Page 1 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU, , STANDARD SIX, TERM - II, VOLUME - 3, , SCIENCE, SOCIAL SCIENCE, , A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu, , Department Of School Education, Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime, , 6th Science_IInd Term English Book_Index.indd 1, , 03/08/18 8:08 PM
Page 2 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Government of Tamil Nadu, First Edition, , -, , 2018, , (Published under Uniform System of, School Education Scheme in Trimester, Pattern), , NOT FOR SALE, , Content Creation, , The wise, possess all, , State Council of Educational Research, and Training, © SCERT 2018, , Printing & Publishing, , Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational, Services Corporation, www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in, , II, , 6th Science_IInd Term English Book_Index.indd 2, , 03/08/18 8:08 PM
Page 3 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , STANDARD SIX, TERM - II, VOLUME - 3, , HISTORY, , 95, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 95, , 10/08/18 6:09 PM
Page 4 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , CONTENTS, History, Unit, , Page No., , Titles, , 1., , Vedic Culture in North India and Megalithic Culture in, South India, , 97, , 2., , Great Thinkers and New Faiths, , 111, , 3., , From Chiefdoms to Empires, , 126, , Geography, 1., , Resources, , 142, , Civics, 1., , National Symbols, , 159, , 2., , The Constitution of India, , 172, , Economics, 1., , Economics-An Introduction, , E - Book, , 183, , Assessment, , Digi - links, , Lets use the QR code in the text books ! How ?, • Download the QR code scanner from the Google PlayStore/ Apple App Store into your smartphone, • Open the QR code scanner application, • Once the scanner button in the application is clicked, camera opens and then bring it closer to the QR code in the text book., • Once the camera detects the QR code, a url appears in the screen.Click the url and goto the content page., , 96, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 96, , 10/08/18 6:09 PM
Page 5 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 1, , Vedic Culture in North, India and Megalithic, Culture in South India, , Learning Objectives, •, , To know the origin and migration of Aryans into India., , •, , To identify the sources of study relating to the Vedic Age., , •, , To understand the evolution of political, economic and the religious structures in, Rig Vedic and Later Vedic Societies., , •, , To locate the regions inhabited by both early and later Vedic people., , •, , To make the differences between early and later Vedic periods., , •, , To understand the Megalithic/Iron Age culture in Tamil Nadu., , Vedic Age, The first phase of urbanisation in India, came to an end with the decline of Indus, Civilisation. A new era, called Vedic Age, began with the arrival of Aryans., Vedic Age – It is a period in the History, of India between 1500 BC (BCE) – 600 BC, (BCE). It gets its name from four ‘Vedas’, , Who were the Aryans?, The Aryans were Indo–Aryan language, speaking, semi nomadic pastoralists., , They came from Central Asia in several, waves of migration through Khyber Pass, of Hindu Kush Mountains., Though cattle rearing was their, main occupation, they also practised, slash and burn agriculture., , Slash and burn agriculture - It is a, farming method that involves clearing, the land by cutting and burning all the, trees and plants on it. Cultivation is, done there for a short time and then, abandoned. People then move to a, new piece of land for cultivation., , 97, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 97, , 10/08/18 6:09 PM
Page 6 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Time, Spread and Sources, Geographical range, North India, Period, Time, Sources, Nature of Civilisation, , Iron Age, 1500 BC (BCE) –, 600 BC (BCE), Vedic Literature, Rural, , Aryans and their Home in India, Aryans of the Rig Vedic, Period were seminomadic. They were, basically, pastoral, people with cattle as, their main source of, wealth., In the Rig Vedic times, the Aryan, homeland was the Punjab, which was at, that time called Sapta Sindhu, the land, of seven rivers., Around 1000 BC (BCE), Aryans in, India moved eastward and settled in, Indo-Gangetic Plain., , Use of iron axes and ploughs became, widespread., Four Vedas, 1. Rig, 3. Sama, 2. Yajur, 4. Atharva, , Sources, Vedic literature, Vedic literature can be classified into two, broad categories., 1. Shrutis - The Shrutis comprise, , the four Vedas, the Brahmanas,, the Aranyakas and the Upanishads., They are considered sacred, eternal,, and an unquestionable truth., 'Shruti' means listening (or, unwritten) ones that were transmitted, orally through generations., 2. Smritis - A body of texts containing, , teachings, , on, , religion, , such, , as, , 98, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 98, , 10/08/18 6:09 PM
Page 8 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Vedic Culture, Polity and Society, The Rig Vedic polity was kinship - based., Kula (clan) was the basic unit of the polity., It was under a head called Kulapati. Several, families joined together to form a Grama, (village). Grama was headed by Gramani., A group of villages was called Vis (clan), and was headed by Vishayapati. Rajan, was the head of the Jana (tribe) and he, was addressed as Janasyagopa (guardian, of the people). There were several tribal, kingdoms (Rashtras) during Rig Vedic, period (Bharatas, Matsyas, Puras)., , Many Janas or Tribes were, amalgamated to form Janapadas or Rashtras, in later Vedic period. The importance of, Samithi and Sabha diminished and the, Vidhata completely disappeared. New states, emerged. Bali was a voluntary contribution, of the people to the King. In the later Vedic, period bali was treated as tax and collected, regularly. The Kuru and Panchala kingdoms, flourished and large cities like Ayodhya,, Indraprastha and Mathura also emerged, during this period., Bali - a tax consisting of 1/6 of the, agricultural produce or cattle for a person., , King, The main responsibility of the Rajan was to, protect his tribe. His powers were limited by, tribal assemblies namely Vidhata, Sabha,, Samiti and Gana. Of these Vidhata, (the, tribal assembly) was the oldest., Sabha, Samiti, , - a council of elders., - assembly of people., , The king appointed a purohit (chief priest), to assist him. In economic, political and, military matters, the king was assisted by, the Senani (army chief). Gramani was, the leader of the village., When the Aryans moved east, ward- into Ganges-Yamuna-Doab regions,, the early settlements were replaced by, territorial kingdoms. Hereditary kingship, began to emerge. In the monarchical form, of government, the power of the king, increased and he performed various rituals, and sacrifices to make his position strong., , Social Organization, The Vedic family was patriarchal. The, fair complexioned Aryans distinguished, themselves from dark complexioned, non-Aryans whom they called Dasyus, and Dasas. Within the early Vedic, Society there were, three divisions, (Treyi) ; the general public were, called Vis, the warrior class was called, Kshatriyas and the Priestly class was, named Brahmanas. At a later stage,, when the Aryans had to accommodate, non-Aryan skilled workers in their social, arrangement, a rigid four-fold Varna, system was developed, i.e., the priestly, Brahmanas, the warrior Kshatriyas,, the land owning Vysyas and the skilled, workers sudras. Thus a graded social, order emerged., Although the Vedic Age is evidenced, by good number of texts, it does not have, adequate amount of material evidences., , 100, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 100, , 10/08/18 6:09 PM
Page 9 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Status of women, In Rig Vedic society, women relatively, enjoyed some freedom. The wife was, respected as the mistress of the household., She could perform rituals along with her, husband in their house. Child marriage and, sati were unknown. There was no bar on, the remarriage of widows. Nevertheless,, the women were denied right to inherit, property from their parents. They played, no role in public affairs., In the later Vedic period the role, of women in society, as well as their, status, even within the family, declined., Women could no longer perform rituals in, the family. The rules of marriage became, much more complex and rigid. Polygamy, became common. Widow remarriage was, not encouraged. Education was denied to, women. Intercaste marriages were spurned., Economic Life, Economy in the Vedic period was sustained, by a combination of pastoralism and, agriculture. Though occupation of Rig, Vedic Aryans was cattle rearing, there were, carpenters, chariot makers, potters, smiths,, weavers, and leather workers. Ochre, Coloured Pottery (OCP) was attributed to, , this period. Horses, cows, goats, sheep,, oxen and dogs were domesticated., When Aryans permanently settled in, Sindh and the Punjab regions they began, to practise agriculture. The staple crop, was yava (barley). There is no mention of, wheat or cotton in the Rig-Veda, though, both were cultivated by the Indus people., Two crops a year were raised., , In the later Vedic period the Aryans tamed, elephants, apart from cow, goat, sheep, and horse. In addition to craftsmen of early, Vedic period there were also jewellers,, dyers and smelters. Pottery of this period, was Painted Grey Ware Culture., Use of iron plough and axe helped, to put more areas of land under cultivation., Crops of wheat, rice and barley were, cultivated. With the growth of agriculture,, the idea of private possession of land came, into existence. New crafts and arts developed, leading to surplus production of commodities, for sale., Trade became extensive. Barter, system was prevalent (exchange of, goods). They used Nishka, Satmana, (gold coins) and Krishnala (silver coins), for business transactions., Metals Known to Rig Vedic, People, • Gold (Hiranya), • Iron (Shyama), • Copper/ Bronze (Ayas), Religion, Rig Vedic Aryans worshipped mostly the, earthly and celestial gods like Prithvi, (Earth), Agni (fire), Vayu (wind), Varuna, (rain), Indra (Thunder). There were also, 101, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 101, , 10/08/18 6:09 PM
Page 10 :
www.tntextbooks.in, lesser female deities like Aditi (goddess of, eternity) and Usha (appearance of dawn)., Their religion was Yajna centered. The mode, of prayer was recitation of Vedic hymns., People prayed for the welfare of Praja, (children) Pasu (cattle) and Dhana (wealth)., Cow was considered a sacred animal., There were no temples. Idol worship had not, yet come into existence., Lateron priesthood became a, profession and a hereditary one. New gods, were perhaps adopted from non-Aryans. Indra, and Agni lost their importance. Prajapathi (the, creator) Vishnu (the protector) and Rudra, (the destroyer) became prominent. Sacrifices, and rituals became more elaborate., Education, Gurukula System of Education, , rote learning, and were required to, memorise everything., , The subjects of the study included, the four Vedas, Ithihasas, Puranas,, grammar, logic, ethics, astrology,, maths and military science., The students were also trained to, lead a disciplined life., Only Dvijas could be Shishyas. No, women could have formal education., , The gurukula system is an ancient, learning method., , Age – based Ashramas, , The word Gurukula is a combination, of the Sanskrit Word Guru (teacher or, master) and Kula (family or home)., , Towards the end of the later Vedic period,, the concept of four stages in life (the four, ashramas) developed., , The shishyas resided with their guru, and served them and simultaneously, learnt and gained knowledge., , Brahmacharya (Student Life), Grihastha (Married Life), Vanaprastha (Going to the forest to, meditate), Sanyasa (Leading a life of an ascetic, so as to attain Swarga), , The students received education, through oral tradition meaning, , State the Differences between Indus and Vedic Civilisation, , 102, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 102, , 10/08/18 6:09 PM
Page 11 :
www.tntextbooks.in, CONTEMPORARY CULTURE IN SOUTH INDIA AND TAMIL NADU, The early Vedic culture in northern India coincided with Chalcolithic cultures that prevailed in, other parts of the sub-continent. Since, people used copper (chalco) and stone (lithic), it was, called Chalcolithic period., Though Chalcolithic culture of India was contemporary to the mature phase of, Harappan culture, they continued to exist even after the decline of the latter., The later Vedic culture in north India and the Iron Age in south India belong to, the same period., Towards the end of Iron Age, people stepped into what is known as Megalithic Culture, (600 BC (BCE) and AD (CE) 100)., Megalithic Period in ancient Tamilakam synchronised with the pre Sangam period., The Black and Red Ware Pottery became the characteristic of the Megalithic period., , MEGALITHIC / IRON AGE IN, TAMILNADU, The term ‘Megalith’ is derived from, Greek. ‘Megas’, means great and, ‘lithos’ means stone. Using big stone, slabs built upon the places of burial is known, as Megalith., , Some of the Megalithic / Iron, Age Archaeological Sites in, Tamil Nadu, , Adichanallur - Thoothukudi, District, , (Red, , Ware,, , Black, , Ware), iron implements,, daggers, swords, spears, and arrows, some stone, beads and a few gold, ornaments., Bronze, objects, representing, domestic animals and wild animals like, tiger, antelope and elephant have been, unearthed., The people were skilful in making, pottery and in working stone and wood., , Among, the, artefacts, unearthed, were Urns, pottery of various kinds, , 103, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 103, , 10/08/18 8:45 PM
Page 12 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Keezhadi – Sivagangai District, The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) excavated an ancient town dating to Sangam Age in, Keezhadi village at Tirupathur taluk. Excavations have produced evidence for brick buildings,, and well laid – out drainage system. Tamil – Brahmi inscription on pottery, beads of glass,, carnelian and quartz, pearl, gold ornaments and iron objects, shell bangles, ivory dice have, been unearthed. In 2017, ASI sent two samples of these for Radio carbon dating to Beta, Analytic, Florida, USA. They dated samples as 200 BC (BCE). The Roman artefacts found at, the site add to the evidence of ancient Indo -Roman trade relations., Periplus mentions the steel imported to Rome from Peninsular India was subjected to, duty in the port of Alexandria., , Porunthal – Dindigul District, Finds – Grave goods, glass beads (in red, white, yellow, blue and green), iron swords,, pottery with Tamil Brahmi scripts, pots filled with rice, semi-precious metals such as, quartz, carnelian, bangles made of glass and shell., The discovery of, iron sickle, pike, and, tip of ploughs provide, evidences that they, had the practice of, rice cultivation in Tamil, Nadu. A pot of rice from, Porunthal site proves, that rice was people’s, staple food., , Finds at Porunthal, 104, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 104, , 10/08/18 6:11 PM
Page 13 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Paiyampalli – Vellore District, Archaeological Finds –Iron artefacts, along with Megalithic Black and Red Ware, Pottery have been found., Evidence for iron smelting has come to light at Paiyampalli. The date of this, culture, based on radio carbon dating, is 1000 BC (BCE)., , Kodumanal – Erode, District, It is identified with the Kodumanam, of Pathitrupathu. More than 300, pottery inscriptions in Tamil –, Brahmi have been discovered, there. Archaeologists have also, discovered spindles, whorls (used, for making thread from cotton), and pieces of cloth, along with, tools, weapons, ornaments, beads,, particularly carnelian., A Menhir found at burial site is assigned to the Megalithic period., , Megalithic Monuments in Tamil Nadu, , The people who lived during the last stages of the New Stone, Age began to follow the Megalithic system of burial. According, to this system, the dead body was placed in a big pot along, with burial goods. The Megalithic monuments bear witness to a, highly advanced state of civilisation with the knowledge of iron, and community living., , Pandavan Thittu, Dharmapuri, , Urns - large pottery, jars were used for, burying the dead., , Dolmens are Megalithic, tombs made of two or, more upright stones with a single stone lying, across the burial site. Megalithic Dolmens have, been found in Veeraraghavapuram village,, Kanchipuram district, Kummalamaruthupatti,, Dindigul district, and in Narasingampatti,, Madurai district., , 105, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 105, , 10/08/18 6:11 PM
Page 14 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Menhir–In Breton Language 'Men' means “stone” and 'hir',, “long.” They are monolithic pillars planted vertically into the, ground in memory of the dead., Menhir at Singaripalayam in Tirupur District and at, Vembur in Theni District points to the existence of an ancient, settlement along the banks of River Uppar. Menhirs are found, at Narasingampatti, Madurai district, Kumarikalpalayam and, Kodumanal in Erode district., , Pulimankombai 3rd Century BC (BCE), , Hero Stones – A Hero Stone is a memorial stone, raised in remembrance of the honourable death, of a hero in a battle or those who lost their lives, while defending their village from animals or, enemies. Hero stones are found at Maanur village, near Palani, Dindigul district, Vellalankottai,, Tuticorin district, and Pulimankombai, Dindigul, district., , Summary, The Aryans migrated to India around, 1500 BC (BCE). The Vedic texts form, an important source of this period., Rig Vedic polity was kinship-based., When the Aryans moved east ward,, the early settlements were replaced, by their territorial kingdoms., , Use of iron plough and axe helped, more areas of land under cultivation., New crafts and arts developed. It, paved the way for urbanisation in the, Gangetic plain., The later Vedic society in North India, and the Iron Age society in South, India belong to the same period., , GLOSSARY, Eternal, , -, , existing for ever (நிலையான), , Kinship, , -, , blood relationship (இரத்த உறவு), , Patriarchal, , -, , a system of society controlled by men (தந்தை வழிச் சமூகம்), , Deity, , -, , a god or goddess (ஆண் / பெண் தெய்வம்), , Contemporary, , -, , living or occurring at the same time (சமகாலத்திய), , Metallurgy, , - the branch of science and technology concerned, with the properties of metals and their production (உல�ோகவியல்), , 106, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 106, , 10/08/18 6:11 PM
