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UNIT :- 3 CONSTRUCTION OF SUPERSTRUCTURE, 1. Which stone is used for buildings situated in industrial towns?, a) Marble slab b) Compact sandstone c) Gneiss d) Slate, Answer: b) Explanation: Granite and compact sandstone are generally used for buildings situated in, industrial towns. Marble slab and slate are used for electrical switch boards and gneiss is used for heavy engineering works., 2. Rubble masonry is sub-divided into:, a) 4 b) 2 c) 6 d) 10, Answer: c) Explanation: Rubble masonry uses stones of irregular size. The sub groups are coursed, uncoursed, random rubble, dry rubble, polygonal and flint rubble., 3. In random rubble masonry sort I, face stones are:, a) Chisel dressed b) Hammer dressed, c) Axe dressed d) Plain dressed, Answer: a) Explanation: In random rubble masonry sort I, face stones are chisel dressed and thickness of mortar joints does not exceed 6mm., 4. Flints used in flint rubble masonry are:, a) Nodules of fly ash b) Nodules of feldspar, c) Nodules of mica d) Nodules of silica, Answer: d) Explanation: Flints are irregularly shaped nodules of silica. The width and thickness varies from 80-15cm and length from 15-30cm., 5. Which of the below joints is used for masonry in arches?, a) Butt b) Table c) Rebated d) Dowel, Answer: c) Explanation: The rebated joints involves a double L shape ( |—-| )of 2 stone blocks. It ensures proper grip and is used in arches, stones laid on slopes., 6. Which ratio of cement mortar is used for stone masonry?, a) 1:6 b) 1:3 c) 1:8 d) 1:4, Answer: b) Explanation: Generally, 1:3 is the ratio used for cement mortar to be used in stone masonry. 15% of cement can be replaced by lime to improve workability., 7. Ashlar masonry uses:, a) Dimension stones b) Polygonal stones, c) Quarry dressed stones d) Square stones, Answer: a) Explanation: Ashlar masonry uses dressed and faced stones. These are cut into proper dimensions and called dimension stones. It can be of any size, shape as per requirements., 8. __________ masonry occupies an intermediate position between rubble masonry and ashlar masonry., a) Rubble block in a course b) Ashlar rubble in course, c) Ashlar block in a course d) Rubble ashlar in course, Answer: c) Explanation: The stones are hammer dressed and thickness of mortar joints does not exceed 6mm. Depth of course may vary from 20-30cm. It is used for heavy engineering works., 9. Great skill and skilled labour are required for laying:, a) Coursed rubble masonry b) Ashlar fine masonry, c) Ashlar chamfered masonry d) Dry rubble masonry, Answer: d) Explanation: In dry rubble masonry, mortar is not used. Great skill is required to arrange different sized and shaped stones in such a way that they don’t roll down or fall down after a while., 10. Which of the below is not to be followed for stone masonry construction?, a) Header stones are dumb-bell shaped b) Properly cured for 2-3 weeks, c) Construction to be raised uniformly d) Wetted stones to be used, Answer: a) Explanation: The header and bond stones in stone masonry are not to be of dumb-bell shape. IS code 1597 gives the general guidelines to be followed by laying the stone in stone masonry., 11. Identify the type of Joint in stone masonry., , a) Butt joint b) Rebated joint, c) Tongued joint d) Saddled joint, Answer: a) Explanation: In Butt or square joint, the square surface of one stone is placed again that of another as shown in the given figure above. This is the most common joint and is extensively used for ordinary work., 12. Identify the type of Joint in stone masonry., , a) Table joint b) Cramped joint, c) Rebated joint d) Butt joint, Answer: c) Explanation: In Rebated joint, the rebates are provided which prevents the movement of stones. The length of rebate depends on the nature of the work. But it should not be less than 70 mm. This joint is used for arch work, copying on gables, etc., 13. Identify the type of Joint in stone masonry., , a) Rusticated joint b) Table joint c) Cramped joint d) Plugged jointAnswer:, b) Explanation: In Table joint, a joggle is song in the bed of the stone to prevent lateral movement. The depth of projection is about 40 mm and the width of projection is about one third the breath of the stone. This type of joint is used in case of structures such as sea walls., 14. Identify the type of Joint in stone masonry., , a) Saddle joint b) Table joint c) Butt joint d) Rebated joint, Answer: a) Explanation: In Saddle or water joint, the stone is rounded off as shown in the given figure. This type of joint is provided to protect the joints of the cornice and such other weathered surfaces. The saddle is generally bevelled backword from the front edge so as to make it inconspicuous., 15. Identify the type of joint in stone masonry., , a) Plugged joint b) Dowelled joint c) Rusticated joint d) Table joint, Answer: c)Explanation: Sometimes the margins or edges of stones used for Plinth, Quoin, outer walls of lower storeys, etc., are sunk below the general level. The term rusticated is used to indicate such masonry. There