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Ch-4 Internet Application 5th CSE IWT | 2021, , 4.4 Newsgroups, , Newsgroups are typically found on USENET, a network of discussion groups where, millions of users read postings, or articles, using software called a newsreader. Usenet, uses the Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)., , Users can then make comments and ask questions in response to the postings., Thousands of newsgroups exist, covering a wide range of topics., , Newsgroups may be either moderated or unmoderated. In a moderated newsgroup, a, moderator must approve posts in order for them to become part of the discussion. In an, unmoderated group, everything posted is included in the discussion., , Newsgroup names are made up of parts, separated by dots, that indicate the topics, covered in the newsgroup. The first part of the name (before the first dot) is the primary, category (or hierarchy) or the newsgroup. For example, sci. is used for science-related, , discussions., , Example:- sci.physics, comp.software. testing, , 4.5 Chat Rooms, , Chat rooms are Web sites or programs that allow people to send text messages to one, another in real time. The chat room works as a virtual room, where groups of people, send messages that others can read instantaneously. Often, people in chat rooms will, , use aliases or nicknames to provide some anonymity, and will use the chat room to, meet others. If individual visitors to the chat room wish to talk privately, they can enter a, , private chat room, which allows two or more people to send messages privately to one, , another., Some examples of chat rooms are Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and Web sites such as, , Talk City (www.talkcity.com).