Page 15 :
www.tntextbooks.in, EXERCISES, I. Choose the Correct answer, 1. Aryans first settled in ________________ region., a. Punjab, c. Kashmir, , b. Middle Gangetic, d. North east, , 2. Aryans came from____________., a. China, c. Central Asia, , b. North Asia, d. Europe, , 3. Our National Motto “Sathyameva Jayate” is taken from __________., , a) Brahmana, c) Aranyaka, , b) Veda, d) Upanishad, , 4. What was the ratio of land revenue collected during Vedic Age, a. 1/3, c. 1/8, , b. 1/6, d. 1/9, , II. Match the Statement with the Reason/Tick the appropriate answer:, 1. Assertion : The vedic age is evidenced by good number of texts and adequate, , amount of material evidences., Reason: Shrutis comprise the Vedas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas and the, Upanishads., a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A., b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A., c. A is true but R is false., d. A is false but R is true., 2. Statement I: Periplus mentions the steel imported into Rome from peninsular, , India was subjected to duty in the port of Alexandria., Statement II: Evidences for iron smelting has come to light at Paiyampalli., a. Statement I is wrong., , b. Statement II is wrong., , c. Both the statements are correct., , d. Both the statements are wrong., , 3. Which of the statement is not correct in the Vedic society, a. A widow could re-marry., b. Child marriage was in practice., c. Father’s property was inherited by his son., d. Sati was unknown., 107, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 107, , 10/08/18 6:11 PM
Page 16 :
www.tntextbooks.in, 4. Which is the correct ascending order of the Rig Vedic society?, a. Grama ˂ Kula ˂ Vis ˂ Rashtra ˂ Jana, b. Kula ˂ Grama ˂ Vis ˂ Jana ˂ Rashtra, c. Rashtra ˂ Jana ˂ Grama ˂ Kula ˂ Vis, d. Jana ˂ Grama ˂ Kula ˂ Vis ˂ Rashtra, III. Fill in the blanks, 1. Vedic culture was ____________ in nature., 2. ____________ was a tax collected from the people in Vedic period., 3. ____________ system is an ancient learning method., 4. Adhichanallur is in ___________________district., IV. True or False, 1. The Roman artefacts found at various sites provide the evidence of Indo – Roman, , trade relations., 2. A Hero Stone is a memorial stone raised in remembrance of the honourable death, , of a hero., 3. The army chief was called Gramani., 4. The Black and Red ware pottery became the characteristic of the Megalithic, , period., 5. Evidence for iron smelting has come to light at paiyampalli, V. Match the following, Site , , Finds, , a) Keezhadi, , 1) Ivory dice, , b) Porunthal, , 2) tip of ploughs, , c) Kodumanal, , 3) Spindles, , d) Adichanallur, , 4) gold ornaments, , a., , 4, , 3, , 2, , 1, , b., , 3, , 4, , 1, , 2, , c., , 1, , 3, , 4, , 2, , d., , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 108, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 108, , 10/08/18 6:11 PM
Page 17 :
www.tntextbooks.in, VI, , Answer in one or two sentence:, 1. Name the four Vedas., 2. What were the animals domesticated by Vedic people?, 3. What do you know about Megalith?, 4. What are Dolmens?, 5. What are Urns?, 6. Name the coins used for business transactions in Vedic period?, 7. Name some Megalithic monuments found in Tamil Nadu., , VII Answer the following, 1. Write briefly about the archaeological site at Kodumanal, 2. Write about the Vedic women in a pragraph., VIII HOTS, Difference between Gurukula system of education and Modern system of education., IX, , Pride and Joy – Let us find out the fact, , Archaeological Sites, , Archaeological Finds, , Adichanallur, , The Tamil Brahmi script, , Keeladi, , Roman artefacts, , Paiyampalli, , Iron implements, , Porunthal, , Pot filled with rice, , Kodumanal, , Spindle whorl, , X, , Fact, Existence of Pre-historic culture, , Student Activity, 1. Sentence making by using these new words., Shruti, Gramani, Rashtras, Iron Age, Semi nomadic, Barter, , 109, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 109, , 10/08/18 6:11 PM
Page 18 :
www.tntextbooks.in, 2. Word Search, 1., I, , T, , I, , M, , A, , S, , A, , Z, , W, , U, , D, , Y, , T, , R, , R, , D, , I, , X, , O, , O, , K, , H, , Y, , B, , E, , R, , S, , S, , L, , P, , F, , A, , A, , V, , O, , A, , P, , M, , S, , I, , V, , D, , N, , N, , T, , A, , E, , R, , C, , A, , A, , R, , A, , M, , D, , N, , S, , I, , R, , U, , R, , G, , D, , S, , X, , M, , T, , N, , B, , Y, , G, , A, , N, , A, , I, , N, , XI, , A pass, , 2. Text containing teachings on, religion, 3., , A group of villages, , 4., , A tribal assembly, , 5., , Assembly of people, , 6., , Fire, , 7., , Gold coin, , A, , 8., , Period of Vedic Age, , E, , N, , 9., , Megalithic tomb, , G, , A, , Life Skills, , Collect information from Newspapers about archaeological finds with the help of your, teacher., Site Visit, Visit to any one of the archaeological sites near your locality., XII Answer Grid:, Mention two Ithikasas., , Vertical monolithic pillar, planted in memory of dead is, called _________________, , Name the ancient town in, Sivagangai district dating to, Sangam age., , Ans:, , Ans:, , Ans:, , Name any two Iron Age, sites in Tamilnadu., , What method of agriculture, was practised by early Aryans?, , Name two large cities, emerged during Vedic, period., , Ans:, , Ans:, , Ans:, , 110, , VI History - Lesson 1.indd 110, , 10/08/18 6:11 PM
Page 19 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 2, , Great Thinkers and, New Faiths, , Learning Objectives, •, •, •, •, •, , To learn the causes for the rise of new faiths in the sixth century, BC (BCE)., To have knowledge in the teachings of Mahavira and Buddha., To know the similarities and dissimilarities between Jainism and Buddhism., To understand the differences between Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism., To know the influence of Jainism and Buddhism in Tamil Nadu., , Intellectual Awakening, The Sixth Century BC (BCE) is regarded, as an important period in the history of, ancient India. As a land mark period in, the intellectual and spiritual development, in India, historian Will Durant has rightly, called it the “shower of stars”., , Sources, Literary sources, Angas – Jain texts, Tripitakas and Jatakas - Buddhist, texts, Causes for the Rise of Intellectual, Awakening and the Birth of, Buddhism and Jainism, , There were several reasons for the rise of, new intellectual awakening. Some of the, exploitative practices that paved way for, new faiths include:, , The complex rituals and sacrifices, advocated in the later Vedic period, Expensive sacrificial ceremonies, Superstitious beliefs and practices, that confused the common man., Upanishads taught as alternative to, sacrificial rites were too philosophical,, which a layperson could not understand., Slavery, caste system, gender, discrimination also contributed to the, new awakening., Origin of Jainism, Jainism is one of the world’s oldest living, religions. Jainism grounds itself in 24, Tirthankaras. A ‘Tirthankara’, is the one who, revealed religious truth at different times., The first Tirthankara was Rishabha and, the last one was Mahavira. Jainism gained, 111, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 111, , 10/08/18 6:20 PM
Page 20 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Thereafter, he became Jina, meaning ‘one who conquered worldly, pleasure and attachment’. His followers, are called Jains. Mahavira reviewed the, ancient Sramanic traditions and came, up with new doctrines. Therefore he is, believed to be the real founder of Jainism., , Unique Teachings of Jainism, Jainism denies God as the creator of, Universe., Original name, , -, , Vardhamana, , Place of Birth, , - Kundhagrama near, Vaishali, Bihar, , Parents, , -, , Siddharth, Trishala, , Place of Death, , -, , Pavapuri, Bihar, , prominence under the aegis of Mahavira,, during the sixth century BC (BCE)., The word Jain derives from the, Sanskrit word Jina, which means, conquering self and the external, world., , Mahavira (The Great Hero), Vardhamana, meaning ‘prosperous’, was, a kshatriya prince. However, at the age, of 30, he renounced his princely status, to adopt an ascetic life. He undertook, intense meditation., After twelve and a half years of, rigorous penance, Vardhamana attained, omniscience or supreme knowledge,, known as Kevala., Omniscience – It is the ability to know, everything or be infinitely wise., , Basic philosophy of Jainism is Ahimsa, or ‘non –Violence’., Ultimate aim of Jainism is attaining, moksha or ending the cycle of birth –, death – rebirth., Jains reject the belief in Last judgement,, where God, a supreme being, decides, who goes to heaven or hell., Jainism advocates that the goodness, or quality of one’s life is determined, by one’s karma., What is Karma?, The belief that a person’s actions in, this life determine the quality of his or, her later part of the current life and, the next incarnation., , Tri–rathnas or Three Jewels, Mahavira exhorted the three – fold path, for the attainment of moksha and for the, liberation from Karma., They are:, Right Faith, Right Knowledge, Right action, Moksha - Liberation from the cycle of, , birth and death, , 112, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 112, , 10/08/18 6:20 PM
Page 21 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Jain Code of Conduct, Mahavira asked his followers to live a, virtuous life. In order to live a life filled, with sound morals, he preached five, major principles to follow., They are:, Ahimsa - not to injure any living, beings, Satya - to speak truth, Asteya - not to steal, , Svetambaras, The Svetambaras are considered, progressive., Monks of Svetambaras sect, wear, white robes. They are permitted to, have Rajoharana (broom with wollen, threads), begging bowl and book., Svetambaras believe that women are, equally capable of achieving liberation, as men., Reasons for the Spread of, Jainism, , Aparigraha - not to own property, Brahmacharya - Celibacy, Gautama Swami, a chief disciple of, Mahavira, compiled the teachings of, Mahavira, called Agama sidhantha., , The following are the main reasons for, the wide acceptance of Jainism in India, Use of people’s language., Intelligible teachings., Support from rulers and traders., , Digambaras and Svetambaras, , Perseverance of Jain monks., , Jainism split into two sects., Digambaras, Digambaras are orthodox, conservative followers., , Influence of Jainism (Samanam), in Tamil Nadu, and, , Monks of the digambara sect, do not, wear any clothing and live naked., They are forbidden to have any kind, of possessions., Digambaras believe that women cannot, achieve nirvana or liberation directly., , In ancient Tamil literature, Jainism is, referred to as Samanam., There is a Samanar Hill or Samanar Malai, in Keelakuyilkudi village, 15 km away from, Madurai. The images of Tirthankaras, created by Jain monks are found in, the hill. It is a protected monument of, Archaeological Survey of India., In Arittapatti, a small village 25, km from Madurai, on one side of, Kalinjamalai hill there are Jain caves, called Pandavar Padukkai. Pandavar, Padukkai is the bed of Jain saints., There is a reference to Aravor Palli,, place of living for Jain monks, in, Manimegalai., 113, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 113, , 10/08/18 6:20 PM
Page 22 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Thiruparthikundram, , Sittannavasal, , Chitharalmalai temple, , According to Silapathikaram, when, Kovalan and Kannagi were on their, way to Madurai, Gownthiyadigal a, female jain monk blessed the couple, and accompanied them., Puhar, Uraiyur, Madurai, Vanchi, (Karuvur), Kanchi all had Jain, monasteries., Jina Kanchi – Thiruparthikundram,, a village in Kanchipuram, has two, ancient Jain temples. This village was, once called Jina Kanchi., , Buddhism, Gautama Buddha, Gautama, B uddha, was the founder of, Buddhism. His real name, was Siddhartha. Like, Mahavira, he was also a Kshatriya prince, belonging to the ruling Sakya clan. When, Siddhartha was only seven days old his, mother died. So he was raised by his step, mother Gautami., Four Great Sights, At the age of 29, Siddhartha saw four, sorrowful sights. They were:, , Original name, , -, , Siddhartha, , Place of Birth, , - Lumbini Garden,, Nepal, , Parents, , - Suddhodana,, Maya devi, , Place of Death, , -, , Kushi Nagar, UP, , An uncared old man in rags with his, bent back., An sick man suffering from an, incurable disease., A man’s corpse being carried to the, burial ground by weeping relatives., An ascetic, , 114, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 114, , 10/08/18 6:21 PM
Page 23 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Buddha’s Four Noble Truths, Life is full of sorrow and misery., Desire is the cause of misery., Sorrows and sufferings can be, removed by giving up one’s desire., , Enlightenment, Buddha, the Awakened or Enlightened, One, realised that the human life was full of, misery and unhappiness. So at the age of, 29 he left his palace and became a hermit., He sacrificed six years of his life towards, penance. Nonetheless deciding that selfmortification was not a path to salvation,, Buddha sat under a Pipal tree and undertook, a deep meditation near Gaya., , The desire can be overcome by, following the right path (Noble eightfold path), Eight Fold Path, Right view, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Knowledge, Right Meditation, The teachings of Lord Buddha were simple, and taught in a language which people used, for communication. Since the teachings, addressed the everyday concern of the, people, they could relate to them. He was, opposed to rituals and sacrifices., Teachings of Buddha, Buddha's teachings are referred to as, dhamma., , On the 49th day he finally attained, enlightenment. From that moment, onwards, he was called Buddha or the, Enlightened One. He was also known as, Sakya Muni or Sage of Sakya clan., Buddha delivered his first sermon at, Deer Park in Sarnath, near Benaras. This, was called “Dharma Chakra Pravartana”, or the Turning of the Wheel of Law., , Buddhism accepted the Theory of, Karma – meaning that the quality of, man’s life depends on his deed., Buddha neither accepted nor denied, the existence of God, but believed in, the laws of universe., Buddha asserted that attaining, nirvana is the ultimate aim of life., 115, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 115, , 10/08/18 6:21 PM
Page 24 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Buddha advocated ahimsa or nonviolence., , Causes for the Spread of, Buddhism, , Buddha, system., , Simplicity of the teachings of Buddha, in local language appealed to people., Buddhism rejected elaborate religious, customs whereas the practice of, orthodox Vedic religion insisted on, expensive rituals and sacrifices., Buddha’s emphasis was on observance, of Dhamma., Buddhist Sanghas played an important, role in spreading the messages of, Buddha., Royal patronage under Ashoka,, Kanishka and Harsha also helped the, causes of Buddhism., Viharas or the Buddhist monasteries, became great centres of education., One such centre was Nalanda, where, Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese pilgrim,, studied for many years., , had, , rejected, , the, , caste, , The Wheel of life – represents, the Buddhist view of the world., Buddhist Sangha, Buddha laid foundation for a missionary, organization called Sangha, meaning, ‘association’ for the propagation of his, faith. The members were called bhikshus, (monks). They led a life of austerity., Chaitya – , A Buddhist shrine or a, meditation hall., Viharas – Monastries / living, quarters for monks., Stupas – , Built over the remains, of Buddha’s body, they, are monuments of great, artistic value., , Buddhist Sects, Hinayana, , Did not worship, idols or images of, Buddha., , Practiced, austerity., , Believed that, Salvation of the, individual as its, goal., , Used Prakrit, language., , Hinayana is, also known as, Theravada., , Mahayana, , Worshiped images, of Buddha., , Frescoes (paintings), Frescoes on the ceilings and walls, of the Ajanta caves in Aurangabad,, Maharashtra – depict the Jataka Tales., , Observed, elaborate rituals, , Believed that, salvation of all, beings as its, objective, , Used Sanskrit, language, , Spread to Central, Asia, Ceylon,, Burma, Nepal,, Tibet, China,, Japan, where, middle path was, accepted., , Middle path – It refers to neither indulging, in extreme attachment to worldly pleasure, nor committing severe penance., , 116, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 116, , 10/08/18 6:21 PM
Page 25 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Jainism and Buddhism- Similarities and Dissimilarities, , Similarities, , Both Mahavira and Buddha hailed from royal, families. Yet they renounced royal privileges, and chose to adopt an ascetic life., , , Denied the authority of Vedas., , Taught in the language of the common, people., , , Admitted disciples from all the castes and, from both the genders, , , Opposed blood sacrifices., , Believed in the doctrine of Karma., , Dissimilarities, JAINISM, , , It followed, extreme path., , , It remained in, India only., , , It does not, believe in the, existence of god,, but believes life, in every living, being., , BUDDHISM, , , It followed, middle path., , , It spread across, many parts of, the world., , , It emphasises, on ANATMA (no, eternal soul), and ANITYA, (impernance)., , , Emphasized on right conduct and right, knowledge instead of performing religious, ceremonials and rituals as the means to, achieve salvation., Buddhist Councils, First, Second, Third, Fourth, , –, –, –, –, , Rajagriha, Vaishali, Pataliputra, Kashmir, , Influence of Buddhism in Tamilnadu, , Buddhism spread to Tamil Nadu much, later than Jainism., Manimekalai, one of the epics of, the post-Sangam age is a Buddhist, literature., , Buddha statue at Nagapattinam, , There is an elaborate description, about Kanchipuram in classical epic, Manimegalai., Kanchipuram was a famous Buddhist, Centre, from where Dinnaga, the, famous Buddhist logician, and, Dharmapala, a great scholar of, Nalanda University hailed., Hieun Tsang who visited Kanchipuram, in the seventh century A.D(CE)., noticed the presence of 100 feet, stupa built by Ashoka there., , Buddha statue found at pallur near Kanchipuram, 117, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 117, , 10/08/18 6:21 PM
