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Secondary Education Curriculum, 2076, Physics, Grades: 11 and 12, , Subject code: Phy. 101 ( Grade 11 ), Phy. 102 (Grade 12), , Credit hrs: 5, , Working hrs: 160, , 1. Introduction, This curriculum presumes that the students joining grade 11 and 12 science stream come with, diverse aspirations, some may continue to higher level studies in specific areas of science, others, may join technical and vocational areas or even other streams. The curriculum is designed to, provide students with general understanding of the fundamental scientific laws and principles that, govern the scientific phenomena in the world. It focuses to develop scientific knowledge, skill, competences and attitudes required at secondary level (grade 11-12) irrespective of what they do, beyond this level, as envisioned by national goals. Understanding of scientific concepts and their, application, in day to day context as well as the process of obtaining new knowledge through, holistic approach of learning in the spirit of national qualification framework is emphasized in the, curriculum., In particular, this curriculum aims to provide sufficient knowledge and understanding of science, for all learners to become confident citizens in the technological world. It helps the students to, recognize the usefulness and limitations of laws and principles of physics and use them in solving, problems encountered in their daily lives along a sound foundation for students who wish to study, physics or related professional or vocational courses in higher education. It also helps to develop, science related attitudes such as a concern for safety and efficiency, concern for accuracy and, precision, objectivity, a spirit of enquiry, inventiveness, appreciation of ethno-science, and, willingness to use technology for effective communication. It also promotes awareness of the, principles and laws of science that are often the result of cumulative efforts and their studies and, applications are subject to economic and technological limitations and social, cultural and ethical, perceptions/acceptance., The curriculum prepared in accordance with National Curriculum Framework is structured for two, academic years in such a way that it incorporates the level-wise competencies, grade-wise leaning, outcomes, scope and sequence of contents, suggested practical/project activities, learning, facilitation process and assessment strategies so as to enhance the learning on the subject, systematically., 2. Level-wise competencies, In completion of this course, students are expected to demonstrate the following competencies:, 1. relate the phenomena and processes of the world around them to the knowledge and, understanding of physical laws, principles and theories and describe them using appropriate, scientific vocabulary, terminology and conventions, 2. use scientific instruments, apparatus and methods to collect, evaluate and communicate, information accurately and precisely, 3. design simple experiment to develop relations among physical quantities,, 4. carryout simple scientific research on issues related to physics and, 5. construct simple models to illustrate physical concepts, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 19

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6., , use the knowledge of physics to promote care for the environment, indigenous knowledge,, social values and ethics, , 3. Grade wise learning Outcomes, Grade 11, , Grade 12, Content Area: Mechanics, , 1. Physical Quantities, , 1. Rotational dynamics, , 1.1 Demonstrate the meaning, importance and, applications of precision in the, measurements, , 1.1 Recall equations of angular motion, and compare them with equations of, linear motion, , 1.2 Understand the meaning and importance, of significant figures in measurements, , 1.2 Derive the expression for rotational, kinetic energy, , 1.3 Explain the meaning of dimensions of a, physical quantity, , 1.3 Describe the term moment of inertia, and radius of gyration, , 1.4 Workout the dimensions of derived, physical quantities applicable to this, syllabus, , 1.4 Find the moment of inertia of thin, uniform rod rotating about its center, and its one end, , 1.5 Apply dimensional analysis method to, check the homogeneity of physical, equations, , 1.5 Establish the relation between torque, and angular acceleration of a rigid, body, 1.6 Describe the work and power in, rotational motion with expression, 1.7 Define angular momentum and prove, the principle of conservation of, angular momentum, 1.8 Solve numerical problems and, conceptual questions regarding the, rotational dynamics, , 2. Vectors, , 2. Periodic motion, , 2.1 Distinguish between scalar and vector, quantities, , 2.1 Define simple harmonic motion and, state its equation., , 2.2 Add or subtract coplanar vectors by, drawing scale diagram (vector triangle,, parallelogram or polygon method), , 2.2 Derive the expressions for energy in, simple harmonic motion, , 2.3 Understand the meaning and importance, of unit vectors, , 2.3 Derive the expression for period for, vertical oscillation of a mass suspended, from coiled spring, , 2.4 Represent a vector as two perpendicular, components, , 2.4 Describe angular simple harmonic, motion and find its period, , 2.5 Resolve co-planer vectors using, component method, , 2.5 Derive expression for period of simple, pendulum, , 20, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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2.6 Describe scalar and vector products, , 2.6 Explain the damped oscillation, , 2.7 Understand the meaning and applications, of scalar and vector product with examples, , 2.7 Describe forced oscillation and, resonance with suitable examples, , 2.8 Solve related problems., , 2.8 Solve the numerical problems and, conceptual questions regarding the, periodic motion, , 3. Kinematics, , 3. Fluid statics, , 3.1 Define displacement, instantaneous, velocity and acceleration with relevant, examples, , 3.1, , State and explain Archimedes, principle and Pascal’s law, , 3.2, , Define up-thrust, pressure in fluid,, buoyancy, center of buoyancy and, meta center, , 3.3, , State and use the law of floatation,, , 3.4, , Describe surface tension and explain, its principle, , 3.5, , Establish the relation between surface, energy and surface tension, , 3.6, , Define angle of contact and capillarity, with examples, , 3.7, , State the Newton’s Formula for, viscosity of a liquid and define, coefficient of viscosity, , 3.8, , Differentiate between laminar and, turbulent flow & describe Reynolds, number, , 3.9, , Recall and use the Poiseuille’s, formula, , 3.2 Explain and use the concept of relative, velocity, 3.3 Draw displacement-time and velocity-time, graph to represent motion, and determine, velocity from the gradient of, displacement-time graph, acceleration, from the gradient of velocity-time graph, and displacement from the area under a, velocity-time graph, 3.4 Establish equations for a uniformly, accelerated motion in a straight line from, graphical representation of such motion, and use them to solve related numerical, problems, 3.5 Write the equations of motion under the, action of gravity and solve numerical, problem related to it, 3.6 Understand projectile motion as motion, due to a uniform velocity in one direction, and a uniform acceleration in a, perpendicular direction, derive the, equations for various physical quantities, (maximum height, time of flight, time, taken to reach maximum height, horizontal, range, resultant velocity) and use them to, solve mathematical problems related to, projectile motion, , 4. Dynamics:, , 3.10 State Stoke’s law and use it to, determine the coefficient of viscosity, of given liquid, 3.11 Explain equation of continuity and its, application, 3.12 Recall the Bernoulli’s equation and, explain its uses, 3.13 Solve the numerical problems and, conceptual questions regarding the, fluid statics, -, , 4.1 Define linear momentum, impulse, and, establish the relation between them, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 21

