Page 1 :
LIS 314: Publishing Book Trade and Sales, Lecturer, Dr A.J. Ayodele John Alonge,, , CLN, , Lecturer, Department of Library, Archival & Information Studies,, University of Ibadan, Nigeria., 08023594427 || [email protected], , LIS 314 Course Outline, 1) Definition of publishing/book publishing, 2. Objectives of book publishing, 3. Types publishing, 4. Publishing process, 5. What is book, 6. Book classification, 7. History of book publishing, 8. Professionals in book publishing, 9. Manuscript assessment and acquisition, 10.Challenges facing book publishing in Nigeria,  Publishing House Visit, , INTRODUCTION, Book publishing is an interesting course that touches all aspect of literacy and formal, education. It is therefore central to all journalistic practice. This unit introduces you to, the definition of publishing, the objectives, and the types of book publishing., Definition of Book Publishing, Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content, available to the public for sale or for free[1]. Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed, works, such as books, newspapers, and magazines. With the advent of digital information systems,, the scope has expanded to include electronic publishing such as ebooks, academic, journals, micropublishing, websites, blogs, video game publishing, and the like., , Publishing is a media of communication which falls under the print media. Publishing, 1|Page

Page 2 :
has been defined by so many people in different ways. Publishing can simply be referred, to as “making generally known” or “noising abroad”. It has been defined elementarily as, the profession or business of publishing books., Though it must be difficult to cultivate a generally accepted definition for publishing,, scholars have developed generic terms for the process of producing literary works., Nyeko (1999:1) opines that; it is “the process of producing for dissemination, books,, films, computer programmes, records, newspapers, periodicals, discs, bulletins,, magazines and other literacy materials.”, Contextually, we can conclude that book publishing is that process that seeks to capture, social and intellectual activity and storing same for the information, education and, entertainment of the society., Akpoko (2012:27) said book publishing “simply means to have a book or periodical, printed out and distributed for sale.” He pointed out that publishing normally covers a, wide range of activities, which include production of reports, books and other reading, materials for the use of general public., Oso and Biobaku (2008) explain that publishing is a generic term used to describe the, process of producing literacy and information materials for utility., Okwilagwe (2001:1) quaoted Chandler Grannis (967) who define publishing as:, To make public – to send forth among the people – the, words and pictures the creative minds have produced, that, editors have worked over, and that printers have, reproduced., In this sense publishing is a process that involved creative minds who conceived ideas, that want others to share., Publishing is a process that, according to Okwilongwe (2001) consist of planning,, selecting, editing, designing, producing, marketing and distribution of printed materials, such as books, magazines and newspapers., Specifically when applied to book, publishing is completed only when a manuscript has, been transformed into a book and distributed to its intended audience., 2|Page

Page 3 :
Objectives of Book Publishing, Book writing serves many objectives. Oso, et al quotes Tuchman (1980) as saying, that without books, history is silent, literature dumb, science crippled, thought and, speculation at a standstill. This assertion tells of the invaluable nature of books., The objectives of book writing in this case, have been summarized into 5 classes:, 1. To announce, 2. To expound, 3. For historical reason, 4. To transmit knowledge or teaching, 5. For economic reasons, , 3|Page

Page 4 :
1., I., , II., , III., , IV., , 2., I., , II., , III., , 3., I., 4|Page, , To Announce, Many writers have an inbuilt yearning to express an idea, have an intuition about, a phenomenon which they believe is true, or a future idea which they think will, occupy a significant space in our world of existence, and so on. It is this desire, that makes them to write books that contain such ideas., Just like the town crier of old, books serve the purpose of information, dissemination. It serves as a notice board for whoever cares about any, information., Communication can be in the form of one person relating with the other or the, writer relating with a mass of people. The world consists of millions of people, that are in different geographical locations, speaking different languages, have, different colours, religions and creeds. Book writing has achieved the function of, communicating with these same people thereby bridging this diversity., Writers especially, novelists provide a lot of entertainment value to the reading, audience. Though their writing might be fictitious or factual but they are always, infuse with very enthralling features that makes the reading experience exciting., To Expound, Many historical events are not the same as we have them today. This is because, there was a time when certain knowledge was highly restricted. There was a time, when plants were thought to be organisms that you plan, they grow and you, harvest them. A bad crop does not produce well and a good one does well. It was, not known that plants could be ill as human beings hence their performances can, be low. It was not known that man’s present appearance is a function of his, genetic make-up. These are areas where new knowledge has been added to, previous knowledge to bring us to the present., To challenge knowledge. At a particular time, scientists believed that the world, was as flat as a table and a continuous movement towards a particular direction, will only bring you to the precipice and an eventual fall into an endless abyss. In, our present world, that knowledge have been challenged and found to be false., Book publishing has served the purpose of continuous re-evaluation of, knowledge. Most writers evaluate previous positions and theories, and establish, new ones., Transmit Knowledge, Scholarly writing often refers to that body of writing that seeks to contribute new, knowledge or contribute to existing knowledge.

Page 5 :
II., , Whatever form the scholarly knowledge may take, be it in the form of, confirmation, disputation and repudiation or expansion, scholarly knowledge, always aims at transferring knowledge from one person to another. The book is, the tool of the teacher to achieve this aim. Sometimes the book replaces the, teacher., 4., To Serve As Reservoir, Book publishing serves as a reservoir of knowledge. It is what we write today that, eventually becomes history. Africans have been found in the act of trying to re-write, their own history. This stems from the fact that most of their literatures were oral. The, written word has the ability for longevity while the oral one does not. This was why the, misinterpretation of the African realities by the European writers were widely, condemned, and steps taken to right these wrongs., Many writers like Descartes, Aristotle, and Sophocles achieved the status of, immortality by writing. These writings have become what we refer to today as history., Book publishing has served as a reservoir of contemporary events., 5., , Economy, The book publishing industry, especially in modern times, where society has, become knowledge driven, has become a veritable source of wealth., In super literate societies, writers live off what they write. Many writers simply, write wholly or partly to make money. Many see this as derogatory but the fact remains, that a good reason for writing is economic. As long as a book holds appeal to a wide, range of audience it will bring profit., , 3.0, , TYPES OF PUBLISHING, , Okpobo (2012) explained that there are three types of publishing arrangement, that are commonly practiced today. These are:, (a), , 5|Page, , Corporate Publishing: This is the traditional publishing arrangement where the, publishing houses accpets manuscripts from the author and undertake to, produce the book. Here the publishing organisation funds the publishing process, right from editing, typesetting, page layout, filming, plating, and printing, binding,, trimming, and finishing to the marketing of such books. He pays royalty to the, author based on the sale of such book in line with earlier agreement between

Page 6 :
(b), , (c), , them. The publisher is absolutely in charge of production and marketing of the, book and bear all the risk involve in such business or the profits associated, therein., Vanity Publishing: This is a publishing arrangmenet where you pay for the cost of, publication of your book. The publisher will accept to publish the manuscript first, before he signs an agrement to publich such book. He normally builds in his profit, into the agreement to publish the manuscript., Self-Publishing: This is an arrangement where the author takes his manuscript to, the publishing house, pay for the producton of the book and collects all the, copies. The author will then market the book or give them out freely. Selfpublishers take more risk financially even though they are always satisfied by, seeing their names in print., , THE 7 TYPES OF BOOK PUBLISHING COMPANIES, There are different types of book publishers, depending mainly on the market for the book., While we often think of "trade" publishers, those who publish the books typically found in, bookstores, there are also academic publishers, professional publishers, and of course, selfpublishing services. Whether you aspire to be an author or dream of getting a job in editorial,, you should know about the different types of book publishers., , 1. Trade Book Publishers, Trade book publishers acquire, edit, produce, publish, and sell the books you're most likely, to see in a brick-and-mortar bookstore. These are traditional publishers creating books for a, consumer readership. While the internal company structures and organization of, conventional trade publishers vary, each generally publishes books in a broad variety of, formats (hardcover, trade paperback, mass market paperback, e-books, audiobooks), and a, wide selection of topics and genres., Note that some trade book publishers are parts of larger media entities that may also own, textbook publishers. While there are many trade publishers in the United States, the major, ones are referred to as "the Big Five" book publishers., , 6|Page

