the telegram, he left in taxi., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , Besides scolding him, he beat him., A:, , _____________________________________________________________, , A:, ., , ______________________________________________________________, , Having stolen a piece of cheese, the crow flew with it to a tree., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , In event of not coming, Syamala will send a letter., A:, , _______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , Having lost his teeth,he could not hard food., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , In case of his not running away, they would have killed him., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, 175
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English Grammar, , Simple, Compound & Complex: Change the given sentences as directed., 1., , You must hurry, or you will miss the train., , (Simple & complex), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 2., , As he felt cold, he lit a fire., , (Simple & compound), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 3., , No sooner did he see us than he disappeared., , (Simple & complex), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 4., , He failed in is first attempt and never tried again., , (Simple & complex), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 5., , Eat few suppers and you will need few medicines., , (Simple & complex), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 6., , The boy was tired and then he went to bed., , (Simple & complex), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 7., , We selected this bike after we had tried several times., , (Simple & compound), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 8., , Although he saw the danger, he pressed on., , (Simple & compound), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 9., , Although they fought valiantly, they were defeated., , (Simple & compound), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 176
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English Grammar, , 10., , He succeeded unexpectedly., , (Compound & complex), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 11., , He was too dull to understand., , (Compound & complex), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 12., , He was annoyed at being rebuked., , (Compound & complex), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 13., , The tiger having fallen, he climbed down the tree., , (Compound & complex), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 14., , He was too much excited to hear the reason., , (Compound & complex), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 15., , Not only did his father give him the money, but his mother too.(simple & complex), Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 16., , We must eat to live., , (Compound & complex), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 17., , He found a rupee, and was delighted at his good luck., , (Simple & complex), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 18., , Rama went to school as soon as he finished his meal., , (Simple & compound), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 177
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English Grammar, , 19., , As soon as heard the news, he wrote to me., , (Simple & compound), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 20., , He was so ill that he could not walk., , (Simple & compound), , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Change the given Simple sentences into Compound and Complex sentences., 1., , In spite of its raining, he went out., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 2., , Besides robbing the house, they killed the persons in it., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 3., , To win first prize, he practiced a lot., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 4., , Owing to his illness, he couldn’t attend the examination., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 5., , Being busy with my work, I didn’t attend your call., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 6., , Notwithstanding my several requests, he suspended me from the job., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 7., , On account of his misbehaviour, he was warned severely., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 178
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English Grammar, , Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., 8., , Having no result, your attempt can hardly be successful., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 9., , The servant having brought a lamp, I began my homework., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 10., , Finding himself weaker and weaker, he consulted a doctor., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 11., , Having no money with me, I didn’t buy the tickets., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 12., , He was praised for his genius., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 13., , In his absence, I spoke to his brother., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 14., , The situation is too hot to handle., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., , 15., , In spite running to the station, he missed the train., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………., * * *, , 179
