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FOUDRY: The place where jobs are prepared by melting and pouring the molten metal in to, moulds is known as foundry., MOULD: A mould is a cavity so prepared that it can be used to make casting by molten metal, into it., PATTERN: Pattern is a model of anything which is used to prepare moulds by placing it in sand., CASTING: The molten metal poured in to mould, on cooling known as casting., HAND TOOLS, 1. SHOWEL: It consist of a iron pan with a wooden handle it can be used for mixing and, conditioning the sand and then transferring the mixture in some container, 2. TROWELS: These are used for finishing flat surface and corner in side a mould. Common, shapes of trowels., 3. LIFTER: A lifter is a finishing tool used for repairing the mould and finishing the mould sand., Lifter is also used for removing loose sand from mould., 4. HAND RIDDEL: It is used for ridding of sand to remove foreign material from it. It consist of, a wooden frame fitted with a screen of standard wire mesh at the bottom., 5. STRIKE OF BARE: It is a flat bar made of wood or iron to strike off the excess sand from the, top of a box after riming, 6. VENT WIRE: It is a thin steel rod or wire carrying a pointed edge at one and a wooden handle, or a bent loop at the other. after ramming and striking of the excess sand it is used to make small, holes called vents in the sand mold to allow the exit of gasses and steam during casting., 7. DRAW SPIKE: It is a tapered steel rod having a loop or ring at it is one end and a sharp point, at the other it is used to tap and draw patterns from the mould., 8. RAMMER: Rammer are used for striking the sand mass in the molding box to pack it closely, around one pattern., a) peen rammer, b) floor rammer, c) hand rammer, 9. SLICKS: The are used for repairing and finishing the mould surfaces and edges after the, pattern has been withdrawn the commonly used slices are heart and leaf square and heart spoon, and bead and heart and spoon., 10. SMOOTHER AND CORNER SLICKS: they are also finishing flat and round surfaces, round or square corners and edges., 11. SWAB: It is a hemp fiber brush used for moistening the edges of sand mould which are in, contact with the pattern surfaces before withdrawing the pattern it is also used for coating the, liquid blocking on the mould faces in dry sand moulds., 12. SQRUE PIN: It is a tapered rod of wood or iron which is embedded in the sand and later, withdrawn to produce a hole called runner through which the molten metal is poured into the, mould., 13. Bellow; it used to blow but the loose or unwanted sand from the surface and cavity of the, mould., 14. DRAW SCREWS AND RAPPING PLATE : It is a long mild steel rod with a ring in one, end and threaded at the other, there is a plate known as rapping plate consisting of several tapped, holes., 15. MOULDING BOXES : The moulding boxes or flasks used in sand moulding are of two, types;, (a) Closed moulding boxes.

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(b) Open type of snap flasks., 16. LADLES : They are used to receive molten metal from the melting furnace and pour the, same into the mould. their size is designated by their metal holding capacity. Small hand shank, ladles, used by a single. Moulder, are provided with only one handle and are made in different, capacities upto a maximum of 20kg., CRUCIBLES : They are made of refractory material and are similar in shape to the ladles .They, are used as metal melting pots. The raw material or charge is broken into small pieces and placed, in them. They are then placed in crucible or pit furnaces which are coke fired., PATTERN MATERIALS, 1. Wood., 2. Iron., 3. Aluminum; Brass; Zinc etc., 4. Plaster ., 5. Plastic., TYPES OF PATTERNS, 1. Solid or single piece pattern., 2. Two-piece or split pattern., 3. Multi-piece pattern., 4. Match plate pattern., 5. Gated pattern., 6. Skeleton pattern., 7. Sweep pattern ., 8. Pattern with loose pieces., 9. Cope and drag pattern., 10. Follow board pattern., 11. Segmental pattern., MOULDING AND CASTING PROCESSES:, 1. MOULDING PROCESSES:, a) Floor moulding., b) Bench moulding, c) Pit moulding, d) Machine moulding, 2. ACCORDING TO THE MOULD MATERIALS, i) Sand moulding, a) Green sand moulding, b) Dry sand moulding, c) Core sand moulding, d) Cement bonded sand moulding, e) Shell moulding, f) Skin dried sand moulding, g) Loam moulding, ii) Plaster moulding, iii) Metallic moulding, CASTING PROCESSES, 1. Sand mould casting, 2. Plaster mould casting

