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Chapter 4, , Key Elements of a, Democratic Government, , In this chapter you will read, about some of the key elements, that influence the working of a, democratic government. These, include people's participation,, the resolution of conflict and, equality and justice., , India, , South Africa, , outh Africa is a country that has, people of several races. There are, black people who belong to South, Africa, whites who came there to settle,, and Indians who came as labourers, and traders., , S, , Maya Naidoo, an eleven-year old, South African girl living in the town of, Johannesburg, was helping her mother, clear up her old boxes. She found a, scrapbook full of pictures and, newspaper articles. There were many, pictures of a young schoolboy of around, fifteen years of age. When she asked, her mother who the boy was, she was, told that he was called, Hector Pieterson., , He had been shot by the police. Maya, was shocked. "Why?" she asked., Her mother explained that South, Africa was earlier governed by, apartheid laws. Apartheid means, separation on the basis of race. South, African people were divided into white,, black, Indian and coloured races., According to the law, these races were, not allowed to mingle with each other, to, live near each other or even to use, common facilities., Maya could not believe her ears., Maya's mother sounded angry when, she spoke about life under apartheid., She told Maya that in those days, , 2021-22

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36 / Social and Political Life, whites spoke. Hector and other school, students were being forced to learn, this language but they wanted to learn, their own language, Zulu. The South, African police beat up the protestors, mercilessly and shot at the crowd., One of their bullets killed Hector. This, was on 16 June 1976., The African National Congress, a, group of people who led the struggle, against apartheid, and their most well, known leader, Nelson Mandela fought, the apartheid system for several, years. Finally, they succeeded and in, 1994 South Africa became a, democratic country in which people of, all races were considered equal., hospitals were separate and so were, ambulances. An ambulance meant for, white people would always be well, equipped while one meant for black, people was not. There were separate, trains and buses. Even the busstops, were different for black and white, people., Non-whites were not allowed to, vote. The best land in the country was, reserved for the white people, and nonwhites had to live on the worst, available land. Thus blacks and, coloured people were not considered to, be equal to whites., One black township was the South, Western Township (Soweto). Hector, Pieterson lived here and he and his, classmates joined the protest against, learning the Afrikaans language in, school. This was the language that the, , What were Hector and his classmates, protesting about?, List five ways in which the non-whites, were discriminated against:, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., Do you think it is important for all, persons to be treated equally? Why?, , Let us now try to understand what, a democratic government means to all, of us., PARTICIPATION, Why do we have regular elections?, You've already read in the previous, chapter that people make the, decisions in a democracy. Through, voting in elections people elect leaders, to represent them. These representatives take decisions on behalf of the, , 2021-22

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Key Elements of a Democratic Government, , people. In doing so it is assumed that, they will keep in mind the voices and, interests of the people., Discuss, Look at some newspapers and, discuss some elections that you, may have read about. Why do, you think elections are required, after a fixed period?, , All governments are elected for fixed, periods. In India this period is five years., Once elected, governments can stay in, power only for that period. If they want, to continue to be in power then they, have to be re-elected by the people. This, is a moment when people can sense, their power in a democracy. In this way, the power of the government gets, limited by regular elections., What approval or disapproval is, being expressed here?, , / 37, , Other ways of participating, Elections are usually held once in five, years. Besides voting there are other, ways of participating in the process of, government. People participate by, taking an interest in the working of, the government and by criticising it, when required. In August 2005, when, a particular government increased the, money people had to pay for, electricity, people expressed their, disapproval very sharply. They took, out rallies and also organised a, signature campaign. The government, tried to explain and defend its, decision but finally listened to the, people's opinion and withdrew the, increase. The government had to, change its decision because it is, responsible to the people., , Letters to the editor, , Take Action, It is worrying to know that, the tiger population in India is, falling. Tigers are being, hunted and killed by poachers, for their skins. The, government has not taken the, issue of poaching seriously, enough. It must take action, immediately, arrest the, poachers and implement the, laws protecting the tiger. If, this does not happen the tiger, will become an extinct animal, in the next ten years., Sohan Pal, Guwahati, Assam, , 'Government must, give compensation, to flood victims', Not bad! One of the taps in the nearby, village must be getting water!, , 2021-22