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English Grammar, , CORRECTION OF ERRORS, 1., , We received no informations., We received no information., , 2., , Where are my luggages?, (Incorrect), Where is my luggage?, (Correct), Comment: Some nouns are used only as singular. They have no plural forms., Ex:, Alphabet, luggage, furniture, paper, news, poetry, machinery,, bread, soap, advice, scenery etc., Mathematics are his favourite subject. (Incorrect), Mathematics is his favourite subject. (Correct), Measles have broken out in our area. (Incorrect), Measles has broken in our area. (Correct), Comment: Some nouns are plural in form but they are used as singular., Ex: a) Games & sports: Billiards, gymnastics etc., b) Diseases: Mumps, measles etc., c) Branches of learning: Linguistics, Economics, Physics, Statistics,, Mathematics, Politics etc., His spectacles is new. (Incorrect), His spectacles are new. (Correct), My friend bought shoe yesterday., My friend bought shoes yesterday. (Correct), Comment: Some nouns are used only as plural. They have no singular forms., Ex: Shoes, shorts, scissors, spectacles, savings, thanks, trousers, tongs, alms,, assets, binoculars, liabilities, riches etc., She bought five dozens apples. (Incorrect), She bought five dozen apples. (Correct), Comment: Words dozen, score, hundred, thousand, lakh, million, etc. do not, take plural when preceded by a numeral., I have two brother-in-laws. (Incorrect), I have two-brothers-in law. (Correct), Comment: Plurals of Compound nouns are formed by adding ‘S’ to the main, word., Father-in-law, ---Fathers-in-law, Sister-in-law, ---Sisters-in-law, Passer-by, ---Passers-by, Commander-in-chief ----- Commanders-in-chief, The conductor said that there was no place in the compartment. (Incorrect), The conductor said that there was no room in the compartment., Comment: In this context, the proper word is room. It is used to convey the, meaning ‘space to occupy’., Jyothi is cousin sister. (Incorrect), Jyothi is my cousin. (Correct), He is my cousin brother. (Incorrect), He is my cousin. (Correct), Comment: Do not add brother or sister to the word cousin., Gopal is running sixteen. (Incorrect), Gopal is sixteen. (Correct), , 3., 4., , 5., 6., , 7., , 8., , 9., , 10., 11., , 12., , (Incorrect), (Correct), , 180
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English Grammar, , 13., 14., , 15., , 16., , 17., 18., 19., , 20., , 21., , 22., , 23., , 24., 25., 26., , 7., , 28., , Comment: ‘Running’ is not used with age., There are twenty females in the class. (Incorrect), There are twenty women in the class. (Correct), Two hundred males attended the meeting. (Incorrect), Two hundred men attended the meting. (Correct), Comment: Men and female are used as nouns but not as adjectives., This is my friend’s Sarath’s car. (Incorrect), This is my friend Sarath’s car. (Correct), Comment: When two nouns are in apposition ‘S’ is added to the second noun., That book is your’s, not mine. (Incorrect), That book is yours, not mine. (Correct), Comment: Apostrophe ‘s is not used to pronouns., I and Gopal went to the exhibition. (Incorrect), Gopal and I went to the exhibition. (Correct), Both he and you must attend the function. (Incorrect), Both you and he must attend the function. (Correct), Rani invited you and me to dinner. (Incorrect), Rani invited you and me to dinner. (Correct), Comment: The first person comes last.The second person is placed third.(II,, III &I), Every player must bring their bat. (Incorrect), Every player must bring his bat. (Correct), One must love his parents. (Incorrect), One must love one’s parents. (Correct), Comment: A pronoun must agree with its antecedent., They who have not brought their books should stand up. (Incorrect), Those who have not brought their books should stand up. (Correct), Comment: ‘They’ must not be used as an antecedent to ‘who’ or ‘that’., ‘Those’ is used., The boys enjoyed during the holidays. (Incorrect), The boys enjoyed themselves during the holidays. (Correct), They availed the opportunity., (Incorrect), They availed themselves the opportunity. (Correct), Comment: The verbs ‘enjoy’ and ‘avail’ take a Reflexive pronoun if there is, no other object., Sarala is more taller than her sister. (Incorrect), Sarala is taller than her sister. (Correct), He is more younger than I. (Incorrect), He is younger than I. (Correct), Mount Everest is the most highest peak in the world. (Incorrect), Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. (Correct), Comment: Double Comparative or double Superlative should not be used., It is the most unique work. (Incorrect), It is a unique work. (Correct), Comment: Some adjectives have no Degrees of Comparison.(Round, perfect,, unique, eternal etc.), Gopal is the cleverest of the two brothers. (Incorrect), Gopal is cleverer of the two brothers. (Correct), 181
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English Grammar, , 29., , 30., 31., , 32., 33., , 34., 35., , 36., , 37., , 38., 39., , 40., , 41., 42., , 43., 44., , Comment: The Superlative Degree is not used when two persons are two, things are compared, then comparative Degree is used., The population of Chennai is greater than Hyderabad. (Incorrect), The population of Chennai is greater than that of Hyderabad. (Correct), Comment: Here the Comparison is between the population., Raju went to America for farther studies. (Incorrect), Raju went to America for further studies. (Correct), Let us not walk any further. (Incorrect), Let us not walk for any farher. (Correct), Comment: ‘Further’ refers to something additional and ‘farther’ refers to, distance., Have you heard the last news? (Incorrect), Have you heard the latest news. (Correct), The umpire is the latest person to leave the ground. (Incorrect), The umpire is the last person to leave the ground. (Correct), Comment: ‘latest’ denotes time and ‘last’ denotes position or order., Her older brother is an engineer. (Incorrect), Her elder brother is an engineer. (Correct), Neetu is elder than Geeta. (Incorrect), Neetu is older than Geeta. (Correct), Comment: ‘Eldest & elder’ are used to refer to one’s family relations. ‘Older, & oldest’ refer to persons and things denote age., They do not sell fewer than ten bags of rice. (Incorrect), They do not sell less than ten bags of rice. (Correct), Comment: ‘less’ refers to quantity and ‘fewer’ to number., We were present on both days. (Incorrect), We were present on both the days. (Correct), Comment: When ‘both’ is used as an adjective, it should be followed by ‘the’, Frank is an European. (Incorrect), Frank is a European. (Correct), It is an one-rupee note. (Incorrect), It is a one-rupee note. (Correct), Comment: ‘A’is used before words beginning with a consonant sound. The, words university, unit, uniform, union, European etc. (Before ‘U’ prolonged, sounds), He is a honest man. (Incorrect), He is an Honest man. (Correct), Comment: ‘An’ is used before words beginning with a vowel sound. The, words honest, heir, honour, hour etc. with a vowel sound. (‘H’ silent words), Vijayawada is on Krishna. (Incorrect), Vijayawada is on the Krishna. (Correct), She reads Mahabaratha. (Incorrect), She reads the Mahabaratha. (Correct), Comment: ‘The ‘ is used before the names of rivers, seas, oceans and holy, books., My uncle lives in United Kingdom. (Incorrect), My uncle lives in the United Kingdom. (Correct), The culprit was sent to Andamans. (Incorrect), 182
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English Grammar, , 45., , 46., 47., 48., , 49., , 50., , 51., , 52., , 53., , 54., 55., , 56., 57., 58., , 59., , The culprit was sent to the Andamans. (Correct), Comment: ‘The’ is used before the names of groups of islands and descriptive, names of countries., The higher you climb colder it gets. (Incorrect), The higher you climb the colder it gets. (Correct), Comment: ‘The’ is used as an Adverb before comparatives., The iron is a useful metal. (Incorrect), Iron is a useful metal. (Correct), TheDelhi is the capital of India. (Incorrect), Delhi is the capital of India. (Correct), The honesty is the best policy. (Incorrect), Honesty is the best policy. (Correct), Comment: No article is used before Material, Proper and Abstract nouns., The man is mortal. (Incorrect), Man is mortal. (Correct), Comment: Article is not used before ‘man’ used in wider sense., What kind of a man is he? (Incorrect), What kind of man is he? (Correct), Comment: Article is not used before the noun following ‘kind of’., Mary goes to the church daily. (Incorrect), Mary goes to church daily. (Correct), Comment: No article is used before places visited for primary purpose:, School, college, church, market, bed etc., The secretary and the correspondent is in the office. (Incorrect), The secretary and the correspondent are in the office. (Correct), Comment: When two nouns refer to different persons, ‘the’ is used before, both noun, if they refer to the same person, ‘the’ is used for the first person, only., She is taking milk daily. (Incorrect), She takes milk daily. (Correct), Comment: Simple Present is used to express a habit., They working here since 1990. (Incorrect), They have been working here since 1990. (Correct), He lives in Tenali for many years. (Incorrect), He has been living in Tenali for many years. (Correct), Comment: The Present Perfect and Present perfect Continuous are used with, ‘for’ and ‘since’., The apple is tasting sweet. (Incorrect), The apple tastes sweet. (Correct), I am having a problem. (Incorrect), I have a problem. (Correct), This book is belonging to me. (Incorrect), This book belongs to me. (Correct), Comment: Some verbs are not used in the continuous tense., Ex: Taste, smell, hear, feel, love, hate, have, own, possess, belong etc., They have left for Chennai yesterday. (Incorrect), They left for Chennai yesterday. (Correct), Comment: Simple Past is used with words and phrases of past time: Ago,, then, at that time, yesterday, last week, last month, last year., 183
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English Grammar, , 60., , It is time they start. (Incorrect), It is time they started. (Correct), Comment: past tense is used after. It is time’., 61., I shall inform you when my father will arrive here. (Incorrect), I shall inform you when my father arrives here. (Correct), 62., Your father will punish you if you will misbehave again. (Incorrect), Your father will punish you if you misbehave again. (Correct), Comment: In clauses of time and condition, the Simple Present is used for a, future action., 63., If I went to Chennai, I would have brought you the book. (Incorrect), If I went to Chennai, I would brought the book. (Correct), Comment: If the verb in the If-clause is in the Past tense the verb in the mainclause must be in the perfect conditional clause., 64., If I had known your arrival, I would meet you. (Incorrect), If I had known your arrival, I would have met you. (Correct), Comment: If the verb in the If-clause is in the Past Perfect tense, the verb in, the main-clause must be in the perfect conditional tense., 65., He was late and so he is scolded by the teacher. (Incorrect), He was late and so he was scolded by the teacher. (Correct), 66., She said that she is going to Chennai. (Incorrect), She said that she was going to Chennai. (Correct), Comment: If the verb in the Min-clause is in the past tense, the verb in the, Sub-ordinate clause must also be in the past tense., 67., Let them lay