are three forms of rusticated joints – channel joint, Vee joint, Vee and channelled joint., 16. Identify the type of joint in stone masonry., , a) Butt joint b) Joggle joint c) Table joint d) Cramped joint, Answer: b) Explanation: In Tongued and grooved joint, a projection is kept on one stone and corresponding sinking is provided in the other side as shown in above figure. This arrangement prevents the sliding of one stone over the other. This joint is also known as a Joggle joint and is rarely used as it involves a great deal of labour and thus becomes expensive., 17. Identify the type of joint in stone masonry., , a) Rusticated joint b) Dowelled joint c) Cramped joint d) Plugged joint, Answer: d) Explanation: In Plugged joint, the dovetail shaped mortices are provided in the sides of adjacent stones as shown in the given above figure. When Stone are placed in position, the molten lead is poured in the joints, which, when cooled, connects the stones firmly., 18. Identify the given type of joint in stone masonry., , a) Rusticated joint b) Cramped joint c) Plugged joint d) Butt joint, Answer: b) Explanation: In Cramped joint, the cramps are used instead of dowels. The cramps are the pieces of non corrosive metal such as gunmetal, copper, etc. and their ends are turned down to a depth of about 40 mm to 50 mm. The length, width and thickness of the cramps vary from 200 mm to 300 mm, 25 mm to 15 mm and 5 mm to 10 mm respectively., 19. In ________ joint, a hole is cut into each stone and loose dowels l, which are small pieces of hard stone, Slate, gunmetal, brass, bronze or copper, are inserted and secured with the cement., a) Cramped joint b) Plugged joint c) Dowelled joint d) Table joint, Answer: c) Explanation: The Dowelled joint, when adopted for columns, is known as a Bed Plug. The dowels are generally 25 mm thick and 100 mm to 150 mm long. This joint also ensure stability of the stones against the displacement., 20. With the help of __________ arrangement, any water moving on the way that surface is diverted from the joints., a) Saddle joint b) Rebated joint c) Table joint d) Grooved joint, Answer: a) Explanation: In Water joint or Saddle joint, the stone is rounded off. The saddle is generally bevelled back word from the front edge so as to make it inconspicuous. This type of joint is provided to protect the joints of the cornice and such other weathered surfaces., 21. The vertical portion between each tread on the stair is called:, a) Going b) Nosing c) Winder d) Riser, Answer: d) Explanation: Tread is the place where we step on. It is the horizontal portion. The vertical distance between consecutive treads is called the riser. It may or may not be present (open stair effect)., 22. The figure below represents a:, , a) Dog-legged stairs b) Turning stairs, c) Straight stairs d) Well stairs, Answer: a) Explanation: It is the most common stairs in schools, houses, other buildings. The flights are at right angles., 23. Baluster in a stair is the _________ member supporting _________, a) Horizontal, handrail b) Vertical, landing, c) Vertical, handrail d) Horizontal, landing, Answer: c) Explanation: The baluster is usually wooden or metallic. It is a vertical member provided at specific intervals and is used to support the handrail., 24. How many types of stairs are there based on the material?, a) 4 b) 5 c) 8 d) 6, Answer: b) Explanation: The five materials used in stairs are stone, metal, wood, R.C.C. and brick., 25. Speed of an escalator is usually:, a) 10-20m/min b) 30-45m/min c) 40-50m/min d) 25-30m/min, Answer: d) Explanation: Escalators are electronically moving stairs. They can carry heavy traffic of people. The speed is kept at a minimal of 25-30m/min so that people of all age groups can access it., 26. The space housing the stairs is called:, a) Staircase b) Stair room c) Stair head d) Stair space, Answer: a) Explanation: Staircase is also used to refer to the stairs, handrail, balusters, other structures as a whole. The space housing and all these are also called staircase., 27. Which IS code gives details about wooden stairs?, a) IS 2634 b) IS 2643 c) IS 1634 d) IS 1643, Answer: c) Explanation: IS 1634 gives the code of practice for the design and construction of wooden stairs for houses., 28. __________ stairs are a variation of L shaped stairs., a) Winder b) Spiral c) Half turn d) Switch back, Answer: a) Explanation: L shaped stairs have a bend, at 90o usually. The bend is achieved by adding a flat landing at the bend transition point. In winder stairs, instead of a flat landing, triangle steps are provided., 29. The decorative cap to the top of a newel post is called:, a) Finial b) Fillet c) Easing d) Apron, Answer: a) Explanation: Newel post is a large baluster used to anchor the handrail. It is usually given a decorative cap to hold on to and is called a Finial., 30. How many types of stone stairs are used?, a) 2 b) 5 c) 4 d) 3, Answer: b) Explanation: These stairs are used in places where durable and hard stones are available locally. The five types are rectangular, spandril, tread and