Page 26 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Jataka Story, The Jatakas are popular stories about the previous birth and life of Buddha, as human, and as an animal. They teach morals., , The Woodpecker and the Lion (A Jataka Story), Once upon a time, there lived a woodpecker and a, lion. One day, the lion hunted a big bison and sat down, to eat it. It so happened that while having his meal, a big, bone got stuck in the lion’s throat. He was not able to, remove it and was in great pain., A kind hearted woodpecker offered to help the lion. The, woodpecker, however, told the lion that he would only, take out the bone if the lion promised not to eat him while, removing the bone. The lion gladly agreed and opened his, mouth in front of the woodpecker. The woodpecker hopped, inside the lion’s mouth, and, easily pulled out the bone. The lion kept his promise and, let the woodpecker fly away., Soon the lion recovered completely and killed another, bison. The woodpecker also thought of joining the, lion and asked for a small share of meat. To her utter, disappointment the lion blatantly refused to share his, meal with her. The Lion said, “How dare you ask me for, more favours? I have already done so much for you!”, The woodpecker did not understand what the lion was, talking about. The lion, then clarified, “You should, be thankful to me that I did not devour you when you were, taking out the bone from my throat. Now do not expect, anything else from me and go away.” The woodpecker, said to himself, “It was indeed a mistake to help such an, ungrateful creature!” Nevertheless, it is not worth being angry or holding grudge against, someone as unworthy as him., , 118, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 118, , 10/08/18 6:21 PM
Page 27 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Elsewhere in the world 6th Century BC (BCE), Confucius (Kung Fu Tse), , Zoroaster, , Confucianism in China, , Zoroastrianism in Persia, , Summary, The Sixth century BC (BCE) was an, important period of the intellectual, and spiritual development in India., Jainism was a doctrine developed by, 24 Tirthankaras., Mahavira exhorted the three-fold, path – Right faith, Right knowledge,, Right action., , Gautama Buddha was the founder of, Buddhism., Buddha’s teachings are referred to as, dhamma., Buddhism crossed the frontiers of, Indian sub-continent but Jainism was, confined to India., Basic philosophy of Jainism and, Buddhism is ahimsa or non-violence, , GLOSSARY, Superstitious beliefs -, , belief in things that are not real or possible (மூடநம்பிக்கைகள்), , Preceptor, , -, , a teacher or instructor (ஆசான்), , Doctrine, , -, , set of principles or beliefs (க�ோட்பாடு), , Virtuous, , -, , having high moral standards (நல்லொழுக்கம்), , Sacred book, , -, , holy book (புனித நூல்), , Frescoes, , - a painting done in water colour on wet plaster (ஈரமான சுவற்றில், வண்ணக் கலவை க�ொண்டு வரையப்பட்ட ஓவியங்கள்), , Corpse, , -, , a dead body (சடலம்), , Nirvana, , -, , A state of freedom from suffering and rebirth, , 119, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 119, , 10/08/18 6:21 PM
Page 28 :
www.tntextbooks.in, EXERCISES, I, , Choose the correct answer:, 1. What is the name of the Buddhist scripture?, , a) Angas, , b) Tripitakas, , c) Tirukkural, , d) Naladiyar, , 2. Who was the first Tirthankara of Jainism?, a) Rishabha, , b) Parsava, , c) Vardhamana, , d) Buddha, , 3. How many Tirthankaras were there in Jainism?, a) 23, , b) 24, , c) 25, , d) 26, , 4. Where was the third Buddhist Council convened?, a. Rajagriha, , b. Vaishali, , c. Pataliputra, , d. Kashmir, , 5. Where did Buddha deliver his first sermon?, a) Lumbini, , II, , b) Saranath, , c) Taxila, , d) Bodh Gaya, , Match the Statement with the Reason. Tick the appropriate answer:, 1. Statement: A common man could not understand upanishads., , , Reason: Upanishads were highly philosophical., , , a. Statement and its Reason are correct., , , , b. Statement is wrong., , , , c. Statement is true, but the Reason for that is wrong., , , , d. Both Statement and Reason are wrong., , 2. Statement: The Jatakas are popular tales., , Reason: Frescoes on the ceilings and walls of Ajanta caves depict the Jataka Tales., , , a. Statement and its Reason are correct., , , , b. Statement is wrong., , , , c. Statement is true, but the Reason for that is wrong., , , , d. Both statement and Reason are wrong., , 3. Find out the correct answer:, Buddha Viharas are used for, 1. Education, 2. stay of Buddhist monks, 3. Pilgrims’ stay, 4. Prayer hall, , , a. 2 is correct, , , , b. 1 and 3 are correct, , , , c. 1, 2, 4 are correct, , , , d. 1 and 4 are correct, , 4. Consider the following statements regarding the causes of the origin of Jainism, , and Buddhism., 120, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 120, , 10/08/18 6:21 PM
Page 29 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , , I. Sacrificial ceremonies were expensive., , , , II. Supertitious beliefs and practices confused the common man., , Which of the above statement (s) is/are correct?, a. Only I, b. Only II, , , c. Both I & II, , , , d. Neither I nor II, , 5. Which of the following about Jainism is correct?, a. Jainism denies God as the creator of universe., b. Jainism accepts God as the creator of universe., c. The basic philosophy of Jainism is idol worship., d. Jains accept the belief in Last Judgement., 6. Circle the odd one:, Parsava, Mahavira, Buddha, Rishaba, 7. Find out the wrong pair:, a. Ahimsa, , -, , not to injure, , b. Satya, , -, , to speak truth, , c. Asteya, , -, , not to steal, , d. Brahmacharya -, , married status, , 8. All the following statements are true of Siddhartha Gautama except:, a. He is the founder of Hinduism., b. He was born in Nepal., c. He attained Nirvana., d. He was known as Sakyamuni., III Fill in the blanks:, 1. The doctrine of Mahavira is called _____________., 2. _____________ is a state of freedom from suffering and rebirth., 3. _____________ was the founder of Buddhism., 4. Thiruparthikundram, a village in Kanchipuram was once called_________.., 5. _____________ were built over the remains of Buddha’s body., IV, , True or False:, 1. Buddha believed in Karma., 2. Buddha had faith in caste system., 3. Gautama Swami compiled the teachings of Mahavira., 4. Viharas are temples., 5. Emperor Ashoka followed Buddhism., , 121, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 121, , 10/08/18 6:21 PM
Page 30 :
www.tntextbooks.in, V, , VI, , Match the following:, 1. Angas, , -, , Vardhamana, , 2. Mahavira, , -, , monks, , 3. Buddha, , -, , Buddhist shrine, , 4. Chaitya, , -, , Sakya muni, , 5. Bhikshus, , -, , Jain text, , Answer in one or two sentences:, 1. What are the Tri-ratnas (three jewels) of Jainism?, 2. What are the two sects of Buddhism?, 3. What does Jina mean?, 4. Write any two common features of Buddhism and Jainism., 5. Write a note on Buddhist Sangha., 6. Name the Chinese traveler who visited Kancheepuram in seventh century AD(CE)., 7. Name the female jain monk mentioned in Silapathikaram., , VII Answer the following:, 1. Name the eight-fold path of Buddhism?, 2. What are the five important rules of conduct in Jainism?, 3. Narrate four noble truths of Buddha?, 4. Write any three differences between Hinayana and Mahayana sects of Buddhism?, 5. Jainism and Buddhism flourished in Sangam period. Give any two evidences for, , each., VIII HOTS:, 1. Karma – a person’s action. Name any 10 good actions (deeds)., IX, , Student Activity, 1. Read any one story from Jatakas and write a similar story on your own., 2. Make a tabular column in the following headings., , Religion, , Name of the, , Name, , founder with, , of their, , Key Principle, , picture, , parents, , (any one), , Sects, , Symbol, , 122, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 122, , 10/08/18 6:21 PM
Page 31 :
www.tntextbooks.in, 3. Place the following words in the appropriate column., Words: Jina, Mahayana, Tirthankaras, Stupas Nirvana, Digambara, Tripitakas, Agama, , Jainism, , Buddhism, , 4. Task cards activity:, , Make informative cards for the following religions. Hinduism, Christianity, Islam,, Buddhism, Jainism, 5. , M ake a Venn diagram to indicate similarities and, , dis-similarities of Jainism and Buddhism., 6. Solve the puzzle, 1, , 9, , 10, , 2, 3, , 11, , 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, , Left to right, , Right to left, , 1. One of the Tri Rathna: Right , , 6. Mother of Siddhartha, , 2. Buddha’s teachings are referred as, , 7. T, he Quality of man’s life depends on his, deed, , 3. A great centre of education, 4. T, he place where Buddha attained, enlightment, 5. Not to injure any living being, , Top to bottom, 8. Lumbini is in, 9. Buddhist prayer hall, 10. A state of freedom from birth, 11. J ain scripture compiled by Gautama, Swami., 123, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 123, , 10/08/18 6:21 PM
Page 32 :
www.tntextbooks.in, X. Life Skills, Create a story board for Jainism/Buddhism in a chart, Model., Early life, , Four Noble Truths, , Eight - Fold Path, , Teachings of Buddha, , Buddhist Sangha, , Buddhist Sects, , XII Answer Grid, The Jain monks who wear, , What is the meaning of, , Who is the 24th Tirthankara, , white clothes are called, , Buddha?, , of Jainism?, , Ans: _________________, , Ans:, , Ans:, , Who delivered Dharmachakra, , How many noble truths are, , Which religion’s teachings, , Pravartana?, , there in Buddhism?, , include four noble truth and, eight-fold path?, , Ans:, , Ans:, , Ans:, , Name the earliest Buddhist, , Name any four places where, , Name one of the twin, , literature which deals with, , Jain monasteries were located, , Indian's Epics, , the stories of various births of, , in Tamil Nadu., , Buddha?, Ans:, , Ans:, , Ans:, , 124, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 124, , 10/08/18 6:21 PM
Page 33 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , ICT CORNER, Virtual Tour of Sittanavasal, , Through this activity you will be, able to see Virtual Tour about Cave, Paintings in Tamil Nadu, , Step-1: Open the Browser and type the URL or scan QR code which is given below., Step-2: You can see Virtual Tour website. Click to allow “Adobe Flash Player”, on the screen., Step-3: Open “slide view” in menu bar and acces s control button, Step-4: Click “Red Arrow Button” you can see cave paintings, , Step-1, , Step-2, , Step-3, , Step-4, , URL:, http://view360.in/virtualtour/sithannavasal/, , *Picturesare, areindicatives, indicativesonly., only., *Pictures, 125, , VI History - Lesson 2.indd 125, , 10/08/18 6:21 PM
Page 34 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 3, , From Chiefdoms to, Empires, , Learning Objectives, • To know the factors responsible for the rise of Janapadas and Mahajanapadas., • To understand the evolution of Indian polity from Chiefdoms to Kingdoms., • To recall the greatness of Mauryan Empire., • To learn the main features of the administration and the nature of the society, & economy during that time., • To gain the knowledge on Ashoka’s policy of Dhamma., • To examine the causes for the decline of Mauryan Empire., Importance of Sixth Century, BC (BCE), During the sixth Century BC (BCE) many, territorial states emerged. This Led to the, transformation of socio – economic and, political life of the people in the Gangetic, plains. A new intellectual awakening began, to develop in northern India. Mahavira and, Gautama Buddha represented this new, awakening., Role of iron in a changing society, Iron played a significant role in this, transformation of society. The fertile soil, of the Gangetic Valley and the use of, iron ploughshares improved agricultural, , productivity. In addition, iron facilitated craft, production. Agrarian surplus and increase, in craft products resulted in the emergence, of trading and exchange centres. This in, turn paved the way for the rise of towns, and cities. Thus, knowledge in the use, of iron gave Magadha an advantage over, other Mahajanapadas. Thus the Magadha, could establish an empire of its own., Gana - sanghas and Kingdoms, There were two kinds of government in north, India during the sixth century BC (BCE), Gana - sanghas – non monarchical, states., Kingdoms - monarchies, , 126, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 126, , 10/08/18 6:29 PM
Page 35 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , The term ‘gana’ means ‘people of equal, , A ‘kingdom’ means a territory ruled by a, , status’. ‘Sangha’ means ‘assembly’. The, , king or queen. In a kingdom (monarchy),, , gana - sanghas covered a small geographical, , a family, which rules for a long period, , area ruled by an elite group. The gana, , becomes a dynasty. Usually these kingdoms, , sanghas practiced egalitarian traditions., , adhered to orthodox Vedic traditions., , Janapadas and Mahajanapadas, Janapadas were the earliest gathering, places of men. Later, Janapadas became, republics or smaller kingdoms. The widespread use of iron in Gangetic plain, created conditions for the formation of, larger territorial units transforming the, janapadas into Mahajanapadas., Sixteen Mahajanapadas, (“Great Countries”), Sixteen Mahajanapadas dotted the IndoGangetic plain in the sixth century BC, (BCE). It was a transition from a semi, – nomadic kinship - based society to an, agrarian society with networks of trade, and exchange. Hence an organized and a, strong system of governance required a, centralised state apparatus., 16 Mahajanapadas, , Among the four Mahajanapadas,, Magadha emerged as an empire., The Causes for the Rise of Magadha, , Magadha was located on the lower, part of the Gangetic plain. The plain, was fertile which ensured the rich, agricultural yield. This provided regular, and substantial income to the state., The thick forests supplied timber, for construction of buildings and, elephants for army., Abundance of natural resources, especially iron enabled them to equip, themselves with weapons made of iron., Growing trade and commerce, facilitated movement of people as well, as settlement of people in centres of, arts and crafts., The outcome was urbanization and, emergence of Magadha as an empire., , Anga, Magadha, Vajji, Malla, Kasi,, Kuru, Kosala, Avanti, Chedi, Vatsa,, Panchala, Machcha, Surasena, Assaka,, Gandhara and Kamboja, , There were four major Mahajanapadas, They were:, Magadha in Bihar, Avanti in Ujjain, Kosala in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and, , Magadha Empire, , Vatsa in Kausambi, Allahabad., 127, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 127, , 10/08/18 6:29 PM
Page 37 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Grandeur of Pataliputra, The great capital city in the Mauryan, Empire, which had 64 gates to the city, with 570 watch towers., , Chandragupta Maurya, The Mauryan Empire was the first largest, empire in India. Chandragupta Maurya, established the empire in Magadha., Bhadrabahu, a Jain monk, took, Chandragupta Maurya to the southern, India., Chandragupta, , performed, , Sallekhana (Jaina rituals in which a person, fasts unto his death) in Sravanbelgola, (Karnataka)., , Bindusara, Real name of Bindusara was Simhasena., He was the son of Chandragupta Maurya., Greeks called Bindusara as Amitragatha,, meaning ‘slayer of enemies’. During, Bindusara’s reign Mauryan Empire spread, over large parts of India. He appointed, his son Ashoka as a governor of Ujjain., After his death, Ashoka ascended the, throne of Magadha., Ashoka, Ashoka was the most famous of the, Mauryan kings. He was known as, ‘Devanam Piya’ meaning ‘beloved of the, Gods’., , 129, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 129, , 10/08/18 6:29 PM
Page 38 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Ashoka fought the Kalinga war in 261, BC (BCE). He won the war and captured, Kalinga., The horror of war was described by the, king himself in the Rock Edict XIII., “Ashoka shines and shines brightly like a, bright star, even unto this day”, - H. G. Wells , Historian, Lion Capital of Ashoka, The Emblem of the Indian Republic has, been adopted from the Lion Capital of, one of Ashokas pillars located at Sarnath., The wheel from the circular base, the Ashoka, Chakra is a part of the National Flag., , Compassion, Charity, Purity, Saintliness, Self-control, Truthfulness, Obedience and respect for parents,, preceptors and elders., Ashoka sent his son Mahinda and, Sanghamitta to Srilanka to propagate, Buddhism. He also sent missionaries to, West Asia, Egypt, and Eastern Europe, to spread the message of Dhamma. The, , Dhamma-mahamattas were a new cadre, of officials created by Ashoka. Their, job was to spread dhamma all over the, empire. Ashoka held the third Buddhist, Council at his capital Pataliputra., , Edicts of Ashoka, , Chandasoka (Ashoka, the wicked) to, Dhammasoka (Ashoka the righteous), After the battle of Kalinga, Ashoka, became a Buddhist. He undertook tours, (Dharmayatras) to different parts of the, country instructing people on policy of, Dhamma. The meaning of Dhamma is, explained in Ashoka’s – Pillar Edict II, , The 33 Edicts on the pillars as well as, boulders and cave walls made by the, Emperor Ashoka, describe in detail, Ashoka’s belief in peace, righteousness,, justice and his concern for the welfare of, his people., An Edict is an official order or, proclamation issued by a person in, authority or a king., , It contained the noblest ideas of, humanism, forming the essence of all, religions., He laid stress on, 130, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 130, , 10/08/18 6:29 PM