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3. Metallic mould casting, a) Gravity or permanent mould casting, b) Slush casting, c) Pressed casting, d) Die casting, 4. Centrifugal casting, 5. Precision casting, 6. CO2 mould casting, 7. Continuous casting, MOULDING SAND, Moulding sand is one of the most important and materials in production of sand casting. Sand is, formed by breaking up of rocks due to natural forces such as frost wind, rain and action of water., a. Natural sand b. Synthetic sand, TYPES OF SAND USED IN MOULDES, 1. Dry sand, 2. Green sand, 3. Loam sand, 4. Facing sand, 5. Parting sand, 6. Backing sand, 7. Core sand, 8. Oil sand, 9. Molasses sand, COMPOSITION OF GREEN SAND, 1. Silica sand 75%, 2. Coal dust 8%, 3. Bentonite sand 12%, 4. Water 5 to 6%, PROPERTIES OF MOULDING SAND, 1. Porosity and permeability, 2. Refractoriness, 3. Adhesiveness, 4. Cohesiveness, 5. Chemical resistance, 6. Plasticity, 7. Moisture, MAIN CONSTITUENT OF MOULDING SAND, The principal constituents of moulding sand are, 1. Silica sand, 2. Binder, 3. Additives, 4. Water, BINDER: The purpose of adding to the binder to the moulding sand is to impart it sufficient, strength & cohesiveness so to enable it to retain its shape after the mould has been rammed & the, 38

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pattern with drawn. However it produce an obverse effect on the permeability of the sand mould., The common binders used in foundry can be grouped as:, 1. Organic binders, 2. Inorganic binders, BINDERS, (ORGANIC) (INORGANIC), 1. Dextrin 1. Bentonite., 2. Linseed oil 2. Kaolinite., 3. Molasses 3. Limonite., 4. Certain binders 4. Ball clay., 5. Pitch 5. Fire clay, 6. Resins, phenol formaldehydes 6. Fullers earth, CORES: Core is a mass of sand that is put into the mould of from holes and cavities in the, casting cores are prepared separately in core box., a) HORIZONTAL CORE: It is the most common and simple type of core. It is assembled, into the mould with its axis horizontal. It is supported in the mould at its both ends., b) VERTICAL CORE: It is quit similar to a horizontal core except that it is fitted in the mould, with its axis vertical., c) BALANCED CORE: It is used to produce a blind holes along a horizontal axis in a casting. As, a matter of fact it is nothing but a horizontal core with the exception that it is supported only one, end the other end remaining free in the mould cavity., d) HANGING OR CIVER CORE: A core which hangs vertically in the mould and has no, support at is bottom is known as a hanging core. In such a case it is obvious that the entire mould, cavity will be contained in the drag only., CORE BOXES: A core box is a type of a pattern used fore making cores. It is made of wood,, brass, aluminum or any suitable material., TYPE OF BOXES, 1. Half core box., 2. Dump core box, 3. Split core box, 4. Right and left core box, 5. Gang core box

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EXPERIMENT No. 11, AIM: To prepare a pattern and moulding box for bench molding process and sand mould casting, in Foundry Shop., TOOLS & EQUIPMENT USED: Pattern, Moudling boxes, Rammer, Well prepared moudling, sand (green sand), Trowel, Wood smother, Strike off bar, Spure cutter, Draw spike, Lifter, Slicks,, Bellow, Small brush, Mallet, Vent wire, Furnace, Chisel, Hummer, Wire brush, Hacksaw,, grinder, and file., , MATERIALS REQUIRED: Lead (Melting Temperature = 350C), PROCEDURE:, 1. Select a mounding box suitable for then pattern provided. It should be large enough to allow, some space around the pattern for ramming of sand., 2. Place the drag part of the moulding box upside down on the floor and place the lower part of, the pattern in the center of the drag. The drag is then filled and rammed properly with well –, prepared green sand. The excess sand is then cut off to bring it in level with the edges of the drug, with the help of a strike of bar. Then drag is turned downside up along with lower half pattern in, it and sprinkle small amount of parting sand over the top surface to avoid sticking. Now turn the, drag up side down with lower half of the pattern in it., 3. Place the cope over the drag in its proper position in alignment with locking pins. Then, assemble top part of the pattern in it., 4. Sprinkle parting sand over the surface of the drag and the pattern., 5. Place the runner and riser in position and fill the cope with green sand and ram it properly. Cut, off excess sand to bring it in level with the edges of the cope., 6. Remove the runner and riser to from the pour basin., 7. Using a venting wire perform the venting operation. It is done to allow exit of gases and steam, generated during pouring., 8. Remove the cope from the drag, and three after remove the pattern from cope and drag., 9. Repair the mould cavity for any small damage caused while removing the pattern; cavity, should be free from any undesirable sand particles., 10. The cope and drag are then locked with locking pins. The mould is thus ready for pouring., 11. Melt the metal, and then pour the molten metal through pouring basin continuously till the, riser is filled and allow it to solidify., 12. The solidified casting is then removed by breaking the mould and cleaned by removing, adhering sand. The sand is recycled and reused., PRECAUTIONS, 1. Ramming of filled sand should be proper and uniform through out surface of drug and cope., 2. Place the pattern in the drag properly., 3. Make the gate properly with broadening at the gate point., 4. The cope and drag should fit properly., 5. Take out the pattern carefully causing minimum damage., 6. Molten metal should be poured in to the mould cavity carefully, to avoid any accident., 7. The riser should be filled completely., 8. Do not touch casting immediately after from the sand mould., Viva Voce Questions, What is casting?, How pattern is different from casting?

