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Indus Valley Civilisation, , Origin & Authors of Indus Valley Civilization, Introduction, • West Asian theory of Origin: According to this theory Harappa culture originated from western Asia, especially from Iran., It has come to the plains of Indus through Balochistan and Afghanistan after having given birth to a number of vi llage, cultures., • Analogies have been traced between certa in Harappan pottery motifs and objects, and those of Killi Gui Mohammad,, , Kulli, Amri, Nal, Quetta, and Zhob. It is possible that the Harappans might have borrowed some ideas from these cu ltures.

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.. ~~~, ;;-_ :■ii, , ~l1iiiiia:--, , _ii, , -·, , ~~, , iiiiiiiiiiii:::S._"'-""'., , --, , -, , J, , Present Condition of Indus Valley Civilisation, • The presence of such elements on the peepal leaf, the wi llow leaf, the overlapping scales, hatched triangles of patterns,, the antelope or ibex in panels, and the Amri-Nal Polychrome suggests a rather close relationship between the Amri Nal, and the Harappan styles., • The Harappans are believed to have borrowed the idea of cities from the contemporary Sumerians, but established cities, of their own w ith superior planning. In south Balochistan, the Ku Iii female figurines seem to be the earliest, and the, Harappans might have learned from them., • The Harappan population was of four types of viz. Proto-Australoid, Mediterranean, Mongolian, and the Alpine at, , Mohenjodaro. J. Marshall regards the population of Mohenjodaro as cosmopolitan., • Thus the population was not homogeneous but heterogeneous. T his proves th at the Harappans were not local people but, , colonizers.

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Try yourself: According to West Asian Theory the Harappa culture originated from w hich place?, , a. Iran, , "iii; CorrectAnswer, , I, , b. Turkey, c. Palestine, d. Saudi Arabia, , Explanation, West Asian theory of Origin: According to th is theo ry Harappa cu ltu re originated from western Asia, especially from, Iran. It has come to the plains of Indus through Balochistan and Afghanistan after having given birth to a number of, village cultures.

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Theories of Origin, • It is said th at the Indus Valley was colonized by the Sumerians and that they introduced their language and script. But we, know nothing about the facial features of the Sumerians., • It is said th at the Harappans were Dravidians, that the similarities between the pottery, beads, and necklaces as also, between the marks on the south Indian pottery and the Ind us script point to the Dravidian origin of the Indus Va lley, Civilisation., , They can't be the Authors because, • They spread afterward . Excavation in the South has hitherto revealed no t races of this cultu re., , • No specimen of Harappan script has been found in the South w here the bulk of the Dravidian people live., • W e have absolutely no knowledge of the Dravidian language in so an early period. As to this racial type of the ancient, Dravidians, we know next to nothing. The modern Dravidians can not be said to be ancestors of the Harappan period., • The Brahui s, though speaking a Dravidian language, are of Turko-Iranian origin and are ethnically quite distinct from the, variou s peoples speaking Dravidian languages in central and southern Ind ia., • The latest findings suggest that Keezhadi excavations in Tamil Nadu might be an extension of IVC., , • Humped bulls were fami liar to both the people of Harappa and Keezhadi., • Another similarity between Keezhadi and IVC is found in pottery styles.

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• The report also suggests that the excavations prove that the construction was similar to that of IVC., • Burnt bricks were used in Keezhadi with standard dimensions across the buildings discovered., • The dimensions of bricks used in the site are 1:4:6. Similarly, in IVC only burnt bricks were used and they too came with, the standard dimension of 1:2:4., • The materials used by the people of Keezhadi were also similar to the people of the later IVC period. Agate and carnelian, beads which were used by people of Gujarat and Maharashtra were also unearthed in Keezhadi., • Thi s modern revelation suggests that people of IVC might have migrated to the south and eastern part of India, which, many historians have already opened.

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Harappan Civilisation as Aryans, • It is to be noted that the date of the finalisation of the canon of the four Vedas is later but the Vedic hymns were being, composed several centuries earlier. The religions of the Harappan people represent a later phase of the Rig Vedic culture., , Indus Valley Seals, • The Rig Veda mentions fights in the Indus valley. It may have been that some foreign element wrested the Indus colony, for a time from the Vedic Aryans in the post-Vedic period and hence the Grihya Sutra excluded the Sindhu Sauvira., • Knowledge of writing displayed by the citizens of Mohenjo Daro by their seals shows a later phase than the Rig Vedic age, when writing was not known., • As to the racial type of the Aryans, it is suggested that they were probably a mixture of the Nordics, the Mediterranean,, , and the Alpines.

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The Vedic Aryans Can't Be Taken to Be Its Author, • The Vedic Aryans were partly pastoral, partly agricultural people, having no knowledge of the amenities of city life and, whose homes were mere structures of bamboo, while the domestic and civic architecture at Mohenjodaro tells quite a, different tale., , Coins used in Indus Valley, Civilisation, • The metals used by the Aryan were gold, lead, copper, bronze, and iron coming later. Iron was not there in Harappan, civilization., • The Aryans wear a helmet and defensive armour which were unknown to the Harappan., • The Vedic Aryans were meat-eaters having an aversion to fish, while the latter was an ordinary article of food of the, Harappan people., • The horse was not known to the Harappan. The tiger and elephant were familiar among the Harappans while there is no, mention of the tiger in Vedas, and the elephant was there but little known.

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• The Vedic Aryans revered the cow wh ile the Harappan people worshipped the bull., • An icon ism is the normal feature of the Vedic religion while iconism was in evidence everywhere at Harappa and, Mohenjodaro., • The cult of the mother goddess and Siva have no place in the Vedic pantheon, the cults are in the forefront among the, Harappans., • The entry of the Aryans into India is held subsequent to 1500 B.C. the time when the Harappan culture disappeared.