Page 39 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Revenue system, The land was the most important source, of revenue for the state. Ashokan, inscription at Lumbini mentions bali and, bagha as taxes collected from people., The land tax (bhaga) collected was 1/6, of the total produce., Revenue from taxes on forests, mines,, salt and irrigation provided additional, revenue to the government., The script of the inscriptions, At Sanchi, , – Brahmi, , At Kandahar – Greek and Aramaic, At North Western part – Kharoshthi, , The Rock Edicts II and XIII of Ashoka, refer to the names of the three dynasties, namely Pandyas, Cholas, the Keralaputras, and the Sathyaputras., , Much of the State revenue was spent, on paying the army, the officials of the, royal government, on charities and on, different public works such as irrigation, project, road construction etc., , Judicial System, The king was the head of the Judiciary., He was the highest court of appeal., King, appointed, many, judges, subordinate to him. The punishments, were harsh., , Mauryan Administration, , Military Administration, , Centralized administration, , The king was the supreme commander of, the army., , King, The king was the supreme and, sovereign authority of the Mauryan, Empire., Council of ministers known as, mantriparishad assisted the King., Assembly of ministers included a, Purohit, a Senapathi, a Maha mantri, and the Yuvaraja., King had an excellent spy system., , A board of 30 members divided, into six committees with five members on, each, monitored, Navy, Armoury ( transport and supply), Infantry, Cavalry, The war chariots, The war elephants, , 131, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 131, , 10/08/18 6:29 PM
Page 40 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Municipal Administration, (Cities and Towns), Board of 30 members divided into six, committees. Each had 5 members to, manage the administration of the city., Town administration was under, Nagarika. He was assisted by Sthanika, and Gopa., The Junagarh / Girnar Inscription, of Rudradaman records that the, construction of a water reservoir known, as Sudarshana Lake was begun during, the time of Chandragupta Maurya and, completed during Ashoka’s reign., , Currency, , Mauryan coins, , Mauryan Art and, Architecture, Mauryan art can, divided into two, , Indigenous Art – Statues of Yakshas, and Yakshis, Royal Art, , Money was not only used for trade; even, the government paid its officers in cash., The punch marked silver coins, (panas) which carry the symbols of the, peacock, and the hill and crescent copper, coins called Mashakas formed the imperial, currency., , Trade and Urbanization, , be, , –, , alaces and Public, P, buildings, , –, , Monolithic Pillars, , –, , Rock cut Architecture, , –, , Stupas, , Yakshas were deities connected, with water, fertility, trees, the forest, and wilderness. Yakshis were their, female counterpart., , Trade flourished particularly with Greece, (Hellenic) Malaya, Ceylon and Burma., The Arthasastra refers to the regions, producing specialized textiles – Kasi, (Benares), Vanga(Bengal), Kamarupa, (Assam) and Madurai in Tamilnadu., Main Exports, , Main Imports, , Spices, Pearls, Diamonds, Cotton textiles, Ivory Works, Conch Shells, , Horses, Gold, Glassware, Linen, , Statues of Yaksha and Yakshi, 132, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 132, , 10/08/18 6:29 PM
Page 42 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Elsewhere in the world, , The Great Wall of China, , Temple of Zeus at Olympia, , It is an ancient series of fortification., During third century BC (BCE) emperor, Qin-Shi Huang linked these walls on, Northern border to protect his empire., , An ancient temple in Olympia, Greece,, dedicated to the god Zeus, constructed, during fifth century BC (BCE), It is one of, the seven wonders of the ancient world., , Summary, Sixth century BC (BCE) forms an important landmark as it witnessed the emergence, of sixteen Mahajanapadas., Among the sixteen Mahajanapadas, Magadha emerged as an empire., Magadha was ruled by four dynasties- The Haryanka, the Shishunaga, the Nanda, and the Maurya dynasty., Chandragupta Maurya established the Mauryan empire., Ashoka was the most famous of the Mauryan kings., Ashoka’s pillar and Rock Edicts enlighten us on his ideas of Dhamma., , GLOSSARY, Egalitarian, , –, , a person who advocates the principle of equality for all. (சமத்துவம்), , Monastery, , –, , a building in which monks live and worship. (மடாலயம்), , Treatise, , –, , a written work dealing systematically with a subject. (ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரை), , Horror, , –, , a feeling of fear and anxiety (பேரச்சமும் நடுக்கமும்), , 134, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 134, , 10/08/18 6:30 PM
Page 43 :
www.tntextbooks.in, EXERCISES, I, , Choose the correct answer:, 1. The Kingdom which was most powerful among the four, , Mahajanapadas, a) Anga, , b) Magadha, , c) Kosala, , d) Vajji, , 2. Among the following who was the contemporary of Gautama Buddha?, , a) Ajatasatru b) Bindusara, , c) Padmanabha Nanda d) Brihadratha, , 3. Which of the following are the sources of Mauryan period?, , a) Artha Sastra, , b) Indica, , c) Mudrarakshasa, , d) All, , 4. Chandra Gupta Maurya abdicated the thrown and went to Sravanbelgola along, , with Jaina Saint ______________., a) Badrabahu b) Stulabahu, , c) Parswanatha, , d) Rushabhanatha, , 5. _______ was the ambassador of Seleucus Nicator., , a) Ptolemy, , b) Kautilya, , c) Xerxes, , d), , Megasthenese, , 6. Who was the last emperor of Mauryan Dynasty?, , II, , a) Chandragupta Maurya, , b) Ashoka, , c) Brihadratha, , d) Bindusara, , Match the statement with the reason/Tick the appropriate answer:, 1. Statement (A) Ashoka is considered as one of India’s greatest rulers., , , Reason (R) He ruled according to the principle of Dhamma., , , , a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A., , , , b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A., , , , c. A is true but R is false., , , , d. A is false but R is true., , 2. Which of the statements given below is/are correct?, , Statement 1, , , , Chandragupta Maurya was the first ruler who unified entire India, under one political unit., , , Statement 2, , , , , The Arthashastra provides information about the Mauryan, administration, a. only 1, b. only 2, c. both 1 and 2, d neither 1 nor 2, , 3. Consider the following statements and find out which of the following statement(s), , is/are correct., , , 1) Chandragupta Maurya was the first king of Magadha., , , , 2) Rajagriha was the capital of Magadha., , , , a. only 1, , b. only 2, , c. both 1 and 2, , d. neither 1 nor 2, 135, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 135, , 10/08/18 6:30 PM
Page 44 :
www.tntextbooks.in, 4. Arrange the following dynasties in chronological order., , , , a. Nanda – Sishunaga – Haryanka – Maurya, , , , b. Nanda – Sishunaga –Maurya – Haryanka, , , , c. Haryanka - Sishunaga – Nanda - Maurya, , , , d. Sishunaga – Maurya – Nanda – Haryanka, , 5. Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of Magadhan Empire?, , , , 1) Strategic location, , , , 2) Thick forest supplied timber and elephant, , , , 3) Control over sea, , , , 4) Availability of rich deposits of iron ores, , , , a. 1, 2 and 3 only, , , , b. 3 and 4 only, , , , c. 1, 2 and 4 only, , , , d. All of these, , III Fill in the blanks:, 1. ____________________ was the earliest capital of Magadha., 2. Mudrarakshasa was written by ____________________., 3. ____________________ was the son of Bindusara., 4. The founder of the Maurya Empire was ____________________., 5. ____________________ were appointed to spread Dhamma all over the empire., , IV, , State True or False:, 1. The title Devanam Piya was given to Chandragupta Maurya., 2. Ashoka gave up war after his defeat in Kalinga., 3. Ashoka’s Dhamma was based on the principle of Buddhism., 4. The lions on the currency notes is taken from the Rampurwa bull capital., 5. Buddha's relics were placed in the centre of the Stupas., , 136, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 136, , 10/08/18 6:30 PM
Page 45 :
www.tntextbooks.in, V, , VI, , Match the following:, a. Gana, , 1. Arthasastra, , b. Megasthenese, , 2. religious tours, , c. Chanakya, , 3. people, , d. Dharmayatras, , 4. Indica, , a., , 3, , 4, , 1, , 2, , b., , 2, , 4, , 3, , 1, , c., , 3, , 1, , 2, , 4, , d., , 2, , 1, , 4, , 3, , Answer in one or two sentences:, 1. Mention any two literary sources of Mauryan period., 2. What is a stupa?, 3. Name the dynasties of Magadha., 4. What were the sources of revenue during Mauryan period?, 5. Who assisted Nagarika in the administration of towns?, 6. What do you know from the Rock Edicts II and XIII of Ashoka?, 7. Which classical Tamil poetic works have the reference of Mauryans?, , VII, , Answer the following:, 1. What did Ashoka do to spread Buddhism? (Write any three points), 2. Write any three causes for the rise of Magadha., , VIII HOTS, 1. Kalinga war became a turning point in Ashoka’s life. How?, 2. Write any five welfare measures you would do if you were a king like Ashoka?, IX, , Picture study, This is the picture of an Ashokan edicts., a. What are edicts?, b. How are Ashokan edicts useful?, c. Where were these edicts inscribed?, d. Name the script used in Sanchi Inscription., e. How many Rock Edicts are there?, , 137, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 137, , 10/08/18 6:30 PM
Page 46 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Who am I, , X, , 1. I belonged to Haryanka dynasty. I extended territory by matrimonial alliances., , My son is Ajatasatru – who am I?, 2. I played a significant role in the transformation of society. I am used in making, , ploughshare - Who am I?, 3. I was known as Devanampiya. I embraced the path of peace - Who am I?, 4. I established the first largest empire in India. I performed Sallekhana. Who am I?, 5. I am found in the Lion capital of Ashoka. I am at the centre of our national flag., , Who am I?, Decipher the code – The Mauryan Empire., , XI, A, , B, , C, , D, , E, , F, , G, , H, , I, , J, , K, , L, , M, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 5, , 6, , 7, , 8, , 9, , 10, , 11, , 12, , 13, , N, , O, , P, , Q, , R, , S, , T, , U, , V, , W, , X, , Y, , Z, , 14, , 15, , 16, , 17, , 18, , 19, , 20, , 21, , 22, , 23, , 24, , 25, , 26, , 1. The first dynasty that ruled over Magadha was ____________ (8, 1, 18, 25, 1,, , 14, 11, 1)., 2. _______________ empire was the first largest empire (13, 1, 21,18, 25, 1)., 3. _______________ laid the foundation of the new capital at Pataliputra, , (21, 4, 1, 25, 9, 14)., 4. _______________ was one of the main exports (19, 16, 9, 3, 5, 19)., 5. ____________ became later the most renowned seat of learning, , (14, 1, 12, 1, 14, 4, 1)., 6. Revenue from agricultural produce was called _______________ (2, 8, 1, 7, 1)., 7. The horror of war was described in _______________ (18, 15, 3, 11, 5, 4, 9, 3,, , 20), 8. Greeks called Bindusara as _______________ (1, 13, 9, 20, 18, 1, 7, 1, 20, 8, 1), 9. The crowning element in Saranath Pillar is _____________, , (4, 8,1, 18, 13, 1, 3, 8, 1, 11, 18, 1), 10. Council of ministers were known as _______________ (13, 1, 14, 4, 18, 9, 16,, , 1, 18, 9, 19, 8, 1, 4), 138, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 138, , 10/08/18 6:30 PM
Page 47 :
www.tntextbooks.in, XII Activity, 1. Field trip to Museum, 2. Movie show – about Ashoka and Chandragupta., XIII Map Work, 1. Mark the extent of Ashokan Empire., 2. Mark the following places on the river map of India, , a. Taxila, , b. Pataliputra, , c. Ujjain, , d. Sanchi, , e. Indraprastha, , XIV Life Skill, 1. Make a model of Ashoka Chakra., 2. Make a model of Sanchi Stupa., 3. Draw and colour our National Flag., XV Answer Grid, Name the two kinds of, government in North India, during 6th century B.C (BCE), , Who conducted second, Buddhist council at Vaishali?, , What is the modern name, for Kalinga?, , Ans:, , Ans:, , Ans:, , Town was administrated, by________________, , Where was the third Buddhist, council convened by Ashoka?, , Name any two major, Mahajanapadas., , Ans:, , Ans:, , Ans:, , Which inscription records the, construction of Sudarshana, lake?, , Who was the last Nanda ruler?, , Name the silver coin, which were in use during, Maurian period?, , Ans:, , Ans:, , Ans:, , Refrences, 1. Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to 1300 AD. Penguin, 2015., 2. R.S. Sharma, India's Ancient past. Oxford University Press, 2005., 3. Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India. Pearson, 2008, , 139, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 139, , 10/08/18 6:30 PM
Page 48 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , ICT CORNER, Histroy from Chiefdoms to Empires, , This activity for Maps based on Vector database, is a INTERACTIVITY ATLAS which helps to, know about Comparative History, Political,, Military, Art, Science, Literature, Religion and, Philosophy in the world., , Step – 1: Open the Browser and type the URL given (or) Scan the QR Code., Step - 2 : World History Atlas page will appear., Step-3 : You will enter any kingdom period or political period (ex. Magadha Empire)., Step-4 : You will get vector database map., , URL, http://geacron.com/home-en/, , 140, , VI History - Lesson 3.indd 140, , 10/08/18 6:30 PM
Page 51 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 1, , RESOURCES, , Learning Objectives, •, , To introduce the meaning of resources, , •, , To familiarize with the different types of resources, , •, , To understand the need for conservation of resources, , •, , To understand the meaning of economic activities., , Pathway, This lesson focuses on the meaning,, classification of resources and conservation, of resources for sustainable living. It also, provides an insight to the various economic, activities and in particular it deals with, the inter relation between the nature and, human activities., , Kuzhali was lying in her bed to see, if her father would enter her room. She, wanted her report card to be signed. There, was no symptom of coming of her father., She jumped out of her bed and ran to her, mother in the kitchen., Kuzhali: Amma where is Appa?, , Amma: Today he has ‘overtime’ and he, has left early., Kuzhali:, , ”Overtime” what is that?, , Amma: Your father’s boss wants him to, , கேடறியாக் கெட்ட இடத்தும் வளங்குன்றா, நாடென்ப நாட்டின் தலை- குறள் 736, எந்த வகையிலும் கெடுதலை அறியாமல்,, ஒருவேளை, , கெடுதல், , சீர்செய்யுமளவிற்கு, , ஏற்படினும், , வளங்குன்றா, , அதனை, நிலையில், , உள்ள நாடுதான் நாடுகளிலே தலை சிறந்ததாகும்., , manufacture a few more solar, panels because they have some, urgent orders., Kuzhali: , He should have told me last, night. My progress report has, to be signed., Amma: Enough of that. Now go have, your bath. I’ll sign your report, this time., Kuzhali: Amma, thank you ma. One, more question. What does he, 143, , TN_GOVT_GEOGRAPHY_VI_Std_Ch1.indd 143, , 06-08-2018 12:26:58
Page 52 :
www.tntextbooks.in, make the solar panels from?, Amma: Let me explain for you to, understand. Silicon, extracted, from sand, a natural resource,, is used in making PV cells., These convert solar energy into, electrical energy., , economic value. (e.g.) Petroleum. The, Non-commercial resources are very, abundant in availability ( e.g.) Air., HOTS:, Do all the items in your shopping list, have commercial value?, , Kuzhali: Natural resource, what do you, mean by it?, All things useful to man is, Amma: , resource. And if it is directly, from nature we call it natural, resource., Kuzhali: Then what kind of work is Appa, doing?, , Anything, , becomes, , a, , resource only when its use, is discovered. The needs, of human beings are ever changing., According to the ever changing needs,, resources keep changing. Time and, Technology are two important factors, , Amma: He is a manufacturer. He, uses natural resources for, manufacturing., , that determine whether a substance, , Kuzhali: Then, manufactured things be, called as resources?, , was made possible after the invention, , Amma: Yes, they are called as man, made resources., , receding of coal and petrol was in need, , is a resource or not., , for example:, , Sun’s energy to generate electricity, of solar panels (technology); and the, of an inexhaustible resource (time)., , Kuzhali: Ok amma. It’s getting late. Let, me get ready., , Solar panel, , Activity: 1, Circle the resources that are not, necessary for gardening. Soil, Seeds,, A piece of Land, Computers, Saplings,, Flower Pots, Manure, Textbooks., Resource is anything that fulfills human, needs., it, , When anything is of some use, , becomes, , valuable., , All, , resources, , have value., , The value can be either, , commercial, , or, , Commercial, , non-commercial., , resources, , have, , great, , HOTS:, Is the tilt of the solar panels same, everywhere on Earth?, Resources can be natural, man-made, and human resources., , 144, , TN_GOVT_GEOGRAPHY_VI_Std_Ch1.indd 144, , 06-08-2018 12:26:59
Page 54 :
www.tntextbooks.in, The biotic resources were mere, , 1.NATURAL RESOURCES:, , substances till they were recognized by, , All resources that, , humans., , have been directly, , the substances were collected by the, , provided by nature, , ancient men and preserved for use. In the, , are called Natural, , beginning ,man had only three basic needs-, , resources. The air,, , food, clothing and shelter. He collected, , water, soil, minerals,, natural, , According to the human needs, , things through primary activities such as, , vegetation, , hunting, food gathering, fishing and forestry., , Sun, , and wild life around, , us are all natural resources. The use of any, natural resource depends on the place it is, available, the form in which it is available, and the technology necessary to avail it., , Later when food became scarce, they had, to cultivate and that became agriculture and, the cattle were also reared on their farms to, fulfill their basic needs., , CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES, , Natural resources can be classified, into, , different, , origin,, , groups, , depending, , development,, , on, , renewability,, , distribution, ownership etc., A.ON THE BASIS OF ORIGIN:, , On the basis of origin, resources, can be classified into biotic and abiotic, resources., i. All living resources are biotic resources,, plants,, , animals, , and, , other, , micro, , organisms are biotic resources., , The abiotic resources were also, sought after by the early men. They went in, search of better landforms where they had, enough water resources for agriculture and, their cattle. They were in need of tools right, from hunting to agriculture. Primarily the, tools were only made of stones. Later man, dug the earth for better abiotic resources, and found copper first and iron later. He, also mined precious metals simultaneously, for making ornaments. Later mining became, , ii. Abiotic, , resources, , are, , non-living, , things. Land, water, air and minerals, are abiotic resources., , one of the leading primary activities and, still holds an important place among the, economic activities., , 146, , TN_GOVT_GEOGRAPHY_VI_Std_Ch1.indd 146, , 06-08-2018 12:27:14