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What are gating elements?, Give some names of foundry tools with their applications., Give some examples of foundry products with their applications., GATING SYSTEM, , CASTING PATTERN, , (All dimensions are in mm.)

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CNC Shop, Introduction to CNC Machining, CNC stands for computer numeric controlled. It refers to any machine tool (i.e. mill, lathe, drill, press, etc.) which uses a computer to electronically control the motion of one or more axes on the, machine., The development of NC machine tools started from a task supported by the US Air Force in the, early 1950’s, involving MIT and several machine-tool manufacturing companies. The need was, recognized for machines to be able to manufacture complex jet aircraft parts., As computer technology evolved, computers replaced the more inflexible controllers found on the, NC machines; hence the dawn of the CNC era., CNC machine tools use software programs to provide the instructions necessary to control the, axis motions, spindle speeds, tool changes and so on., CNC machine tools allow multiple axes of motion simultaneously, resulting in 2D and 3D, contouring ability., CNC technology also increases productivity and quality control by allowing multiple parts to be, produced using the same program and tooling., Basics of CNC Programming, There are two ways to program modern CNC machine tools., 1. Conversational Programming: This is the simpler of the two methods. In effect, this is a, macro programming language used to instruct the machine to perform pre-programmed, cycles (i.e. facing, drilling holes in arrays, etc.). When writing a conversational program,, you simply enter the appropriate parameters associated with each machining cycle. This is, analogous to using the polar array function in SolidWorks or Pro/E; you don’t have to do, the layout or trig to find the location of the features; you just specify the essential, parameters and the software does the rest for you., 2. CAM Programming: This is the more powerful of the two methods. Using this method,, you import your part model into a CAM (computer aided manufacturing) program and, define the parameters associated with each and every machined feature on the part. These, parameters include tool diameter and length, depth of cut, tool path geometry, etc., Conversational CNC Programming, The following cycles are typical of the machining operations available when programming a 3axis CNC milling machine., Position: Used to move the XYZ coordinates at rapid feedrate., Drill one: Used to position the tool at a specific XYZ coordinate position in order to, automatically drill a hole. The automatic drill cycles allow for simple drilling, peck drilling, spotfacing and bore cycles., Drill pattern: Used to define polar or rectangular hole arrays for automatic drilling., Line: Used to cut straight lines along an axis or a diagonal at the desired feedrate., Arc: Used to cut a circle or partial circle that is part of a series of cuts that usually includes lines, as well., Face: Used to define a rectangular zig-zag pattern used to clean off a part surface.

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Pocket: Used to clear the material out of a rectangle, circle or polygon., Frame: Used to cut the inside or outside outline of a rectangle, circle or polygon., Tool: Used to enter tool parameters, machine function parameters and program pause/stop codes., Scale/mirror: Used to scale and/or mirror other part features., Rotate: Used to repeat other part features around a specific center of rotation., Conversational CNC Programming Example #1, Drill Pattern Bolt Circle Variables (G121):, X = X center, Y = Y center, R = Radius, A = Start angle (absolute), N = # of holes, H = # of holes to drill, , Conversational CNC Programming Example #2, Arcs and Lines (dashed line is tool path for 1/8” diameter end mill)