there. (Incorrect), Let them lie there. (Correct), Comment: ‘Lay’ means to place there., ‘Lie’ means to be in a resting position., (Lay – laid – laid), (Lie _ lay _ lain), 68., The criminal was hung two days ago. (Incorrect), The criminal was hanged two days ago. (Correct), Comment: ‘Hanged’ means death punishment., (Hang – hanged – hanged), ‘Hung’ means show publicly., (Hang – hung – hung), Ex: The pictures were hung in her room., 69., I avoid to speak to her. (Incorrect), I avoid speaking her. (Correct), 70., We can not help to listen her. (Incorrect), We can not help listening her. (Correct), Comment: Plain infinitive is used after certain verb: Avoid, imagine, enjoy,, finish, miss, practice, can’t bear, can’t stand, with a view to, look forward etc, 71., He wants that I should do it. (Incorrect), He wants me to do it. (Correct), 72., They ordered me wait. (Incorrect), They ordered me to wait. (Correct), Comment: Plain infinitive is used after certain verbs: Allow, command,, request, wish, want, permit, encourage forbid etc., 73., I let the boy to go. (Incorrect), I let the boy go. (Correct), Comment: Plain infinitive is used after verbs: Make, let, suggest, bid etc., 184
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English Grammar, , 74., , 75., 76., , 77., , 78., , 79., , 80., 81., 82., , 83., , 84., , 85., , 86., , 87., , 88., 89., 90., , When she will solve the problem? (Incorrect), When will she solve the problem? (Correct), Comment: In Interrogative sentences the verb is placed before the subject., He went to market, is he? (Incorrect), He went to market, didn’t he? (Correct), They have lost the way, isn’t he? (Incorrect), They have lost the way, haven’t they? (Correct), Comment: A tag question contains a verb and a pronoun. An affirmative, statement takes a negative tag. A negative statement takes an affirmative tag., Being it a hot day, the old man did not go out. (Incorrect), It being a hot day, the old man did not go out. (Correct), Comment: The phrase ‘being a hot day’ is left unrelated. It has no subject., The subject of the main-clause is different. So it must have its own subject., He is not superior than you. (Incorrect), He is not superior to you. (Correct), Comment: ‘To’ is used after superior, inferior, inferior, senior, junior elder., He is awaiting for you. (Incorrect), He is awaiting you. (Correct), Comment: Preposition is not used after ‘await’., I ordered for coffee. (Incorrect), I ordered coffee. (Correct), John married with Mary in the church. (Incorrect), John married Mary in the church. (Correct), We are discussing about the subject. (Incorrect), We are discussing the subject. (Correct), Comment: Preposition is not used before some verbs: Order, describe,, discuss, marry, meet, attend, tell etc., They entered into the room. (Incorrect), They entered the room. (Correct), Comment: preposition is not used after ‘enter’ in the sense of ‘go’ into., We consider him as a great leader. (Incorrect), We consider him great leader. (Correct), Comment: ‘As’ is not used after the following verbs in the pattern., Call, consider, elect, select, name etc.,, He sat besides me. (Incorrect), He sat beside me. (Correct), Comment: ‘Beside’ means by the side of. ‘Besides’ means in addition to’., They will return in this month. (Incorrect), They will return this month. (Correct), Comment: Time expressions beginning with ‘this, that, next, last’ are used, without a preposition., The boy goes to college by walk. (Incorrect), The boy goes to college on foot. (Correct), Comment: We go by bus, by train, by air or on foot., Sarala is suffering with fever. (Incorrect), Sarala is suffering from fever. (Correct), They stared to Kurnool. (Incorrect), They started for Kurnool. (Correct), We got down the bus. (Incorrect), 185
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English Grammar, , 91., 92., 93., , 94., 95., , 96., 97., , 98., 99., , We got down from the bus. (Correct), Adams is good in English. (Incorrect), Adams is good at English. (Correct), I agree with your proposal. (Incorrect), I agree to your proposal. (Correct), They agree to me. (Incorrect), They agree with me. (Correct), Comment: Agree with a person, agree to a thing., Gopal is angry on his brother. (Incorrect), Gopal is angry with his brother. (Correct), I am angry with her behaviour. (Incorrect), I am angry at her behaviour. (Correct), Comment: Angry with a person, angry at a thing., She gave a speech. (Incorrect), She made a speech. (Correct), The chief guest made an interesting lecture. (Incorrect), The chief guest gave an interesting lecture. (Correct), Comment: Make a speech; give a lecture., The thief ran away lest he will be caught. (Incorrect), The thief ran away lest he should be caught. (Correct), Though I advised him but he continued to misbehave. (Incorrect), Though I advised him, he continued to misbehave. (Correct), , 100., , This book will not only be liked men but also by women. (Incorrect), This book will be liked not only by men but also by women. (Correct), FURTHER EXAMPLES, Referring to Nouns:, 1., He doesn’t have a beautiful furniture in his house. (Incorrect), He doesn’t have any beautiful furniture in his house. (Correct), Comment: Furniture, news, luggage, etc. are uncountable nouns. Indefinite, article is not used before them. Singular verb is used after them., 2., The news are interesting today. (Incorrect), The news is interesting today. (Correct), 3., This premises appears to be attractive. (Incorrect), This premises appear to be attractive. (Correct), 4., The measles have broken in this area. (Incorrect), The measles has broken in this area. (Correct), Comment: The word ‘premises’ is plural., 5., The old is generally wiser than the young. (Incorrect), The old are generally wiser than the young. (Correct), Comment: ‘The old man’ is generally singular; but when the noun after the, adjective in the Positive degree is preceded by the Definite Article ‘the’, then it, is treated as a plural., 6., The committee are decided upon this matter. (Incorrect), The committee is decided upon this matter. (Correct), Comment: When it is referred to singular body, it is singular; when it refers, to the different members, we use the plural., 7., Daughter-in-laws now-a-days have no love for mother-in-laws. (Incorrect), Daughters-in-law now-a-days have no love for mothers-in-law. (Correct), 186