Page 55 :
www.tntextbooks.in, B.ON THE BASIS OF, , HOTS:, , DEVELOPMENT:, , Based, on, the, level of development,, resources can be divided, into actual and potential resources., i. Actual resources are resources that, are being used and the quantity available, is known. (e.g.) Coal at Neyveli., ii. Potential resources are resources, that are not being used in the present, and its quantity and location are not, known. The technology to extract such, resources is also yet to be developed., (e.g.) Marine yeast found in the Bay of, Bengal and Arabian Sea., Marine, , yeast, , have, , greater potential than the, terrestrial yeast., , They, , can be used in baking, brewing, wine,, bio-ethanol and pharmaceutical protein, production., C. ON THE BASIS OF EXHAUSTIBILITY:, , On the basis of renewability, resources can be classified as renewable, resources and non-renewable resources., i. Resources, once, consumed, can, be renewed with the passage, of time are called renewable, resources. (e.g.) Air, Water, Sunlight., Misuse of such resources can also limit, its available quantity. So, they have to, be used wisely., ii. Natural resources which are limited can, be called non-renewable resources., They become exhausted after use and, the time they take to replace does, , Find out what other resources can, renew themselves?, not match the life cycle. (e.g.) Coal,, petroleum, natural gas and other, minerals., , Neyveli lignite corporation, The, , resources, , which, , cannot, , renew, , themselves are either scarce or totally, absent. So man is in search of new resources, and is conducting several researches. He, confirms that a substance is a resource, only after research. He tries to harness it, and also searches the regions where it may, be found in. They are potential resources., Wind energy is one such example., , The, , places where the wind energy can be, utilized are still unknown., , Wind energy, , 147, , TN_GOVT_GEOGRAPHY_VI_Std_Ch1.indd 147, , 06-08-2018 12:27:15
Page 56 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , HOTS:, How did coal originate?, D.ON THE BASIS OF DISTRIBUTION:, , On, , the, , basis, , of, , distribution,, , resources can be classified into localized, resources and universal resources., i. When resources are present in specific, regions they are called localized, resources. (e.g.) Minerals., ii. Some resources are present everywhere, Such resources are called universal, resources. (e.g.) Sunlight and air., , Apartments, iii. National resources are, , resources, , within the political boundaries and, oceanic area of a country. (e.g.) Tropical, forest regions of India., , Activity: 2, Which region / continent does each, of these animals belong to?, , Tropical rain forests are, called the ‘World’s largest, Pharmacy’ as 25% of the, natural, , vegetation, , are, , medicinal plants. (e.g.) Cinchona., E.ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP:, , Based on ownership resources can, be classified into Individual resources,, Community-owned, , resources,, , National, , resources and International resources., i. Individual resources are resources, privately owned by individuals. (e.g.), Apartments., ii. Community-owned resources are, resources which can be utilised by all, the members of the community. (e.g.), Public parks., , iv. International, , resources, , are, , all, , oceanic resources found in the open, ocean. Resources found in this region, can be utilized only after an international, agreement. (e.g.) Ambergris., Ambergris, , is, , an, , extract, , from the sperm whale., , A, , pound (0.454kg) of sweet –, smelling ambergris is worth US $63,000, and used in perfume industries., , 148, , TN_GOVT_GEOGRAPHY_VI_Std_Ch1.indd 148, , 06-08-2018 12:27:16
Page 57 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Man-Made resources, , human beings separately., , Ambergris, , Education, , health,, , knowledge and skill have, , 2. MAN-MADE RESOURCES:, , Natural resources are modified or, processed by technology into man-made, resources. (e.g.) sugarcane processed to, , made them a valuable, resource. (e.g.) Doctors,, Teachers, Scientists. Tertiary activities are, basically concerned with the distribution, , get sugar. All structures built by man can, , of, , also be called man-made resources. (e.g.), , through a system of transport and trade, , secondary, , products, , The quantity and quality of institutions, and organizations involved in making the, , Activity: 3, , professionals decide the human resource, , What natural resources are, necessary to lay a road?, , of a country., , This transforming of raw materials into, goods, , and, , (e.g) Banking, Trade and Communications., , Bridges, Houses, Roads., , finished, , primary, , is, , called, , Secondary, , Activities. Man’s skills and ideas are the, , Activity:, Identify the personalities and professionals, , basic requirements for these activities., 3.HUMAN RESOURCE:, , Human resources are groups of, individuals who use nature to create more, resources., , Though human beings are, , basically natural resources, we classify, 149, , TN_GOVT_GEOGRAPHY_VI_Std_Ch1.indd 149, , 06-08-2018 12:27:18
Page 58 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Gandhian thought on Resources:, , the needs of the future generations., , If, , the present needs of resources are met, and the conserving of resources for the, future are balanced, we call it sustainable, development. Sustainable development, can take place when, (i) The reasons of depletion are identified., There is enough for everybody’s need and, not for anybody’s greed. Mahatma Gandhi, blamed “human beings” for depletion of, resources because of, , (ii) Wastage and excess consumption is, prevented., (iii) Reusable resources are recycled., (iv) Pollution is prevented., , (i) over exploitation of resources, (ii) Unlimited needs of human beings., So, conservation is very important., , (v) Environment is protected., , Resource planning / Management, , (vii) Alternative resources are used., , Resource planning is a technique or skill, of proper utilization of resources. Resource, planning is necessary because, , The easiest way to conserve resources is, , (i) Resources are limited, their planning, is quite necessary so that we can, use them properly and at the same, time we can save them for our future, generation., , (vi) , Natural vegetation and wild life are, preserved., , to follow the '3R's: Reduce, Reuse and, Recycle., , (ii) Resources are not only limited but also, they are unevenly distributed over the, different parts of the World., (iii) It is essential for the production of, resource to protect them from over, exploitation., CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES:, Careful, , use, , of, , resources, , is, , called, , conservation of resources. Resources, are being used at a very fast rate due to the, rapid increase in population. So, natural, resources are depleting fast; wisely using, resources can control the depleting ratios., Development is necessary without affecting, , "" A, nything that fulfills human needs can, be called a resource., "" Resources provided directly by nature, are natural resources., "" All living things are biotic resources., "" All non-living things are abiotic, resources., "" Collection of resources directly from, nature is called primary activities., "" Actual resources are being used at, present., , 150, , TN_GOVT_GEOGRAPHY_VI_Std_Ch1.indd 150, , 06-08-2018 12:27:19
Page 59 :
www.tntextbooks.in, "" P, otential resources are not utilized at, present., "" After consumption, resources can be, renewed with the period of time is, called renewable resources., "" N, on-renewable, resources, are, resources that have limited stock., "" Resources that found everywhere are, Universal resources., "" Resources found in specific regions are, called localized resources., "" Natural resources when processed to, meet man’s needs are called manmade resources., "" People are also referred to as resources., "" Tertiary activities are those which, render services to production and, distribution of goods., "" Careful use of resources is conservation, of resources., "" when the present population's needs, are fullfilled; the future generation's, needs will be met without damaging the, environment ,sustainable development, take place., , 1., 2., , 3., 4., 5., 6., , 7., 8., , Manufacture, Solar panel, , – production., –A, plate that can, absorb solar, energy., PV cells, – Photo voltic cells, Localized, – L imited to specific, areas., Universal, – found everywhere., Open ocean – a, reas of ocean that, does not belong to, any country., Depleting, – reducing., Conservation – s aving for future, use., , 9., , Sustainable, , 10. Tertiary, , –a, ble to be, maintained., – third level., , Exercises, A) Match the following., A, , B, , Natural resource, , Minerals, , International, resource, , Sustainable, development, , Reduce, Reuse,, Recycle, , Air, , Non-renewable, , Manufacturing, , Universal resource, , Ambergris, , Secondary, activities, , Forest, , B) Fill in the blanks., 1. Sugarcane is processed to make, ______________., 2. Conservation, of, resources, is, ______________ use of resources., 3. Resources which are confined to certain, regions are called ______________., 4. ______________ resources are being, used in the present., 5. ______________ resources are the, most valuable resources., 6. Collection of resources directly from, nature is called __________., 151, , TN_GOVT_GEOGRAPHY_VI_Std_Ch1.indd 151, , 06-08-2018 12:27:19
Page 60 :
www.tntextbooks.in, C) Write short notes on the following., 1. Renewable resources., 2., , Human resources., , 3., , Individual resources., , 4., , Tertiary activities, , G) Statements and inferences., 1. Statement: S, olar energy is the best, substitute for thermal, energy in tropical regions., Inference 1: C, oal, and, petroleum, resources are receding., , D) Give brief answers for the following., 1. What are resources?, 2., , What are actual resources?, , 3., , Define abiotic resources., , 4., , What is sustainable development?, , b) Only conclusion 2 follows., c) Neither 1 nor 2 follows., , 1. Differentiate universal and localized, resources., 2. Though human beings are natural, resources, why are they classified, separately?, 3. Compare national and international, resources., 4. What is the difference between manmade resources and human resources?, on, , F) Give detailed answers for the, following questions. (100-120 words), 1. How are natural resources classified?, Explain any three with examples., 2., , Now choose the right answer., a) Only conclusion 1 follows., , E) G, ive short answers for the following, questions., , 5. Write the Gandhian thought, conservation of resources., , Inference 2: S, olar energy will never, deplete., , How can resources be conserved?, , 3. What is resource planning and why is, it necessary?, 4. Explain the primary, secondary and, tertiary activities., , d) Both 1 and 2 follow., 2. S, tatement: I f you don’t conserve, resources, human race, may become extinct., Inference 1: , You need not conserve, resources., Inference 2: , You need to conserve, resources., Now choose the right answer., a) Only conclusion 1 follows., b) Only conclusion 2 follows., c) Neither 1 nor 2 follows., d) Both 1 and 2 follow., 3. Statement: M, an switched over to, agriculture., , Inference 1 : Food, , gatherers, , experienced scarcity of, food., Inference 2: F, ood gathered was not, nutritious., Now choose the right answer., a) Only conclusion 1 follows., b) Only conclusion 2 follows., c) Neither 1 nor 2 follows., d) Both 1 and 2 follow., , 152, , TN_GOVT_GEOGRAPHY_VI_Std_Ch1.indd 152, , 06-08-2018 12:27:19
Page 61 :
www.tntextbooks.in, H) Given are three suggestions to conserve resources: Write the 3Rs in suitable, places., 1. Giving your childhood cycle to your neighbour, , ______________., , 2. Using a flush that consumes less water , , ______________., , 3. Melting used plastic to lay roads , , ______________., , I) Cross word puzzle., 1, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 1, , 2, 3, Across left to right, , Down, , 1. A development that balances time., , 1. A resource found everywhere., , 2. Energy from the sun., , 2. An international resource., , 3. All resources that belongs to country., , 3. A resource provided by nature., , Across right to left, , 4. A resource restricted to specific areas., , 1. One of the 3Rs, J) Mark the following in the outline map of India., 1., , Neyveli , , 2., , Bay of Bengal, , 3., , Arabian Sea , , 4., , Forest region of Tamil Nadu, , 5., , Indian Ocean , , 6., , Iron mining in Kanjamalai(Salem), , 153, , TN_GOVT_GEOGRAPHY_VI_Std_Ch1.indd 153, , 06-08-2018 12:27:19
Page 62 :
www.tntextbooks.in, K) Identify the different economic activities and fill the table given below., Sl. No., , Picture, , Primary/, secondary/, tertiary, , What activity, is this?, , Region in, which it is, found, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , L) Teacher’s Activities:, 1. Observe “Save Energy Day” once in a month at school / class level., 2., , Try making wall hangings with waste materials to decorate your school corridors., , 3., , Find out if there are any industries nearby your school. A field trip may be arranged., , 4., , Collect pictures based on, a.Fishing , , b.Hunting, , c.Food-gathering, , d.Forestry, , e.Mining f.Agriculture, g.Cattle-rearing , , h.Lumbering, , REFERENCE, Human and economic geography- Goh Cheng Leong, , Internet Resource, https;//www.acciona.com/sustainable development, , 154, , TN_GOVT_GEOGRAPHY_VI_Std_Ch1.indd 154, , 06-08-2018 12:27:20
Page 63 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , ICT CORNER, Resources and Economic Activities., , This activity will make the students, to know about the, renewable resources, , Step 1: Open the Browser type the URL link given below (or) Scan the QR Code., Step 2: A home Page Ingenium opens, select by clicking events, activities and games., Under that select energy games., Step 3: Now go down and select the power up game by clicking play. Allow to run adobe flash, player to play the game., Step 4: You can play various levels to understand the energy generated from wind and sun. They, can also explore the quizzes on different types of energy resources., , Step-1, , Step-2, , Step-3, , Step-4, , URL:, https://energy.techno-science.ca/en/index.php, , *Pictures are indicatives only., 155, , TN_GOVT_GEOGRAPHY_VI_Std_Ch1.indd 155, , 06-08-2018 12:27:20
Page 67 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 1, , NATIONAL, SYMBOLS, , Learning Objectives, •, , To know about the natural national symbols of India., , •, , To understand the importance to protect nature., , •, , To know the other national symbols and appreciate them., , •, , To know the about different national festivals and celebrate them, with joy., , Path way, This lesson deals with the natural national symbols and the other national, symbols. It also explains about the different national festivals., Velan and Ponni went on a forest, trip to Pulivanam. The thought that they, were going to visit the forest, made, them ecstatic and they were filled with, excitement and adventurous spirit., Veena, a wildlife reasearcher was with, them. That forest had a legendary river, running across. The forest also had 2,000, metre high mountain., , Velan and Ponni to the officer. The, personal vehicles had to be stopped there, as they were restricted to go further. After, that they had to travel only by vehicles, run on battaries that are pollution free., These vehicles also called as ‘Jeep’ were, covered with glass. A jeep was waiting, for them. The forest officer Manimaran,, Veena and the team boarded the vehicle., , As per the plan, they had reached, the forest area by a vehicle. “We are, waiting for you” said the forest officer, Manimaran, smilingly to the enthusiastic, young researchers. Veena introduced, , “I think you are eagerly waiting, to watch the tiger, but it is possible only, when you are lucky enough. Though it, is the tiger’s habitat, there are many, birds, insects, reptiles, aquatic life and, 159, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 159, , 12/08/18 11:46 AM
Page 68 :
