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Competency, The aim of this course is to help the student to attain the, following industry identified competency through various, teaching learning experiences., • Execute the efficient water supply and sanitary system.
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Course Outcomes, a) Identify the sources and characteristics of water and, waste water., b) Estimate the quantity of drinking water and wastewater, generated., , c) Draw labeled systems of plumbing for building, sanitation., d) Draw the flow diagram for process of treatment of, water and waste water., e) Identify various accessories for efficient conveyance, and distribution of water.
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Unit 1, , Marks : 12
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Syllabus, Sources of water : Surface and, Subsurface sources of water, Intake, Structures, Definition and types, Factors, governing the location of an intake, structure, types of intakes.
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Sources Of Water, a) Surface Sources, b) Subsurface Sources or Underground, source of water.
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1.Surface –Sources of Water : Water is, available at the ground surface, o Lake and Ponds
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o Streams or rivers, , o Storage reservoirs
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2. Subsurface Sources or Underground, source of water., • A portion of rainfall infiltrates the ground, and gets stored as sub-surface water at, hard stratus., • These mainly depend on the underground, water table, ultimately depends on the, nature of soil., • For example : Wells, tube wells, springs,, infiltration galleries, porus pipe galleries.
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Springs, Sometimes, where the ground water is very high, the water comes out, on the surface in the form of springs., The following are the main two types of springs., 1. Gravity Springs, 2. Artesian Springs
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1. Gravity Springs :, Underground natural level of water rises and the water outflows, through the sides of natural valley or depressions
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2. Artesian Spring, These are the wells from which water flows automatically under, pressure. This water can be stored in water tanks. Mostly found in, hilly regions.
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Infiltration galleries, Horizontal tunnels (with holes on sides ) constructed of masonry, walls with roof slabs to tap ground water flowing towards, rivers/lake.
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Porous Pipe galleries, Where there is large quantity of ground water available over a large, area, it can be cheaply collected by laying porous pipes. These collect, and dispose collected water, where a well is constructed to take out, water
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Wells, Vertical hole dug or drilled under the ground to trap the subsoil water is, called well. Wells may be shallow or deep., Wells are classified as, I. Dug well, II. Driven well, III. Tube well., 1. Dug Well, Rest in a pervious strata & draws, Water from surrounding material., Depth 2 to 6m.
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2. Driven Well, Driven wells are constructed by driving pipe into the ground. Driven, wells are cased continuously and shallow (approximately 30 to 50, feet deep). Though driven wells are cased, they can be, contaminated easily because they draw water from aquifers near the, surface. These wells draw water from aquifers near the surface.
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2. Tube Well, A tube well is a type of water well in which a long, 100–200, millimetres (3.9–7.9 in)-wide, stainless steel tube or pipe is bored, into an underground aquifer. The lower end is fitted with a strainer,, and a pump lifts water for irrigation. The required depth of the well, depends on the depth of the water table. Depth 20 to 70m.
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Intake Structures, The basic function of the intake structure is to help in safely withdrawing, water from the source over predetermined pool levels and then to, discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit (normally called intake, conduit), through which it flows up to water treatment plant., Types Of Intake, , a), b), c), d), , Canal intakes, Reservoir intakes, Lake intakes, River intakes
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a) Canal Intakes, • As water level in the canal remains more or less constant there is no, need of providing pipes at various level., • A canal intake consist of a pipe placed in a brick masonry chamber, constructed partly in the canal bank., • Opening of structure provided with coarse screen & end of pipe inside, the chamber is provided with bell mouth fitted with hemispherical fine, screen., • The outlet pipe carries the water to the other side of canal bank, from, where it is taken to treatment plants
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Canal Intake
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b) Reservoir Intakes, • A reservoir is formed by constructing a dam ( earthen dam, masonry dam, or concrete dam ) or weir across the river., • Water level in reservoir changes from time to time, intake pipes are, provided at different levels., • Reservoir intake used to draw the water from earthen dam., • It consists of an intake tower constructed a slope of the dam., • Screen are provided to intake pipes and are controlled by sluice valve, provided to control water flow.
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Reservoir intake
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c) Lake Intakes, •, , •, •, , These intake are constructed in the bed of the lake which consist of a, pipe & a bell opening, protected by timber or concrete crib., Water flows from the opening and is collected din sump well and then, pumped to treatment plants., These intakes are cheap in construction and submersible position.
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c) River Intakes, •, , •, •, , It is a type of intake which may either located sufficiently inside the river, so that demands of water are met with in all the seasons of the year, or, they may be located near the river bank where a sufficient depth of, water is available., Sometimes, an approach channel is constructed and water is led to the, intake tower., If the water level in the river is low, a weir may be constructed across it, to raise the water level and divert it to the intake tower.
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River Intake
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Factors governing the location of intake, structure, 1) Heavy current of water at the site should be avoided which might, endanger the safety of the intake works., 2) Intake site should be easily approachable., 3) The site should be so selected that it may admit water even under, worst condition of flow in the river. Generally, it is preferred that, intake should be sufficiently below the shore line., 4) Site should be very close to treatment plant as possible., 5) It should not interfere with river traffic, if any., 6) It should be so located that it admits relatively pure water free, from mud, sand and pollutants. Means it should be protected from, rapid currents., 7) The site should remain easily accessible during floods and should, not get flooded., 8) Intakes must not be located in the vicinity of the point of sewage, disposal.
