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Building and Building Componen, , 1-2, , Building Construction, , ... ................ ········ ····· ···················································· ................ ' ....... ...................................... .................... ········· .................................................................................................,............... ··············································· 'ts, , ~ Difference between Load Bearing and, , Superstructure is that part of structure which Ues, , Framed Structures, , above plinth level., , MSBTC: S-09, 12, 13, 14; W-09,11,12,14,16,17, , Description, , Load Bearing, , Framed, , -·---·- -- --···--· --··- --····-·----·········-··-·········- ......................-·-·····~---·········-·····"·· ..., , -, , Structural, Elements, and Load, Transfer, , Slab - Walls Foundation., , Subsoil, Conditions, , Suitable for hard, strata at shallow, depth., , Wall, Thickness, , More (t > 200 mm)., , Useable, Area, , Less after wall, construction, , More., , Doors and, Windows, , Less numbers and, area., , More area can be, kept., , No. of, Floors, , 3 - 4 maximum., , Construction, Time, , Slab - Beam, Column Foundation., -··, , ··--, , ··- -·, , Suitable for any, type of Soil., , - -- --- -, , --------, , Less (t < 200 mm)., , ........................................,, ····················•······················· ................... ... ... ....., , .., , Damp Proofing Course (DPC), , - -------, , 1--- - -, , MSBTE : S-15,18, W-16, , A structure is always in contact with water in some, or other form. This water creates dampness inside., This dampness hampers structural life in addition to, unpleasant effects like bacterial growth, flaking &, pitting of plaster, paint etc. To avoid these effects a, structure is made damp proof., , . ...... ·••·••·········"·", , ---, , -···-··- ···, , Plinth is that part of structure which lies above, ground level but below ground floor level., , --- -, , ·- -- ---- - ----- ---, , ......, , --, , The water proof course provided in between, substructure and superstructure to stop dampness, entering the building is called Damp Proof Coutse, (DPC) ., , Suitable for any, number of floors., , Functions / Necessity of DPC :, , Slow and Time, consuming., , Fast and speedy., , • To prevent seepage of moisture to superstructure., , Flexibility in, wall shifting, at various, floor., , No, , Yes, , Maint.enance, cost, , More, , Economy, , Up to 3-4 floors and, shallow foundation, available., , --·- ·-·········-- --·-····-··-··••·••·· ---· ---- ·•-·-····· . ... ·-·, , ·--, , -, , --, , --· ····------····-- ··-····-···- --·•···--·-Less, .. ······-·-·····--··--· ···-·-······-···--··--·, , Multi Storied, construction., , • To keep building material/ components dry., • Increase life of painting work and enhance beauty, of building., • Increase in life of other elements such as flooring., steel., • To control growth of termites (Dampness accelerates, growth of Termites)., • To minimize maintenance work of structure., , Yes, No, Earthquake, Resistance., ..................., ......., ·························--······•·••·····--·, ·····-···················-·······--····· ··········--·············· ··-··········--···········, Muitistoried, High, Residential Rural, Suitable, rise buildings in, housing, cities, , [g) Components of Building and their, Functions, MSBTE: W-10,11,12,13,16; S-14,15, , A building can be broadly divided in two parts :, , • Controls bacterial growth and improves hygienic, conditions., All the individual elements working together to form, a building are the components of Building. Following, are the main types :, 1., , Foundation, , 7., , Roof / Slabs, , 2., , Plinth, , 8., , Windows & Doors, , 3., , Floor, , 9., , Staircase / Lift, , ·-·~'.-- ..'Y..~.lls_____··----·- ____ ·-, , 1. Substructure, 2. Superstructure, , ., , 10._P_a_ra-=p_e_t _ _ ____ _, , 5., , Columns, , 11. Lintels, , 6., , Beams, , 12. Sill, , Substructure is that part of building that lies below, plinth level and or supports part of structure., , 1. Foundation :, , E.g - Foundation, columns and beams up to plinth, , The lowest part of a structure below ground level, which provi.-4"!' " ~~se for the superstructure and, , level, plinth., , TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS'". An up thrust for lmowladga, , MSBTE: S-12,13,14,16,18; W-13,17