www.tntextbooks.in, amphibians which make the eco-system., So please don’t wait only for the tigers but, enjoy watching other animals too. And, remember you shouldn’t speak loudly”, said Manimaran., In a few minutes they had a chance, to see a beautiful pond with lotus. The, vehicle was moving slowly. The lotuses, were smiling back at them. “Lotuses are, of different types. Those which are pink, are called pink lotuses. The lotus has a, very special structure” said Veena., Just behind a big tree near the, pond, a peacock was fanning out its, feathers gracefully. Without making, noise, Velan and Ponni were admiring it., “Uncle Manimaran, usually peacocks do, this during rainy days. Will it rain now?”, said Ponni., “Maybe. It dances only during rainy days., But once a chieftain Began, wondered, whether the peacock was shivering in, cold and covered the peacock with his, shawl. This chieftain belonged to the, classical Sangam age of Tamils and also, revered as one of the seven most, generous personalities of ancient Tamil, land., , There is a Peacock, Sanctuary, at, Viralimalai, in, the, district of Pudukottai, (Tamilnadu), “You know very well that the peacock is our, national bird. For a long time the Peacock, has a significant place in our culture,, art and heritage. It’s beauty, stately, appearance and its even distribution all, over India makes it our national bird”, said Manimaran., The vehicle moved forward silently., They admired the beauty on either side, even without blinking., “We have come very close to the, bank of the river. Now we have to go, along the river. I am going to show you, a different animal. You have to remain, silent; only then you can see it. Please, take your binoculars” said Manimaran., Veena had instructed the team to, bring their binoculars on the visit. Velan, and Ponni had borrowed the binoculars, from their neighbours. They focused their, binoculars towards the gap between the, bushes. That gave them a view of the river., Veena said, “Look, there is something, black like a Gharial crocodile moving”., They could not see the animal clearly due, to the glare caused by the morning sun., Manimaran said, “Turn away from the, Sun’s rays and watch carefully. It is not a, Gharial”., Veena said, “No it does not look like, a fish. It looks like an aquatic mammal –, a river dophin”., , 160, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 160, , 12/08/18 11:46 AM
Page 69 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Velan and Ponni exclaimed, “What?, Is it a dolphin? Marine acrobatic animal?, How can it live in a river?, Manimaran said, “There are river, dolphins in our country. The dolphins that, live in the rivers have a long snout similar, to the Gharial crocodiles. Just like bats,, they use the ultrasound waves to catch, their prey. They are essentially blind., Velan said, “That was an interesting, detail”., “Do you know the name of the, river beside which we are now on?”., “The rich harvests of the fertile, plains of Ganges was mentioned in one, of Bharathiyar’s famous songs. Am I on, the same banks of Ganges? My father, asked me to collect some information, about this place before visiting it,” said, Ponni., “No doubt about it.”, “Do you know that this river is, 2,525 km long and is the longest river, , in India?” said Velan stunning everyone, around., “Though Brahmaputra is 3848 km, long, it does not flow across India. So,, What Velan said is right” said Veena., Manimaran said, “We have seen a, lot of things. Now let us relax. Come, let, us have these pieces of mangoes.”, “These mangoes are very tasty,, what kind of mangoes are these?” asked, Veena eagerly., “This kind of mango is known as, ‘Imam pasand’ a variety of mango that, was cultivated during the Mughal reign, for the royal family. This is occasionally, found in the forest. Even this was picked, from the mango grove at the fringes of, this forest” said Manimaran. Eveyone got, into the vehicle and were ready to go., “Now we are going to see another, wonder” said Manimaran and drove the, vehicle around a big banyan tree with, countless roots around. He travelled, 161, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 161, , 12/08/18 11:46 AM
Page 70 :
www.tntextbooks.in, around it for a few minutes and came, back to the starting point. “Such a big, banyan tree?” exclaimed Ponni and Velan., “This is a very big banyan tree, and is the oldest in this forest. It is the, habitat of thousands of birds. It is as, famous as the banyan tree in the Indian, Botanical Garden in Howrah (Calcutta),”, said Manimaran., “There is another big banyan in, Adyar (Chennai). It is as big as that. I, saw that when I visited the Theosophical, Society and wondered at it.” said Ponni., “Let us now go slowly because, there is a herd of elephants climbing the, mountains right behind the banyan tree”, said Manimaran., Velan replied at once, “Oh! Aren’t, the wild elephants ferocious? Are we in, danger?”., Manimaran said “First and foremost, we are not supposed to trouble the wild, animals because the forest is their home., We can admire them without disturbing, them.”, Manimaran continued “We should, know how to safeguard ourselves from, the encounters of the wild animals. That, is the reason why we try to explore the, forests with the guides who belong to the, forest tribal community”., “Even though the animals are quite, huge, they will not harm you unless you, hurt them”., “Let us also climb the hills along, with the elephants. There is another, surprise waiting for you on the top of the, hills” said Manimaran., , After climbing the hill they came, across a plain. He parked the vehicle and, asked the team to see something using, their binoculars. “Look there,”, There was a cone-shaped nest built, with dried leaves. Manimaran asked, “Can, you guess which animal’s nest is that?, I know that birds build nests on, the ground, but this seems a bit strange,”, said Veena., It is a snake’s nest, the nest of king, cobra”., “What? Snakes build nests?” said, Velan., “This is the only reptile that builds, a nest of its own and reproduces. Thus, snake’s average length is 18 feet and is, the longest of the poisonous snakes” said, Manimaran., “We have explored the forest and, climbed the hills but we have not seen a, tiger till now” said Ponni., “Don’t worry Ponni. We have come, across many wonders. The Tiger is a very, shy animal. While descending down the, hills we may see one on the rocky area, on the slope” said Manimaran., They had seen many unusual things, that day. But they were very disappointed, because they had not seen ever a tiger.”, “I have visited several forests, but they are not identical. I got some, new information from Mr.Manimaran and, the tribals. I have visited forestes many, times regarding my research. But I was, not able to see the tiger. Don’t worry, we, will see a tiger some time later comforted, Veena., , 162, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 162, , 12/08/18 11:46 AM
Page 71 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , NATURAL NATIONAL SYMBOLS, Lotus-1950, Though it grows in muddy water, it blooms with beauty., , Banyan tree-1950, It is a symbol of pride, and has many medicinal values., , Tiger-1973, , Peacock-1963, , It is the largest cat species. India, has 70% of tigers population in, the world., , It is native to Asia and the only, bird which has a tail., , Elephant-2010, It is native to mainland Asia and, plays a critical role in maintaining, the regions forests., , River Ganges-2008, It is a perennial river and, many royal capitals flourished on, the banks of this river., , River Dolphin-2010, , They are friendly bacteria.They are, a major part of the lactic and, bacteria group., , It is the reliable indicator of the, health of the entire river eco-system., It is in the endangered list., , Mango - 1950, King cobraOphiophagus hannah, , It is a rich source of vitamins A,C, and D and mainly cultivated in the, plains., , It is the world’s longest venomous, snake and lives in the rain forests, and plains of India., , The years the symbols were adopted by the Government of India are given., , 163, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 163, , 12/08/18 11:48 AM
Page 72 :
www.tntextbooks.in, They descended down the hill and, came to the same place where they had, watched the river dolphins. They parked, the vehicle and rested for a while. Ponni, came out of the vehicle and watched, through the binoculars. She noticed, something strange. She couldn’t control, herself she whispered “Uncle, look there.”, All of them quickly turned to look with, their binoculars. They saw a tigress with, her three cubs drinking water from the, river. Veena captured the beautiful scene, with her camera. Nobody dared to see, anything other than the tigress, till it left, the river bank and vanished away., “This is the real king of the forest”, said Manimaran., , Tamil Nadu’s Natural, Symbols, , Animal, , Nilgiri Tahr, , Bird, , Emerald, dove, , Flower, , Gloriosa, Superba, , Tree, , Palmyrah, tree, , “It is absolutely true” said Veena., They all got back to the vehicle, and were returning. Veena asked the, team a question. “Do you know, there, is something common between all the, wonders you have seen today?”, “What is common?” asked Velan., “Please, tell us quickly. We are very, eager to know” said Ponni., “All that we saw today are our, natural national symbols” said Veena, “You are right, Veena. This didn’t, strike me.” said Manimaran., , Other Symbols of our Country, National flag:, , The tricolour flag is our National flag. The, three colours are of the same width and are, arranged horizontally., The saffron at the top, represents valour and, sacrifice. The green at, the bottom represents, fertility and prosperity., The white band in, between represents honesty peace and, purity. The Ashoka chakra or the wheel, in navy blue represents truth and peace., Out National Flag’s length and, width proportion is 3:2 respectively and, the Ashoka’s chakra has 24 spokes in it., , National Emblem, The four lions on top of the Ashoka, , HOTS:, , Who has been given the right to, manufacture the National flag?, , 164, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 164, , 12/08/18 11:48 AM
Page 73 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Kodi Kaatha Kumaran, Tirupur, Kumaran was born in, Chennimalai of Erode, district. As a youth, he, actively participated in, the freedom struggle for, India. In 1932, when Gandhiji was, arrested, protests were held against, the arrest all over the country. When, protests were held for Gandhiji’s, release, Tirupur Kumaran took active, part in it. He lost his life when the, police attacked violently. He held on, to the tricolor flag even when he died., He was honoured with the title, ‘Kodi, Kaatha Kumaran’. The Government of, India has released a postal stamp on his, centenary year to remember Tirupur, Kumaran’s sacrifice and dedication to, the nation., , The, National flag, was, designed by Pingali Venkayya, from Andhra Pradesh., •, , The first Indian Flag was woven at, Gudiyatham in Vellore district of, Tamilnadu., , •, , This flag was hoisted by Pandit, Jawaharlal Nehru on 15th August, 1947 at Red Fort (Delhi), , •, , This flag is now an exhibit at the, St.George’s Fort Museum, Chennai., , Pillar at Sarnath was chosen to be our, National emblem. The national emblem, was accepted on 26th January 1950,, , ‘Satyameva Jayate”, has been inscribed at, its bottom. It means, ‘Truth alone triumphs’., The National emblem, consists of two partsthe upper and the, lower parts., The upper part, has four lions facing, the North, South,, East and West. This is, on a circular pedestal. One can only see, three lions at a time., The lower part has an elephant, a, horse, a bull and a lion. The ‘Wheel of, righteousness’ is placed between them., This emblem is found at the top of the, government, communication,, Indian, currency and passport., The four lions,, chosen from the, Sarnath pillar of, Ashoka, as, our, emblem, is now, placed in the Sarnath Museum., , National Anthem, ‘Jana Gana Mana’ is our National, anthem. It symbolises the sovereignty, and intergrity of our nation. This anthem, was written by Rabindranath Tagore in, Bengali. This was transcripted in Hindi, and was accepted by the Constituent, Assembly on 24th January 1950., , 165, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 165, , 12/08/18 11:48 AM
Page 74 :
www.tntextbooks.in, The rules to be observed while, singing the Anthem, •, •, •, , National Micro organism, , This anthem has to be sung at a, duration of 52 seconds., Everyone should stand erect while, singing the national anthem., One should understand the meaning, while singing., , National song, On 27th December 1911, this National anthem, was sung for the first, time during the Congress committee, meet held at Kolkata., , The, song, Vande, Mataram,, composed by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee,, was a source of inspiration to the people, of India in their struggle for freedom. It, has an equal status with Jana Gana Mana., On January 24, 1950, the then President,, Dr. Rajendra Prasad came up with a, statement in the Constituent Assembly,, “the song Vande Mataram, which has, played a historic part in the struggle, for Indian freedom, shall be honoured, equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall, have equal status with it.”, , The curd which we consume every, day is curdled from milk by a micro, organism called lacto bacillus delbrueckii., This was accepted as our national micro, organism in the year 2012. This micro, organism makes the milk undergo a, chemical reaction and changes the protein, content of the milk. Curd is known for its, digestive quality and cooling capacity., , Currency of India- (INR) `, The Indian currency is the Indian, Rupees. The currency released by, SherShah Sur in the sixteenth century, was ‘Rupiya’. This ‘rupiya’ has been, transformed, into ‘Rupees’. The symbol, of rupees is `. This was designed by D., Udhayakumar from Tamil Nadu in the, year 2010., , The song was a part of Bankim, Chandra’s most famous novel ‘Anand, Math’., , National Calender, , National pledge, , calendar in the year 78 CE/AD. The, , “India is my country. All Indians are, my brothers and sisters” is our national, pledge. The pledge was written by, Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao in Telugu., , During, , the, , reign, , of, , Emperor, , Kanishka he began following a new, year begins from the spring equinox, which falls on March 22nd. During a, leap year, it begins on March 21st. Our, country follows this calendar. The famous, astronomer Meghnad Saha headed the, , 166, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 166, , 12/08/18 11:48 AM
Page 75 :
www.tntextbooks.in, Calendar Reformation Committee on 22nd, March 1957. It was then accepted by the, committee as our national calendar., The, , National, , symbols, , help, , in, , uniting the diversified sections of India, and to instill patriotism., , National Holidays, Independence Day, , Every year, August 15 is celebrated, as the Independence Day to commemorate, India’s freedom from British rule. This, auspicious day is also marked as a birth, of the world’s biggest democracy, India., On, the, day, India, gained, independence, Mahakavi Bharathiyar’s, poem “Aaduvome Pallu Paduvome” and it, was sung over the AIR (All India Radio), by T.K.Pattammal, a famous singer, of Carnatic Music. The celebration of, Independence Day continues every year., The Prime Minister unfurls the National, Flag on the Independence Day at the Red, Fort, New Delhi., , On 26th January 1950, India, was declared as a democratic state., Every year this day is commemorated, as the ‘Republic Day’. The constitution, commenced on 26th January 1950. From, August 1947 to 26th January 1950, the, Queen of Britain was the honorary head, of India. The day India was declared as, a democratic state, the President became, the first citizen of India. On Republic Day,, the President of India hoists the National, flag at the Red Fort New Delhi., On January 29, the, third day of the Republic, day, the celebrations, are brought to an end, with the “Beating Reteat” ceremony., This is performed by the bands of, Indian Army, Navy and Airforce. The, President of India is the chief guest, of this day. Rashtrapati Bhavan will, be illuminated, at 6pm as a, part of the, celebration., , Gandhi Jayanthi, , Republic Day, , The birthday of Mahatma Gandhi,, the Father of our Nation, was declared, 167, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 167, , 12/08/18 11:48 AM
Page 76 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , one of the National festivals. It falls on, 2nd October. In 2007, the United Nations, declared October 2nd as the ‘International, Day of Non-violence’., , Independence - Freedom from control, of another country or, organization., Republic, - A country in which the, Head of State is an , elected person., Heritage, - The, art,, buildings,, traditions and beliefs, that a society considers, important to its history, and culture., Aquatic, - Growing or living in or, near water., Astrophysicist - An expert in astrophysics, , •, , •, , •, , •, , Tiger, Elephant, River dolphin of Ganges,, Peacock, King Cobra, Banyan tree,, mango, The Ganges and lotus are the, natural national symbols., The constitutional Assembly accepted, the tricolour flag as the national flag on, 22nd July 1947., The National Flag, the National emblem,, the National Anthem and the National, song etc., are the other national symbols., Independence Day, Republic day, Gandhi, Jayanthi are our important National, festivals., , Exercises, I. Choose the correct, answer, 1. The National Song, Vande Mataram was composed, by________, a) Pingali Venkayya, b) Rabindra Nath Tagore, c) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, d) Gandhiji, 2. Which is the National Anthem of India?, a) Jana Gana Mana, b) Vande Mataram, c) Amar Sonar Bangla, d) Neerarum kaduluduththa, 3. Who wrote the most famous novel, Anand Math?, a) Akbar, b) Rabindra Nath Tagore, c) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, d) Jawaharlal Nehru, 4. ___________ birthday is celebrated as, the International Day of non violence?, a) Mahatma Gandhi, b) Subash Chandra Bose, c) Sardar Vallabhai Patel, d) Jawaharlal Nehru, 5. The colour of the Asoka chakra found, in our National flag is ________, a) sky blue, , b) navy blue, , c) blue , , d) green, , 6. The first flag ever flown after the, Independence is stored in ________, a) Chennai fort Museum, b) Delhi Museum, c) Saranath Museum, d) Kolkata Museum, , 168, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 168, , 12/08/18 11:48 AM
Page 77 :
