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About the Author ., , B H Khan received his BSc Engineering degree from, , Aligach Muslim University (AMU), Aligath (first rank,, , 1976}, ME from IISc Bangalore (1978) and PhD from IT, , Kanpur (1989). Since 1978, he is a faculty of the Electrical, , Engineering Department, AMU, Aligarh, where he is, * currently working as a professor., , , , Dr Khan is a recipient of the President of India Medal, of Institution of Engineers (India), 2002, for his work, on Simultaneous ac—de Transmission. He also received the, Railway Board’s First Prize of 1986-87. He is senior, member of IEEE (USA), Life Fellow of IE (India), a life, member of the Indian Society for Technical Education, and a life. member of the System Society of India. He, has over 31 years of experience of teaching / research, at the undergraduate and post-graduate levels in electrical, engineering in India as well as abroad, and has worked, on several sponsored research projects. His current areas, of interest include Non-conventional and Renewable, Energy Sources, Power Electronics and Microprocessor, Applications,, , , , , , Non-Conventional”:, ENERGY Resources, , Second Edition, , BH Khan, , Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, .., at ,, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh; Uttar Pradesh, , , , , , , , , , , , , , “Tata McGraw Hill Education. Private Limited, NEW.DELHi, McGraw-Hill Offices, New Delhi New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota ee, , Kuala Lumpur ‘Lisbon. London: Madtid:, San Juan “Santiago Sing:

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hii oo ey, al] Tata McGraw-Hill, Published by the, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited,, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Déldi | Loads. + *, Copyright © 2099 by Tata McGraw Hil I Education Private Limited., Thineenth reprint 2013, RBXDCRDORZXBI., No part of this publication may be reproduced or distbuted in any forra or by any means,, electronic, mechanical, photecepying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or, retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings, (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be, teproduced for publication., , This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,, Tata McGraw Hilf Education Private Limited, , ISBN (13): 978-0-07.014276-3, ISBN (10): 0-07-014276-9, , Managing Director: djay Shukla ©, , General Manager: Publishing—SEM & Tech Ed: Vibha Mahajan, Dy Managet—Sponsoring: Shukti Mukherjee, , Editorial Executive: Surabhi Shukla, , Executive—Editorial Services: Sohini Mukherjee, Senior Production Manages: P L Pandita, , General Manager: Marketing—-Higher Education & School: Michael J Cruz, Product Manager: SEM & Tech Ed: Biju Ganesan, , Contralter—Production: Rajender P Ghansela, Asst. General Manager—Production: B L Dogra, , , , , , , , Information contained in this work has been obtaitied by Tata McGraw-Hill, from sources, believed to be reliable. However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the, accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Tata McGrawHill nor its authors shall be responsible for sera ons or damages arising out of, use of this information. This work is publi understanding that Tata McGrawHill and its authors are supplying information ot attempting to render engineering, or other professional services. If such services até required, the assistance of an appropriate, professiongt should be sought., , tide AS Ph we, PRA SF, 74, Okhia Thausirit Ated, New Delt 110000, AF |, , , , , , , , , , , , ‘Typeset at Niech Digital,, , péinted at Adarsh Printers, C-50/51, Mohaii Park; Naveen Shahdara, Delhi-110032, Cover : SDR, , , , , , x, , , , , , Visual Summagy La ia adv, 1. Fundamentals of Energy—Science and ‘Technology ' 1, , 1.1 Energy Consuniption anid Standard of Livitig’ - 1, , 1.2 Oil Crisis of 1973" 2, , 1.3. Clasification of Energy Resources’ ‘2, , 1.4 Consumption Trend of Primary Energy Resources 4°,, , 1.5 Importance of Non-Conventional Energy Sourcés5 }, , 1.6 Energy Chain 5 . ; s, , 1.7 Comon Forms of Energy 6, , 1.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Frcrey Sources, 7, , 1.9 Salient Features of Non-Conventional Eneipy’ Seen &, , 1.10 Enyironmental Aspects of Energy 8 /, , 1.11 Environment-Economy-Energy and Sustainable Devekipment 13, , 1.12. Energy Densities (Heatilg vale) of Vatious Popls: 14° »«, , 143 World Energy Status 15° is gil, i, , 114 Energy: Séenario aa Fndia 19.67 Ke od, , 1.15 Applied Thermodynamics—a Review 27 :, Review Questions 43 :, Problem 44 « 38 By, Objective-type Questions 44 ‘ ., , 2. Energy Conservation °° . : oe i 47, 2.1 Salient Features of “Energy Conservation’ Act, 2001" é, 2.2 Various Aspects of Energy Conservation «50-1, 23. Principles of Energy Conservation 57 a, 24 General Electrical ECO’ Energy Ciitservition ‘Opporiiities) 53, 2.5 Cogeneration 54, 2.6 Combined Cycle (Binary Cycle) Plants ' 57, Review Questions 60 a, Problem 60 ba, Objet tp SQnestons:» 60: Me atm, , 3. Energy Storage 1 ', 3.1, Necesity of Energy Storage 62, 3.2. Energy Storage Methods 63, Review Questions 79, Objective type Questions 79