Page 7 :
2. Book Packagers and Book Developers, Book packagers are companies specialize in creating books to be published under the, imprint of a trade publisher. Another way to look at is that the publisher "outsources" the, development of their book. In adult publishing, packaged books often involve a lot of, photography or illustration, and the publisher finds it more cost-effective to buy the books, already produced than to develop and produce the volumes themselves. Some young adult, fiction series are also packaged., The book packager develops an idea for a book (or series of books) and then sells the, concept to a publisher. The packager then does all of the editorial and production work for, the publisher (with publisher approval at key junctures of the process) and generally ships, the finished books directly to the publisher's warehouse., In some cases, the packager provides the files, and the book publisher prints and binds the, books. While the name of the book packager is usually unknown to the consumer buying the, book, there's typically an indication of the packager somewhere on the title page., The authors of packaged books are generally contracted as "work for hire;" that is, they are, paid a flat fee and do not get paid royalties on the book sales. An example of a book, packager is the San Francisco-based Weldon Owen., , 3. "Bargain" Book Publishers, These publishers create low-cost books and book-related products (such as calendars or, activity kits that include books) for the "bargain" section of the bookstore. The low-cost nonfiction books are usually highly illustrated (souvenir books, craft books); the fiction includes, bind-ups of several novels from a prominent, prolific author or reprints of classics in the, public domain. Some promotional book publishers also buy and re-sell the remainders of, trade books., Authors who write original books for this market are almost always contracted for work-forhire. Established authors who are reprinted into this market are doing so under reprint, clauses in their publishing contracts and receive royalties for their work., 7|Page

Page 8 :
4. Textbook Publishers and Academic Publishers, Textbook publishers create books for school and university classrooms, usually with a, specific course syllabus in mind. School book publishers are referred to as "elhi," a, combination of "elementary" and "high school.", The major textbook publishers are McGraw-Hill, Pearson, Reed Elsevier, and Houghton, Mifflin., , 5. Professional Publishers, Professional publishers create books and databases for professionals who need access to, reliable, widely accepted information and standards. These include (but aren't limited to), accountants, architects, doctors, lawyers, and psychologists. Because of the amount of data, in these books and the need for regularly updated information, much of this information has, moved from predominantly book form to online access. An example of a professional, publisher is John Wiley., , 6. Self-Publishing Services, In general, self-publishers, by any name, allow an author to see their book in print or online, and accessible to an audience. However, there are distinct differences between "being, published" traditionally and having your book produced by a self-publishing service., That said, there are different reasons to self-publish, but often an author chooses to do so, when his or her book's appeal to the general consumer is not apparent enough for a, traditional trade publisher to take a chance on it. While various self-publishers or vanity, publishers offer different levels of assistance with and support for the publishing process,, self-publishing services come at a price, paid for by the author., Some self-publishing services include: Lulu.com, Barnes & Noble's NOOK Press, Blurb, and, iUniverse, , 8|Page

Page 9 :
7. Hybrid Publisher, Hybrid publishers' services fall somewhere between a self-publishing company and, a traditional publisher. Hybrid publishers differ significantly in their terms. Still, they generally, offer their authors some level of in-house editorial expertise and distribution support, and, they share in the profits that result from the book sales. Some examples of hybrid publishers, include SheWrites, Entangled, and Booktrope., , 3.1, Publishing Process, There are many processes and activities that take place during book publishing. Some of, the activities are the followings:, (1), , (2), (3), (4), , (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), , 9|Page, , The Idea of a book: This is when the author conceived an idea of a publishable, manuscript. This can emanate from an author who write such manuscripts and, submit same to a publisher., Submission of Manuscript after it has been written: Whether solicited or, unsolicited, the book production process begins from manuscripts acquisition., Editing the Manuscript Acquired to Assess its fitness for publication: This is, done by content editors and external assessors appointed by the publishers., Design of the Book: Here graphic designers and type setters will design the, content and the cover of the book. Typefaces and type sizes are always done at, this stage also. Headline sizes, margins and width columns are set here., Filming: Here the lithographers will film the art work so that it can be plated., Plating: The film of the art work will be turned into plates so that such plates will, be used to print the book., Printing: Here the plate is inserted into the printing machine so it will run the, impression thereby producing the required copies of the book., Binding: The printed impressions are bound into copies of individual books., Marketing of Books: Here printed books are sent out to sales outlets such as, bookshops, newstands, etc.

Page 10 :
Biobaku and Akinjobgin (2009:33) summarize book publishing process into three:, conception, production and marketing. Conception, according to them, has to do with, coming out with a publishable idea which can emanate from an author who submits a, manuscript to the publisher., They also said that production stage involves four stages – editing, designing,, typesetting and printing., The last production process, according to them is marketing the books., 4.0 Conclusion, This unit defines book publishing and the types of book publishing. The qualities of book, publishing organizations are also explained. This will help us put the course in proper, perspective., 5.0 Summary, In this unit, we discussed the definition of book publishing and the types of publishing, organizations in existence today., , 7.0 References, Okpobo, J. (2012) Understanding Book Publishing Zaria: ABU Press Limited, Adikpo, J.A. and Ihwa, S.N (2009) Book Production, What You Need to Know Makurdi:, Oracle Business Limited., Okwilagwe O.A (2001). Book Publishing in Nigeria. Ibadan: Stirling – Horden Publishers, (Nig.) Ltd., , 10 | P a g e

Page 11 :
BOOKS, 3.0, 3.1, , Main Content, What are Books?, , A book is an instrument that helps the author to communicate his thoughts and, experiences to the larger public.,  A book usually possesses the following characteristics.,  They are instruments of communication,  They possess written or visual symbols to convey their meanings.,  They are published for wide circulation., A book therefore can be defined as “a set of printed pages that are fastened inside a cover so that, you can turn them and read them (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary 6th Edition). It is “a written, (or printed) message of considerable length meant for public circulation and recorded on materials, that are light yet durable enough to afford comparatively easy portability’’ (The New Encyclopaedia, Britanica)., , A book is a very important medium of communication because it is seen as “an, invaluable repository of thoughts and knowledge and a means of collating a, considerable store of information in a small space and in a durable form” (MacBride,, 1981:06)., Okpoko (2012:3) summarise the importance of books as follows:, (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), , Basic to our system of education, Repository of our culture and all types of knowledge., Medium of storing and retrieving information, Channel of communication, A part of national development, A print medium that store information from generation to generation – a, historical document., , Ihwa and Adikpo (2009) describe books as materials that promote knowledge of all, kinds. They said books are set of non-periodical printed sheets of papers of at least, forty-nine pages excluding covers that serve as media of access to knowledge of values,, 11 | P a g e

Page 12 :
wisdom, aesthetics and human imagination. They summarized the functions of books, thus:, (1), (2), (3), , To serve as a form of communication, Serve as symbol that convey meaning, Use for the circulation and distribution of knowledge (Ihwa and Adikpo, 2009:4), , 3.2, , Types of Books, Books are categorized into classes in order to organize the body of knowledge, and to direct readers on where to seek same. Books are generally categorized into the, following types, a., Fictional books: These are books which tell about imaginary events and people., b., Non-Fictional books: They are factual books whose contents relate true, information concerning people and events., c., Realistic Fictional books: These are books and stories that are written as if they, could happen today., , 12 | P a g e