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English Grammar, , My room’s number is at the front-door’s side. (Incorrect), The number of my room is at the side of the front door. (Correct), Comment: As ‘room’ and ‘door’ are lifeless things, they form the Possessive, with the help of the preposition ‘of’., 9., Our ancestors worshipped the nature. (Incorrect), Our ancestors worshipped nature. (Correct), Comment: Nature is uncountable noun., 10., The scissors is broken. (Incorrect), The scissors are broken. (Correct), 11., Swift’s Gulliver’s travels are very interesting. (Incorrect), Swift’s Gulliver’s travels is very interesting. (Correct), Comment: It is the name of a book, which is singular., ON PRONOUNS:, 12., They who go by train can go now. (Incorrect), Those who go by train can go now. (Correct), 13., This is the instrument that told you. (Incorrect), This is the instrument that I told you of. (Correct), 14., He was the best singer who I ever loved. (Incorrect), He was the best singer whom I ever loved. (Correct), 15., That is the girl whom we all agree is beautiful. (Incorrect), That is the girl who we all agree is beautiful. (Correct), Comment: ‘Whom’ can be used when it is the object of its clause., 8., , 16., , Reddy and myself will come. (Incorrect), Reddy and I will come. (Correct), Comment: Reflexive pronoun by itself can not be the object of a verb., 17., None of these students are here. (Incorrect), None of these students is here. (Correct), 18., She and her four sisters love each other very much. (Incorrect), She and her four sisters love one another very much. (Correct), Comment: ‘Each other’ for two, and ‘One another for more than two., 19., Please give me any of your two pencils. (Incorrect), Please give me either of your two pencils. (Correct), Comment: None, any – for more than two; either, neither - with two persons, or things., ON ADJECTIVES & ARTICLES:, 20., He has saved carefully and has little money. (Incorrect), He has saved carefully and has a little money. (Correct), Comment: ‘Little & few’ give negative meaning; ‘ A little & a fewer’ refer to a, small quantity and a small number., 21., A man is mortal. (Incorrect), Man is mortal. (Correct), Comment: No article is used before a Common Noun in its wider range., 22., A common sense is a great virtue. (Incorrect), Common sense is a great virtue. (Correct), Comment: No article before Abstract noun., 23., Ramayana describes the beauty of Ganges. (Incorrect), The Ramayana describes the beauty of the Ganges. (Correct), 24., The Everest is the highest peak in the world. (Incorrect), 187
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English Grammar, , Everest is the highest peak in the world. (Correct), Comment: No article before the names of single mountains. Definite article, should be used before adjectives in the Superlative Degree., 25., Peter is an European. (Incorrect), Peter is a European. (Correct), 26., He is the older of the two brothers. (Incorrect), He is the elder of the two brothers. (Correct), Comment: Elder and eldest are used only for family members., 27., This short story is the best of the two. (Incorrect), This short story is better of the two. (Correct), Comment: No Superlative is used when the comparison is between two, persons or two things., ON VERBS & TENSES:, 28., I have visited the Taj last April. (Incorrect), I visited the Taj last April. (Correct), Comment: Simple Past is used when the time is mentioned., 29., The sun rose in the east. (Incorrect), The sun rises in the east. (Correct), Comment: Simple present is used for universal truths., 30., I am suffering from fever since Monday. (Incorrect), I have been suffering from fever since Monday. (Correct), Comment: Use the Present Perfect Continuous and no the Present Continuous, with ‘since’ when referring to an action that begins in the past and continues, up to the present second., 31., The hungry man finished his dinner now. (Incorrect), The hungry man has finished his dinner now. (Correct), 32., She will come when she will be ready. (Incorrect), She will come when she is ready. (Correct), Comment: Future tense is not used after Temporial Conjunctions like until,, before, after etc., 33., Will I give you a cup of tea? (Incorrect), Shall I give you a cup of tea? (Correct), Comment: We don’t use ‘will’ for questions in the first person., ON ADVERBS:, 34., He works hardly. (Incorrect), He works hard. (Correct), Comment: ‘Hardly’ means ‘not any’., 35., It is so hot to go out now. (Incorrect), It is too hot to go out now. (Correct), Comment: The usage ‘ So ….. that …. not’ or ‘to …. to’ is correct., 36., The boy sat alonely. (Incorrect), The boy sat lonely. (Correct), 37., He comes late often to school. (Incorrect), He often comes late to school. (Correct), 38., He only married her for her money. (Incorrect), He married her only for her money. (Correct), 39., Your hair needs cutting badly. (Incorrect), Your hair badly needs cutting. (Correct), 40., He passed away his examination. (Incorrect), 188