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lhdlJtn,- Con• lrucll1111, , 1· 3, , tronsmlt1.1 th(' load of superstru cture to subsoil safely, Is known 0 11 foundation., , Purpoae/Punctions :, , soil., , • To prevent u1wqual settlemen t of structure., • To prevent lateral escape of supportin g materials., • To prevent sliding and overturning of structure., A11 foundation lies below ground level it is not visible, in a finished building., Isolated foundations of individual columns are often, known as footings which also mean the same., Usually foundations transfer the loads to hard strata, below or in certain cases to the soft soils by action of, friction (pile type)., Foundations can be done in any materials from, masonry, reinforced concrete, timber, steel etc., MSBTE : W-15, 17, , The part of structure lying above natural ground, level and below the ground floor level is called as, plinth., The usual height of plinth ranges from 0.6 - 0.8 m., TI1e plinth consists of plinth beams and plinth filling, that is soil which is compacted to give a base to, flooring above., , Purpose/Functions :, • Protection of rainwater and crawling animals, entering the house., • Provides base layer for flooring tiles., 3. Floors, , Building and Building Components, , ··••·••··•·••·················································· ···-········, , ., , • Provides a surface for wear and tear in regular, usage., Mezzanine floor, , • To give support and stability to the structure by, transfer of load from structure above to underlying, , 2. Pllnth, , .. ··••·······•-·••··· .,......................,......., .., ......, , ll~i:IIWIJ:i, , Flooring or floors are horizontal laid elements which, provide a base for occupants to use. Flooring are, made from different materials like glazed tiles,, natural stones like granite, kota, concrete, wood etc., , Purpose/Functions :, • To provide horizontal smooth good looking surface, in every room for occupant to his routine work in, the house., , A mezzanine is an intermediate floor (or floors) in a, building which is open to the floor below. It is placed, halfway up the wall on a floor which has a ceiling at, least twice as high as a floor with minimum height., A mezzanine does not count as one of the floors in a, building., 4. Walls, IMOWifl, , Walls are members which separate the building into, divisions of rooms. Thus, they act as partition, members. These partition members can be structural, or non structural. In load bearing types of structures, walls carry the load of roof/slab and transfer it to, foundation below. In framed type walls are dead, loads and have sole purpose of partitions and safety, of occupants in higher floors against fall., Materials - Hollow block, Masonry, wood, ferrocrete, etc., Purpose/Functions :, • Walls provide safety against fall from upper floors., • Partition members for formation of rooms., • Support to roof in load bearing structure., 5. Columns, ■ ;,P.!~,!!l'ij!l'!ljp-1..,■-■, ~, -:, Columns are vertical structural elements which, transfer the load of slab and columns on above floors, to lower floor columns and ultimately the foundation., They are loaded in compression., Materials - Timber, Reinforced concrete, Steel., Purpose/Functions :, • Transfer loads from upper levels of structure to, lower levels., , i, , • Support to beams and slab in framed structure., 6. Beam, , Beams are horizontal structural elements which, transfer the load of slab to other beams & ultimately, to the columns. Beams are loaded in flexure, (perpendicular to the axis)., Materials - Timber, Reinforced concrete, Steel., , Purpose/Functions :, • Transfer loads from slab to columns., , TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS'". An up thrust for knowl&dg&, , [
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Dtlildln~ CUMtmclion, , 1-4, , • To rmpport the transverse (vertical) load of building, slructutc., • To resist shear forces, develope d In beams., , and, , bending, , moment, , • Support to columns against buckling when, unsupported height of columns is more than 3 m ., 7. Roof I Slab, , MSBTE: S-18, W-17, , Roof!! are covering built over top of building s with a, purpose of protection of occupants against climatic, condition s like rain, sun, wind etc. Roofs are, designed to suit the climatic conditions in the regions., , ----- ----, , _ __ Buil, __._dJng, --=--and, _ B_uil_~, , _C~, , q, , PurpoSelFunction.s :, Doors:, • To allow entrance in the building and circulatiot, across different rooms, · acy o f "'"'-"", ,_,.,., ,pants, m aterials i-n...;de, • Safety an d pnv, U"'-J,, , rooms., , Window :, • To provide air and light inside the light inside t.1-te, room ., • To provide aesthetic view of surround ings frotn, inside the building unit, , Slabs are elements which divide a building in, horizontal compartm ents known as floors. Slab, support occupants and other dead loads coming on, structure. Usually, the top slab known as terrace slab, is treated as roof or may be constructed specifically, in other cases., , Staircase is a type of vertical commun ication in a, building unit to have act:ess to various floor levels. It, consists of a number of steps w hich in tum have, risers and treads., , Purpose/Functions :, , Purpose/ Function s :, , • To protect the inside of building from rain, wind,, snow etc., , • To provide easy access or vertical communication, from one floor to the others., , • To provide safety to users of building, , 10. Parapet, , 9. Staircas e, , IUii1WiU1, , MSBTE : S-17, W-17, , Parapet is a type of w all which is construc ted as, external face of terraces and balconie s for safety of, occupants against fall., Purpose /Functio ns:, , Distribution bar, Main reinforcement, (Alternate bars bent up), , • To provide safety of terrace users., , -----Span------,-, , • To prevent upward moveme nt (uplift) of pitched, roof on walls., , 11. Lintel, Fig. 1.2.1 Typical reinforced concrete slab/roof section, , 8. Doors and Windows, , IMOWIEI, , Doors are openings to individu al rooms for, circulation in and out of building s and into the, rooms. They are used for free moveme nt of occupants ·, in and out of building., Window s are openings generally construc ted in the, external face of wall which provides air and light, inside the room., , ~T, ~ -. - - - ~-, , ~, , 1-\SBTE. : S-17, W-15, , Llntels are horizont al member s fixed above an, opening. They are built embedd ing some part of it, into neighbor ing masonry on both sides and carry the, load of structure above the opening. This load in turn, is transferr ed to masonry around opening. Thus,, lintel is type of beam kept upon opening., Llntels are usually casted integral with weathers hed ,, Chajja., Materials - Steel, Tin\be~, RCC etc., Purpose/Functions :, • To support the portion of wall over the opening, • To transmit the load on either side of opening., , - -~ ~ ~~ ~, - - - -- - -- - - - - An, TECHN/CAL PUBLICATIO NS -, , up thrust for, , knowledge
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..., Building Construction__ .. . ..... __ . . . ... __.. .. ·· ·-· .... ·-· ·-···· -·· ..... . -··· . . ______..1...~.5. .... ... -··········, 3., , Buil~iI_lg _an_d B~~g_Compo~~!5, , Any, projections, unnecessary, Avoid, be, should, unnecessary projections in a building, be, avoided and if unavoidable, they should, firmly tied with the main part of structure., , Sufficient space between adjacent structures :, For non continuous structures built adjacent to, each other, proper care should be taken to avoid, The, earthquake., an, during, collision, es, structur, such, in, width, gap, ended, recomm, storey., per, mm, 30, varies from 15 mm to, 5. Continuity in the construction of a structure :, The structures should be constructed in such a, way that the building acts as a single unit., Monolithic construction or proper anchorage to, every part of structure should be given to have, this continuity., 6. Foundation : The structures should not rest on, loose soils which will easily I settle during an, earthquake. Proper assessment of soil samples in, areas of foundation should be taken and studied, so that foundation should not settle at the time, of earthquakes. Such testing should be done, while planning stages of building and designs, done accordingly., 7. Weight of structure : As the effect of earthquake, is directly proportional to mass of structure, light, 'weight structures are preferred to resist the, seismic forces. The building should be as light as, , 4., , Flg.1.2.2 RCC Lintel with Chajja, (Weathershed)Projection, , 12. SIii, , The bottom horizontal surface of an opening which, supports vertical members of operung is called Sill., They are designed with a slope towards the exterior, of room to drain rainwater coming inside the unit., Purpose/Functions :, , • To provide protection to wall below the window,, • To provide support to window or vertical member, of operung., • Provides protection against rainwater coming inside, structure., , ~ General, , Design Principles of Earthquake, nt, Resista Structures (Planning and, MSBTE : W-13; S-14, 16, Construction Phase), , The building or structures which come under seismic, or earthquake zones are required to resist the, earthquake or seismic forces. There are some design, principles generally considered while constructing the, structures in earthquake zones., 1. Shape of structure :, , Shape of structure plays very important role while, resisting the earthquake forces., • Simple rectangular structure is preferred., • The length of the building should not exceed three, times its width., • Design should be done such that centre of gravity, of structure should coincide center of rigidity., 2. Structural design : Structural design should be, properly done to sustain all forces coming at the, time of earthquake. Structures should be design, to ultimately fail in yielding rather than sudden, collapse to give ample warrung to occupants, before entire collapse. Limit State of Design, should be used as suggested by 1S456-2000., , possible., Avoid addition and alteration : Addition and, alteration in the structure is not recommended., In unavoidable conditions crumple sections, should suitably be provided. These will fracture, when earthquake occurs., 9. Ceiling : The suspended ceiling should be, avoided and the thickness of ceiling plaster, should not exceed 6 mm for reinforced concrete, construction:, 10. Non-structural parts : The connections between, structural .parts and non-structural parts should, be of such nature that the deformation of, structural parts leads to a minimum damage to, the non-structural parts., 8., , TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS•- An up thrust for knowl&dge