Page 13 :
d., e., , f., g., h., i., j., k., l., m., , Historical Fictional books: These are books of stories of events of the past, which, might not have happened., Science Fictional books: These are books that deals with scientific facts, but, situated in a futuristic form. They deal with planetary travels and inventions,, which could happen most probably through scientific advancement., Fantasy books: These are books about situations which can hardly happen in real, life., Mystery books: These are books about unsolved life events. The themes of such, books often revolve around crime and murder., Biography books: A biography is a book about a person’s life., Auto Biographic books: A book about the author’s life., Poetry: Books that use rhythm and rhymes to explore and relate feelings, to, make human minds see images., Folklore, Myths and Legends: Books that tell of oral traditional stories of the, people has been put down in print form., Humour: These are books that encourage a read-laugh situation., Classics: These are books that have become eternally relevant and people read, them for many years., , These different types of books can also be broadly categorized into two: they are the, educational books and the general books., (a), , (b), , Educational Books: Okpoko (2012: 6 – 7) explained that educational books are, those prepared to and published based on a given syllabus normally released by, an authority. In Nigeria, such authorities may be Ministries of Education, Science, and Technology, Justice, or agencies such as Nigerian Educational Research and, Development Council, and such books are normally for use in schools and, colleges., General Books: General books are all types of books written for general use by, different people with no specific level or group. Some of these general books, include biographies, memoirs, autobiographies, novels, drama and poetry., However, some of these general books can be used as educational ones., , 13 | P a g e

Page 14 :
3.3, , Structure of a Book, Every book should be produced with a formal standard structure for easy usage, by readers. Okpobo (2012:111) has explain that a book can be structurally divided into, three parts namely, (a), Prelimary mater which are the materials before the main text., (b), The main text, and, (c), The oddment which are materials that follows the text., (a) Preliminary Matter, The following are the materials that come before the main text in a book:, (i), Half Title: This is also called bastard title because the page contains the, title of the book. It is called half page because it is only the major title of, the book that is written on this page before the full title. Sometimes it is, followed by “pages of respect” which are blank which protect the half, pages and the full titles., (ii), Front Piece: This page normally appears on left-hand page called verso. It, is the page that comes immediately after the half title. Sometimes authors, use the page to present titles of their previous books., (iii), Title Page: This contains the title of the book, the names of the author and, the publisher with his official logo., (iv), Imprint: This page house copyright, data of publication, date of, impressions and editions, printer’s imprint and international standard, book number (ISBN)., (v), Dedication: This page normally appears on the right-hand page of a book, called recto. It is always brief and devoted to a love one or ones by the, author(s)., (vi), Forward: This contains notes from a well-known person other than the, author. It normally appear on recto (right-hand) page with the date, name, of the writer and place where it was written., (vii) Preface: This page normally summarise the work section by section or, chapter by chapter but some books do substitute preface for forward., (viii) Acknowledgements: This is the page where the author(s) express (es), appreciation for assistance received in the course of producing the book., (ix), Table of Contents: This page contains chapters, section, titles and the, pages where they appear. It is the page that helps readers to locate the, information they want to use., 14 | P a g e

Page 15 :
(x), (b), , (c), , List of Illustration: It has all the list of illustrations in the book and the, pages where they appear. This page is only for textbooks with illustrations., The Text: This is the main body of a book and it should start on a new page., Normally, it should begin with the titles which are set in capital (upper case)., Oddments (Materials after the maintext), (1), Appendix: This is a page that has additional information about the subject, matter. The information on this page is meant to complement, illustrate, and corroborate the text., (2), Author Notes: These are pages where some clarifications are made by the, author on the subject matter., (3), Glossary: This is a page devoted to special words or terms used in the, book which are arranged alphabetically for easy use by readers., (4), Bibliography: This is the page that has the list of books, journals and other, written works consulted. People interviewed during the research for the, book will also be documented here. All bibliographies are normally, alphabetically arranged but not to be numbered serially., (5), Index: This is the list of words, phrases or expressions arranged with their, reference pages., All good books are produced with these structures for professional use and ease, of reference., , 4.0 Conclusion, The book is the essence of this unit and we have treated and introduce you to the, world of books. This is to expose you to the different types of books in existence., 5.0 Summary, This unit treated the definition of books and examines the different types of, books. The structure of a book was also treated in this unit., , 15 | P a g e

Page 16 :
7.0, , References, , Adikpo, J.A. and Ihwa, S.N (2009) Book Production, What You Need to Know Makurdi:, Oracle Business Limited., Okpobo, J. (2012) Understanding Book Publishing Zaria: ABU Press Limited, , 16 | P a g e

Page 17 :
UNIT 3, UNIT 3, BOOK CLASSIFICATION, 1.0, Introduction, 2.0, Objectives, 3.0, Main Content, 3.1, Types of Book Classification, 3.2, Functions of Book Classification, 4.0, Conclusion, 5.0, Summary, 6.0, Tutor-Marked Assignment, 7.0, References/Further Reading, 1.0 Introduction, There are many types of books in the market and in the libraries. It is therefore, difficult to locate books on the shelves in both the book stores and libraries. To reduce, this problem books are classified for easy location., 2.0 Objectives, The ojectives of this unit is to expose you to, (a), How books are classified, (b), Know the main functions of book classification, (c), Knowledge of current book classification, 3.0, 3.1, , Main Content, Book Classification, In order to provide solution to this complex problem of locating and using books, in the libraries, steps have been taken to arrange books according to the features those, books possess., This also offers librarians and book users a guide to the books in their, possessions., , 17 | P a g e

Page 18 :
3.2, Types of Book Classification, Current book classification systems include:, Dewey Decimal Classification System (DDC), Library of Congress Classification System (LCC), Chinese Library Classification System, The Havard Yen hung Classification System, The ACM Computing Classification System, - -Colon classification (CC), - -Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), Here is an example of the Library of Congress classification system, Letter, Subject Area, A, General works, B, Philosophy, Psychology and Religion, C, Auxillary Sciences of History, D, General and Old World History, E, History of America, F, History of the United States, British, Dutch, French and Latin America, G, Geography, Anthropology and Recreation, H, Social Sciences, J, Political Sciences, K, Law, L, Education, M, Music, N, Fine Art, P, Language and Literature, Q, Science, R, Medicine, S, Agriculture, T, Technology, U, Military Science, V, Naval Science, Z, Bibliography, Library Science and General Information Resources., , 18 | P a g e

Page 19 :
3.3, Functions of Book Classification, The main functions of book classification are:, (a), To locate books easily on the shelves, (b), To arrange books according to their features and genres., (c), To arrange books systematically, (d), To identify books on the shelf easily., 4.0 Conclusion, Classification of books is relevant for easy identification and access to books on, book shelves at libraries and bookshops. It is therefore important for you to acquire the, skill of classifying books for public use., 5.0 Summary, This unit treated book classification, types of book classification and functions of, book classification., 6.0, 1., 2., , Tutor Marked Assignment, What is book classification?, Explain the functions of book classification, , 7.0 References, Okilagwe O.A (2001). Book Publishing in Nigeria. Ibadan: Stirling – Horden Publishers, (Nig.) Ltd., Smith, D.C. (1989): A Guide to Book Publishing: Revised edition. Lagos: University of, Lagos Press., , 19 | P a g e

Page 20 :
UNIT 4, HISTORY OF BOOK PUBLISHING, 1.0, Introduction, 2.0, Objectives, 3.0, Main Content, 3.1 History of Book Publishing, 3.2 Books and Development, 4.0, Conclusion, 5.0, Summary, 6.0, Tutor-Marked Assignment, 7.0, References/Further Reading, 1.0 Introduction, The introduction of written words and literacy lessons brought up the need for, publishing of books and other printed materials. This unit focuses on the history of book, publishing generally and how books have aided development process in the world., 2.0 Objectives, At the end of this unit, you will be able to:, , Know the hsitory of book publishing, , Dscuss book and human development generally., 3.0, 3.1, , Main Content, History of Book Publishing, Oso, et al (2008) sums up the history of publishing thus; “the historical, development of publishing is anchored on three factors; writing, paper and printing”., Publishing began after the monopoly of letter, which the priestly caste held, had been, broken. The earliest known books were the Babylonian clay tablets and the Egyptian, papyrus rolls. The books on clay tablets were made with water – cleaned clays which the, writer used stylus to inscribe on curneiform character when it was still wet. The, Egyptian papyrus resembles paper, thus it is usually regarded as the direct ancestor of, the modern book., It was made of reedy plants that flourished on the river Nile valley. Strips of, papyrus pith were pasted at right angles on top of each other to make a lay roll. In order, 20 | P a g e