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3D Printing, 3D PRINTING, Traditional manufacturing methods depend on cutting and molding technologies to create a, limited number of structures and shapes having the need to be formed from a number of parts, assembled together. Shaping and forming processes are performed through different stages,, ranging from casting to cutting at various stages depending on the complexity of the component, being manufactured. The traditional method of shaping is through material removal, which is, referred to as subtractive manufacturing (SM). Examples of SM processes include milling,, drilling and grinding. Manufacturing plastic and metal objects in particular is generally a wasteful, process with a lot of surplus materials and chunky parts. However, Additive Manufacturing (AM), technologies transform this process by building near-net shape components one layer at a time, using data from 3D CAD (computer aided design) models. These 3D models can be very complex, figures, being confined only by a person’s imagination with higher structural integrity and more, durability. According to their first standard, ASTM F2792-10, AM is defined as ‘The process of, joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to, subtractive manufacturing technologies. Creating a similar object with the use of additive, manufacturing not only utilizes less energy, but also minimizes waste. In addition to these, 3D, printing helps companies save up to 70% of their manufacturing cost., Creating a 3D object from a digital model using a 3D printer has been one of the largest, innovations of the recent years. The idea is to build the object layer by successive layer until it is, complete. Each of these printed layers is a thinly-sliced, horizontal cross-section of the eventual, object. In the conventional fabrication methods, the final shape is achieved by following the steps, such as cutting, extrusion, grinding and welding from a bulk structure. This sequence of processes, results in loss of the original material and loss of energy during production. 3D printing, technology, on the other hand, does not need any sequential steps for the final shaping and, thereby it is easier to achieve new forms and optimize the shapes without being restricted by, capabilities of the conventional methods. Printing begins with a digital file in which the final, shape has been coded and the computer software slices the design into multilayer. These layers, are then printed on top of each other until the 3D object is created., APPLICATION AREAS, As the 3D printing has become less expensive, more accessible and new materials have become, available, the technology has quickly gained momentum. With the market entry of compact opensource desktop 3D printers, the application areas of 3D printers have broadened from small-scale, commercial or educational purposes to household use. 3D printing is most commonly used for, rapid prototyping of new products. The ability to rapidly produce new prototypes for testing,, often in less than 48 hours after a design revision, greatly accelerates the prototyping process., However, 3D printing technology has now reached the point when it can be applied to, manufacturing processes as well. It is no surprise that first applications came from cash-rich, industries, such as medical aids, aerospace and car-making. Today, the 3D printer technology is, used for accessories, shoe design, industrial and architectural design, building works, defense and, automotive industry, medical industry, education, aerospace industry, biotechnology is used in, many areas of scientific studies in the field. 3D printed aircraft components are 65% lighter; but, as strong as traditional machined parts, representing huge savings and reduced carbon emissions., For every 1 kilogram reduction in weight, airlines save around US$35,000 in fuel costs over an, aircraft’s life. Although expensive, titanium is light, strong and durable and ideally suited for, aircraft manufacturing. In traditional manufacturing, it wears easily during cutting step of the, production. This problem is eliminated via 3D printing. NASA engineers are also 3D printing, parts that are structurally stronger and more reliable than conventionally crafted parts, for its

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space launch system. Scientists are also exploring the use of 3D printers at the International Space, Station to make spare parts on the spot. What once was the province of science fiction has now, become a reality., HISTORY OF 3D PRINTING, The use of additive manufacturing started as in rapid prototyping (RP) during the late 1980s and, early 1990s. The first commercial 3D print technology, stereolithography, was invented in 1984, by Charles Hull. Although imperfect, the machine provided manufacturing of highly complex, parts overnight. The first lab grown organ is implanted in humans at the end of 1990s and this, innovation opened a door for advanced medical use. The technique is mainly useful for creating, artificial organs of patient-specific models, produced human tissue-compatible implants. Today,, biocompatible human tissue veins that are millimeters in size are produced by 3D printers., Beyond the use of 3D printing in producing prosthetics and hearing aids, it is also used to treat, challenging medical conditions, and to advance medical research, including in the area of, regenerative medicine. The breakthroughs in this area are rapid and extraordinary. The first, selective laser sintering machine became feasible in 2006. This machine uses a laser to fuse the, materials into 3D products. The idea of mass customization and on-demand manufacturing of, industrial parts started with this invention. Combining different raw materials isn’t always, possible with mass production methods due to the high costs. This problem is eliminated with the, 3D printing technologies. However, additive manufacturing is relatively slower than the, traditional mass production processes. In order to compensate with the slow print rate, several, fused filament machines now offer multiple extruder heads. These can be used to print in multiple, colors, with different polymers, or to make multiple prints simultaneously. This increases their, overall print speed during multiple instance production, while requiring less capital cost than, duplicate machines since they can share a single controller. At the end of 2000s, 3D printers were, placed on market that allows the customers to print their 3D products. Companies have created, services where consumers can customize objects using simplified web based customization, software and print unique objects. This now allows the consumers to create custom cases for their, mobile phones, print accessories as well as many other household items., TYPES OF 3D PRINTING, A number of 3D printing techniques including stereolithography (SL), fused deposition modeling, (FDM) and selective laser sintering (SLS). Some of these techniques involve melting or softening, layers of material, others involve binding powdered materials and yet others involve jetting or, selectively-hardening liquid materials. 3D printers use a variety of very different types of additive, manufacturing techniques. According to the additives used in printing, 3D printing techniques can, be divided into 3 groups., BIO-BASED 3D PRINTING, Recent advances in 3D printing technology have enabled tissue engineering applications in which, organs and body parts are built using inkjet techniques. Biocompatible materials, cells and, supporting components are printed into complex 3D functional living tissues to address the need, for tissues and organs suitable for transplantation. As of 2013, scientists began printing ears,, livers and kidneys with living tissue. Compared with non-biological printing, 3D bioprinting, involves additional complexities, such as the choice of materials, cell types, growth and, differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the, construction of tissues. Addressing these complexities requires the integration of technologies, from the fields of engineering, biomaterials science, cell biology, physics and medicine. 3D, bioprinting has already been used for the generation and transplantation of several tissues,, including multilayered skin, bone, vascular grafts, tracheal splints, heart tissue and cartilaginous