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~, lwo Contents, , 4., , wt, , 6. Solar Photovoltaic Systems., , Solar Energy — Basics, , 41, 4.2, 44, 45, 4.6, 47, 43, 49, , , , , , ‘The Sun as a Source of Energy 83, The Earth 83..., , Sun, Biiteh Radiation Spectrums 84, Extfatercestrial afid Terrestrial Radiations 85, Spectral Energy Distribution’ of Sotar Radiation 86., Depletion of Solar Radiation 86, , Measurements of Solar Radiation 89, , Solar Radiation Data 97, , Solar Time (Loca! Apparent Time) 93, , , , 4.10 Solar Radiation Geometry 93, 4.11 Solar Day Length 97, 4.12 Empirical Equations for Estimating Solar Radiation, , Availability on Horizontal Surface for Cloudy Skies: 99, , 4.13 Hourly Global, Diffuse and Beam Radiations.on Horizontal, , Surface Under Cloudless Skies, . 107., , 4.14 Solar Radiation on Inclined Plane,Surface . 109, , Review Questions 112, Problams 113, Objective-type Questions 114, , Solar Thermal Systems, , 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, , 61, 62, 63, 64, 65., 66, 67, 68, 69, , 5.10 Solar Distilation (or Desalination of Water) 148, 5.11 Solar Thermo-Mechanical Systems 148, , Solar Collectors 116, Solar Water Heater 130, Solar Pasive Space - Heating and Cooling Systems “130., Solarind Ustrial Heating Systems 7133, Solar Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning: System ' 144, Solar Cookers 737, Solas Furnaces 740, Solar Green House [47, Solar Dryer 145, , , , , , Review Questions 154., Objective-type Questions 155, , , , Solar Cell Fundamentals 759 zs a, Solar Ceil Characteristics - 166 1, Solar Cell Classification 172, , Solar Cell, Module, Panel and Array Construction, Maximizing the Solar PV Output and ‘Load-Matching, Maximum Power Point Tracker (PPT) 182, , Balance of System Components 185 Se MN pea, Solar PV Systems 186, Solar PV Aplications 183, Review Questions. 192, , , , 82, , 116, , 158, , Problem 193, Otjective-type Questions 193, , 7. Wind Energy, , 7.1 Origin of Winds 198, 7.2 Namreof Winds 200, 7.3 Wind Turbine Siting 204, 7.4 Major Aplications of Wind Power 204, 7.5. Basics of Fluid Mechanics 205, 7.6 Wind Turbine Aerodynamics 208, 7.7 Wind Turbine Types and Theit Construction 218, 7.8 Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) 229, 7.9 Wind-Diesel Hybrid System 232, 7.10 Effects of Wind Speed and Grid Condition, (System Integration) 233, 7.11 Wind-Energy Storage 234, 7.12 Environmental Aspects 234, 7.13 Wind-Energy Progeamme in India 236, Review Questions. 238 :, Problem 239, Objective-type Questions 240, , Biomass Energy, 8.1 Photosynthesis Process 243, 8.2 Usable Forms of Biomass, their Composition, and Fuel Properties 244, 8.3 Biomass Resources 247, 8.4 Biomass Conversion Technologies 249:, 8.5 Urban Waste to Energy Conversion 253 8.6 Biomass Gasification 255 ., 8.7 Biomass Liquefaction 259. , . :, 8.8 Biomass to Ethanol Production 259, 8.9 Biogas Production: from Waste Biomass » 263i., 8.10 Energy Farming... 277,06, 9+ 2, 8.11 Biomass Energy Progeamme in india diet weak, {as on December 2007) 280 : ;, Review Questions 284, Problem 284, Objective-tybe Questions 285, , , , 9. Geothermal Energy, , 91 Applications 288, , 9.2 Origin and Distribution of, Geothermal Boersy 290., , 9.3. Types of Geothermal Resources . 292... ; ', , 9.4 Analysis of Geothermal Resources. 299. ‘, 9.5 Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources. : 305, , 242, , 287, , , , a

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4A: contents, , 9.6 Environmental Consideration 306, 9.7 Geothermal Energy in India 307, : Review Questions 308, , Problem 309, , Objective-type Questions 309, , 10. Ocean Energy, , 10.1 Tidal Energy 377, , 10.2 Wave Energy 327, , 10.3 Ocean Thermal Energy 337, Review Questions 336, Problem 336, Objective.type Ouestions 336, , 11. Small Hydro Resources, , 11.1 Advantages and disadvantages of Small Hydro Schemes 340, , 11.2 Layout of a Micro-Hydro Scheme 347, , 11.3 Water Turbines 344, , 11.4 Turbine Clasification, Characteristics and Selection 40, , 11.5 Generators 352, , 11.6 Present Status 357 “, Review, Spuestions 357, , + Problem 358 i tse, , Objective type Questions 358, , 12. Emerging Technologies wea =, 12.1 FuelCell 360 Me of saan a, 12.2 Hydrogen Energy 379 Sohal cree, , Review Questions 389 ee ma, Problem 390 tine, Objective-type Questions 390, , 13. Miscellaneous Non-conventional ‘Technolog’, 13.1. Magneto Hydrodynamic (MHD ) Power Conve, 13.2 Thermoelectric Power Conversion’ “400, 13.3 Thermionic Power Conversion 404" :, , Review Questions 407 ‘ ie, Problem 408, Objective-type Questions 408, , 14. Financial and Economic Evaluation z, 14.1 Basic Terms and Definitions 470, 14.2 Calculations for the Case of Single Paymient (of eed S413, 14.3 Calculations for Uniform Series of Payments (6r Receipt) “415, 144 Calculations for Uniform Gradient Sésies of Pajtnests”, (or Receipty 419 ., , , , , , , , , , , , , 3i1, , 339, , 392, , oo, , 14.5 Calculations for Geometric Gradient Series of, Payments (or Receipt) 42, 14.6: Kiffect of Inflation on Cash Flows 423, , i147 Comparative Economic Evaluation of Alternatives 424, , 148 Effect of Depreciation and Tax on Cash Flows 433, Review Questions 436, Problem 436, Objective-tppe Questions 439, , Appendix: A 4, Appendix ‘B, Appendix C, Appendix D, Abggidix ££, , , , Appendix: F, Tidex - ‘, , e.e'2 £23, , 451