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English Grammar, , He passed his examination. (Correct), ON PREPOSITIONS:, 41., He was born in Mettupalyem at Andhra. (Incorrect), He was born at Mettupalyem in Andhra. (Correct), Comment: ‘At’ is used before villages and small towns; ‘in’ is used before big, towns and countries., 42., She is fond at tea. (Incorrect), She is fond of tea. (Correct), Comment: Fond is followed by ‘of’., 43., I have not slept from Sunday. (Incorrect), I have not slept since Sunday. (Correct), Comment: ‘Since’ is used to denote point of time., 44., I slept to 9 A.M. (Incorrect), I slept till 9 A.M (Correct), 45., Gandhiji was born in 2 October, 1869 in Porbandar. (Incorrect), Gandhiji was born on 2 October at Porbandar. (Correct)., 46., Recently, many people died with plague. (Incorrect), Recently, many people died of plague. (Correct), 47., The interview will be held between 10 to 11 A.M. (Incorrect), The interview will be held between 10 and 11 A..M. (Correct), (Or), The interview will be held from 10 to 11 A.M. (Correct), 48., His poetry is remarkable with its nature description. (Incorrect), His poetry is remarkable for its nature description. (Correct), ON CONJUNCTIONS:, 49., The guests could either take coffee or tea. (Incorrect), The guests could take either coffee ot tea. (Correct), 50., He is neither a teacher in theory nor in practice. (Incorrect), He is teacher in neither in theory nor in practice. (Correct), 51., Whether it rains, I will not come. (Incorrect), If it rains, I will not come. (Correct), 52., No sooner did the tiger appear, soon he shot it dead. (Incorrect), No sooner did the tiger appear than he shot it dead., 53., Scarcely had I reached the station, than the train left. (Incorrect), Scarcely had I reached the station when the train left. (Correct), 54., It looks like it might rain. (Incorrect), It looks as if it might rain. (Correct), 55., He asked me what was my name. (Incorrect), He asked me what my name was. (Correct), 56., Take care lest you do not fail. (Incorrect), Take care lest you should fail. (Correct), MISCELLANEOUS, 57., We had better to go. (Incorrect), We had better go. (Correct), 58., Sleeping in the garden, a snake bit him. (Incorrect), Sleeping in the garden, he was bit by a snake. (Correct), 59., The climate of India is better than Africa. (Incorrect), The climate of India is better than that of Africa. (Correct), 60., To forgiving is divine. (Incorrect), 189
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English Grammar, , 61., 62., 63., 64., , To forgive is divine. (Correct), As a husband, your duty is supporting her. (Incorrect), As a husband, your duty is to support her. (Correct), I want to really understand his motives. (Incorrect), I really want to understand his motives. (Correct), She is thinking to visit Tirupathi. (Incorrect), She is thinking of visiting Tirupathi. (Correct), Dr. Reddy shall be back in August. (Incorrect), Dr. Reddy will be back in August. (Correct), Comment: ‘Will’ expresses Simple Future., , 65., , Should you like a cup of coffee? (Incorrect), Would you like a cup of coffee?, (Correct), Rewrite the following sentences making necessary corrections., 1., A:, 2., A:, 3., A:, 4., A:, 5., A:, 6., A:, 7., A:, 8., A:, 9., A:, 10., A:, 11., A:, 12., A:, , The honesty is the best policy., ______________________________________________________________, The scissors belongs to me., ______________________________________________________________, Where is my spectacles?, ______________________________________________________________, I entered the train in Vizag., ______________________________________________________________, Who you are?, ______________________________________________________________, Kalidasa is Shakespeare of India., ______________________________________________________________, An iron is a useful metal., ______________________________________________________________, Either Gopal or his brother have done their work., ______________________________________________________________, You are taller than me., ______________________________________________________________, Each of these boys were given ten rupees., ______________________________________________________________, My father what is a schoolmaster is 50 years old., ______________________________________________________________, I am senior than you., ______________________________________________________________, 190
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English Grammar, , 13., A:, 14., A:, 15., A:, 16., A:, 17., A:, 18., A:, 19., A:, 20., A:, 21., A:, 22., A:, 23., A:, 24., A:, 25., A:, 26., A:, 27., A:, 28., A:, 29., A:, , She gave me hundred rupees., ______________________________________________________________, His both sisters are beautiful., ______________________________________________________________, Her all ornaments were stolen., ______________________________________________________________, Hercules was the most strongest man., ______________________________________________________________, We should not make noise., ______________________________________________________________, She take medicines every night., ______________________________________________________________, My uncle has known me during all my life., ______________________________________________________________, it is nothing else than pride., ______________________________________________________________, The king with all his ministers were killed., ______________________________________________________________, Before I visited him, he went away., ______________________________________________________________, Each of us did not have an umbrella., ______________________________________________________________, Please keep here it., ______________________________________________________________, She is ugly to attract anybody., ______________________________________________________________, Though he worked hardly, he failed., ______________________________________________________________, He called me as a fool., ______________________________________________________________, The ship was drowned., ______________________________________________________________, I am not a fool, is it?, ______________________________________________________________, 191