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structures. Other applications include developing high-throughput 3D bioprinted tissue models for, research, drug discovery and toxicology., POLYMER BASED 3D PRINTING, Today’s 3D printing technology is mainly based on polymers as they can be easily processed., Polymers can be processed at low temperatures relative to metals and ceramics. The most, commonly utilized polymer based composites are high performance, lightweight materials that, are produced by dispersing strong additives/fibers in a polymer matrix. These additives may vary, from graphene to nanotubes, nanowires and nanoparticles. The additive ratio can be as low as 2%, or as high as 60% depending on the application., METALLIC BASED 3D PRINTING, In metallic based 3D printing, parts are manufactured by a laser fusing together high performance, metals, layer by layer directly from a 3D digital data. Created objects are strong and lightweight, with complex internal features, such as undercuts, channels through sections, tubes within tubes, and internal voids. It’s an accurate and cost-effective method for the production of prototype, components and the economical manufacture of small series parts for testing purposes or as final, production components for use in many different environments, without the investment in time, and money of conventional tooling. Metal 3D printing is mainly used for applications such as, automotive and aerospace industry. It is predicted that the market for metal powders for additive, manufacturing (AM) applications will take off over the next five years with new applications in, the aerospace, oil and gas sectors, exponentially increasing the demand for powered materials. In, addition, metal 3D printing is also used in dental sectors for implant and prostheses, manufacturing., HARDWARE, FUSED FILAMENT FABRICATION (FFF), In this experiment, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) also known as Fused Deposition Modeling, (FDM) technique will be used to produce 3D objects. In this technique, different types of, materials can be used. Filaments become semi-molten state above a certain temperature to satisfy, required viscosity during printing. After these filaments are deposited they immediately return, their solid state. Mostly, thermoplastic polymers and copolymers are preferred as a filament such, as Polylactide (PLA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). Because they can be melted at, relatively lower temperatures compared to metals and they easily return to their solid state after, deposition. These polymer filaments are deposited layer by layer. Individual layers adhere to each, other during printing. Printing process has three main steps (Figure 1). In the first step, a certain, amount of filament is extruded from the heater zone. Following this, the filament is heated up to a, semi-molten state. Then this semi-molten filament is forced out from a heated nozzle and, deposited on the pre-deposited layers.