www.tntextbooks.in, 7. The National Anthem was written by, _______, a) Devandranath Tagore, b) Bharathiyar, c) Rabindranath Tagore, d) Balagangadhar Tilak, 8. The time taken to play the National, Anthem is _______, a) 50 seconds b) 52 minutes, c) 52 seconds d) 20 seconds, 9. “Vande Mataram” was first sung by, _______ at the 1896 session of the, National Congress, a) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, b) Rabindranath Tagore, c) Mahathma Gandhi, d) Sarojini Naidu, 10. _________ hoists the flag on, Independence day in Delhi, a) The Prime Minister, b) The President, c) Vice President, d) Any Political leader, II. Fill in the blanks., 1. The National emblem was adopted, from the Ashoka pillar of __________, 2. The National fruit of India is _______, 3. The National Bird of India is _______, 4. Our National tree is the ___________, 5. The Flag which was flown in 1947, Independence day was weaved in, ________, 6. The Indian National Flag was designed, by ________, 7. _______ started the Saka Era, 8. The longest river in India is __________, 9. The Indian Rupee symbol was designed, by _________, , 10. The Chakra of the National Flag has, ________ spokes, III. Choose the correct answer, 1. The Lion Capital is now in the ______, museum (Kolkata/Sarnath), 2. The National Anthem was adopted in, _______ (1950/1947), 3. ________ is declared as our National, Micro organism (Lacto bacillus /, Rhizobium), IV. Fill in the blanks, 1. Saffron – Courage ; White - _________, 2. Horse – Energy; Bull - __________, 3. 1947 – Independence day; 1950 ________, V. Choose the Correct Option, 1. Rabindranath Tagore - a.National, Song, 2. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee - b. National, Flag, 3. Pingali Venkayya - c. Astro , Physicist, 4. Meghnad Saha - d. National, Anthem, a), b), c), , 1, a, d, d, , 2, d, a, a, , 3, b, c, b, , 4, c, b, c, , VI. Match and choose the wrong, pair:, 1. National Reptile , 2. National Aquatic Animal, , 3. National Heritage Animal, 4. National Micro organism, , – Tiger, – Lacto , bacillus, – King Cobra, – Dolphin, 169, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 169, , 12/08/18 11:48 AM
Page 78 :
www.tntextbooks.in, VII. Choose the wrong sentence:, 1. T, he ratio of our National Flag’s length, and breadth is 3:2, e. The Chakra has 24 spokes, f. The Chakra is Sky Blue in colour, 2. The National Flag was designed by, Pingali Venkayya, g. The First ever flown Flag after the, Independence is stored in Kolkata, Museum, h. The First National Flag was weaved, in Gudiyattam, VIII. Choose the correct sentence:, a. August 15 is celebrated as the, Independence day, b. November 26 is celebrated as the, Republic day, c. October 12 is celebrated as Gandhi, Jayanti, IX. Answer the following., , 6. Who wrote the National pledge?, 7. What are the animals found in the, bottom of the emblem?, 8. What are the natural national symbols?, 9. Where is the peacock sanctuary, located in Tamil Nadu?, X. Activities, 1. Draw the natural National symbols as, a scenery / Frame a story, 2. Prepare a logo for your class/school of, your own, 3. What should we do to protect the, endangered plants and animals –, Discuss, 4. Celebrate the national events in your, school and prepare a news item for a, local newspaper., XI. Life skill activity:, Why are certain organisms adopted as, natural National symbols? Analyse., , 1. What do the colours in our National, Flag represent?, 2. What are the parts of our National, emblem?, 3. What are the salient features of the, National anthem?, 4. Draw and define the Indian Rupee, symbol, 5. Where do we use our National, emblem?, , 170, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 170, , 12/08/18 11:48 AM
Page 79 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , ICT CORNER, Symbols of India and Indian States, Let us learn about, The Constitution of India, , Step 1: Go to play store and install “National symbols” App., Step 2: Open the app. Click any national symbol like National Flag , National Bird etc. to know, more about the symbol., Step 3: Click the Back button and scroll below to see “States “. Select states and click Tamil Nadu, for instance., Step 4: Now you can see the symbols about Tamil Nadu., , Step 1:, , Step 3:, , Step 2, , Step 4, , URL::, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.cdac.symbol, , *படங்கள் அைடயாளத்திற்கு மட்டுேம., 171, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 1.indd 171, , 12/08/18 11:48 AM
Page 80 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 2, , THE CONSTITUTION, OF INDIA, , Learning Objectives, •, , To know about the Cons titution of India, , •, , To recognise the formation of our Cons titution, , •, , To know the salient features of our Cons titution, , •, , To know the fundamental rights and duties of the citizen of India, , Pathway, The Lesson speaks about the formation of the constitution of India. It gives guidelines, to govern the country, while ensuring the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens, and how it protects them., Yazhinian and Sudaroli are brothers., Yazh is student of standard six and Sudar is, in standard four. Yazh was preparing for his, class test. Sudar after completing his home, assignments was watching an animated, series on television. Sudar was watching it, but the noise level disturbed Yazh. Sudar was, totally engrossed in the series and laughed, and clapped loudly. Yazh could not concentrate, on his lessons., So he asked Sudar to reduce the volume., But Sudar was not ready to adhere to his, , elder brother’s advice. Inspite of Yazh’s, continuous request Sudar did not reduce the, volume., Yazh complained to his father that Sudar, did not decrease the volume of the television, in spite of requesting him several times. Yazh, made it clear that he had a class test the, following day., “Isn’t your brother preparing for his class, test? Weren’t you wrong in troubling him?”, continued his father., , 172, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 2.indd 172, , 06-08-2018 12:52:36
Page 81 :
www.tntextbooks.in, not watch the movie while Yazh studies.” ., “No my child. You can watch the movie, without causing trouble to anyone,” ., “Don’t be angry Yazh. You study and I, promise I will not disturb you.”, Yazh smiled and patted Sudar’s back, and left the place., , “I was watching the TV. Yazh kept, disturbing and stopped me from watching it.”, said Sudar., “Studying for the test and watching, television are not the same” said his father., But Sudar was not ready to accept the, fact. Sudar was consistent that he had all, rights to watch a film as much as Yazh had, the right to study., His father admitted that both had, equal rights. But one must not hinder, another’s freedom. Sudar didn’t realise the, fact that he was very stubborn., “Look Sudar. You have all rights to watch, the film” said his father., “Yes dad”., “Similarly, Yazh also has the right to listen, to his favourite song on TV Coundn’t he?”, “How can that happen? When I watch, the television he cannot do that.”, “When you can watch a film by, increasing its volume, Yazh can also hear, music loudly.” said father., “How will I watch the movie?”., “How will Yazh study?” ., “Oh! I didn’t think of it. Okay dad, I will, , Sudar’s mother was watching everything, silently. She said,” Even to run a small family, don’t we need to follow so many rules and, regulations? How much more of that will we, need to administer a country?” she exclaimed., “It is an ocean Deepa. In order to, administer people who follow different, religions, speak different languages and, belong to different castes and culture and, treat everyone equally, we need to have a, good code of laws and guidelines which we, call as ‘The Constitution of India.’, The next day Sudar and Yazh went to, school. It was the Republic Day also., The celebration was a jubilant. The, students and teachers were standing in line, around the flag post. Immediately after the, hoisting of the flag, a discussion was held, with the chief guest for the day, Mr., Arumugam, an expert in social sciences., “Wish you a happy Republic Day!” wished, Mr. Arumugam., “Wish you the same Sir.”, “Do you know why do we celebrate the, Republic Day?”, “Our Constitution was framed and came, into existence from 26th January 1950. That, is why every year we observe this day as the, Republic Day.” said the history teacher, Malarmathi., 173, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 2.indd 173, , 06-08-2018 12:52:36
Page 82 :
www.tntextbooks.in, “Yes, Sir”, “Why is it necessary?”, “We should not disturb anybody in, public” said Tamilselvi., “It’s true. Also no one should disturb, us”said Selva, , “Yes, it is true. There are other reasons, why this constitution came into existence on, 26th January 1950. When the Congress met, at Lahore in 1929, the members of the, Congress unofficially declared the same day, as the Day of Poorna Swaraj or the Day of, complete self governance. The next year,, 26th January 1930 was celebrated as the, Independence Day. That day has been, observed as our Republic Day.”, , “Yes, I do accept it. But what if someone, compels you to follow some rules? How, would you feel?”, “It would be difficult to do so.”, “How do you feel when you are asked to, make your own rules?”, “We would be proud and pleased to obey, our own rules.”, (Everyone agreed and nodded their, heads), , “What do you mean by the “Constitution, of India” asked Nathar., “Before that, let me ask a few questions., You answer me. Then I will explain in detail, about the constitution of India.”., “All right sir.”, (The students were prepared to answer, the questions), “Are you following any rules and, regulation at home?”, “Yes sir”, “Are you following any rules at school?”, “Yes sir”, “Are both of them the same or different?”, “Mostly, they are different”, “Is it necessary to follow certain rules in, public places?”, , “The Constitution is an authentic, document containing the basic ideas,, principles and laws of a country. It also, defines the rights and duties of citizens. The, laws governing a country originate from the, consitutition. Every country is ruled on the, basis of its constitution”, “What are the things that make the, constitution of India?” asked Deepika., “The constitution of India is the ultimate, law. We have to abide by it. It explains the, fundamental concepts of structure, methods,, , 174, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 2.indd 174, , 06-08-2018 12:52:37
Page 83 :
www.tntextbooks.in, powers and the duties of Government bodies., It also lists the fundamental rights and duties, of the citizens. Directive Principles are also, mentioned in the constitution. So it is holistic, in nature.”, , “How many women members were there, in the Constituent Assembly?, “15 women members were in the, Constituent Assembly”, , “When did they begin to frame the, constitution?” asked Christopher., , 'The Father of the, Constitution of India’ is, Dr.B.R. Ambedkar., , “In 1946, nearly 389 members of the, constituent Assembly who belonged to, different parties from different places came, together to frame the Constitution of India., The Chairman of the committee was Mr., Rajendra Prasad.”, “Who were the other significant members, in the Constituent Assembly?”, “Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabai Patel,, Moulana Azad, S. Radhakrishnan, Viajalakshmi, Pandit and Sarojini Naidu were the members, in the Constituent Assembly”, , “The Drafting committee was formed, with eight members and its Chairman was, B.R. Ambedkar; B.N.Rao was appointed as, an advisor. The committee met for the first, time on 9th December 1946. On the same, day, the drafting of constitution of India, started.”., “How did, constitution?”, , they, , form, , the, , Indian, , “The constitutions of nearly 60 countries, including the UK, USA,former USSR, France ,, Switzerland etc., were thoroughly examined, and their best features have been adopted by, our constitution.”, “Did they draft it in a short span of time?”, “No, nearly 2000 amendments were, made before the draft was finalised”, “When did they complete this work?”, “It took a period of 2 years, 11 months,, and 17 days. It was completed on 26th, November 1949"., “The constitution was accepted by the, Constituent Assembly. So, 26th November is, celebrated as the Day of the Constitution., isn’t it ?” said Karthikeyan, “Yes” said Mr. Arumugam, , 175, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 2.indd 175, , 06-08-2018 12:52:38
Page 84 :
www.tntextbooks.in, the right to rule. The members of the, parliament and the legislative assembly are, elected by the people. The right to decide is, only in the hands of the representatives., Sovereignty refers to the ultimate power of, the country.”, “What is the meaning of “Secular?”, , “How much was spent to frame the, constitution of India?” asked Nathar., “They spent almost 64 lakhs”., “What are, Constitution?”, , the, , objectives, , of, , the, , “The Preamble of our constitution, stresses on the justice, liberty, equality and, fraternity.”, “What is a Preamble?”, , “Law allows all the citizens of a country,, the right to follow different faith and religious, beliefs. All citizens enjoy the freedom of, worship. The country does not have a religion, of its own. All the religions in our country hold, the same status.”, “The Government of India rules through, the Parliament, doesn’t it?”, “Yes, the Constitution of India provides, a Parliamentary form of Government, both at, the centre and the state. In a Parliamentary, System, the Executive is collectively, responsible to the Legislature. The party, which has the majority forms the government.”, “What are fundamental rights?”, “Fundamental rights are the basic human, rights of all citizens.”, “What are they?”, Fundamental rights, , Right to Equality, , Right to freedom, , “The preface of the constitution is the, Preamble., According to it, India is a, Sovereign, socialist, Secular democratic, republic.”, “What does it mean by ‘Sovereign’?”, “The constitution has granted the people, , Right against exploitation, , Right to freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational, Rights, Right to Constitutional, Remedies, , 06, , 176, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 2.indd 176, , 06-08-2018 12:52:40
Page 85 :
www.tntextbooks.in, “They are Right to Equality. Right to, freedom, Right against exploitation, Right to, freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational, Rights and Right to Constitutional Remedies.”, “You mentioned about Directive, Principles. What do you mean by that?”, “There are certain guidelines to be, followed while the governments frame law., Though these are not mandatory, they should, be taken into account.”, “What is Universal Adult Franchise?”, “Every Indian citizen has the right to, vote when they attain 18 years of age,, irrespective of any caste, religion, gender or, economic status.”, “Like fundamental rights, every citizen, will have duties too, won't they?”, “Yes, There are duties respecting the, National flag and National Anthem, respect, and protect the Constitution, follow our great, leaders who fought for our freedom, to, protect our country, readiness to serve our, country if necessary, treating everyone as, brothers irrespective of their castes, religions,, languages, races etc., to conserve our ancient, heritage, and conserve natural elements like, forests, rivers and lakes and fauna, to develop, science, humanity and feelings of reformation, to avoid non-violence and protect government, property, parents or guardians providing, educational opportunities to children between, 6-14 years etc., have been added as our, duties”, Mr.Arumugam, concluded, his, discussion., The original copies of the, Cons titution of India (Hindi,, English) are preserved in, special Helium filled cases in the Library, of the Parliament of India., , FACTS, • Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, N. Gopalasamy,, K.M.Munshi, Syed Ahmed sadullah,, P.L. Mitter, N.Madhava Rao, T.T.K,, T.P. Khaitan were the legal experts of the, Drafting Committee., • The Chairman of the Drafting Committee, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was considered the, Chief architect., • When the Cons titution was drafted,, there were 395 articles in 22 parts and, 8 schedules. At present our Indian Cons, titution contains 448 articles in 25 parts, and 12 schedules., • 101 amendments were made till, 16.09.2016., , HOTS, Prepare a lis t of your immediate duties?, , 1.Democracy - a type of government in, which representatives, are elected by the, people of that country., 2. Drafting, Committee, , - a Committee set up to, prepare the draft of the, Constitution, , 3.Preamble, , - an introduction to, a book or a written, document., , 4. Republic, , - a country with an, elected head of state, , 5.Secular, , - a state which does not, discriminate anyone on, religious grounds, 177, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 2.indd 177, , 06-08-2018 12:52:40
Page 86 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , 6.Socialist, , - equal distribution of a, country’s wealth and, equal opportunities in, all fields., 7.Sovereign - an independent country, not subject to any, external power or, influence., , EXERCISES, I. Choose the correct, answer:, 1. The Constitution Day is, celebrated on, a) January 26, , b) August 15, , c) November 26, , d) December 9, , 2. The Constituent Assembly accepted the, Constitution of India in the year, , •, , 26th January is observed as our, Republic Day., , • The Constitution is an authentic, document containing the basic ideas,, principles and laws of our country, • The father of the Constitution of India is, Dr. B. R Ambedkar., • The Preamble of our Constitution, stresses on justice, liberty, equality and, fraternity., • According to the Preamble, India is a, sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic, • All citizens enjoy the freedom of worship, • The Executive is collectively responsible, for the legislature, , a) 1946, , b) 1950, , c) 1947, , d) 1949, , 3. There are ___________ amendments, made in the Constitution of India till, 2016, a) 101, , b) 100, , c) 78, , d)46, , 4. Which of the following is not a, fundamental right?, a) Right to freedom, b) Right to equality, c) Right to vote, d) Right to education, 5. An Indian citizen has the right to vote at, a) 14 years, c) 16 years, , b) 18 years, d) 21 years, , II. Fill in the blanks:, , • Fundamental rights are the basic human, rights of all citizens., , 1. _________ was selected as the chairman, , • Directive principles are certain guidelines, which are not mandatory, , 2. The farther of the Constitution of India is, _________, , • Universal Adult Franchise is every, Indian citizen’s right to vote when they, attain 18 years of age., • Every citizen has certain duties too., , of the Constituent Assembly, , 3. ____________ protects our fundamental, , rights, 4. The Constitution of India came into, , existence on _____________, , 178, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 2.indd 178, , 06-08-2018 12:52:40