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English Grammar, , 30., A:, , I doubt that he will succeed., ______________________________________________________________, , Rewrite the following sentences making necessary corrections., 1., A:, 2., A:, 3., A:, 4., A:, 5., A:, 6., A:, 7., A:, 8., A:, 9., A:, 10., A:, 11., A:, 12., A:, 13., A:, 14., A:, 15., A:, 16., , What you are saying?, ______________________________________________________________, Where she goes every night?, ______________________________________________________________, He is going for a walk every morning., ______________________________________________________________, Man was mortal., ______________________________________________________________, Fortune will favour the brave., ______________________________________________________________, Please call me when the dinner was ready., ______________________________________________________________, We had lived there for 10 years., ______________________________________________________________, I wish I am rich., ______________________________________________________________, He said that he suffering from fever., ______________________________________________________________, America discovered by Columbus., ______________________________________________________________, Has you ever seen the Taj Mahal., ______________________________________________________________, He does not go to college yesterday., ______________________________________________________________, He will tell you if he knew it., ______________________________________________________________, If you asked me, I would have given the book to you., ______________________________________________________________, One of my best friends are in Delhi., ______________________________________________________________, Rickets are easy to cure., 192
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English Grammar, , A:, 17., A:, 18., A:, 19., A:, 20., A:, 21., A:, 22., A:, 23., A:, 24., A:, 25., A:, 26., A:, 27., A:, 28., A:, 29., A:, 30., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, A song is singing by Saritha., ______________________________________________________________, He said that they are in the playground., ______________________________________________________________, Smitha bought five dozens oranges., ______________________________________________________________, Thank you for the invitation for you wedding., ______________________________________________________________, It is my friend’s Nitin’s pen., ______________________________________________________________, I and you have gone to cinema., ______________________________________________________________, One must bring their pencils., ______________________________________________________________, It was fine autumn day., ______________________________________________________________, Balu has gone to Australia for farther studies., ______________________________________________________________, Banerjee is a honest man., ______________________________________________________________, My uncle lives in United Kingdom., ______________________________________________________________, The more you give, more he wants., ______________________________________________________________, I go to the school everyday., ______________________________________________________________, I am having a problem., ______________________________________________________________, , Rewrite the following sentences making necessary corrections., 1., A:, 2., A:, , Time and tide waits for none., ______________________________________________________________, I shall inform you when my sister will come., ______________________________________________________________, 193
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English Grammar, , 3., A:, 4., A:, 5., A:, 6., A:, 7., A:, 8., A:, 9., A:, 10., A:, 11., A:, 12., A:, 13., A:, 14., A:, 15., A:, 16., A:, 17., A:, 18., A:, 19., A:, , The criminal was hung yesterday., ______________________________________________________________, My house is besides the temple., ______________________________________________________________, Beside robbing the child, he killed it., ______________________________________________________________, He being a rainy day, he did not go to office., ______________________________________________________________, She prefers death from failure., ______________________________________________________________, He don’t know anything., ______________________________________________________________, Don’t go out in the rain lest you would get wet., ______________________________________________________________, No sooner I had reached the station than the train left., ______________________________________________________________, The