Page 21 :
to make a book, the writer copied texts on a side of the sheets and rolled it up. There, are evidences of this form of book dating from the early third millennium., The Chinese also made their books with wood or bamboo around 1300BC., Emperor Shih Hung Ti burnt many of the books in 213BC, but some were able to survive., The Greeks adopted the papyrus roll and passed it on to the Romans, but the adaptation, was later substituted by codex system in AD400. Codex was an invention that worked, with leaves, but instead of fastening the leaves together on the top to extend in long, strip; the books in codex were made from folded leaves bond together on one side., The rivalry of library collection between Ptolemy V of Egypt and Eumenes II of, Pergamum about 190BC led to the invention of vellum and parchment. Vellum and, parchment are materials derived from the skin of animals. It was invented when, Ptolemy V placed an embargo on papyrus in order to prevent Eumenes from having, more library collections., It was however in the 15th century when Johannes Gutenberg invented the, movable type that gave rise to the development of modern book publishing., , 3.2, , Books and Development, , Oso and Biobaku (2009:23) said the development of book publishing has led to, (1), , (2), , (3), , Development of Cultural Activities: They said book publishing is a cultural activity, because it preserves the history and tradition of a people. It promotes the, language and arts of the people., Development of book publishing business: many people are involved in the, business of book publishing thereby contributing to the economic growth of all, nations of the world. Many authors are publishing all kinds of books and are, gaining and getting royalties while publishing organizations are making profits, from the business of book publishing., Book Publishing as Vehicle of Development: Book publishing facilitates literacy, and literacy in turn help the development of nations politically, socially and, economically. This means book publishing has become vehicle of national, development in the world. Valdehusa cited by Oso and Biobaku (2009:27) says:, The quality, quantity and diversity of book produced by a, society are important indicators of that society’s level of, , 21 | P a g e

Page 22 :
(4), , development, intellectual sophistication, capacity for, technological innovation and industriousness., Book Publishing as Mass Communication: Books disseminates mass information, or ideas to all kinds of people who read them. Therefore books are media of mass, communication just like radio, TV, Newspapers and magazines. Books are, normally conceptualized, written and published base on the people from, different background, places and races. Based on this, books are normally, produced in large quantity and distributed to many people., , 4.0 Conclusion, History of book publishing was discussed. This was explained in relation to the, contribuiton of book publishing to the overall development of human beings and the, world at large, 5.0, , Summary, In this unit, the history of book publishing was discussed. The contribution of, book publishing to the development of cultural activities, business expansion, literacy, and mass communication was also explained., 6.0, 1., 2., , Tutor Marked Assignment, Explain how book publishing evolved., What are the contributions of book publishing to development in the world., , 7.0 References, Adesanoye F.A. (1991) “Book editing and publishing problems in Nigeria” Umoh S.O, (ed). Tropical Issues in Communication Arts Uyo: Modern Business Press Ltd., Adesanoye F.A. and Ojeniyi A. (eds.)(2005). Issues in Book Publishing in Nigeria. Ibadan:, Heineman Educational Books Nigeria Ltd., Kalajaiye, J.O. (2008) Problems, Opportunities and Prospects of Book Publishing in, Nigeria. In Oso, L. etal (eds) Book Publishing: A Practical Guide (2008) Mushin:, African Resource Communications: London., Okilagwe O.A (2001). Book Publishing in Nigeria. Ibadan: Stirling – Horden Publishers, (Nig.) Ltd., Oso, L. Osunbiyi, B. and Biobaku L., (2008): Book Publishing. A practical guide. Lagos:, African Resource Communications. Lagos., 22 | P a g e

Page 23 :
UNIT 5, BOOK PUBLISHING IN NIGERIA, 1.0, Introduction, 2.0, Objectives, 3.0, Main Content, 3.1, Book Publishing in Nigeria, 3.2, Book Publishing Houses, 3.3, Departments of Book Publishing Houses, 4.0, Conclusion, 5.0, Summary, 6.0, Tutor-Marked Assignment, 7.0, References/Further Reading, 1.0, , Introduction, This unit introduces you to the development and expansion of book publishing in, Nigeria. This is very important to you because this course is mainly for this purpose., 2.0, , , , , Objectives, At the end of this unit, you will be able to, Know history of book publishing in Nigeria, Discuss departments in book publishing houses, Explain book publishing houses., , 3.0, 3.1, , Main Content, Book Publishing in Nigeria, In Nigeria, the historical account of publishing revolves around the activities of, the missionaries, colonial administration, and the anti-colonial struggle. The role, publishing played in spreading the Christian mission, publicizing the activities of the, colonial rulers and sensitizing people against the evils of colonial administration is, significant. The history of publishing in Nigeria can be traced therefore to the first press, in Nigeria, which the Presbyterian Mission established in Calabar in 1846. The press was, set up with the primary aim of providing Christian literature to the new converts. In, 1859 Henry Townsend established another press in Abeokuta that published the first, newspaper in Nigeria. IWE IROHIN FUN AWON ARA EGBA ATI YORUBA. Henry Townsend, 23 | P a g e

Page 24 :
was of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) so his press also published Christian, literature., Herbert Macaulay established the first indigenous newspaper called the LAGOS, DAILY NEWS in 1926. The same year the DAILY TIMES OF NIGERIA was also established., In 1949 Oxford University Press (OUP) established a sales outlet in Nigeria. Thus, the foreign based publishing houses such as (OUP) Macmillan, Longman, etc. followed, suit by publishing for African readers., In 1956 indigenous authors/printers such as Onibonoje took advantage of the, free education programme and the establishment of modern schools in Western Nigeria, to publish their cram books and pamphlets. They also undertook the distribution, themselves., In 1963 the strong presence of the local branch of foreign publishing houses like, OUP was strongly felt in Nigeria. Works like IJALA ARE ODE, a Yoruba poetry genre by, Temitan were published., In 1972, the Nigerian Enterprise Promotion decree, which stipulated that any, company operating in Nigeria must be incorporated in Nigeria and must also have, Nigerian directors, also deepened the indigenous participation in the publishing, business., Some of the indigenous publishing houses that emerged at the period include, Fourth Dimension, Aromolaran, Illesanmi, Litramed Publication, etc. The book publishing, business has continued to wax stronger in Nigeria ever since. Today, some of the book, publishing houses are; Heineman Publishers, Spectrum Publishers, Kraft Books, Publishers, Stirling – Horden Publishers, University Press Plc., Macmillan Press, Longman, Publishers and so on., 3.2, , Book Publishing Houses, Many people are of the opinion that book publishing and printing is one and the, same thing. They cannot be any further from the truth. Printing is the final part of book, publishing., The publisher is responsible for the production of the book right from the, manuscript to the final publication. The publisher is the head of a publishing house. The, publishing house is a formal organization that undertakes the business of book, publishing as its main function. The publishing house establishes formal systems of, sourcing manuscripts, producing books and consequently marketing same., 24 | P a g e

Page 25 :
Okpoko (2012:14) explained that publishing houses produce and distribute books to the, audience. Oso and Biobaku (2009:33) said that the prospect of a publishing house, depends on the quality of manuscript published. This is because publishing houses, perform the function of (1) conceptualizing ideas about books (2) get manuscripts (3), edits the manuscripts (4) design the book (6) types the work (6) print the book (7) bind, the book and (8) market the book., Every publishing house usually has its marketing people who handle the promotion and, distribution of all published books., 3.3, Departments of Book Publishing Houses, Every publishing house has different departments and sections that handle different, functions listed above. Oso and Biobaku (2009:36) said a typical book publishing house, has the following departments (a) editorial (b) human resource (c) finance and accounts, (d) production (e) marketing, , The editorial department develops books, acquires manuscript and assesses, them. It is saddled with the responsibility of planning and preparing books for, production, , Human Resource department is responsible for recruitment, development and, welfare of all staff in the organization., , Finance and Accounts department is responsible for managing the funds of the, organization., , Production department is responsible for printing all books submitted to the, organization for publication., , Marketing department is responsible for promotion and distribution of all, published books., 4.0 CONCLUSION, We have dealt with the meaning and scope of book publishing from the acquisition to, the organizational structures. This is for easy understanding of the book publishing, business., 5.0 SUMMARY, In this topic we explained the meaning of book publishing, types of books, objectives of, books, history of book publishing generally and in Nigeria in particular., , 25 | P a g e