Page 87 :
www.tntextbooks.in, III. Match the following:, 1.Independence day, , - a. N, ovember 26, , 2.Republic Day, , - b. April 1, , 3. Constitutional Day of - c. August 15, India, 4.Right to Education, - d. January 26, , a.), b.), c.), , 1, c, c, d, , 2, a, d, b, , 3, d, a, a, , 4, b, b, c, , IV. Answer the questions given, under the caption, Constituent Assembly, 1. In which year was the Constituent, Assembly formed?, 2. How many members were in the, Drafting Committee?, 3. How many women were part of the, Constituent Assembly?, 4. When was the Constitution of India, completed?, V. Answer the following questions:, 1. Why was January 26 adopted as the, Republic Day?, 2. What is the Constitution of India?, , 3. List out the special features of the, Constitution of India, 4. What are the fundamental rights?, 5. List out the fundamental duties that, you would like to fulfil, 6. What is Preamble?, 7. What do you understand by Liberty,, Equality and Fraternity?, 8. Define: Sovereign, VI. Projects and Activities:, 1. L et the students work individually or in, a group to prepare rules for their class., From them discuss and a form a list of, rules and regulations for their class., 2. List your duties at, a) school b) home and c) society, 3. Discuss on these topics:, a) Equality b) Child labour, c) Right to Education, 4. Kailash Satyarti (India) and Malala, Yusufsai (Pakistan) have been awarded, the Nobel Prize for Peace (2014) Find, out the reason why., Life Skill:, Which of the fundamental rights do you, like the most? Why?, , Fundamental rights and duties are guaranteed by the constitution. Look at the picture, and share your opinions., , 179, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 2.indd 179, , 06-08-2018 12:52:40
Page 88 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , ICT CORNER, The Constitution of India, Let us learn about, The Constitution of India, , Step 1: Type the URL or scan the QR code to open The Constitution of India page . Through, this page we are going to learn about the constitution of India., Step 2: Click the GO button in that page. Here we get some questions. Click any question to learn, the related concepts., Step 3: To know more , click the next button in the lower right corner. Now we get more, information., Step 4: To go to the next concept , click, button in the upper right corner ., , Step-1, , Step-2, , Step-3, , Step-4, , URL:, http://mocomi.com/constitution-of-india/, , 180, , 6th_CIVICS_IInd Term_UNIT 2.indd 180, , 06-08-2018 12:52:41
Page 90 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , ECONOMICS, , 182, , VI Economics- Lesson 1.indd 182, , 06/08/18 3:41 PM
Page 91 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Unit, , 1, , Economics, -An Introduction, , T, , he laughter of children echoed, throughout the children’s park of, that apartment., Some slided down, joyfully down the slide and some went, up and down in the see – saw, shouting, cheerfully. Others were swinging so high, and fast, in the swings as if they were, about to reach the sky. Some children, were waiting near the swings to play next., Kavin did not join with any of these, children. He sat alone in a corner, staring, somewhere. His uncle Mohan noticed, Kavin and came near him., , “Kavin, are you going to play with, your friends?” asked his uncle as he sat, next to Kavin., “Uncle, everyone teases me, calling, me a villager,” said Kavin, with tears, rolling down his eyes. “Even our Vimalan, laughs along with them. I came here for, the holidays with so much of excitement., Now, I regret my presence here. I want, to go back to our village, uncle,” sobbed, Kavin., “Is it so? Where is Vimalan?” asked, his uncle and started to search for his son, in the crowd., , 183, , VI Economics- Lesson 1.indd 183, , 06/08/18 3:41 PM
Page 92 :
www.tntextbooks.in, 'Vimalan'... called him in loud voice., On hearing his father’s voice, Vimalan, enquired, “Did you call me, dad?” and, came near him., , “Tell me, where do the shopkeepers get, these things from?”, , “Did everyone tease Kavin?” asked, Mohan., , “I think they would buy them from those, who grow crops, uncle”, said Inba., , Vimalan didn’t utter a word., quietly., , “Correct! We call those people who raise, crops as farmers. Farming is the main, occupation in villages”., , He stood, , “Even though I live in this big city, I also, hail from the same village. My roots are, still there” said his father worriedly. Then, he added, “Go and bring your friends. I, have to tell something to you.” Saying, this, he sat near Kavin., When Vimalan brought his friends, his, father made them all sit down together., Mohan asked the children, “Let me come, to the point directly. Do you know from, where do we get all the food?”, “The rice and pulses we eat? We buy, them from shops”, said Anandhan, , “I guess they would buy them from, another shop”., , The children looked at each other in, surprise., “The farmers grow various crops like, pulses, grains, vegetables etc., and send, them to the shops in cities. We buy and, consume them”., “Uncle, I have a doubt”, said Kavin., “Tel me, Kavin”, “In villages, I have seen people selling all, kinds of things in a place. Why do they, call it ‘Sandhai’, instead of shops?”, “Yes, Kavin,, , HOTS:, Imagine if money, disappears one day?, , 184, , VI Economics- Lesson 1.indd 184, , 06/08/18 3:42 PM
Page 93 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , In villages, once in a week or month, all, , things are sold in a particular place at a, specific time to meet the needs of the, people. That is called ˋSandhaiˊ., , “Do you all know from where do they, bring these things to Sandhai?”, “We don’t know, uncle”, said the children., “I told you already that the things which, are produced in villages are brought to, sandhai”., “Fine, Kavin. Do you know what activities, are carried out in a sandhai?”, “Buying and selling”, said Kavin., “Very good Kavin. Apart from going to the, sandhai with your mother, you have also, noticed what’s happening around you.”, , Consumer Goods:, , The finished goods which are bought, from the market to fulfill the daily, needs of the consumers is called, consumer goods. Example: rice,, clothes, bicycles, etc., Hearing this, Kavin smiled., All the children said in unison,”Without, knowing the importance of villages, we, teasted kavin. Forgive us, uncle, we, won’t hurt anyone herafter. We wish to, know more about this”., , 185, , VI Economics- Lesson 1.indd 185, , 06/08/18 3:42 PM
Page 94 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Activity 1, Plan for a model Sandhai., Ask the students to bring vegetables and fruits to the classroom., [One student – one vegetable/fruit]., Ask them to display like Sandhai and stick the prices of the vegetables ., Other class students can buy the vegetables., Through this activity, the students can get an experience of the value of, goods, buying, selling and a knowledge of profit, loss, demand and supply., Probably the Sandhai should be profitable. The students learn to fix the, selling price through which they can earn profit., “Sure, I will tell you”, said Mohan,, “Small traders and other people buy things, from sandhai,” explained Mohan., “Do you know in olden days we had a, system of exchanging goods for other, goods, called barter system. For example,, exchange a bag of rice for enough clothes”., “A person who has rice in surplus and, a person who has cloth in surplus, will, exchange on the basis of their needs. But,, here the problem is that the person who, has clothes should have the willingness to, buy rice. Only then, the exchange through, barter system will take place”., “When they exchange commodities, they, may lead to certain problems, when, comparing the differences in the value of, commodity. To solve this problem, people, invented a tool called money”., “Really. Is it so” exclaimed the children., “You know that early man, who hunted, and gathered food, later learnt to, cultivate crops. When they found rivers, which provided them water, settled down, , Issues faced in Barter system, , The amount from the income, which is left for future needs, after consumption is called, savings., அளவறிந்து வாழாதான் வாழ்க்கை யுளப�ோல, வில்லாகித் த�ோன்றாக் கெடும்., , -குறள் 0479, , விளக்கம்: தன் செல்வத்தின் அளவு அறிந்து, அதற்கு ஏற்ப வாழாதவனுடைய வாழ்க்கை, பல வளங்களும் இருப்பது ப�ோல த�ோன்றி, உண்மையில் இல்லாதவனாய்ப் பின்பு, அப்பொய்த் த�ோற்றமும் இல்லாமல் அழியும்., , 186, , VI Economics- Lesson 1.indd 186, , 06/08/18 3:42 PM
Page 95 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , Activity 2, Sing / Play the song ஒன்றிலிருந்து இருபது வரைக்கும் க�ொண்டாட்டம்…., க�ொண்டாட்டம்…. Interpret the lyric of the song / what is the logic, behind the song., , Activity 3, , Fill up the given table., SI.No, , Countries, , 1., , Germany, , 2., , Brazil, , 3., , India, , 4., , Argentina, , 5., , China, , Currency, , permanently near the rivers., These, permanent settlements were called, villages. Agriculture remains to be the, root of our economy even today. Man, has no limits for his demand and desire., Based on this, man started to learn new, occupations. Those who are involved in, farming and grazing are called farmers or, cultivators”., , Symbol, , “Is, agriculture, occupation?”, , the, , primary, , “Yes, there are certain, primary activities like farming., , other, , “Agriculture and industries are helpful in, the economic development of our country., Our country’s economy is based on three, economic activities”., , PRIMARY ACTIVITIES, They are concerned with the production of, raw materials for food stuff and industrial use., Primary activities include, Agriculture, Cattle rearing, Fishing, Mining, Collection of fruits, nuts, honey, rubber,, resin and medicinal herbs, lumbering, 187, , VI Economics- Lesson 1.indd 187, , 06/08/18 3:42 PM
Page 96 :
www.tntextbooks.in, “Is agriculture confined only to villages?, What other works do the villagers do?”, , the phone. Vimalan’s mother Ponni had, called., , “What will a village look like uncle?”, interrupted Inba., , “What are you chatting about with the, children for so long? The food is ready., Bring them home”, saying so, she cut the, call., , “Agriculture is the primary occupation., There won’t be any kind of facilities like, our cities. At the same time, they get, their basic needs fulfilled easily. There, are small shops. Vegetables are grown, in abundance, just like rice and pulses., Though the sugar that is added in our milk,, coffee and tea is produced in sugar mills,, the raw material sugarcane is cultivated, in villages. From chilies to mustard, all, those provisions used for food are grown, in villages.”, , “Children, come, let’s go home. Food is, ready” Mohan got up and the children, followed him with joy., Inba asked, “Uncle, you said how villages, are important. Aren’t cities important?”, “No Inba. Both cities and villages are, important on their own”., “If it is so, tell us about the importance of, cities”, asked Inba again., , “Wow! My mother told me that these, things are very expensive. Therefore,, the villagers must be so wealthy!” said, Adithya., , “That is good. I will tell you. More than, 50 percentage of the world’s populations, live in cities. In our state Tamil Nadu, 47, percentage of the people are in cities,., , “No, not like that. They are just producers., Their products are bought and sold by, , “Wow!” they exclaimed., , some mediators. So, the farmers get, very little money”., “What a pity! But the villages are the real, shadows of cities”, exclaimed Anandhan., “Even Gandhiji has said, that the villages are, the backbone of our, country”., “Yes, what a wonderful, saying!” said Kavin, excitedly., At that time, the, mobile phone rang., Mohan, attended, , “Not only that., Tamil Nadu is well, developed in secondary and tertiary, activities as well. These are city centered, activities.”, “We feel very proud to hear this uncle., Tell us about those activities”., Uncle Mohan said, “Well, apart from this,, employment opportunities are more in, cities than villages. People involved in, small scale industries and unorganized, sector are mostly found in cities.”, “We don’t understand.”, “In villages, there are only a few saloons, and laundry shops. But, in cities the, number of such small scale workers are, , 188, , VI Economics- Lesson 1.indd 188, , 06/08/18 3:42 PM
Page 97 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , SECONDARY ACTIVITIES, The raw materials obtained from the primary activities are converted into finished, products through machinery on a large scale. These activities are called secondary, activities., Industries are classified on the basis of the availability of raw materials,, capital and ownership., On the basis of raw materials, industries are classified as, Agro based industries – Cotton textiles, Sugar mills and Food processing., Forest based industries – Paper mills, Furniture making, Building Materials., Mineral based industries – Cement, Iron, Aluminium Industries., Marine based industries – Sea food processing, , Activity 4, Put ✓ mark in appropriate box, S.No., Occupation, 1., Farmer, 2., , Teacher, , 3., , Tailor, , 4., , Engineer, , 5., , Bank Manager, , Primary, , Secondary, , Tertiary, , activity, , activity, , activity, , more. This results in additional income in, cities.", , money and boost the country’s economy., All these are termed as tertiary activities.”, , “Really?”, , Vimalan exclaimed, “Even being in the, city, I never knew about all these.”, , “Yes, well paved roads, ports, airports, and railway stations support trade. Many, branches of banks help in the circulation of, , Inba said, “We really got to know more, information, uncle”, 189, , VI Economics- Lesson 1.indd 189, , 06/08/18 3:42 PM
Page 98 :
www.tntextbooks.in, , TERTIARY ACTIVITIES, “I already told you that industries produce goods and distribute them to the people., For this purpose, some services are required. These services are called tertiary, activities or service sectors. The service sector serves the people to fulfill their, daily needs like:, Transport – roadways, railways, waterways, airways, Communication – Post, Telephone, Information Technology etc, Trade – Procurement of goods, selling, Banking – Money transactions, banking services, , “Good, will you compare cities and villages, in the future?”, , LEANING OUTCOMES, , “Never, we won’t say such a thing. If, anyone talks like that, we will explain, whatever we have learnt from you”, replied the children., , •, , Children understand the meaning, of Sandhai., , •, , Get clear idea about the barter, system., , •, , Gain knowledge of the various, kinds of occupation., , “ Come lets go and have our lunch”. Said, Mohan., Children said that they will come after, playing for some more time., Holding Kavin’s hand, they all ran towards, the park., Mohan, an economics teacher, felt proud, of their unity and satisfied of clarifying, something good to the children.ISES, , Consumer, Commodity, Occupation, Settlement, , – the one who uses the, products, –, products, –, work / Job, – living place of human, being, , 190, , VI Economics- Lesson 1.indd 190, , 06/08/18 3:43 PM
Page 99 :
www.tntextbooks.in, EXERCISES, , I., , Fill in the blanks:, , 1., , The producers of food grains are, , 2., , Collection of honey is a, , 3., , The conversion of raw materials into finished goods is called, , 4., , According to Gandhiji the villages are, , 5., , The percentage of population in the cities of Tamil Nadu is, , II, , Match the following:, , 1., , Cattle rearing, , –, , Secondary occupation, , 2., , Food processing, , –, , Services, , 3., , Iron & Steel Industry, , –, , Primary occupation, , 4., , Telephone, , –, , Agro based industry, , 5., , Cotton Industry, , –, , Tertiary occupation, , III, , occupation, , Match and find the odd pair:, , 1., , Small scale Industry – Transaction of Money, , 2., , Forest based Industries – Information Technology, , 3., , Services – Paper Industries, , 4., , Banking – Cattle rearing, , IV, , of the nation., , Choose the correct answer:, , 1., , Agriculture is a (Primary / Secondary) occupation, , 2., , Economic activities are divided on the basis of (ownership / use), , 3., , Sugar Industries are (Primary / Secondary) activity, , 4., , Agro based industry (Cotton / Furniture), , 5., , Dairy farming is a (Public sector / co-operative sector), , 191, , VI Economics- Lesson 1.indd 191, , 06/08/18 3:43 PM
Page 100 :
www.tntextbooks.in, V, , Answer the following questions:, , 1., , Sandhai – Define, , 2., , What is called barter system?, , 3., , What is trade?, , 4., , What is Savings?, , 5., , What was the necessity for the invention of money?, , 6., , What was the reason for the development of settlements near water bodies?, , 7., , What are called secondary occupation?, , 8., , Name the city centred industries., , VI, , Answer the following in detail:, , 1., , List out the important primary occupations of your district, , 2., , Mention the manufacturing industries found in your district, , 3., , How are the industries classified on the basis of raw materials?, , 4., , Write down the occupations in the service sector, , 5., , What do you know about the features of cities?, , VII, , Fill in the tabular column given below:, , S.No., , Occupations in, Villages, , Occupations in cities, , Occupations in Villages, and cities, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., , Activity, , •, , Write the lyrics of Bharathiyar’s “சிந்துநதியின் மிசை நிலவினிலே”. Analyze the, lyrics and write down the commodities which were exchanged in yester years with, the help of the teacher., , 192, , VI Economics- Lesson 1.indd 192, , 06/08/18 3:43 PM
Page 101 :
www.tntextbooks.in, VIII Stick pictures., Primary, Activities, , Secondary, Activities, , Tertiary, Activities, , 193, , VI Economics- Lesson 1.indd 193, , 06/08/18 3:43 PM