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EXPERIMENT No. 13, AIM: To Study of 3D Printing, Introduction: 3D printing allows for rapid prototyping and onsite manufacturing of products., Initially done with plastic, 3D printing now uses new techniques with new materials, such as, aluminum, bronze, and glass. Biomaterials are also being incorporated, such as 3D printing ear, cartilage and liver tissue. As the 3D printing industry grows, 3D printing will become a big part of, many engineering fields., Flow layout of Pre 3D Printing, , Components of 3D Printer: Axes Fixed Rods: The three axes that the 3D printer utilizes are on the Cartesian coordinate, system. The linear fixed rods are maintained at right angles to each other and each represents a, coordinate axis., Movement: The timing belts and pulleys allow the movement of the hot end (or the print bed,, depending on the type of 3D printer) along each axes according to the g-code (generated by, slicing software). The stepper motors power this movement., Extruder: Extrusion is the feeding of filament into the hot end of the 3D printer. This movement, is also powered by a stepper motor., Retraction: This mechanism is the pulling of the melted filament from the hot end. This, movement is primarily programmed through the g-code to prevent the formation of unwanted, filament creating a bridge between two areas. The bridging of unwanted filament is referred to as, stringing or the formation of cobwebs., Dual Extrusion: Some models of 3D printers are equipped with dual extrusion capabilities. This, allows for mixed material objects to be printed. Dual extrusion can be used to print out complex, objects with a different colour material as the support, making it easy to differentiate between the, object and the support.

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Hot End: The hot end is heated to temperatures ranging from 160 C to 250 C, depending on the, type of filament to be used. The hot end melts the filament and pushes the melted filament, through the nozzle. The hot end needs to be thermally insulated from the other components of the, 3D printer to prevent any damage., Print Bed: Heated Print beds that are heated improve print quality of 3D printed objects. The, heated bed is heated to the glass transition temperature of the filament being used. This allows the, model layers to slightly melt and stick to the heated bed. Non-Heated Print beds that are not, heated require adhesion in the form of glue, tape, hairspray, etc. In the innovation lab, painters, tape is frequently used for adhesion., Filament: Filament is a consumable used by the 3D printer to print layers. Filament comes in a, variety of materials and colors. Filament can be composed of metal, wood, clay, biomaterials,, carbon fiber, etc., i). ABS: - ABS is a thermoplastic that needs to be heated to temperatures from 210C to 250C., ABS can only be printed on a 3D printer with a heated bed, which prevents the cracking of the, object. When ABS is heated, it emits a strong unpleasant odor. ABS requires a complete, enclosure while printing., ii). PLA: - PLA is a thermoplastic that needs to be heated to temperatures from 160C to 220C., PLA is also biodegradable and emits slight odors. PLA is most frequently used in the Innovation, Lab on all 3D printers., PVA: PVA is a water soluble plastic that is frequently used for support in dual extrusion 3D, printers. The printed object is left in water where the PVA support is dissolved and the finished, object printed in the other filament remains., Preparing your 3D Model in CAD Software: CAD software is used to create 3D models and designs. This software is available on our, computers and the level of difficulty varies. With the exception of Sketch up Pro and the industry, standard software mentioned, all of these programs are available on the innovation lab computers., Solid works main idea is user to create drawing directly in 3D or solid form. From this solid user, can assemble it directly on their workstation checking clashes and functionality of it. Creating, drawing is pretty easy just drag and drop the solid to drawing block., Preparing your 3D Model for print in Idea maker software:These are following step for 3D printing of model, 1. Install the 3D print software idea maker, 2. Check repair option in this software, 3. Set the nozzle parameter and build tack temperature according to the printer guide., Step:-1 Prepare the design Model using Designing Software(Solids Work,Autocad etc.), Step:-2 Convert the designed Model file in Stl ,obj format., Step:-3 Prepare the design model for printing Using Software Idea Maker and Ultimaker. Then, set all parameter (nozzle temp., buildtak temp and support) and also repair your design using, software option. Then after generate the file in gcode format, Step:-4 ON the 3D Printer and load the filament in nozzle and give the command print by using, 3D Printing Machine.

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Precaution of 3D Printer machine: These are some following precaution when you print the design in 3D Printer, 1. Mechanical: Do not place limbs inside the build area while the nozzle is in motion. The, printer nozzle moves in order to create the object., 2. High Temperature: Do not touch the printer nozzle – it is heated to a high temperature, in order to melt the build material., 3. Always buy replacement parts from the manufacturer for safety related equipment, 4. Choose an area that has adequate ventilation and exhaust capability, Safety Equipment: · Safety Glasses, Gloves (recommended for postprocessing), Application of 3D Printer: Automotive, medical, marine, engineering, aerospace, architecture, Advantages: •Complex shapes • Freedom for design • Customize parts • Less waste • Fewer unsold products, • Less transport, Limitations: • Time • Cost, , • Skill, , • Materials, , Viva Voce Questions, What are the safety measures while doing 3D printing?, Discuss about some materials used in 3D printing operations., What are the important elements in the 3D printing machine?, Give two examples of 3D printed objects., Define the working loop of 3D printing machine.