Page 26 :
6.0, 1., 2., 3., , TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT, What is book publishing?, Explain the different types of books in Nigeria., How are books classified?, , 7.0, , REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS, , Kalajaiye, J.O. (2008) Problems, Opportunities and Prospects of Book Publishing in, Nigeria. In Oso, L. etal (eds) Book Publishing: A Practical Guide (2008) Mushin:, African Resource Communications: London., Okpoko, J. (2012) Understanding Book Publishing Zaria: ABU Press Limited, Sowunmi, F. (2008) Book Indexing: Practice Techniques: in Oso, L. etal (eds) Book, Publishing: A Practical Guide (2008) Mushin: African Resource Communications., , PROFESSIONALS IN BOOK PUBLISHING, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, , 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, , Introduction, Objectives, Main Content, 3.1, Main Professionals in Book Publishing, 3.2, Authors, 3.3, Editors, 3.4, Printers, 3.5, Publishers, 3.6, Book Sellers, 3.7, Other Players in Book Publishing, Conclusion, Summary, Tutor-Marked Assignment, References/Further Reading, , 1.0, , Introduction, , Book Publishing is a professional activity and people trained in the different aspect of, printing and publishing work together to produce books. This unit introduces you to the, most important players in the publishing business., 26 | P a g e

Page 27 :
In this topic we will discuss the people who are involved in the production and, distribution of books. We will look at their areas of speciality and competence in book, publishing., 2.0 0bjectives, At the end of this unit, you should be able to:, , , , , Mention the professionals in book publishing, Discuss the role of professionals in book publishing, Explain the functions these professionals in book publishing., , 27 | P a g e

Page 28 :
3.0, , PROFESSIONALS IN BOOK PUBLISHING, , What is a professional? Shoki cited in Ajibola et al (2008:57) reason that, professional is often taken to meb an expertise, the gurus of some profession or career., A professional is one who professed knowledge or skill in a given profession or career., These are people who are erudite in the profession of book publishing. They, possess the skills by virtue of the training they receive to publish books. Smith (1989:7), identifies four partners in book publishing. The four are skillful in their areas but must, work with the others towards the publication of the printed document called “Book”., These partners are:, The Author, 3.1, The Author:, The process of book publishing begins from the author whose creative zeal enables him, to conceptualize the ideas and thoughts that can be published. This could be his, personal experiences or professional knowledge, the predicament of his society,, contents meant to educate and mobilize his people. From his creative reasoning, he can, also develop a manuscript. The role of the Author as a book publishing professional is, basically that of writing manuscripts and handling it to the publisher. His roles also, include being the one who conceives of the ideas and thoughts that are developed into, manuscripts., 3.2, The Publisher:, The development of the manuscript involves the professional input of the publisher also, known as Editor who with an eagle eye painstakingly goes through the work, correcting, errors, drawing the attention of the author to certain ambiguous words and sentences,, and the need for clarification. Aniyi, cited in Oso et al (2009:191) reason that “editing in, the field of publishing is everything that is done to make a manuscript become an, endearingly readable piece. It is for this reason that we have the post of Chief Executive, Officer of most publishing houses called Publisher.” Citing (Adesanoye, 1995) Aniyi, notes that ‘editing includes what is done from the time a book is conceived until it is, made available to the readers. The job of an editor is to publish books.”, Akinfenwa, cited in Oso et al (2009:334) explains that “an author is not an island. He, needs the professional service of the publisher: without the publisher an author cannot, , 28 | P a g e

Page 29 :
be “. The reverse is the case here because the publisher cannot be if an author is not, available. The role of the publisher as a book publishing professional includes:, i., Receiving the manuscripts from authors, ii., Subjecting the manuscripts to professional treatments like editing, whereby, corrections in spellings, wrong use of words and phrases are effected so as to, make the manuscripts publishable., iii., The publisher sometimes determines the number of illustrations and their sizes., 3.3, The Printer:, The printer acts on the manuscripts by typesetting, binding, printing and returning same, to the publisher. The printer may undertake certain works on the book in the process of, manufacturing. Based on his relationship with the publisher no charges are charged the, publisher. These works may include designing the book, page layout, binding, type and, other things necessary in the manufacturing process. Smith (1989:12) notes that in, countries with developed book industries, every publisher has a designer, either on, payroll or available on a regular consulting basis. This explains why the relationship, between the printer and publisher allows the publisher to enjoy certain privileges., The printer is the professional who gives life to the manuscript and makes it presentable, to the public. He receives the manuscript from the publisher and subjects it to the final, production processes which include composing, binding and printing. He also performs, other roles like:, i., Relating with the author throughout the production process., ii., Undertaking on behalf of the publisher, though sometimes with charges, the, design, layout, selection of paper, copy editing and proof reading., 3.4, The Bookseller:, The bookseller provides the link between the publisher and the buyers usually bookshop, owners. The transaction usually allows the bookseller to earn a discount and sells at a, price he deems fit, or a price prescribed by the publisher. This is so that the price of the, book is not unduly higher at the bookshop thereby slowing down purchase and, reproduction. The book seller occupies a crucial position in book publishing. The aim of, publishing most of the time is to sell and make profit. The book seller is the gateway to, profit making., The bookseller’s role as a professional in book publishing is to receive for sale the, published books. The books are sold to him at a discount which allows him to charge, 29 | P a g e

Page 30 :
any price at the shop or the publisher determines how much the book should be sold for, the following reasons:, i., So that the books are sold at a controlled price affordable to the buyers., ii., A reasonably favourable price range will speed up sales, increase the demand for, the book which in turn will step up production., All the professionals involved in book publishing play complementary role in, making books available to readers., 3.5, , Editor, , Biobaku and Akinjogbin (2009:43) explained the different types of editors involved in, the process of book publishing., These editors are:, (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (a), , (b), , (c), , (d), (e), , Acquisition or development editor, Managing editor, Content editor, Copy editor, and, Graphic editor, Acquisition Editor is responsible for acquiring manuscripts for publication. Such, editor is to select manuscript from the available pool of manuscripts or to, request for a manuscript on any topic from experts in that area. He/she keep in, touch with several authors and authors’ agents for special projects., Managing Editor is responsible for all the manuscript selected for publication., He/she works with the author to ensure that necessary corrections and changes, are made on the manuscript., Content Editor ensures that the manuscript is in line with current argument in, the area in which the publication falls into. For example, if the publication is in, the area of nutrition, then the content editor should ensure that the work is in, line with the current argument about nutrition., Copy Editor’s main responsibility is to make sure that the use of language in the, manuscript is correct and apt., Graphic Editor provides relevant illustrations, pictures, drawings and diagrams, that will enhance the understanding of the messages outside and inside the, book., , 30 | P a g e