riser, cantilevered tread and built up steps., 31. After how many stairs is a landing provided in public, residential places?, a) 18 b) 20 c) 12 d) 16, Answer: c) Explanation: Generally, after 10 to 12 steps a landing is to be provided. A person can comfortably walk 10-12 steps without getting exhausted. A landing can be given after a maximum of 16 steps and not more than that. A floor requires 2 flights., 32. A _________ is a sloping surface and it is adopted as a substitute for stair for easy connection between the floors., a) Rise b) Pitch c) Ramp d) String, Answer: c) Explanation: The usual slope of ramp is 1 in 15. But a slope of 1 in 10 is desirable. This indicates that the ramp requires more space. For instance, total length of 45 M of ramp will be required to connect the floor of height of 3 m with slope and 1 in 15., 33. In ________ all steps lead in one direction only., a) Turning steps b) Circular steps c) Straight steps d) Geometrical steps, Answer: c) Explanation: Straight steps consist of one or more flights and they are used when the space available for staircase is long but narrow in width., 34. A Stair turning through one right angle is known as a _______ stair., a) Quarter- turn b) Half-turn c) Dog-legged d) Open navel, Answer: a) Explanation: Quarter Turn steps are commonly used in public buildings near their entrance hall. The stairs has a wider flight at the bottom which bifurcates into two narrower flights at the landing, one turning to the left and other to the right., 35. A Stair turning through two right angles is known as a _________ stair., a) Straight b) Geometrical c) Spiral d) Dog-legged, Answer: d) Explanation: In case of Dog-legged stairs, the flight run in opposite directions and there is no space between them in plan. These stairs are useful where the total width of space available for the staircase is equal to twice the width of the steps., 36. In case of _______ stair, there is a well or hole or opening between the flights in the plan., a) Spiral b) Three Quarter Turn c) Open Newel d) Dog-legged, Answer: c) Explanation: In Open Newel stair, the well maybe rectangular or of any geometrical shape and it can be used for fixing lifts. These stairs are useful where the available space for staircase has a width greater than twice the width of the steps., 37. A Stair turning through three right angles is known as a ________ stair., a) Three Quarter Turn b) Two Quarter Turn, c) Four Quarter Turn d) Single Quarter Turn, Answer: a) Explanation: In Three Quarter Turn, an open well is formed. This type of stair is used when the length of the stairs Limited and when the vertical distance between the two floors is quite large., 38. In ___________ types of stairs, the steps radiate from the centre and they do not have either any landing or any intermediate Newel post., a) Helical b) Geometrical c) Turning d) Straight, Answer: a) Explanation: In Circular or Helical or spiral types of stairs, the flight consists of winders only and they may be continued through any design number of turns. A spiral stair may be constructed of cast iron, mild steel or concrete., 39. The ___________ stairs are useful where the space available is limited and where the traffic is less., a) Straight b) Turning c) Spiral d) Geometrical, Answer: c) Explanation: The core of spiral stair maybe solid and hollow and the stair may be provided with cut or closed strings. The height of the floor and riser respectively 3.68 M and 160 mm., 40. _________ stairs have any geometrical shape and they require no newel posts., a) Helical b) Circular c) Dog-legged d) Geometrical, Answer: d) Explanation: The handrail of a geometrical stair continuous without interruption and without any angular turns. The construction of geometrical stairs required considerable skill and it is found that geometrical stairs weaker than corresponding open newel stairs., 41. The stairs which are kept in motion by a revolving drum is known as a _______, a) Escalator b) Revolving Stairs c) Lift d) Elevator, Answer: a) Explanation: These stairs are known as the escalators a were moving flights of electrically operated stairs. A few steps at top and bottom are kept level through moving individually. The only thing a person has to do is to occupy a step of the escalator for his upward and downward motion., 42. The craft of _______________ involves creating buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone from the earth., a) brick masonry b) cement masonry, c) sculpture masonry d) stonemasonry, Answer: d) Explanation: It is one of the oldest trades in human history. These materials have been used to construct many of the long-lasting, ancient monuments, artifacts, cathedrals, and cities in a wide variety of cultures. Famous works of stonemasonry include the Taj Mahal, Cusco’s Incan Wall, Easter Island’s statues, the Egyptian Pyramids, Angkor Wat, Borobudur, Tihuanaco, Tenochtitlan, Persepolis, the Parthenon, Stonehenge, and Chartres Cathedral., 43. ______________ are workshop-based and specialize in working the stones into the shapes required by