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Introduction, It is the study of concentration of metals at different regions in relation to geochemistry of that particular region., The concentration of any particular metal in a particular region is dependent on various factors and the information of these factors along with their level of influence can be used in a reverse engineered way to predict the different types of ores and minerals which can be found in a region upon mining., Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such the Earth's crust and its oceans.

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Classification on the basis of distribution of elements, According to geologist Victor Goldscmidt elements in the periodic table are classified on the basis of their preferred host phases on earth environment(crust and core) known as Goldscmidt Classification.

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Goldschmidt classification, Lithophile : These are rock loving elements. Lithophile elements are those that remain on or close to the surface of earth because they combine readily with oxygen, forming compounds which do not sink into the Earth's core. The lithophile elements include: Al, B, Ba, Be, Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cs, F, I, Hf, K, Li, Mg, Na, Nb, O, P, Rb, Sc, Si, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, U, V, Y, Zr, W and the lanthanides. Lithophile elements mainly consist of the highly reactive metals of the s- and f-blocks. They also include a small number of reactive non-metals, and the more reactive metals of the d-block such as titanium, zirconium and vanadium. , Siderophile : These are  sideron or iron loving elements. They are the transition metals which tend to sink into the earth core because they dissolve readily in iron either as solid solutions or in the molten state, it may include non transition metals also like Ge. The siderophile elements include the highly siderophilic Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, the moderately siderophilic Co and  Ni and sometimes  W and  Ag., Chalcophile: These are chalcogen(group16) loving elements. They have a low affinity for oxygen and prefer to bond with sulfur as highly insoluble sulfide. The chalcogen elements include: Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ga, GE, Hg, In, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Tl and Zn. Chalcophile elements are those that remain on or close to the surface because they combine readily with sulfur and some other chalcogen, other than oxygen, forming compounds which do not sink into the Earth's core., Atmophile elements mean volatile elements and are defined as those that remain mostly on or above the surface because they occur as liquids or gases at temperatures and pressures found on the surface of the Earth. The atmophile elements are: H, C, N and the noble gases.

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Factors affecting geochemical distribution of elements, Nature of Rock (Acidic or Basic): It merely indicates which elements were likely to be found in acid or basic rocks. Thus the siliceous rocks will contain higher proportions of aluminium and alkalis, while ferromagnesian minerals will be found in basic rocks., Charge and lonic radius: It play a role in the distribution of minerals of magmatic origin. The ionic potential, Z/r, plays a vital role in the secondary disposition of the elements. This ionic potential serves as a key to their behaviour during the metamorphism of rocks. During the processes of weathering those of low potential, such as the alkali metals, remain in solution as ions, those of intermediate potential are precipitated as hydroxides, and those of high potential form soluble complex anions with oxygen., Nature of Element: The nature of elements, whether they are Siderophilic, Chalcophilic, Lithophilic, Atmophilic and Biophilic, determines their abundance in a particular region., Temperature: It is also a key factor behind the geochemical distribution of elements, as temperature affects the type and mass of elements. The minerals of different metals have different crystallisation temperatures. Minerals of low crystallization temperature separates out first from the magma and magma becomes enriched with high solubility metals. So as the depth of the Earth increases the abundance of metals varies.

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Effect of Solution: Igneous rock and hence their minerals are soluble in natural solvents like sea water. So solutions also determines the geochemical distribution of elements on the Earth., Metasomatosis: It is the chemical alteration of a rock by hydrothermal and other fluids. It is the replacement of one rock by another of different mineralogical and chemical composition. The minerals which compose the rocks are dissolved and new mineral formations are deposited in their place. Dissolution and deposition occur simultaneously and the rock remains solid., Bioleaching: It is a process by which metal fixation occurs from ore bearing rocks to plants by microorganisms. By this method some plants concentrate some particular type of element in themselves and hence prohibits them from being migrated from that particular region. Bioleaching is known to concentrate some very rare elements also hence affects the distribution of elements., Magmatic and Tectonic Movement: The tectonic and magmatic movements adversely affects the geochemical distribution of elements as these phenomena are the basis behind the migration of elements in Earth’s crust.