Page 31 :
This area of partnership in book publishing requires special skill in handling. Each of the, partners must have undergone special training to be able to perform in the profession., 3.6, Other Players in the Professionals, There are other professions and players in book publishing that we need to explain their, functions in the process of publishing. They are:, (a), , Book Designers: This is a person who designs the book. Togunwa (2009:238), asserted that the designer of a book must be able to create a design that should, suitably convey the message of that book. This is because for a book to, effectively communicate, it must have to attract attention of readers, be easy to, read and to make a lasting impression on the audience. To perform his work, effectively, book designer have to work with all other professions in the process, of book publishing. Togunwa (2009:239) listed three stages that a designer has to, pass through for him/her before achieving a successful design:, (i), He must understand some intervening factors which are referred to as, design determinants., (ii), He must understand that creating a design involves interplay of some, working tools known as elements of design., (iii), He must appreciate that designing is guided by rules known as principles, of designs., Therefore, book designers should design books for legibility, readability, clarity, and intelligibility., The designer usually employ elements such as body types, display types,, photography, illustrations, colour, borders and rules and open space in the design, of a book. He also uses principles such balance and contrast, rhythm, proportion, and unity in the design of a book., “The designer’s purpose is to plan a book not only to look good but to present, the author’s and illustrator’s ideas in the clearest and most intelligible way”, (Smith, 1990:72)., All design books always create right atmosphere for proper interaction between, the content of the books and the readers., , 31 | P a g e

Page 32 :
(b), , (c), , Indexer: An indexer is a person who compiles in a systematical way locations of, words, names and concepts in books., Sowunmi (2009:269) says “the index provides immediate access to the important, terms, concepts and names scattered throughout the book, quickly and, efficiently”., He differentiates between human indexer and automatic indexing, software programmers in the computers and concluded that indexing is an, efficient way of tracing information. Indexers add value to the books., Readers: These are end users of all books and therefore are the most important, players in the process of book publishing. Authors and publishers normally, consider readers and readership trends when embarking on the business of, publishing. This is because if readers do not buy books publishers will not publish, them and authors will not write them., Biobaku and Akinjogbon (2009:46) listed the different types of readers to include:, (i), Bibliographies: Who are the most enthusiastic readers who always devote, time to reading many books in a year., (ii), Casual: Who are readers that enjoy reading but read only few books a, year., (iii), The Required Readers are those who read extensively but read only what, they need for their studies or jobs. Most textbooks sales and classic, literature depend entirely on required readers as students at all level., , 4.0 Conclusion, It is important that we know the people who are involve in book publishing and, what each of them do in the process of book publication. This is what this unit has done., 5.0 Summary, In this unit different professionals such as authors, printers, publishers,, booksellers and the different editors are discussed. This is for you to know what they do, in the process of book publishing:, 6.0, 1., 2., , Tutor-Marked Assignment, List professionals in book publishing., What are the functions of book sellers?, , 32 | P a g e

Page 33 :
7.0 References/Further Reading, Okpobo, J. (2012) Understanding Book Publishing Zaria: ABU Press Limited, Adesanoye F.A. and Ojeniyi A. (eds.)(2005). Issues in Book Publishing in Nigeria. Ibadan:, Heineman Educational Books Nigeria Ltd., Adesanoye, F.A. (1991) “Professional Book Publishing: The Principles and Practice”, Umoh S.O (ed). Tropical Issues in Communication Arts Uyo: Modern Business, Press Ltd., Okilagwe O.A (2001). Book Publishing in Nigeria. Ibadan: Stirling – Horden Publishers, (Nig.) Ltd., , 33 | P a g e

Page 34 :
MANUSCRIPT ASSESSMENT AND ACQUISITION, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, , 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, , Introduction, Objectives, Main Content, 3.1, Unsolicited Manuscripts, 3.2, Solicited Manuscripts, 3.3, Sources of Manuscripts, 3.4, Factors That Influence Availability Of Manuscripts To The Publishers, 3.5, Manuscript Assessment, 3.6, The Process of Manuscripts Evaluation, Conclusion, Summary, Tutor Marked Assignment, References, , 1.0 Introduction:, When an author conceives an idea, he writes the sketch of that idea before the, drafting. It is this text that is gennerally regarded as a manuscript. Manuscripts are, generally handwritten or typed documents containing the authors concern on or about, issues and ideas for publication. The manuscript is the foundation block upon which, other book publishing requirements are erected. Before the advent of typewritters and, computers, manuscripts were handwritten but the modern age of advanced technology,, ideas can first be handwritten and then typeset. This does not stop the soft proof, material from being regarded as a manuscript. Areo cited in Ajibola et al (2008:33), explains that manuscripts are classified into two groups namely:, (1), (2), , Unsolicited manuscripts, Solicited manuscripts, , 2.0 Objectives, This unit will expose you to the process of manuscript assessment and evaluation, and how this is done., , 34 | P a g e

Page 35 :
3.0, 3.1, , Main Content, Unsolicited Manuscripts, Unsolicited manuscripts are those manuscripts that the publisher did not sought, for. On the other hand, it is the author that actually sought for the publisher to help him, accomplish the task of bringing his ideas to the public. In this instance the author or, institution seeking publication voluntarily submits his/her manuscripts to the publishing, company for publication., Most established publishing houses are always bombarded with unsolicited, manuscripts. Over 90% of them are always rejected because often times they fall short, of the required standards. The rejections are not deliberate. Many unskilled authors see, writing as a past time that requires little skill only to be met with huge dissapointment., Since fictional writing, prose and inspirational books have no standard format for, writing, and at most times requires no intensive research and costs, it is the most, abused area in book publishing., 3.2, , Solicited Manuscripts, , Solicited manuscripts on the other hand are manuscripts that publishing houses request, from writers/authors and institutions for publication. Solicited manuscripts otherwise, known as “commissioned manuscripts” have been known to be more successful both in, the market, and in the publishing process. Commissioned authors are specialists and, professionals who have vast experience in their various fields and bring same to bear on, the academic or contemporary issues to be dealth with. The selected authors are often, given a brief or the assignment at hand. The publishing house usually handles details as, accommodation, feeding, transportation, etc. This arrangement usually is separate from, the contract agreement between the author and the publishing hosue. This, arrangement subsists when the publishing house schedules the author giving him a time, period to accomplish his task. At other times the publishing house might require the, service of more than one author and in such cases, so writing workshops may be, required., A writing session is a guided writing arrangement whereby selected writers are camped, in a comfortable secluded area for a period of time to write manuscripts on a chosen, subject. The workshop runs for as long as the arrangement is comfortable for both, parties., 35 | P a g e

Page 36 :
Whatever the writing arrangement, the next task before the author(s) is to develop the, manuscripts. In order to do this effectively the author is provided with some matierals, to help him discharge his duty. They may include:, (1), (2), , (3), , (4), , 3.3, , Relevant Reference Materials: School books, journals, examination reports,, question papers and marking guides from a veritable source as guides to authors., Curriculum: schools often work with syllabi administered by the Ministry of, Education. They syllabus already provides areas which the schools are expected, to cover so the author’s tasks has already been defined., Competing Titles: Most times authors generate competing titles by taking a close, look at the competition. When the strenght and weakness of the competing title, has been ascertained it gives the author the basis to generate his own, manuscripts., House Style: Every publishing house has its style/way of doing things. Some, publishing houses have styles of giving students work activity to accomplish after, every unit and text while others might state the objective of the study before, proceeding to the text. Whatever the house style, it is expedient that the author, is furnished with it., Sources of Manuscripts:, , Since manuscripts are the bedrock of publishing it is pertinent that the publishing house, be furnished with good and veritable ones. Sources for manuscripts are very varied but, generally publishers obtain their manuscripts through the following sources:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), , Editorial Travels and Tours, Book Fairs, Tertiary Institutions, Research Institutes, Topical problems, Great and Notable events, Public debates, Workshops, seminars and conferences., , Editorial Travels, The publishing house is essentailly a business like most other businesses. They have the, 36 | P a g e

Page 37 :
responsibility to keep the business (publishing) on going. This, they do by soliciting for, , 37 | P a g e