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38 / Social and Political Life, There are many ways in which, people express their views and make, governments, understand, what, actions they should take. These, include dharnas, rallies, strikes,, signature campaigns etc. Things that, are unfair and unjust are also, brought, forward., Newspapers,, magazines and TV also play a role in, discussing government issues and, responsibilities., , If a country's people are alert and, interested in how the country is run,, the democratic character of the, government of that country will be, stronger., So the next time we see a rally, winding through the streets of our, cities and towns or villages we should, pause to find out what the rally is, about, who is participating in it, and, what they are protesting about. This, will help to give us a sense of how our, government works., NEED TO RESOLVE CONFLICT, In Maya's story you read about how, conflicts can often lead to violence, and death because one group decides, that it is all right to use force to, prevent the other group from, protesting., Read the story again: Do you, think the police shooting of, Hector could have been, avoided? How?, , While it is true that a democracy, allows people to participate, it is also, true that not all sections of people are, actually able to do so. Another way for, people to participate is by organising, themselves into social movements, that seek to challenge the government, and its functioning. Members of the, minority community, dalits, adivasis,, women and others are often able to, participate in this manner., , Conflicts occur when people of, different cultures, religions, regions or, economic backgrounds do not get, along with each other, or when some, among them feel they are being, discriminated against. People may use, violent means to settle their, differences. This leads to fear and, tension among others living in an, area. The government is responsible, for helping to resolve conflicts., Let's read about some of the, conflicts in our society and the role of, the government in resolving them., , 2021-22

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Key Elements of a Democratic Government, , The Indian Constitution lays, down the basic rules or laws that, have to be followed by everyone., These laws are for both the, government and the people., Conflicts and differences have to, be resolved according to these, laws. We will read more about, this in later classes., , Religious, processions, and, celebrations can sometimes lead to, conflicts. For example, the route a, procession takes may lead to a conflict., The government, particularly the, police, play an important role in, getting representatives of concerned, communities to meet and try and, arrive at a solution. At times there is, fear that violence may erupt, with, people throwing stones or trying to, disrupt the procession. The police is, responsible for ensuring that violence, does not take place., Rivers too can become a source of, conflict between states. A river may, begin in one state, flow through, , / 39, , another and end in a third. The, sharing of river water between, different states that the river goes, through is becoming an issue of, conflict. For example, you may have, heard about the Cauvery water, dispute between Karnataka and, Tamil Nadu. The water stored in, Krishna Raja Sagara dam in, Karnataka is used for irrigating a, number of districts and for meeting, the needs of the city of Bengaluru. The, water stored in Mettur dam in Tamil, Nadu is used for crops grown in the, delta region of that state., A conflict arises because both dams, are on the same river. The downstream, dam in Tamil Nadu can only be filled, up if water is released from the, upstream one located in Karnataka., Therefore, both states can't get as, much water as they need for people in, their states. This leads to conflict. The, central government has to step in and, see that a fair distribution is worked, out for both states., , Quiet flows the Cauvery despite being at the centre of, heated conflict between two states for the last 30 years., , 2021-22

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40 / Social and Political Life, EQUALITY AND JUSTICE, One of the key ideas of a democratic, government is its commitment to, equality and justice. Equality and, justice are inseparable., Discuss, In Maya's story did the government, support the idea that people are, equal?, In Dr Ambedkar's story did the, practice of untouchability support, the idea that people are equal?, , The earlier practice of untouchability is now banned by law. This, group of people were denied education,, transport or medical facilities and, even the chance to offer prayers., Dr Ambedkar, whom you have read, about earlier in this book, and many, others like him, realised that such, practices must not continue and that, justice can only be achieved when, people are treated equally., , The government also recognises, this and makes special provisions for, groups within society that are unequal., For instance, in our society there is a, general tendency to value and care for, the boy child more than the girl child., This means that society does not, value the girl and boy child equally and, this is unjust. In this context the, government steps in to promote justice, by providing special provisions that, can enable girls to overcome the, injustice that they are subjected to., Thus it is possible that fees for girls, might be waived or lowered in, government schools or colleges., How do you think lowering the school, fees would help girls attend school?, Can you think of any experience from, your life in which you have helped, someone out of a situation which you, thought was unfair? Did everyone else, see it the same way? What did you, have to say to convince others that, what you did was fair?, , QUESTIONS, 1. How would Maya's life be different in South Africa today?, 2. What are the various ways in which people participate in the process, of government?, 3. Why do you think we need the government to find solutions to many, disputes or conflicts?, 4. What actions does the government take to ensure that all people are, treated equally?, 5. Read through the chapter and discuss some of the key ideas of a, democratic government. Make a list. For example, all people are, equal., , 2021-22