boys goes to the college., ______________________________________________________________, They will return in this month., ______________________________________________________________, While going to college, a book was found by me., ______________________________________________________________, Please write your number with ink., ______________________________________________________________, he is preferring coffee to tea., ______________________________________________________________, Is the lawyer familiar on the case?, ______________________________________________________________, I am not right, are I?, ______________________________________________________________, What is the time in your watch?, ______________________________________________________________, He is an one-eyed man., ______________________________________________________________, 194
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English Grammar, , 20., A:, 21., A:, 22., A:, 23., A:, 24., A:, 25., A:, 26., A:, 27., A:, 28., A:, 29., A:, 30., A:, , I have been waiting here since a long time., ______________________________________________________________, I can be able to return back in a week., ______________________________________________________________, Why you went out?, ______________________________________________________________, I am working here since 1994., ______________________________________________________________, He quickly did the job., ______________________________________________________________, I am not thinking my father is at home., ______________________________________________________________, Let us have a party, do we?, ______________________________________________________________, When I shall see him I shall tell him this., ______________________________________________________________, Raju is cleverer of all the students., ______________________________________________________________, He was lying low at that time., ______________________________________________________________, He finished to write a novel., ______________________________________________________________, , Rewrite the following sentences making necessary corrections., 1., A:, 2., A:, 3., A:, 4., A:, 5., A:, 6., , I congratulated him for his success., ______________________________________________________________, Myself wrote the letter., ______________________________________________________________, The air-bus took off before we reached the airport., ______________________________________________________________, 10 kilometers are not a long distance., ______________________________________________________________, I, you, and he are going to Delhi., ______________________________________________________________, One should respect his teacher., 195
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English Grammar, , A:, 7., A:, 8., A:, 9., A:, 10., A:, 11., A:, 12., A:, 13., A:, 14., A:, 15., A:, 16., A:, 17., A:, 18., A:, 19., A:, 20., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, He is more better than she., ______________________________________________________________, I haven’t met him last month., ______________________________________________________________, None of my friends are applying for the job., ______________________________________________________________, Scarcely I reached the office, than I heard the news., ______________________________________________________________, The news are sensational today., ______________________________________________________________, She is proud for her beauty., ______________________________________________________________, Each man and each woman have the right to vote., ______________________________________________________________, Please give me some informations., ______________________________________________________________, They are leaving to China., ______________________________________________________________, I have been waiting here from 9 A.M., ______________________________________________________________, Where she will solve the problem?, ______________________________________________________________, I did not attended the meeting., ______________________________________________________________, Geetha, go and fetch me some water., ______________________________________________________________, The wages of sin are death., ______________________________________________________________, , 21. I can be able to return back in two days., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 22. Raju said “I came not yesterday became I late wake up.”, A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 23. “Why you have not come yesterday? ”asked Neeraja., 196
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English Grammar, , A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 24. “What you mean by this?” asked the teacher., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 25. I could not be able no meet you because I was gone to my native village, A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 26. Please return back the money and don’t repeat this mistake again., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 27. You no came yesterday? Say me why., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 28. I came tomorrow not., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 29. Last night we are seeing the picture. Then after we are eating dinner in a hotel., A:______________________________________________________________, 30. I am remembering your name very well., A:, , ______________________________________________________________, , 197