Page 38 :
fast selling titles so that they can cash in on their sales and make reasonable profit, “publishers travel far and wide visiting bookshops to see the fast selling titles; visit, teachers, lecturers and researchers” in order to ascertain and discuss” existing books on, different subjects and disciplines, dwelling on their strenghts and weaknesses. On, getting these information publishers seek the conscent of writers to ascertain whether, they can publish their work., Their visits to educational administrators arm them with the latest educational policies, and developments in government circles. Examination voices are also a veritable source, of potential publication materials., The change from the 6-5-4 system of education to the 6-3-3-4 system was very adverse, to publishers who are not abreat of the governmental policies of the day while it was, quite a rewarding period for those that were prepared for it. The new Universal Basic, Education (UBE) of nine continuous years just introduced by the government has made, publishers to troupe to the Ministry of Education for policy facts concerning the new, education policy, in order to be guided in their publication., Book Fairs, The book fair has become a platform for the international round table conference of, publishers, writers, educationists, booksellers, printers, etc. to meet and exchange, manuscripts., Many publishers, especially the established publishing houses have made the, attendance of book fairs a ritual. This helps them in making new contacts with and, within the book world. The Nigerian International Book Fair Trust (NIBFT) annually, organises The Nigerian International Book Fair. There are also many international book, fairs around the world like the London Book Fair, Frankfurt Book Fair, etc., These, book fairs help the publishers to see the latest display of books, creates a, veritable opportunity for marketing collaboration, reprint negotiation and translation, permission among publishers. It is a very potent source of manuscripts acquisition., Tertiary Institutions, The tertiary institutions like the University, Polytechnics and Colleges of Education are, the highest academic institutions in the country. The lecturers and students are engaged, 38 | P a g e

Page 39 :
in various forms of academic endeavours from lecturers to research. Their finding at, , 39 | P a g e

Page 40 :
most times become manuscripts for publishers especially when new grounds are broken, in the academic frontiers., Research Institutions, These are specialized institutions that are engaged in research on different subjects and, disciplines. They have the onerous task for daily pushing the frontiers of knowledge to a, new level. They discover new uses for old materials. A recent study by an American, research institution have shown that coffee, apart from the fact that it is a delightful, beverage to drink, is also very good to control hypertensive situations and it is also an, energy booster. Without these reports being published, it will not get to you and me. So, expectedly the findings of these research institutions must be published. NIPSS, NISER,, NIIA etc. are some of these research institutes in Nigeria., Topical Problems, Arguably, it can be said that nothing has generated so much debate, has held public, opinion, and has been in the front burner of public debate in the past two decade like, the health pandemic such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired, Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Even its source and existence has generated so, much debate and there has been extensive literature concerning both. Many countries, have dedicated a large sum of their annual budget not only to the management of the, disease, but also to preventive measures. These have taken the form of public, enlightenment concerning the disease. This was where ghonorea was a scourge just like, AIDS and Malaria too before their cures was found., Great and Notable Events, Great and notable events have been documented for posterity sake across the globe., The name of Louis Armstrong has become indelibe in the human mind because of the, space expedition Apollo II. He is noted to be the first man to set his foot on the moon., This expedition exposed man to other worlds separate from their won, and man has, continually exploited avenues seeking to know whether some day man can live in these, new worlds., The first and seond world wars have been events that have been greatly written on., Closer home, we have the Nigeria Civil War that lasted for almost three years. It has, been recounted that about 2 million lives were lost in that dark period of our history., 40 | P a g e

Page 41 :
Publishers are aware of all these events and they do not allow these opportunities to, slip by without capturing them, Public Debate, There has never been any issue that has probably drawn more public debate in Nigeria, more than the International Monetary Fund (IMF) loan that the Ibrahim Babangida, administration sought to source in the 80s. For the first time in Nigeria there was almost, an unequivocal response to the Nigeria government, resisting the said loan. So much, literature began to emanate concerning that body (IMF) and its antecedences. There, was a well publicised Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) that the government said, will cure the country of its many economic woes. Many economists wrote extensively, criticising government’s position, citing many countries who had adopted the same, measures and were the worst for it. All these arguments became a source of, manuscripts for the publishers and it was quite a book time for publishers., Workshops, Seminars and Conferences, When academics, professionals and captains of industries gather, a lot of publications, are generated from their workshops, seminars and conferences. Books of reading,, journals and conference proceedings become veritable sources of publishable materials, Publishers are quick to compile and package workshop presentations into book forms., This is with the consideration that it is tasking current issues and will generate income, for both authors and publishers., 3.4, , Factors That Influence Availability of Manuscripts to the Publishers, , 1., , The Publisher Reputation, Many authors run to famous publishers to harness the goodwill, fame, and, publication expertees that the publishing houses have ganered over the years., That is why only one percent of the unsolicited scripts that get to these, publishing houses get to see the light of the day. As the potential authors know, that being published and marketed by a famous publishing house could mark the, beginning of their rise in the publishing world, so does the publisher who knows, that a poor publication could dent the image that has been laborously built over, the years “the most outstanding qualification of a publisher who competes for, the publication of a particular book is good reputation” (Okpolo:80)., , 41 | P a g e

Page 42 :
2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , 7., , Authors’ Reputation:, Many outstanding authors do not wish to offer their works to inferior publishing, houses. Just as the author’s works are highly sought after, so does the author, seek for the best houses and the best deals., Author’s Agents:, The author’s own agents are also known as ‘literacy agents’. These literacy agents, represent the author. They receive the manuscripts from the author, and try to, negotiate a favourable term of contract for their respective clients. Their decision, is greately influenced by their previous experiences, with different publishing, houses. Though the literary agent is renumerated by the author after the, contract has been signed, the publishing house might give incentive to an, outstanding agent, considering the fact that his works has been largely very, marketable., Publishers Agent:, Just as the literary agent represents the author, so does the publisher agent, represent the publisher. These external “literacy scouts” look for manuscripts for, publication and direct them to the publisher who pays them an agreed sum,, based on the number of copies of the book sold after publication. The literary, scouts may also be paid off by the publisher immediately they have successfully, gotten the manuscript., Editorial Staff:, Manuscripts acquisition is the responsibility of the editorial staff. The editorial, staff of a publishing company has the responsibility of canvassing for, and, bringing manuscripts to their publisher. This responsibility has been designed for, ‘mature editors’ that is those with years of experience, or senior editors., Price Offered by Publisher:, The price offered by the publisher often times influences the choice of the, publication. Since the author seeks to make maximum benefits from his works,, the highest bidder often times gets the job. The author might also consider, factors like the terms of payment of royalty. If they are favourable, he will be, disposed to working with the said publishing house., Editor’s Creativity:, Though the editor might not be an author; it is not surprising to find many editors, who are quite creative in their own work. For instance an editor can persuade, scholars to write on areas that are of interest to readers but are virgin areas for, , 42 | P a g e

Page 43 :
authors. His creativity will involve his skill to persuade authors to delve into these, virgin areas. He will also have to persuade the author that his job will not go, unrewarded, because there is a readership that awaits such writing., 3.5, Manuscript Assessment, Most publishing houses do not bother to assess unsolicited manuscripts. Solicited, manuscripts however, go through a long scrutiny. Commissioned manuscripts require a, rigorous process of evaluation. Some publishers carry out evaluation at the initial stage, when the manuscript enters chapter one or so may be evaluated before subsequent, chapters. But when the author is a well trusted or capable hand, the publisher might, allow the entire manuscript done before evaluation., 3.6, The Process of Manuscripts Evaluation, The process of manuscripts evaluation involves detecting and eliminating illogical and, irrelevant materials in a manuscript. The moment a manuscript comes in, its journey to, acceptance or rejection equally begins., In a publishing house where unsolicited manuscripts are not welcome, they don’t go, through any process of evaluation because they are outrightly rejected. But in a house, where they are welcome, they go through two stages:, 1., 2., , Internal evaluation, External evaluation, , Be it internal or otherwise when a manuscript is received by a publishing house, it issues, a letter of acknowledgement to the author, while a copy is kept in the office file for, official use., Internal Evaluation, Internal manuscript assessment is usually done by the assistant editor, or a young editor, who writes to ascertain, (i), The significance of the work, (ii), The quality of the writing, (iii), Relevance of the subject matter, (iv), Recommendations for further assessment or outright rejection., When the report of the young editor is favourable then further processing of the, manuscript commences. The editor in charge of the particular discipline that the book, 43 | P a g e

