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Introduction, , Pharmacognosy is the study of the medicinal uses of crude, drugs obtained from plants and natural resources., , Crude drugs are the dried, raw materials of plant, animal or, mineral origin, used for the medicinal purpose., , The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines, Pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical,, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug, substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural, origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural, sources".
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The term Pharmacognosy comes from two, Greek words: "pharmakon" meaning drug or, medicine, and "gnosis" meaning knowledge., , The term "pharmacognosy" was used for the, first time by the Austrian physician Schmidt in, , 1811 and 1815 by Seydler in a work, titted Analecta Pharmacognostica.
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History of Pharmacognosy, , ’ The Babylonians were aware of the Medicinal effects of a, number of plants., , ’ Ancient Egyptians possessed a sound knowledge of, human anatomy as well as a knowledge of the medicinal, uses of many plants and animals., , ’ Papyrys Ebers- written in 1550 B.C. (16th century) &, discovered ina tomb of amummy contain more than, 800 formula & 700 different drug., , ’ In India, the study of the drugs was started about 5000, years ago at the time of the Vedas. Ayrurvedic system, (1200 B.C. Ago list with 127 plants.) Charaka, 50 grups of, 10 herbs each for illness.(Charak Samhita) Sushruta, 7, groups of 760 herbs based on properties of plants., , CUS avec Sy Tanai), , * Hippocrates (460 - 370 B.C.) deals with anatomy and, physiology in many of his_ treatises.“Father of Medicine”, , OO ———————
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Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.), the great philosopher, wrote much about the animal kingdom and his, writings were placed on scientific footing free from, all superstitions., , Theophrastus (370-287 B.C.) wrote about plants, and described medicinal uses of plants., , Dioscorides a Greek physician of the1st Centu, A.D. was the writer of the first Materia Medica (cr, 80 A.D.) Here he described 600 medicinal plants,, including Belladona, Colchicum, Opium,, Hyoscyamus, etc., , C.A. Seydler, German scientist, a medical student at, Halle, Germany in 1815; wrote his doctoral thesis, titted Analectica Pharmacognostica., , Carolus Linnaeus (1707 — 1778) classified the plant, & introduced the system of naming the plant known, as binomial system.
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Galen (131 -200 A.D.) the first Pharmacist, who, described the method of preparing drugs of, vegetable and animal origin and laid down, many formulas contained in a treatise(thesis) of, 20 volumes., , Plant Classification was developed by Benthan, & Hooker (1862 — 1863), A.W. Eichler (1883),, Engler & Prandtl (1887 — 1898), , In 1865, G. Mendel’s important observation on, plant hybrids, , In Nepal ‘Chandra Nighantu’ a herbal, pharmacopoeia of 278 medicinal plants was, initiated by Rana Prime Minister.