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4.2 Define and use force as rate of change of, momentum, 4.3 State and prove the principle of, conservation of linear momentum using, Newton’s second and Newton’s third of, motion, 4.4 Define and apply moment of a force and, torque of a couple, 4.5 State and apply the principle of moments, 4.6 State and apply the conditions necessary, for a particle to be in equilibrium, 4.7 State and explain the laws of solid friction, 4.8 Show the coefficient of friction is equal to, the tangent of angle of repose and use the, concept to solve problems., 4.9 Solve the numerical problem and, conceptual question on dynamics, 5. Work, energy and power:, , -, , 5.1 Explain work done by a constant force and, a variable force, 5.2 State and prove work-energy theorem, 5.3 Distinguish between kinetic energy and, potential energy and establish their, formulae, 5.4 State and prove the principle of, conservation of energy, 5.5 Differentiate between conservative and, non-conservative force, 5.6 Differentiate between elastic and inelastic, collision and hence explain the elastic, collision in one dimension, 5.7 Solve the numerical problems and, conceptual questions regarding work,, energy, power and collision, 6. Circular motion, 6.1, , Define angular displacement, angular, velocity and angular acceleration, , 6.2, , Establish the relation between angular, and linear velocity & acceleration, , 6.3, , Define centripetal force, , 22, , -, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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6.4, , Derive the expression for centripetal, acceleration and use it to solve, problems related to centripetal force, , 6.5, , Describe the motion in vertical circle,, motion of vehicles on banked surface, , 6.6, , Derive the period for conical pendulum, , 6.7, , Solve the numerical problem and, conceptual question on circular motion, , 7. Gravitation, 7.1, , Explain Newton’s law of gravitation, , 7.2, , Define gravitational field strength, , 7.3, , Define and derive formula of, gravitational potential and gravitational, potential energy, , 7.4, , Describe the variation in value of ‘g’, due to altitude and depth, , 7.5, , Define center of mass and center of, gravity, , 7.6, , Derive the formula for orbital velocity, and time period of satellite, , 7.7, , Define escape velocity and derive the, expression of escape velocity, , 7.8, , Find the potential and kinetic energy of, the satellite, , 7.9, , Define geostationary satellite and state, the necessary conditions for it, , 7.10, , Describe briefly the working principle, of Global Position -System (GPS), , 7.11, , Solve the numerical problems and, conceptual questions regarding related, to the gravitation, , 8. Elasticity, , -, , -, , 8.1 State and explain Hooke’s law, 8.2 Define the terms stress, strain, elasticity, and plasticity, 8.3 Define the types of elastic modulus such, as young modulus, bulk modulus and, shear modulus, 8.4 Define Poisson’s ratio, 8.5 Derive the expression for energy stored in, Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 23

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a stretched wire, 8.6 Solve the numerical problems and, conceptual questions regarding elasticity, Content Area: Heat and thermodynamics, 9. Heat and temperature, , 4. First Law of Thermodynamics, , 9.1 Explain the molecular concept of thermal, energy, heat and temperature, and cause, and direction of heat flow, , 4.1, , Clarify the concept of thermodynamic, system., , 4.2, , Explain the meaning of work done by, the system and work done on the, system, and describe how work done, by gas during expansion can be, calculated from indicator (P – V), diagram., , 4.3, , Explain the concept of latent heat and, internal energy., , 4.4, , State and explain first law of, thermodynamics - increase of internal, energy (dU) = heat into the system, (dQ) + work done on the system, (PdV) realizing its limitations and, necessity of second law of, thermodynamics., , 4.5, , Define and explain two specific heat, capacities of gas appreciating the, relation Cp – Cv = R and cp – cv = r., , 4.6, , Explain various thermodynamic, process (isothermal, isobaric,, isochoric and adiabatic) with good, concept of their P – V diagram., , 4.7, , Derive adiabatic equation PV =, constant., , 4.8, , Derive expression for work done, during isothermal and adiabatic, process., , 4.9, , Give concept of reversible and, irreversible process with examples., , 9.2 Explain the meaning of thermal, equilibrium and Zeroth law of, thermodynamics., 9.3 Explain thermal equilibrium as a working, principle of mercury thermometer., , 4.10 Solve mathematical problems related, to first law of thermodynamics and, thermodynamic process., 10. Thermal Expansion, , 5. Second Law of Thermodynamics, , 10.1, , 5.1 State and explain second law of, thermodynamics (Kelvin’s and, , 24, , Explain some examples and, applications of thermal expansion, and, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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demonstrate it with simple experiments., 10.2, , Explain linear, superficial, cubical, expansion and define their, corresponding coefficients with, physical meaning., , 10.3, , Establish a relation between, coefficients of thermal expansion., , 10.4, , Describe Pullinger’s method to, determine coefficient of linear, expansion., , 10.5, , Explain force set up due to expansion, and contraction., , 10.6, , Explain differential expansion and its, applications., , 10.7, , Explain the variation of density with, temperature., , 10.8, , Explain real and apparent expansion of, liquid appreciating the relation r = g +, a., , 10.9, , Describe Dulong and Petit’s experiment, to determine absolute expansivity of, liquid., , Clausius’s statement)., 5.2 Compare second and first law of, thermodynamics considering indication, of direction of flow of heat., 5.3 Explain heat engine as a device to, convert heat energy into mechanical, energy appreciating that its efficiency is, less than 100%., 5.4 Discuss Carnot’s cycle with the concept, of P – V diagram and calculate the work, done of each step and corresponding, efficiency., 5.5 Describe internal combustion engines,, Otto engine and diesel engine with the, help of P – V diagram to compare their, efficiencies., 5.6 Explain refrigerator as heat engine, working in reverse direction, 5.7 Introduce entropy as a measure of, disorder appreciating its roles in, thermodynamic process., 5.8 Solve mathematical problems related to, heat engine., , 10.10 Solve mathematical problems related to, thermal expansion., 11. Quantity of Heat, 11.1, , Define heat capacity and specific heat, capacity and explain application of high, specific heat capacity of water and low, specific heat capacity of cooking oil, and massage oil, , 11.2, , Describe Newton’s law of cooling with, some suitable daily life examples., , 11.3, , Explain the principle of calorimetry and, describe any one standard process of, determining specific heat capacity of a, solid, , 11.4, , Explain the meaning of latent heat of, substance appreciating the graph, between heat and temperature and, define specific latent heat of fusion and, vaporization., , 11.5, , Describe any one standard method of, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , -, , 25

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measurement of specific latent heat of, fusion and explain briefly the effect of, external pressure on boiling and melting, point., 11.6, , Distinguish evaporation and boiling., , 11.7, , Define triple point., , 11.8, , Solve mathematical problems related to, heat, , 12. Rate of heat flow, 12.1, , Explain the transfer of heat by, conduction, convection and radiation, with examples and state their, applications in daily life., , 12.2, , Define temperature gradient and relate, it with rate of heat transfer along a, conductor., , 12.3, , Define coefficient of thermal, conductivity and describe Searl’s, method for its determination., , 12.4, , Relate coefficient of reflection (r),, coefficient of transmission (t) and, coefficient of absorption (r + a + t = 1)., , 12.5, , Explain ideal radiator (e= 1, a =1) and, black body radiation., , 12.6, , State and explain Stefan’s law of black, body radiation using terms; emissive, power and emissivity., , 12.7, , Describe idea to estimate apparent, temperature of sun., , 12.8, , Solve mathematical problems related to, thermal conduction and black body, radiations., , 13. Ideal gas, 13.1, , Relate pressure coefficient and volume, coefficient of gas using Charles’s law, and Boyle’s law., , 13.2, , Define absolute zero temperature with, the support of P - V, V- T graph., , 13.3, , Combine Charles’s law and Boyle’s, law to obtain ideal gas equation., , 13.4, , Explain molecules, inter molecular, , 26, , -, , -, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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forces, moles and Avogadro’s number., 13.5, , Explain the assumptions of kinetic –, molecular model of an ideal gas., , 13.6, , Derive expression for pressure exerted, by gas due to collisions with wall of the, container appreciating the use of, Newton’s law of motion., , 13.7, , Explain the root mean square speed of, gas and its relationship with, temperature and molecular mass., , 13.8, , Relate the pressure and kinetic energy., , 13.9, , Calculate the average translational, kinetic energy of gas for 1 molecule and, Avogadro’s number of molecules., , 13.10 Solve mathematical problems related, ideal gas., Content Area : Wave and Optics, 14. Reflection at curved mirrors, , 6. Wave motion, , 14.1, , State the relation between object, distance, image distance and focal, length of curved mirrors, , 6.1 Define and understand progressive, wave, , 14.2, , State the relation between object size, and image size, , 14.3, , Know the difference between the real, and virtual image in geometrical optics, , 14.4, , Calculate the focal length of curved, mirrors and its applications, , 6.2 Write progressive wave in mathematical, form, 6.3 Discuss the condition under which, stationary waves can be formed, 6.4 Write stationary wave in mathematical, form, 6.5 Calculate frequency, amplitude,, velocity, time period, etc of progressive, wave, 6.6 Find expression for stationary wave, using two progressive waves, , 15. Refraction at plane surfaces, , 7. Mechanical waves, , 15.1, , Recall the laws of refraction, , 7.1 Calculate Speed of wave motion, , 15.2, , Understand the meaning of lateral shift, , 15.3, , Understand the meaning of refractive, index of a medium, , 7.2 Understand and write expression for the, Velocity of sound in solid and liquid, , 15.4, , Calculate refractive index of a medium, using angle of incidence and angle of, refraction, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 7.3 Describe Velocity of sound in gas, 7.4 Describe Laplace correction, 7.5 Formulate the effect of temperature,, pressure, humidity on velocity of sound, , 27

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15.5, , Learn the relation between the, refractive indices, , 15.6, , Know the meaning of total internal, reflection and the condition for it, , 15.7, , Understand critical angle and learn the, applications of total internal reflection, , 15.8, , Explain the working principle of optical, fiber, , and their physical meaning, 7.6 Solve numerical problems related to, velocity of sound in the given medium, and condition, , 16. Refraction through prisms:, , 8. Wave in pipes and strings, , 16.1 Understand minimum deviation condition, , 8.1 Understand the formation of stationery, waves in closed and open pipes, , 16.2 Discuss relation between angle of prism,, angle of minimum deviation and, refractive index, , 8.2 Define and understand harmonics and, overtones, , 16.3 Use above relations to find the values of, refractive index of the prism, , 8.3 Discuss harmonics and overtones in, closed and open organ pipes, , 16.4 Understand deviation in small angle, prism and learn its importance in real life, , 8.4 Understand end correction in pipes, 8.5 State and use the formula for velocity of, transverse waves along a stretched, string, 8.6 Understand Vibration of string and, overtones, 8.7 Know the laws of vibration of fixed, string., , 17. Lenses, , 9. Acoustic phenomena:, , 17.1 State properties of Spherical lenses, , 9.1 Describe sound waves as pressure, waves in a medium, , 17.2 State the relation between object distance,, image distance and focal length of a, convex lens, 17.3 Define visual angle and angular, magnification, , 9.2 Characterize the sound using its, intensity, loudness, quality and pitch, 9.3 Discuss Doppler’s effect, , 17.4 Derive Lens maker’s formula and use it, to find focal length, , 9.4 Apply Doppler effect in realistic case, where source and observers are in, relative motion., , 18. Dispersion, , 10. Nature and propagation of Light:, , 18.1, , Understand pure spectrum, , 18.2, , Learn the meaning of dispersive power, , 10.1 Use Huygen's principle to explain, reflection and refraction of light, , 18.3, , Discuss chromatic and spherical, aberration, , 18.4, , Discuss achromatism in lens and its, applications, , 28, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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-, , 11. Interference, 11.1 Explain the Phenomenon of, Interferences, 11.2 Understand the meaning of coherent, sources, 11.3 Describe Young's double slit, experiment and obtain the expression, fro nth order maxima, , -, , 12. Diffraction, 12.1 Describe diffraction at a single slit, 12.2 Understand diffraction pattern of image, and derive the expression for the, position of nth order minima, 12.3 Explain diffraction through, transmission/diffraction grating and use, the formula d sinqn = nl for maxima, 12.4 Explain resolving power of optical, instruments, , -, , 13. Polarization, 13.1 Describe phenomenon of polarization, 13.2 Explain how polarization of light, explains the transverse nature of light, 13.3 State and use Brewster’s law, 13.4 Show the understanding of, construction, working principle and, uses of Potentiometer for comparing, emfs and measuring internal resistance, of cells, Content Area: Electricity and Magnetism, , 19. Electric charges, , 14. Electrical circuits:, , 19.1, , Understand the concept of electric, charge and charge carriers, , 14.1, , 19.2, , Understand the process of charging by, friction and use the concept to explain, related day to day observations, , Understand Kirchhoff’s law as well, as use it to calculate unknown, parameters in electrical circuits, , 14.2, , Describe the circuit diagram and, working of Wheatstone bridge, circuit and understand its importance, in real situation, , 14.3, , Describe Meter bridge and, understand it, , 19.3, , Understand that, for any point outside a, spherical conductor, the charge on the, sphere may be considered to act as a, point charge at its centre, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 29

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19.4, , State Coulomb’s law, , 19.5, , Recall and use 𝐹 =, , for the force, , between two point charges in free space, or air, 19.6, , Compute the magnitude and direction, of the net force acting at a point due to, multiple charges, , 14.4, , Know construction, working and, importance of Potentiometer, , 14.5, , Understand the concept of super, conductors, , 14.6, , Know the meaning of perfect, conductors and distinguish it from, superconductor, , 14.7, , Learn the technique to convert, galvanometer into voltmeter and, ammeter, , 20. Electric field:, , 15. Thermoelectric effects:, , 20.1, , Describe an electric field as a region in, which an electric charge experiences a, force, , 15.1 Explain Seebeck effect and its, application in Thermocouples, , 20.2, , Define electric field strength as force, per unit positive charge acting on a, stationary point charge, , 20.3, , Calculate forces on charges in uniform, electric fields of known strength, , 20.4, , Use 𝐸 =, , 15.2 Show understanding of the, construction and working principle of, thermocouple as a temperature, measuring device, 15.3 Explain Peltier effect, 15.4 Understand the construction and, working of Thermopile, , strength of a point, , charge in free space or air, 20.5, , Illustrate graphically the changes in, electric field strength with respect, distance from a point charge, , 20.6, , Represent an electric field by means of, field lines, , 20.7, , Describe the effect of a uniform electric, field on the motion of charged particles, , 20.8, , Understand the concept of electric flux, of a surface, , 20.9, , State Gauss law and apply it for a field, of a charged sphere and for line charge, , 20.10 Understand that uniform field exists, between charged parallel plates and, sketch the field lines, 21. Potential, potential difference and, potential energy, 21.1, , 30, , Define potential at a point as the work, done per unit positive charge in, bringing a small test charge from, infinity to the point, , 16. Magnetic field:, 16.1 Show understanding of the concept of, magnetic field lines and magnetic flux, and sketch magnetic field lines around, a straight current carrying conductor, and long solenoid, Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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21.2, , Use electron volt as a unit of electric, potential energy, , 16.2 Explain Oersted’s experiment, its, outcome and limitations, , 21.3, , Recall and use 𝑉 =, , 16.3 Discuss force on moving charge in, uniform magnetic field, , for the, , potential in the field of a point charge, 21.4, , Illustrate graphically the variation in, potential along a straight line from the, source charge and understand that the, field strength of the field at a point is, equal to the negative of potential, gradient at that point, , 21.5, , Understand the concept of equipotential, lines and surfaces and relate it to, potential difference between two points, ∆, , Recall and use 𝐸 =, to calculate the, ∆, field strength of the uniform field, between charged parallel plates in, terms of potential difference and, separation, , 21.6, , 16.4 Discuss force on a current carrying, conductor placed in uniform magnetic, field, 16.5 Describe force and Torque on, rectangular coil placed in uniform, magnetic field, 16.6 Describe moving coil galvanometer, and know its applications, 16.7 Explain Hall effect and derive the, expression VH=BI/ntq where t is, thickness, 16.8 Use Hall probe to measure flux, density of a uniform magnetic field, 16.9 State Biot and Savart law and know its, application on (i) a circular coil (ii) a, long straight conductor (iii) a long, solenoid, 16.10 State Ampere’s law and know its, applications to (i) a long straight, conductor (ii) a straight solenoid (ii) a, toroidal solenoid, 16.11 Discuss force between two parallel, conductors carrying current- definition, of ampere, , 22. Capacitor, , 17. Magnetic properties of materials:, , 22.1 capacitance and capacitor, , 17.1 Define relative permeability and, relative susceptibility of a magnetic, material, , a., , Show understanding of the uses of, capacitors in simple electrical circuits, , b., , Define capacitance as the ratio of the, change in an electric charge in a, system to the corresponding change, in its electric potential and associate, it to the ability of a system to store, charge, , c., , Use 𝐶 =, , d., , Relate capacitance to the gradient of, potential-charge graph, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 17.2 Discuss relationship between relative, permeability and susceptibility, 17.3 Discuss Hysteresis of ferromagnetism, 17.4 Understand Dia,-para- and ferromagnetic materials, , 31

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22.2 Parallel plate capacitor, a., , Derive 𝐶 =, 𝐶=, , , using Gauss law and, , , for parallel plate capacitor, , b., , Explain the effect on the capacitance, of parallel plate capacitor of, changing the surface area and, separation of the plates, , c., , Explain the effect of a dielectric in a, parallel plate capacitor in, , 22.3 Combination of capacitors, a., , Derive formula for combined, capacitance for capacitors in series, combinations, , b., , Solve problems related to capacitors, in series combinations, , c., , Derive formula for combined, capacitance for capacitors in parallel, combinations, , d., , Solve problems related to capacitors, in parallel combinations, , 22.4 Energy stored in a charged capacitor, a., , Deduce, from the area under the, potential-charge graph, the equations, 𝐸 = 𝑄𝑉and hence 𝐸 = 𝐶𝑉 for, the average electrical energy of, charged capacitor, , 22.5 Effect of dielectric, b., , Show understanding of a dielectric as, a material that polarizes when, subjected to electric field, , c., , Explain the effect of inserting, dielectric between the plates of a, parallel plate capacitor on its, capacitance, , 23. DC Circuits, , 18. Electromagnetic Induction:, , 23.1 Electric Currents; Drift velocity and its, relation with current, , 18.1, , State and show understanding of, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic, induction, , 18.2, , State and show understanding of, , a., , 32, , Understand the concept that potential, difference between two points in a, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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Lenz’s law, , conductor makes the charge carriers, drift, , 18.3, , b., , Define electric current as the rate of, flow of positive charge, Q = It, , Discuss construction and working of, A.C. generators, , 18.4, , c., , Derive, using Q=It and the definition, of average drift velocity, the, expression I=nAvq where n is the, number density of free charge, carriers, , Define eddy currents, explain how, they arise and give a few examples, where eddy currents are useful and, where they are nuisance, , 18.5, , Describe self-inductance and mutual, inductance and understand their uses, , 18.6, , State the expression for energy, stored in an inductor and use it, wherever needed, , 18.7, , Discuss the construction, working, principle and importance of, transformer, , 18.8, , Discuss the sources of energy loss in, practical transformer, , 23.2 Ohm’s law Ohm’s law; Electrical, Resistance: resistivity and conductivity, a., , Define and apply electric resistance, as the ratio of potential difference to, current, , b., , Define ohm , resistivity and, conductivity, , c., , Use R = ρl /A for a conductor, , d., , Explain, using R = ρl /A, how, changes in dimensions of a, conducting wire works as a variable, resistor, , e., , f., , g., , Show an understanding of the, structure of strain gauge (pressure, sensor) and relate change in pressure, to change in in resistance of the, gauge, Show an understanding of change of, resistance with light intensity of a, light-dependent resistor (the light, sensor), Show an understanding of change of, resistance of n-type thermistor to, change in temperature (electronic, temperature sensor), , 23.3 Current-voltage relations: ohmic and, non-ohmic, a., , Sketch and discuss the I–V, characteristics of a metallic, conductor at constant temperature, a, semiconductor diode and a filament, lamp d) state Ohm’s law, , b., , State Ohm’s law and identify ohmic, and non-ohmic resistors, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 19. Alternating Currents:, 19.1 Understand peak and rms value of AC, current and voltage, 19.2 Discuss AC through a resistor, a, capacitor and an inductor, 19.3 Understand Phasor diagram in RC and, RL circuits, 19.4 Discuss series circuits containing, combination of resistance, capacitance, and inductance, 19.5 Describe series resonance condition, and know its applications, 19.6 Understand the meaning of quality, factor, 19.7 Discuss power in AC circuits and, know the term power factor, , 33

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23.4 Resistances in series and parallel, a., , Derive, using laws of conservation of, charge and conservation of energy, a, formula for the combined resistance, of two or more resistors in parallel, , b., , Solve problems using the formula for, the combined resistance of two or, more resistors in series, , c., , Derive, using laws of conservation of, charge and conservation of energy, a, formula for the combined resistance, of two or more resistors in parallel, , d., , Solve problems using the formula for, the combined resistance of two or, more resistors in series and parallel, to solve simple circuit problems, , 23.5 Potential divider, a., , Understand the principle of a, potential divider circuit as a source of, variable p.d. and use it in simple, circuits, , b., , Explain the use of sensors, (thermistors, light-dependent, resistors and strain gauges) in, potential divider circuit as a source of, potential difference that is dependent, on temperature, illumination and, strain respectively, , 23.6 Electromotive force of a source,, internal resistance, a., , Define electromotive force (e.m.f.) in, terms of the energy transferred by a, source in driving unit charge round a, complete circuit, , b., , Distinguish between e.m.f. and, potential difference (p.d.) in terms of, energy considerations, , c., , Understand the effects of the internal, resistance of a source of e.m.f. on the, terminal potential difference, , 23.7 Work and power in electrical circuit, a., , 34, , Derive from the definition of V and I,, the relation P=IV for power in, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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electric circuit, b., , Use P=IV, , c., , Derive P=I2R for power dissipated in, a resistor of resistance R and use the, formula for solving the problems of, heating effects of electric current, Content Area: Modern Physics, , 24. Nuclear physics, , 20. Electrons, , 24.1, , Explain how nucleus was discovered, , 24.2, , Convey the meaning of mass number,, atomic number, , 20.1 Describe Millikan’s oil drop, experiment and explain how it, suggests quantization of charge, , 24.3, , Calculate the expression of nuclear, density, , 24.4, , Explain the existence of different, isotopes of the same element, , 24.5, , Describe main theme of Einstein’s, mass energy relation and state the, relation, , 24.6, , Explain the meaning of mass defect and, cause of it, , 24.7, , Describe the terms creation and, annihilation, , 24.8, , Derive the relation of binding energy, and binding energy per unit nucleon of, different nuclei, , 24.9, , Plot a graph between BE per nucleon, and mass number of different nuclei, , 20.2 Describe the motion of electrons in, electric and magnetic fields and derive, appropriate mathematical expressions, 20.3 Describe J.J Thomson’s experiment, with suitable diagrams to explain the, discovery of electron and its, characters, 20.4 Solve numerical problems related to, above topics, , 24.10 Define nuclear fusion and fission and, explain the mechanism of energy, release, 24.11 Solve numerical problems related to, nuclear physics, 25. Solids, , 21. Photons, , 25.1, , Distinguish between energy level and, energy band along with the formation, of energy band in solids, , 21.1, , Describe quantum nature of, radiation, , 21.2, , Explain properties of photons, , 25.2, , Differentiate metals, semiconductors,, and conductors on the basis of energy, band, , 21.3, , Describe work function and, photoelectric effect, , 25.3, , Explain the meaning of intrinsic and, , 21.4, , Derive Einstein’s photoelectric, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 35

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extrinsic semiconductors with examples, 25.4, , Explain how p and n type, semiconductors are formed, , 25.5, , Interpret unit related conceptual, questions clearly, , equation, 21.5, , Describe Millikan’s experiment for, the verification of Einstein’s, photoelectric equation and calculate, Planck’s constant, , 21.6, , Solve some related problems, , 26. Recent Trends in Physics, , 22. Semiconductor devices, , 26.1, , Explain elementary particles and, antiparticles, , 22.1 Describe the formation of PN junction, and semiconductor diode, , 26.2, , Classify the particles with examples, , 26.3, , Name different quarks with their, charges and symbols, , 22.2 Plot forward and reverse, characteristics of semiconductor diode, including the concept of Zener diode, , 26.4, , Write quark combination of few, mesons and baryons particles, , 26.5, , Describe leptons with examples, , 26.6, , Explain Big Bang and Hubble’s law, and justify the expansion of the, universe, , 26.7, , Briefly describe dark matter, black hole, and gravitational wave, -, , 22.3 Define rectifier, 22.4 Describe full wave rectification using, semiconductor diodes, 22.5 Define logic gates and explain, operation of different logic gates OR,, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR gates, with their symbol , Boolean algebra, and truth table, 23. Quantization of energy, 23.1 Write the postulates of Bohr’s model, 23.2 Derive the expression of radius of nth, orbit, velocity of electron in nth orbit, and total energy of electron in nth, orbit of H-atom, 23.3 Obtain the expression of wavelength, of a spectral line, 23.4 Obtain mathematical expressions, different spectral series of H-atom, 23.5 Differentiate excitation and ionization, potentials, 23.6 Explain emission and absorption, spectra, 23.7 Describe de Broglie hypothesis, 23.8 Define x-rays, 23.9 Describe modern Coolidge tube, method for the production of x-rays, with quality and quantity, 23.10 Illustrate different properties of x-rays, , 36, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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along with their applications, 23.11 Solve numerical problems related to, quantization of energy, -, , 24. Radioactivity and nuclear reaction, 24.1 Explain the meaning of Radioactivity, – natural and artificial, 24.2 Differentiate types of radiations, coming from radioactive sources –, alpha, beta particles and gamma rays, and state their properties, 24.3 Explain radioactive disintegration law, 24.4 Obtain the expressions of half-life,, decay constant and mean life, 24.5 Explain the working of Geiger-Muller, Tube, 24.6 Analyze some medical uses and health, hazard of nuclear radiation, 24.7 Work out some related numerical, problems, 24.8 Reason conceptual questions, , -, , 25. Recent trends in physics, 25.1 Seismology, a., , Briefly explain the origin of, earthquakes, , b., , Explain different types of surface, waves: Rayleigh and Love waves, , c., , Explain different types of internal, waves: S and P-waves, , d., , Give brief introduction to the wave, patterns of Gorkha Earthquake, 2015, , 25.2 Demonstrate basic ideas on, a. Gravitational Wave, b. Nanotechnology, c. Higgs Boson, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 37

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4. Scope and Sequence of Contents, Grade 11, , Grade 12, , Contents, , TH, , Contents, , TH, , Content Area: Mechanics, 1. Physical Quantities, , 3, , 1.1. Precision and significant figures., Dimensions and uses of, dimensional analysis., , 1. Rotational dynamics, , 7, , 1.1 Equation of angular motion,, Relation between linear and, angular kinematics, , 1.2 Kinetic energy of rotation of, rigid body, , 1.3 Moment of inertia; Radius of, gyration, , 1.4 Moment of inertia of a uniform, rod, , 1.5 Torque and angular acceleration, for a rigid body, , 1.6 Work and power in rotational, motion, , 1.7 Angular momentum,, , conservation of angular, momentum., , 2. Vectors, , 4, , 2., , Periodic motion, , 2.1. Triangle, parallelogram and, polygon laws of vectors, , 2.1 Equation of simple harmonic, motion (SHM), , 2.2. Resolution of vectors; Unit vectors, , 2.2 Energy in SHM, , 2.3. Scalar and vector products., , 2.3 Application of SHM: vertical, oscillation of mass suspended, from coiled spring, , 6, , 2.4 Angular SHM, simple pendulum, 2.5 Oscillatory motion: Damped, oscillation, Forced oscillation, and resonance., 3. Kinematics, 3.1 Instantaneous velocity and, acceleration, , 5, , 3. Fluid statics, , 9, , 3.1 Fluid statics: Pressure in a fluid;, Buoyancy, 3.2 Surface tension: Theory of, , 38, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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3.2 Relative velocity, , surface tension; Surface energy, , 3.3 Equation of motion (graphical, treatment), , 3.3 Angle of contact, capillarity and, its applications, , 3.4 Motion of a freely falling body, , 3.4 Fluid Dynamics: Newton’s, formula for viscosity in a liquid;, Coefficient of viscosity, , 3.5 Projectile motion and its, applications., , 3.5 Poiseuille’s formula and its, application, 3.6 Stokes law and its applications, 3.7 Equation of continuity and its, applications, 3.8 Bernoulli’s equation and its, applications., 4. Dynamics, , 6, , -, , 6, , -, , 6, , -, , 4.1 Linear momentum, Impulse, 4.2 Conservation of linear momentum, 4.3 Application of Newton’s laws, 4.4 Moment, torque and equilibrium, 4.5 Solid friction: Laws of solid friction, and their verifications., 5. Work, energy and power, 5.1 Work done by a constant force and a, variable force, 5.2 Power, 5.3 Work-energy theorem; Kinetic and, potential energy, 5.4 Conservation of Energy, 5.5 Conservative and non-conservative, forces, 5.6 Elastic and inelastic collisions., 6. Circular Motion, 6.1 Angular displacement, velocity and, acceleration, 6.2 Relation between angular and linear, velocity and acceleration, 6.3 Centripetal acceleration, 6.4 Centripetal force, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 39

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6.7 Conical pendulum, 6.8 Motion in a vertical circle, 6.9 Applications of banking., 7. Gravitation, , 10, , -, , 5, , -, , 7.1 Newton’s law of gravitation, 7.2 Gravitational field strength, 7.3 Gravitational potential;, Gravitational potential energy, 7.4 Variation in value of ‘g’ due to, altitude and depth, 7.5 Centre of mass and center of gravity, 7.6 Motion of a satellite: Orbital, velocity and time period of the, satellite, 7.7 Escape velocity, 7.8 Potential and kinetic energy of the, satellite, 7.9 Geostationary satellite, 7.10 GPS, 8. Elasticity, 8.1 Hooke’s law: Force constant, 8.2 Stress; Strain; Elasticity and, plasticity, 8.3 Elastic modulus: Young modulus,, bulk modulus, shear modulus, 8.4 Poisson’s ratio, 8.5 Elastic potential energy., Content Area: Heat and Thermodynamics, 9. Heat and Temperature, , 3, , 4. First Law of Thermodynamics, 4.1 Thermodynamic systems, , 9.1 Molecular concept of thermal, energy, heat and temperature, and, cause and direction of heat flow, , 4.2 Work done during volume, change, , 9.2 Meaning of thermal equilibrium, and Zeroth law of thermodynamics., , 4.3 Heat and work; Internal energy, and First law of thermodynamics, , 9.3 Thermal equilibrium as a working, principle of mercury thermometer., , 4.4 Thermodynamic processes:, Adiabatic, isochoric, isothermal, , 40, , 6, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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10. Thermal Expansion, , 4, , and isobaric, 4.5 Heat capacities of an ideal gas at, constant pressure and volume, and relation between them, , 10.1 Linear expansion and its, measurement, 10.2 Cubical expansion, superficial, expansion and its relation with, linear expansion, , 4.6 Isothermal and Adiabatic, processes for an ideal gas., , 10.3 Liquid Expansion: Absolute and, apparent, 10.4 Dulong and Petit method of, determining expansivity of liquid, 11. Quantity of Heat, , 6, , 5. Second Law of Thermodynamics, , 11.2 Measurement of specific heat, capacity of solids and liquids, , 5.1 Thermodynamic systems and, direction of thermodynamic, processes, , 11.3 Change of phases: Latent heat, , 5.2 Second law of thermodynamics, , 11.4 Specific latent heat of fusion and, vaporization, , 5.3 Heat engines, , 11.1 Newton’s law of cooling, , 11.5 Measurement of specific latent, heat of fusion and vaporization, , 5.4 Internal combustion engines:, Otto cycle, Diesel cycle; Carnot, cycle, , 11.6 Triple point, , 5.5 Refrigerator, , 6, , 5.6 Entropy and disorder, (introduction only), 12. Rate of heat flow, , 5, , -, , 8, , -, , 12.1 Conduction: Thermal conductivity, and measurement, 12.2 Convection, 12.3 Radiation: Ideal radiator, 12.4 Black- body radiation, 12.5 Stefan – Boltzmann law., 13. Ideal gas, 13.1 Ideal gas equation, 13.2 Molecular properties of matter, 13.3 Kinetic-molecular model of an, ideal gas, 13.4 Derivation of pressure exerted by, gas,, 13.5 Average translational kinetic, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 41

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energy of gas molecule, 13.6 Boltzmann constant, root mean, square speed, 13.7 Heat capacities: gases and solids., Content Area: Waves & Optics, 14. Reflection at curved mirror, , 2, , 6. Wave motion, , 14.1 Real and Virtual images., , 6.1 Progressive waves, , 14.2 Mirror formula, , 6.2 Mathematical description of a, wave, , 2, , 6.3 Stationary waves, 15. Refraction at plane surfaces, , 4, , 7. Mechanical waves, , 15.1 Laws of refraction: Refractive, index, , 7.1 Speed of wave motion; Velocity, of sound in solid and liquid, , 15.2 Relation between refractive indices, , 7.2 Velocity of sound in gas, , 15.3 Lateral shift, , 7.3 Laplace’s correction, , 15.4 Total internal reflection., , 7.4 Effect of temperature, pressure,, humidity on velocity of sound., , 16. Refraction through prisms, , 3, , 16.1 Minimum deviation condition, , 8. Wave in pipes and strings, , 4, , 4, , 8.1 Stationary waves in closed and, open pipes, , 16.2 Relation between Angle of prism,, minimum deviation and, refractive index, , 8.2 Harmonics and overtones in, closed and open organ pipes, , 16.3 Deviation in small angle prism., , 8.3 End correction in pipes, 8.4 Velocity of transverse waves, along a stretched string, 8.5 Vibration of string and overtones, 8.6 Laws of vibration of fixed string., , 17. Lenses, , 3, , 9. Acoustic phenomena, , 17.1 Spherical lenses, angular, magnification, , 9.1 Sound waves: Pressure, amplitude, , 17.2 Lens maker’s formula, , 9.2 Characteristics of sound:, Intensity; loudness, quality and, pitch, , 17.3 Power of a lens, , 5, , 9.3 Doppler’s effect., 18. Dispersion, 18.1 Pure spectrum and dispersive, , 42, , 3, , 10. Nature and propagation of, light, , 3, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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power, , 10.1 Huygen’s principle, , 18.2 Chromatic and spherical aberration, , 10.2 Reflection and Refraction, according to wave theory, , 18.3 Achromatism and its applications, -, , 11. Interference, , 2, , 11.1 Phenomenon of Interferences:, Coherent sources, 11.2 Young’s double slit, experiment., -, , 12. Diffraction, , 3, , 12.1 Diffraction from a single slit, 12.2 Diffraction pattern of image;, Diffraction grating, 12.3 Resolving power of optical, instruments., -, , 13. Polarization, , 3, , 13.1 Phenomenon of polarization, 13.2 Brewster’s law; transverse, nature of light, 13.3 Polaroid., Content Area: Electricity & Magnetism, 19. Electric Charges, , 3, , 14. Electrical circuits, , 19.1 Electric charges, , 14.1 Kirchhoff’s law, , 19.2 Charging by induction, , 14.2 Wheatstone bridge circuit;, Meter bridge, , 19.3 Coulomb’s law- Force between, two point charges, , 6, , 14.3 Potentiometer: Comparison of, e.m.f., measurement, , 19.4 Force between multiple electric, charges., , of internal resistances of a cell, 14.4 Super conductors; Perfect, conductors, 14.5 Conversion of galvanometer, into voltmeter and, ammeter; Ohmmeter, 14.6 Joule’s law, , 20. Electric field, , 3, , 20.1 Electric field due to point charges;, Field lines, Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 15. Thermoelectric effects:, , 3, , 15.1 Seebeck effect; Thermocouples, 15.2 Peltier effect: Variation of, , 43

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20.2 Gauss Law: Electric Flux, , thermoelectric e.m.f., , 20.3 Application of Gauss law: Field, of a charge sphere, line, charge, charged plane conductor, 21. Potential, potential difference, and potential energy, , with temperature; Thermopile, , 4, , 16. Magnetic field, , 9, , 16.1 Magnetic field lines and, magnetic flux; Oersted’s, , 21.1 Potential difference, Potential due, to a point, Charge, potential, energy, electron volt, , experiment, 16.2 Force on moving charge; Force, on a conductor, , 21.2 Equipotential lines and surfaces, 21.3 Potential gradient, , 16.3 Force and Torque on, rectangular coil, Moving coil, galvanometer, 16.4 Hall effect, 16.5 Magnetic field of a moving, charge, 16.6 Biot and Savart law and its, application to (i) a, circular coil (ii) a long straight, conductor (iii) a, long solenoid, 16.7 Ampere’s law and its, applications to (i) a long, straight conductor (ii) a, straight solenoid (ii) a, toroidal solenoid, 16.8 Force between two parallel, conductors carrying, current- definition of ampere, , 22. Capacitor, 22.1 Capacitance and capacitor, 22.2 Parallel plate capacitor, 22.3 Combination of capacitors, 22.4 Energy of charged capacitor, 22.5 Effect of a dielectric Polarization, and displacement., , 7, , 17. Magnetic properties of, materials:, , 5, , 17.1 Magnetic field lines and, magnetic flux, 17.2 Flux density in magnetic, material; Relative, permeability; Susceptibility, 17.3 Hysteresis, 17.4 Dia,-para- and ferro-magnetic, , 44, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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materials., 10, , 23. DC Circuits, , 18. Electromagnetic Induction:, , 23.1 Electric Currents; Drift velocity, and its relation with current, , 18.1 Faraday’s laws; Induced, electric fields, , 23.2 Ohm’s law; Electrical Resistance;, Resistivity; Conductivity, , 18.2 Lenz’s law, Motional, electromotive force, , 23.3 Current-voltage relations; Ohmic, and Non-Ohmic resistance, , 18.3 A.C. generators; Eddy currents, , 23.4 Resistances in series and parallel,, , 18.4 Self-inductance and mutual, inductance, , 23.5 Potential divider, , 18.5 Energy stored in an inductor, , 6, , 18.6 Transformer., , 23.6 Electromotive force of a source,, internal resistance, 23.7 Work and power in electrical, circuits, -, , 19. Alternating Currents, , 6, , 19.1 Peak and rms value of AC, current and voltage, 19.2 AC through a resistor, a, capacitor and an inductor, 19.3 Phasor diagram, 19.4 Series circuits containing, combination of, resistance, capacitance and, inductance, 19.5 Series resonance, quality factor, 19.6 Power in AC circuits: power, factor, Content Area : Modern Physics, 24. Nuclear physics, , 6, , 20. Electrons, , 24.1 Nucleus: Discovery of nucleus, , 20.1 Milikan’s oil drop experiment,, , 24.2 Nuclear density; Mass number;, Atomic number, , 20.2 Motion of electron beam in, electric and magnetic, , 24.3 Atomic mass; Isotopes, 24.4 Einstein’s mass-energy relation, 24.5 Mass Defect, packing fraction, BE, per nucleon, , 4, , fields, 20.3 Thomson’s experiment to, determine specific charge of, electrons, , 24.6 Creation and annihilation, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 45

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24.7 Nuclear fission and fusion, energy, released, 3, , 25. Solids, , 21. Photons, , 25.1 Energy bands in solids (qualitative, ideas), , 21.1 Quantum nature of radiation, , 25.2 Difference between metals,, insulators and semi-conductors, using band theory, , 21.2 Einstein’s photoelectric, equation; Stopping, , 25.3 Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, , 21.3 Measurement of Plank’s, constant, , 26. Recent Trends in physics, 26.1 Particle physics: Particles and, antiparticles, Quarks (baryons, and meson) and leptons, (neutrinos), 26.2 Universe: Big Bang and Hubble, law: expansion of the Universe,, Dark matter, Black Hole and, gravitational wave, -, , 3, , potential, , 6, , 22. Semiconductor devices, , 6, , 22.1 P-N Junction, 22.2 Semiconductor diode:, Characteristics in forward, and reverse bias, 22.3 Full wave rectification, 22.4 Logic gates; NOT, OR, AND,, NAND and NOR., 23. Quantization of energy, , 8, , 23.1 Bohr’s theory of hydrogen, atom, 23.2 Spectral series; Excitation and, ionization potentials, 23.3 Energy level; Emission and, absorption spectra, 23.4 De Broglie Theory; Duality, 23.5 Uncertainly principle, 23.6 X-rays: Nature and production;, uses, 23.7 X-rays diffraction, Bragg’s law., -, , 24. Radioactivity and nuclear, reaction, , 6, , 24.1 Alpha-particles; Beta-particles,, Gamma rays, 24.2 Laws of radioactive, disintegration, 24.3 Half-life, mean-life and decay, , 46, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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constant, 24.4 Geiger-Muller Tube, 24.5 Carbon dating, 24.6 Medical use of nuclear, radiation and possible health, hazard., -, , 25. Recent trends in physics, , 6, , Seismology:, 25.1 Surface waves: Rayleigh and, Love waves, Internal waves: S and P-waves, Wave patterns of Gorkha, Earthquake 2015, 25.2 Gravitational Wave, Nanotechnology, Higgs Boson, 128, , 5. Practical Courses, , 128, , [32 Hours], , The practical work that students do during their course is aimed at providing them learning, opportunities to accomplish competency number 2 and 3 of the syllabus as well as reinforcing their, learning of the theoretical subject content. This part of the syllabus focuses more on skill building, than knowledge building. Students must be aware of the importance of precision, accuracy,, significant figures, range and errors while collecting, processing, analyzing and communicating, data. Likewise, graphical method of analysis and drawing conclusion should be encouraged, wherever possible., Students should, , 1. learn to use metre rule for measuring length, Vernier-calipers for measuring small, thicknesses, internal and external diameters of cylindrical objects and depths of holes,, spherometer for measuring radius of curvature of spherical surfaces and micrometer, screw-gauge for measuring diameter of small spherical or cylindrical objects and very, small thicknesses, traveling microscope with Vernier scale for measuring small distances,, top-pan balance for measuring small masses, stop watch for measuring time interval,, laboratory thermometer for measuring temperature, protractor for measuring angle),, ammeter and milli-ammeter for measuring electric current and voltmeter for measuring, electric potential difference., , 2. learn to measure precisely up to the least count of the measuring instrumentmetre rule – 0.001m or 1 mm, Vernier calipers - 0.1 mm, Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 47

