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Social Perception, Part 1
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Social Perception, Social, , perception is the process through which, we seek to know and understand other people, The main focus: Non-verbal communication,, Attribution and Impression formation, Nonverbal communication is the communication, between individuals that does not involve the, content of spoken language. It relies instead on, an unspoken language of facial expressions, eye, contact, and body language
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Social Perception, Attribution, , is the process through which we, seek to identify the causes of other’s behavior, and so gain knowledge of their stable traits, and dispositions, Impression formation is the process through, which we form first impressions of others., Impression management is the efforts by, individuals to produce favorable first, impressions on others
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Nonverbal communication, Nonverbal communication takes place, through five channels, ❑ Facial, ❑ Eye, , expressions, , contact, , ❑ Body, , movements, , ❑ Posture, ❑ Touching
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FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, It, , is said that “the face is the image of the soul”., , Modern, , researches suggests that it is possible to, learn much about other’s current moods and, feelings from their facial expressions, , Five, , different basic emotions are represented, clearly, and from a very early age on the human, face
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FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, Fear,, , anger, happiness, sadness, and disgust
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FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, disgust
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FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, The, , fact that only five different emotions are, represented on our faces does not imply that, human beings can show only a small number, of facial expressions., , Emotions, , can occur in several combinations, (joy with sorrow, fear with anger etc.)
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FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, Research, , suggest that facial expressions are, universal., Some facial expressions such as smile, and, other signs of sadness provide clear signals, of underlying emotional states (happiness,, sadness etc.) in many different cultures, Facial expressions among gold, bronze and, silver Olympic medal winners and their, emotions
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Gazes and stares, What, , do you feel while talking with someone, wearing dark sunglasses? Was it comfortable?, , Eye, , contact has a lot of importance in, nonverbal communication. We often learn much, about other’s feelings from their eyes., , High, , level of eye contact is interpreted as a, sign of liking or positive feelings and if others, avoid eye contact, we may conclude that they, are unfriendly, don’t like us, or are simply shy
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Gazes and stares, If, , another person gazes at us continuously and, maintains such contact regardless of what we, do, he or she can be said to be staring, , A, , stare is interpreted as a sign of anger or, hostility and most people find this cue as, disturbing, , In, , fact, we may quickly terminate social, interaction with someone who stares at us and, even leave the scene
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Body language, Body, , language refers to cues provided by the, position, posture, and movement of others, bodies or body parts, Movements in which one part of the body, does something to another part (touching,, rubbing, scratching) suggest emotional, arousal. The greater the frequency of such, behavior, the greater the level of arousal or, nervousness
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Body language, Larger, , patterns of movements,, involving the whole body can also, be informative, Phrases such as “she adopted a, threatening posture” and “he, greeted her with open arms”, suggest that different body, orientations or postures indicate, contrasting emotional states
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Body language, Body, , movements like those seen in dance, also provide important information about, other’s emotions and even about their, apparent traits, More specific information about other’s, feelings is often provided by gestures. The, most important one among them are, emblems- body movements carrying specific, meanings in a given culture
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Body language, In, , cultures other than ours, these gestures, might have no meaning or even a different, meaning
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Touching, Touch, , can suggest affection, sexual interest,, dominance, caring or even aggression, It depends on the factors such as who does, the touching (a friend, stranger, female,, male), the nature of the physical contact, (brief or prolonged, gentle or rough, what, part of the body is touched) and the context, in which the touching takes place (a college,, a social setting, doctor’s office.
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Touching, Evidence, , indicate that when touching is, considered appropriate, it often produces, positive reactions in the person being, touched, , Handshakes, , in different cultures- firm,, , longer etc., Comforting, , pat on the arm or shoulders
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Deception and, Micro expressions
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Deception, ❖ Deception, , is the act of misleading or, wrongly informing someone about the true, nature of a situation, ❖ Research findings indicate that most people, tell at least one lie every day, Why do people lie ?, ❖ To avoid hurting other’s feelings, to conceal, their real feelings or reactions, to avoid, punishment etc.
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Deception, To recognize deception we should pay careful, attention to both nonverbal and verbal cues., The non verbal cues includes the following, ❖ Micro, , expressions, , ❖ Inter-channel, ❖ Eye, , discrepancies, , contact, , ❖ Exaggerated, , facial expressions
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Micro expressions, ❖ These, , are fleeting facial expressions, lasting only a few tenth of a second, , ❖ Such, , reactions appear on the face very, quickly after an emotion-provoking, event and are difficult to suppress, , ❖ As, , a result, they can be very revealing, about others true feelings or emotions
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Interchannel discrepancies, ❖ These, , are inconsistencies between, nonverbal cues from different basic, channels, ❖ These result from the fact that people who, are lying often find it difficult to control all, these channels at once, ❖ For instance, they may manage their facial, expressions well, but may have difficulty, looking you in the eye as they tell their lie
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Eye contact, ❖ Efforts, , at deception are often revealed, by certain aspects of eye contact, , ❖ People, , who are lying blink more often, and show pupil that are more dilated, than people who are telling the truth, , ❖ They, , may also show an unusually low, level of eye contact or an unusually high, level of eye contact as they attempt to, fake being honest
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Exaggerated facial expressions, ❖ People, , who are lying sometimes show, exaggerated facial expressions, , ❖ They, , may smile more or more, broadly than usual or may show, greater sorrow than is typical in a, given situation
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Attribution
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Attribution, ❖ Attribution, , refers to our efforts to, understand the causes behind others, behavior and on some occasions, the causes, behind our behavior, ❖ It is the process through which we seek to, identify the causes of other’s behavior and, so gain knowledge of their stable traits and, dispositions
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Heider’s theory, ❖ Also, , known as Heider's common sense, theory, ❖ Fritz Heider suggested that people observe, others, analyze their behavior and come up, with their own common-sense explanations, for such actions, ❖ These attributions can be either external or, internal
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Heider’s theory, ❖ Internal, , attributions are those that are, blamed on individual characteristics and, traits (dispositional attribution), , ❖ E.g., , We attribute the behavior of another, person to their personality, motives or, beliefs during a relationship break-up
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Heider’s theory, ❖ External, , attributions are those that are, blamed on situational forces, , ❖ Assigning, , the cause of behavior to some, situation or event outside a person’s control, rather than to some internal characteristics, , ❖ When, , we try to explain our own behavior we, tend to make external attributions. E.g., Scoring low marks in Examination
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Jones and Davis’s theory, ❖ The, , theory is developed by E.E Jones and, Keith Davis 1965, ❖ The theory is known as correspondent trait, inference., ❖ The theory is concerned with how we, decide, on the basis of other’s overt actions, whether they possess specific traits or, dispositions likely to remain fairly stable, over time
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Jones and Davis’s theory, According to the theory, we are most likely to, conclude that other’s behavior reflects their, stable traits, when the behavior is, ❖ Freely, , chosen- Because sometimes, individuals acts in certain ways because of, external demands, , ❖ Yield, ❖ Low, , distinctive noncommon effects, , in social desirability
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Noncommon effects, ❖ Effects, , that can be caused by one specific, factor, but not by others, , ❖ E.g., , You just got engaged to a person who is, very wealthy but not attractive at all, not, polite.. Then what made you to take a, decision to marry him??
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Social desirability, ❖ Behavior, , that are not expected based on a, social role tell us more about a person’s, trait, , ❖ E.g., , Not believing in God, wearing a, sleeveless and shorts after marriage,, wearing churidar during marriage etc.
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Kelley’s theory of causal attributions, ❖ Proposed, , by Horald Kelley in 1967, ❖ He developed a logical model for judging whether, a particular action should be attributed to some, characteristic (dispositional) of the person or the, environment (situational), ❖ The term covariation simply means that a person, has information from multiple observations, at, different times and situations, and can perceive, the covariation of an observed effect and its, causes
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Kelley’s theory of causal attributions, We focus on three major types of information in, order to understand the causes of behavior, ❖ Consensus-, , the extent to which other people, react to a given stimulus or event in the same, manner as the person we are considering, , ❖ Consistency-, , the extent to which the person in, question reacts to the stimulus or event in the, same way on other occasions
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Kelley’s theory of causal attributions, ❖ Distinctiveness-, , the extent to which this, person reacts in the same manner to other, different stimuli or events, ❖ According to Kelley, we are most likely to, attribute another’s behavior to internal causes, under conditions in which consensus and, distinctiveness are low but consistency is high, ❖ We attribute to external causes when, consensus, consistency and distinctiveness are, all high
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Kelley’s theory of causal attributions, ❖ E.g., , A student Nourin is not listening in the, psychology class. But all others are listening., She is not listening to the psychology class, everyday. Nourin does not listen to any other, subjects, , ❖ Consensus, , –low, , ❖ Consistency-high, , ❖ Distinctiveness-, , low
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Kelley’s theory of causal attributions, ❖ E.g., , A student Nourin is not listening in the, psychology class. Other students were also not, listening. Nourin does not listen to the, psychology class everyday. But she listens to, other subjects, , ❖ Consensus, , –high, , ❖ Consistency-high, , ❖ Distinctiveness-, , high