a building’s design, this set out on templets and a bed mould., a) Fixer mason b) Advance mason, c) Stone mason d) Banker mason, Answer: d) Explanation: They can produce anything from stones with simple chamfers to tracery windows, detailed mouldings and the more classical architectural building masonry. When working a stone from a sawn block, the mason ensures that the stone is bedded in the right way, so the finished work sits in the building in the same orientation as it was formed on the ground., 44. ____________ specialize in the fixing of stones onto buildings, using lifting tackle, and traditional lime mortars and grouts., a) Rigid masons b) Raw masons c) Fixer masons d) Head mason, Answer: c) Explanation: Sometimes modern cements, mastics and epoxy resins are used, usually on specialist applications such as stone cladding. Metal fixings, from simple dowels and cramps to specialised single application fixings, are also used. The precise tolerances necessary make this a highly skilled job., 45. There are two main types of sedimentary stone used in masonry work, limestone and ______________, a) limestone b) gravel c) sandstones d) marble, Answer: c) Explanation: Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) mineral particles or rock fragments. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth’s surface, as seen in Bowen’s reaction series., 46. _____________ is used as a protective and decorative covering for interior or exterior walls and surfaces., a) Plaster b) Stone veneer c) Paint d) Putty, Answer: b) Explanation: Stone veneer can be made from natural stone as well as manufactured stone. Natural stone veneer is made from real stone that is either collected, i.e. fieldstone, or quarried. The stone is cut to a consistent thickness and weight for use as a veneer., 47. The basic tools for shaping the stone are a mallet _________ and a metal straight edge., a) trowel b) knife c) chisels d) ruler, Answer: c) Explanation: Chisels come in a variety of sizes and shapes, dependent upon the function for which they are being used and have many different names depending on locality. There are different chisels for different materials and sizes of material being worked, for removing large amounts of material and for putting a fine finish on the stone., 48. The ________________ is used for the application of the mortar between and around the stones as they are set into place., a) hammer b) tray c) chisel d) masonry trowel, Answer: d) Explanation: Filling in the gaps (joints) with mortar is referred to as pointing. Pointing in smaller joints can be accomplished using tuck pointers, pointing trowels, and margin trowels, among other tools., 49. All bricks in this bond are headers, but for the lap-generating quoin three-quarter bat which offsets each successive course by half a header, this bond is called __________, a) Flemish stretcher bond b) Stretcher, or running bond, c) Header bond d) Raking stretcher bond, Answer: c) Explanation: Header bond is often used on curving walls with a small radius of curvature. In Lewes, Sussex, England UK many small buildings are constructed in this bond, using blue coloured bricks and vitrified surfaces., 50. Which type of bond is shown in the below figure?, , a) Single basket weave bond b) Double basket weave bond, c) Herringbone bond d) Della Robbia bond, Answer: b) Explanation: The herringbone pattern made by placing soldiers next to stretchers or vice versa (i.e. headers perpendicular) making ‘L’ shapes, nesting each L in the same order of laying. Thin bricks are more common. The pattern is usually rotated by 45° to create a completely vertical (plumb) succession of ‘V’ shapes. It follows either the left or right brick forms the tip of the v in any wall. Herringbone is sometimes used as infill in timber framed buildings., 51. _______________ is very hard wood and has a dark reddish brown color. It is fragrant and close grained. It is hard to work and takes high polish. Used in musical instruments, piano cases, tool handles, art projects, veneers and furniture., a) Walnut b) Sandalwood c) Mahogany d) Rosewood, Answer: d) Explanation: All rosewoods are strong and heavy, taking an excellent polish, being suitable for guitars (the fretboards on electric and acoustic guitars often being made of rosewood), marimbas, recorders, turnery (billiard cues, fountain pens, black pieces in chess sets, etc.), handles, furniture, and luxury flooring, etc. Rosewood oil, used in perfume, is extracted from the wood of Aniba rosaeodora, which is not related to the rosewoods used for lumber., 52. ____________ is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay., a) Sapwood b) Knot c) Bark d) Heartwood, Answer: d) Explanation: Heartwood formation is a genetically programmed process that occurs spontaneously. Some uncertainty exists as to whether the wood dies during heartwood formation, as it can still chemically react to decay organisms, but only once., Heartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood, and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker.