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12:03 OAMUG >: Se Mo at! al, , Q &, , Government City College (A), Hyderabad {, , <, , Biofertilizers & o, , , , , , B. Sc- Botany, , { SEC-1 S, , : Bio-Fertilizers and Organic Farmin; :, by, , 4 Dr. D. Nagaraju :, , q Asst. Prof. of Botany :, , ‘Manure :, “Manure is an organic matter derived from the solid animal wastes, used to improve the soil, q ‘quality and increase the yield of healthy crops.” q, , Manure is the decomposed form of dead plants and animals, which is applied tothe soil 10, , q increase production. It is a natural form of fertilizer and is cost-effective. The human and animal q, excreta is also used as manure, The livestock manure is rch in niteogen, phosphorus, and, , potassium., , Manure is highly rich in organic matter and humus and thus improves the soil fertility. These are, 4 better in the long run and does not cause any pollution. Itis a valuable and renewable resource. q, , 7 ‘Manure can be obtained from vatious sources. The different sources of manure are mentioned :, below:, , x, Cattle dung, urine, and slurry from biogas plants., , + Wastes from human habitation such as human urine, night soil, sludge, sewage, domestic, waste, , + Droppings of goat and sheep, + Waste from the slaughterhouses such as bones, meat, horn and hoof meal, fish waste, + By-product of agricultural industries, , + Crop waste, , + Weeds, water hyacinth, , : ‘Types of Manure q, , : Manure can be grouped as farmyard manure, green manure and compost manure. Following are :, the different types of manure used by the farmers:, , 4 Green Manure q, Green manure increases the percentage of organic matter inthe Soil. The roots of such manures, ‘20 deep into the soil. These help in the suppression of weeds and the prevention of sol erosion,, , Farmyard Manure, : [SEC Biferiliers and Orgac Farming Dr. D. Nagar Ast. Prof. of Bony, Got. City Calle (A Hyderabad, , Paget, , , , Farmyard manure improves the soil structure and is used as a natural fertilizer in farming. It, increases the soil capacity to hold more water and nutrients. It also increases the microbial, activity of the sol to improve its mineral supply and also the plant nutrients., , , , , , ‘Compost Manure, improves the sol structure and water and nutrient holding capacity ofthe soil. Thus, it, increases the nutrient value and thereby improves the health of the plans, , Advantages of Manure, + These are a good source of macronutrients,, + Improves soil fertility, Cost-effective, , + Reduces soil erosion, erates the soil, , , , 1d leaching, Improves the physical properties of the soil and, , + Improves the water and nutrient holding capacity of the sil, Itc, , , , be transported easily., , ‘+ Methane gas is evolved as the by-product of manure that can be used for cooking and, , “The crops grown on the land treated with manure produces healthy crops., ps a Produ Wy crops, , ‘The difference between Organic and Chemical Fertilizers, , , , ‘Chemical fertilizer is a fertilizer composed of non-organic cultivated elements that stimulate the, ‘growth of crops. They consist of chemical nutritional elements that are atificially extracted,, , , , t ‘SEC Bferanrs ond Oreic Farming Dr D.Neper hat Proof Betas, Got Cry College (hy tiderhad age Z, , Chemical fertilizers are uniform and constant in composition and work faster than organic, fertilizers because they almost immediately dissolve in water. However, they work for a short, time. That's why they eannot provide plants with the necessary nutrition for a long time. Also,, no organic material is added to the soil, so the soil life will not be enriched or stimulated, Because chemical fertilizers ae very salty, they extract the moisture from the soil, , Organic Fertilizers,, Organic fertilizers can play a role if you want to grow crops in a more sustainable way. They, have several advantages over chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are made out of natural, ‘materials that are extracted from animal or vegetable material, Therefore, this type of fertilizer is, ‘more environmentally friendly, but it also takes more time for the nutrients of these fertilizers to, reach the plant. This seems to be a disadvantage, but because of the gradual release of the, hutrients the risk of over-fenilization is very small in contrast to chemical fertilizers, , Organic fertilizers strengthen the natural processes on the land and feed not only the plant, but, also the soil, This creates a versatile soil life making plants visibly more vital and resilient, Organic fertilizers also focus on preventive protection of the plant. The resistance to pests and, diseases is increased in a natural way, , Fertilizers, , , , Biofertilizers, Mert, , , , , , , , ‘Chemical fenilizers are manufactured from | Ox, synthetic material, , Ammonia lf amon hosp, ammonium ara, ued, anmooium |, tne tie, Chemical err ae Hah equaly AE, , essential nutrients that are needa (eG crops and, always ready for immediate st "ultients, , to plants if situation demands,, , lizers are made from materials, from living things., , seed meal, blood meal, fish emulsion, and, inure and sewage sludge, et, , , , , , “Adds natural nutrients to soll, increases soil, Organic matter, improves sol structure and tlt,, improves water holding capacity, reduces soil, crusting problems, reduces erosion from wind and, water, Slow and consistent release of nutrients., Have slow release capability; distribution of, rutrients in organic fertilizers is not equal, , , , ‘Several chemical fertilizers have high acid, content. They have the ability to burn the skin,, Changes soil fertility,, , , , , , , , Tmmediate supply or slow release ‘Slow release, ‘Antficially prepared. Prepared naturally, One can prepare organic, fertilizers,, , , , ‘Chemical fertilizer has an equal distribution of, three essential nutrients: phosphorous,, nitrogen, potassium,, ‘Chemical ferilizers tam out to be cheaper | Organic Terlizer may be cheaper per pound but, ‘because they pack more nutrients per pound of | works out to be more expensive over all because, , i ‘more of itis needed for the same level of nutrients., , Have unequal distribution of essential nutrients, , , , , , , , , , , , , , efor an Organi Farming Dr. Nara Asst Prof of Botany, Gan iy College, Hyderabad Page 3, , , , , , , , , , 7 = “ay :, discharging natural rivals q, , (predators and pesticides) to find and eradicate those jgaQuis and mites considered pests. These, , ‘natural enemies reestablish the accepted balance of fgbe® and are risk free to humans and don’t, , q ‘damage the environment. Biological control's not to completely eliminate pests but q, keep the pests at low enough levels for su op production., , ‘There are three basie biological pest control strategies: importation (classical biological, , contro), augmentation and conservation., , 1. Augmentation Man can. tive agents for control. Normally, there is a lack or, , q absence of natural enemies occurMpg in the early pest season. Man can release the natural enemy 7, carly in the season to ensure that when the pests frst appear natural enemies will not be scarce., , 7 Biological Control (Biocontrol) isthe application of =, , q 2. Classical Biological control Man can introduce exotic biological control agents from their 7, native home into the areas where exotic pests have established themselves and survived and, , ‘multiplied due to the absence of natural enemies. This way, the control agents will reestablish, , ‘equilibrium to keep the pest under control. This method is referred to as an old association., , 3. Neoclassical biological control Man can introduce an exotic biological control agent that,, previously did not have an association with the pest. The new biological control agent can, q {establish itself and prey on the pest. This is referred to as a new association {, , , , A Bio fertilizer (also bio fertilizer) isa substance which contains living microorganisms which,, When applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or sol, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior ofthe, , t ‘SEC Bifriliers and Orgaic Farming Dr. D. Nagar Ast. Prof. of Bonny, Got. City Calley (A Hyderabad, , Pages, , , , , , plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availa, host plant,, , ‘They have the following advantages:, , ‘They help in establishment and growth of crop plants and trees., ‘They enhance biomass production and grain yields by 10-20%, ‘They are useful in sustainable agriculture,, , ‘They are suitable in organic farming., , ‘They play an important role in Agroforestry / silvipastoral systems,, , y of primary nutrients to the, , , , Microbes as Biofentilizers, , Organic farming is increasing the production of pollutant-free crops. It involves the use of, biofertilizers and biopesticides which increases the nutrient quality ofthe crop and controls any, kind of pest and pathoger, , Biofertlizers are microorganisms that add to the nutrient quality of the soil, Bacteria, fungi, and., algae are some of the beneficial microorganisms that help in improving the fertility ofthe soi., , , , , , , , , , Biofertlizes are classified as, , , , «Fre tiving nitrogen fixing bacteria ike Azotobacter oa Rhodosprilan,, «Fre iving nirogefixng Cyanobacteria ike Anabaena, and Nodoc, , + Looe association of itrogen-fixing bacterin ike Azospiian,, «Symbiotic ntrogen-iing bacteria ike Rhizobium, and Franka, , ‘Types of bio fertilizers SS, + N2 fixing Biofertilizers- Aang Dyers Nowe, , , , , , + P Solubilizing Biofertilizers-. cum, Bacillus subtilis,Bacillus circulans, + P Mobilizing Biofertilize ;pora sp, Acaulospora sp., Seutllospora sp., , + Biofertilizers for Micro ts- Bacillus sp., , + Plant Growth Promoting RRizobacteria- Pseudomonas, , ‘The following microorganisms are used as biofertilizers:, , , , Asotobacter —AZoepnium —Cyanobact...Mosquto, , teins, , , , ‘SEC Bferinrs and Orie Farming Dr D. Nagar hat Proof Betas, Go Cis College (Ay Hiderhad Page S, , ‘They form root nodules in leguminous plants and fix the atmospheric, , nto an organic form. Rhizobium also has no negative effect on soil quality and, , {improves the quality, nutrient content, and growth of the plant., , > Azotobacter: These are free fogen fixers found in all types of upland crops., ‘These not only fix nitrogen but also provide certain antibiotics and growth substances 10, , , , , , , , , , , , the plant., > Azospirillum: Unlike Azotobacter, these can be used in wetland areas. They are found, inside the roots ofthe plant (non-free-living) where they fix the atmospheric nitrogen., , , , > Blue-green algae: These are free-living nitrogen-fixing Cyanobacteria that are present, only in wet and marshy lands. However, they do not survive in acidic sol., , > Azolla: Azolla isa free-floating water fern that floats in water and fixes atmospheric, nitrogen in association with nitrogen fixing blue green alga Anabaena azollae., Rice growing areas in South East Asia and other third World countries have recently been, eevincing increased interest in the use ofthe symbiotic N2 fixing water fern Azolla either, as an alternate nitrogen sources or as a supplement to commercial nitrogen fertilizers., , , , , , , , > Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM): Sevogal soil bacteria and fungi, notably, species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Penicillium, AspogiQs ete, p bring about dissolution of, , , , secrete organic acids and lower the pH in their x, , ‘bound phosphates in soil, Increased yields of wheat and potato were, cultures of Bacillus polymyxa and Ps, , > Silicate solubilizing bacteria (, silicates and aluminum silica, , {rated due to inoculation of peat based., striata., , ): Microorganisms are capable of degrading, , During the metabolism of migroDQ several organic acids are produced and these have a, dual role in silicate we, ‘They supply H ions jum and promote hydrolysis and the organic acids like, , citi, oxalic acid, Keto acids and hydroxyl carbolic acids, , , , > Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria, , (PGPR): The group of bacteria that colonize, , roots or rhizosphere soil and beneficial to crops are referred to as plant growth promoting, , thizobacteria (PGPR)., > Mycorrhiza: Itis a sym, ‘mycorthizal fungi play an important role i, , , , activity of the microbes, The fungi draw water and nuts, , increasing the plant productivity, I¢ also hel, savironmental stresses, , , , + Biol, , , , livers are eco-ftiendly, , , , + These improve the soil quality thereby increasing pla, +The farmers can prepare the inoculum of these microbes and inject then, , when required,, , jotc association between the fungi a, , , , the roots ofa plant, The, , binding the soil together and improves the, from the soil thereby, , to survive under various, , , , ps the pla, , , , ud are not harmful to the environment,, , productivity, , , , + They produce growth-promoting substances in the soil,, , SHC Biers nd Organic Farming Dr Nagra Asst Prof of Botany, Govt C1, , , , , , + Biofertlizers can be used in semi-arid areas also. :, , Azolla, , , , ‘tiny fresh water fern common in ponds,, , thas been used as a biofertlize fora rice in all major rice growit, , Thailand, Korea, Philippines,Brazil and West Ate, , ditches and rice fields., ‘countries inclu:, , , , 7/21 |, , ‘The nitrogen fixing work is accomplished by the symbiotic relationship between the fe.., , BGA,, Anabena azollae., , In addition to nitrogen the decomposed Azolla also provides K, P, Zn and Fe to the crop, , , , fix 40-80 kg nitrogen /ha / year. good manure for, Increase of crop yield up to 15-20% has been obse, Hybrids are growing faster, , ‘Tolerant to heat and cold, Fix 4-5% more nitrogen, , lla biomass gets doubled within 5-7 days by vegetative methods. q, , flooded tice. ", ved while fertilizing the rice with Azolla