Page 44 :
title falls under takes possession of the manuscript. He now assess whether the, company has the capacity and competence to publish the content of the manuscript. He, also checks the language and style and size of the manuscript. He also tries to see that, other authors’ works are not copied without citing the original sources. Other, considerations by the editor will include compliance with the curriculum, the existing, competing titles, etc. Dessauer (1974) gives a checklist or questions which the editor’s, report must answer., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., , Are there other books on the subject?, How are those titles doing in the market?, Is there any title on the subject being expected soon?, Is there any title on the subject now out of print?, How well did it sell and why is it not reprinted?, Is the contribution of the current work good enough to assure them of demand?, Can sufficient copies be sold profitably?, Are there cultural consideratiosn that strongly recommend the publication of, such books at the time?, , When these processes have been successfully accomplished, most publishing houses, would recommend an evaluation meeting. However it is the practice in some publishing, houses to send the manuscript to an external assessor for further scrutiny and if that is, the case, then the following process ensues., External Evaluation, The moment a publisher sends out a manuscript for consideration of an external, assessor, the company has started incuring cost on the said script. The external assessor, is usually a very skillful professional who is adept at this kind of work. The assessor or, assessors have to be paid adequately, and return mailing cost might be incured if there, is a considerable distance between the external assessor and the publishing company., Before an external assessor is chosen, extreme care has to be taken to ascertain how, efficient he will be on the job. For an educational book, though the assessor might not, be an academic, he should be an educationist who is conversant with the level which, the manuscript targets. Some other qualities of an external assessor are listed below:, , 44 | P a g e

Page 45 :
Areo in Ajibola et al (2002) provided the following consideration for an assessor., 1., , 2., 3., , 4., 5., , He must be known or presumed not to be a colleague or friend of the author. The, reason is that the personal relationship does not influence the assessor’s, objectivity., He must be kept anonymous. The general consensus is that anonymity will allow, for rigorous assessment of an author’s work., His education, relevant experience and status must not be below the authors., The opinion expressed here is that of credibility. Whether a less educated, assessor can assess the work of someone more educated than him. Even where, acceptable, can the assessment be justified and the verdict accepted?, He must be known to be always objective. This characteristic of an assessor is, essential in determining the validity of an assessor’s job., He should be assured of payment of adequate fees. People are most willing to, work and work well if payment for the effort is guaranteed., , When the character of the assessor has been guaranteed, he must be furnished with, relevant information to act as a term of reference when he writes his report. The, following is what Oso et al, (2008) said are what should be looked for., (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), , Logicality, Treatment of the subject, Legal, moral and copyright issues, Relevance and appropriateness of illustration and diagrams., Adequacy of examples, exercise or questions, Simplicity and fluency of expression., Justification section for bibliography/references glossary etc., Target audience/users and recommended level of education, Chances of the book in the market among the competing books., , 4.0, , Conclusion, Manuscript assessment has been explained different types of book evaluation, were discussed with the characteristics of an assessor also discussed., , 45 | P a g e

Page 46 :
5.0 Summary, Manuscripts are handwritten or typewritten document by an author who seeks, to publish his work. There basically two types of manuscripts namely; the solicited and, the unsolicited manuscripts. There is a preponderance of unsolicited manuscripts which, mostly never really gets published. The solicited manuscripts often get published, because it is the publishing house that usually commission writers to undertake such, endeavours. Sources of manuscripts are usually through editorial travels and tours, book, fair, tertiary institutions, research institutions, topical issues, great and notable events,, public debates, workshops, seminars and conferences. The publishing houses are not, only in the business of disseminating information, there are several issues the publisher, is conscious of therefore, the manuscripts he acquires must be able to: offset the, production cost which covers the acquisition fees and expenses, printing etc. so he has, to do his utmost to attract the best authors to his stables. In doing this he should, consider the following: his own reputation, the writers reputation, agents etc. on getting, the manuscripts. The publisher does an internal assessment of the manuscript when, that is not adequate, or if the publishing houses have the tradition of engaging an, external assessor he does so. When the internal and external assessors have given a, positive recommendation, a decision to publish is now taken., 6.0, 1., 2., , Tutor Marked Assignment, What is a manuscript?, What are processes of evaluating a manuscript?, , 7.0, , References, , Butcher Judith (1983): Copy-editing. The Cambridge Handbook, 2nd Edition Cambridge., Cleaver, Pamela (2002): Writing Children’s Books, How to Books, Oxford., Alkaeli, L. Sesan, A.A. and Akindele, I. (2009): Basic Grammar and Writing. Abeokuta,, Jedidah Publishers., Oso, L. Osunbiyi, B. and Biobaku L., (2008): Book Publishing. A practical guide. Lagos:, African Resource Communications. Lagos., , 46 | P a g e

Page 47 :
3.0, CHALLENGES FACING BOOK PUBLISHING IN NIGERIA, Publishing organizations in Nigeria are facing some challenges. Apart from financial, problems which they face, Okpoko (2012:69) outline other major challenges to include:, 1., Absence of Qualified Manpower, Lack of qualified manpower in the field of book publishing industry in Nigeria is, one issue. This may be because publishing as an academic discipline is growing, slowly probably because few Nigerian Universities or higher institutions offer, publishing as separate course at degree or even HND level. However, publishing, as new course is being introduced into the curriculum of mass communication, even though it is not yet an autonomous discipline., 2., Finance, Publishing is a capital intensive business which requires a lot of money to survive., Many authors cannot publish their works because of high cost. Publishers cannot, afford to publish for some authors on the basis of royalty. There are competing, jobs demanding finance too which the publishers will not do on their own, without financial assistance. The Nigerian publishing industry is faced with acute, financial shortage which is affecting the growth of the industry., 3., Poor Reading Habit, Poor reading culture in the country dissuades publishers from investing in book, publishing. This is coupled with a high level of illiteracy in the country. Publishing, can only thrive when a majority of the population has interest in reading books., , 47 | P a g e

Page 48 :
4., , 5., , 6., , 7., , 8., , 9., , 10., , Production Cost, Book publishing is an expensive venture in the country as a result of high cost of, publishing and printing materials such as paper, ink, machinery and equipment, etc. This makes the cost of book to be very high., Inadequate Channels of Distribution, Channels of book distribution are old libraries and the existing ones are poorly, equipped to keep many books. Bookshops are very few and small in sizes hence, many books cannot stored in such shops., Limited Market, Many publishers in the country have narrow and limited scope of market for their, products. Absence of book clubs, little number of government and private, libraries, little number of bookshops and poor infrastructural facilities, has, limited the extent of the market for the Nigerian publishers., Foreign Exchange Problem, Foreign exchange is difficult to get because of government stringent regulation. It, is difficult to import equipment and materials needed to facilitate book, publishing especially materials that cannot be sourced within the country., Piracy, Piracy is one of the problems facing book publishing in the country. Many people, are stealing the intellectual property of authors thereby discouraging authors, from writing because they do not always get the benefits of their intellectual, properties., Problems of Copyright Law, Most of the laws relating to publishing are outdated and no longer in tune with, current realities. This gave rise to piracy, plagiarism and other problems which, are discouraging book publishing in the country., Lack of Motivation and Interest, There is lack of motivation by the government to intellectuals and literary experts, in the country. There are no incentives by the government or conducive, atmosphere in our educational institutions to motivate writing. In fact industries, are not protected from the activities of multi-national publishing companies that, drive the indigenous publishing companies out of operation. Writing is not, lucrative in Nigeria as no one can make a living through writing alone., , 48 | P a g e

Page 49 :
4.0, , Conclusion, This unit explains the processes and challenges of book publishing from the, perspectives of cost, income and opportunities available for growth of the industries., 5.0, , Summary, In this unit, economic, cost and income of book publishing were explained. The, growth opportunities and challenges facing book publishing were discussed., 6.0, 1., 2., , Tutor-Marked Assignment, Explain different types of publishing organisations., What are the challenges facing book publishing in Nigeria?, , 49 | P a g e