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Spherometer - 0.01 mm, micrometer screw gauge - 0.01 mm, stop watch - 0.01s, laboratory thermometer - 0.5oC, protractor - 1o, , 3. learn to repeat readings and take the average value, 4. learn to draw a standard table, with appropriate heading and unit for every column for, storing data, , 5. learn to plot a graph using standard format, draw suitable trend lines, determine gradient,, intercepts and area and use them to draw appropriate conclusion, , 6. learn to estimate and handle uncertainties., In each academic year, students should perform 10 experiments, either listed below or designed by, teacher, so that no more than three experiments come from the same unit of this syllabus., a) Practical Activities for Grade 11, I. Mechanics, 1., , Verify the law of moments by graphically analyzing the relation between clockwise, moment and anticlockwise moment on a half metre rule suspended at the cerntre by a, string., , 2., , Determination of the coefficient of friction for the two surfaces by graphically analyzing, how minimum force needed to set a trolley resting on plan horizontal surface to motion, varies with its mass., , 3., , Determination of young modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire by, graphically analyzing the variation of tensile force with respect to extension produced, by it., , II. Heat, 4., , Use of Pullinger’s apparatus for the Determination of the linear, expansivity of a rod., , 5., , Use of Regnault’s apparatus to determination of the specific heat capacity of a solid by, the method of mixture., , 6., , Determination of the thermal conductivity of a good conductor by Searle’s method., , III. Geometrical Optics, , 48, , 7., , Use of rectangular glass slab to determine the thickness of the slab by, graphically analyzing how lateral shift varies with the angle of, incidence., , 8., , Use of Travelling Microscope for the determination of the refractive index of glass slab, by graphically analyzing how apparent depth varies with the real depth for glass plates, of different thicknesses., , 9., , Determination of the focal length of a concave mirror by graphically analyzing the, variation of image distance with respect to object distance., , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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IV. Current electricity, 10. Verification of Ohm’s law and determination of resistance of a thin-film resistor by, graphical analysis of variation of electric current in the resistor with respect to potential, difference across it., 11. Determination of resistivity of a metal wire by graphical analysis of variation of, electric current through a metal wire against its length., 1., , b), , Investigation of I-V characteristics of a heating coil by graphically analyzing the, variation of electric current though a light bulb with respect to the potential difference, across it., , Sample project works for grade 11, 1., , Study the variation in the range of a jet of water with angle of projection, , 2., , Study the factors affecting the rate of loss of heat of a liquid, , 3., , Study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens using a candle and a, screen., , 4., , Study of uses of alternative energy sources in Nepal, , 5., , Study of energy consumption patterns in the neighborhood., , 6., , Study of study of electricity consumption pattern in the neighborhood., , 7., , Study of application of laws and principle of physics in any indigenous technology., , 8., , Verification of the laws of solid friction., , 9., , Study the temperature dependence of refractive index of different liquids using a hollow, prism and laser beam., , 10. Study the frequency dependence of refractive index of glass using a glass prism and, white light beam., c), , d), , Some examples of innovative works for grade 11, 1., , Construct a hygrometer using dry and wet bulb thermometers and use it to measure, relative humidity of a given place., , 2., , Design and construct a system to demonstrate the phenomenon of total internal, reflection (TIR) of a laser beam through a jet of water., , 3., , Construct a digital Newton meter using the concept of potential divider., , Practical Activities for Grade 12, , I. Mechanics, , 1., , Use of Simple pendulum for the determination of the value of ‘g’ in the laboratory by, graphically analyzing the variation of period of oscillations with length of the, pendulum., , 2., , Determination of the surface tension of water by capillary tube method by graphically, analyzing the variation of by graphically analyzing the variation of height of the liquid, against the diameter of capillary tube for five capillaries of different diameters dipped in, water simultaneously., , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 49

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3., , Determination of the coefficient of viscosity of liquid by Stoke’s method by graphically, analyzing the variation of time taken for six metal balls of different diameters to travel, the same distance in the given liquid with respect to their diameters., , II. Wave and Optics, 4., , Determination of the wavelength of He-Ne laser light by passing a plane diffraction, grating., , 5., , Determination of the frequency of A.C. Mains using sonometer and graphically, analyzing the variation of the ratio of resonating lengths with respect to the frequency of, tuning fork using tuning forks of different frequencies., , 6., , Determination of velocity of sound in air at NTP using resonance tube., , III. Electricity and magnetism, 7. Use of potentiometer for the, , a) Comparison of emf’s of two cells, b) Determination of the internal resistance of a cell, 8. Study the variation or resistance of a thermistor with temperature., 1., , Use of deflection magnetometer to determination of the pole strength and, magnetic moment of a bar magnet, , 2., , Determine the magnetic field strength of a bar magnet stuck on table by, graphically analyzing the period of torsional motion of a freely suspended bar, magnet and its distance from the near pole of the fixed magnet along its long axis., , IV. Modern Physics, 11. Study the I-V characteristics of a semiconductor diode., e) Sample project works for grade 12, 1., , Study the traffic noise level in your town using a sound pressure level (SPL) meter., , 2., , Design and construct a step-up transformer., , 3., , Construct a simple device to measure angle of contact of a liquid with a solid surface, and also calculate the surface free energy of some hydrophobic and hydrophilic, surfaces., , 4., , Calculate the surface free energy of some hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces., , 5., , Construct a simple DC motor using a disk type magnet and a battery., , 6., , Construct a model of AC generator/dynamo., , 7., , Construct a current balance to measure magnetic flux density of a U-shaped magnet., , 8., , Construction of a step down transformer attached with a full wave rectifier made from, semiconductor diodes., , f) Some examples of innovative works for grade 12, 1., , 50, , Construct a thermocouple thermometer and use it to investigate how temperature of a, Bunsen burner flame changes with the height of the flame from the top of the burner., , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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2., , Study of the status of hydroelectricity in Nepal., , 3., , Study of application of laws and principle of physics in any indigenous technology., , 4., , Verify Joule’ law., , 5., , Investigation on Peltier effect., , 6., , History of space exploration, , 7., , Study on history of nuclear power in Asia, , 6. Learning Facilitation Method and Process, Students should be facilitated to learn rather than just accumulation of information. Teacher plays, vital role for delivering subject matters although others' role is also important. Student centered, teaching-learning process is highly emphasized. Students are supposed to adopt multiple pathway, of learning, such as online search, field visit, library work, laboratory work, individual and group, work, research work etc. with the support of teacher. Self-study by students is highly encouraged, and learning should not be confined to the scope of curriculum. Teacher should keep in mind intra, and inter-disciplinary approach to teaching and learning, as opposed to compartmentalization of, knowledge. Supportive role of parents/guardians in creating conducive environment for promoting, the spirit of inquiry and creativity in students' learning i anticipated., During the delivery process of science teaching in grade 11 and 12, basically following three, approaches will be adopted;, , Conceptual/Theoritical, , Practical/Appication/Experim, ental, , Project works, , Knowledge of content, (fact,terminology,definitio, ns,learning procedures, Understanding of content (, concept,ideas, ,theories,priciples,, , Lab. based practical, work, , Research work (survey and, mini research), , science process and, equipment handling, skills building, , innovative work or, experiential learning, , 3.5 credit hrs spent for, understanding of content, , 1 credit hr spent for, experiment, , connection to theory and, application, 0.5 credit hr spent in field, work, , a) Conceptual/Theoretical Approach, Possible theoretical methods of delivery may include the following;, , , lecture, , , , interaction, , , , question answer, , , , demonstrations, , , , ICT based instructions, , , , cooperative learning, , , , group discussions (satellite learning group, peer group, small and large group), , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 51

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, , debate, , , , seminar presentation, , , , Journal publishing, , , , daily assignment, , b), , Practical/Application/Experimental approach, , Practical work is the integral part of the learning science. The process of lab based practical work, comprises as;, , , familiarity with objective of practical work, , , , familiarity with materials, chemicals, apparatus, , , , familiarity with lab process (safety, working modality etc.), , , , conduction of practical work (systematically following the given instruction), , , , analysis, interpretation and drawing conclusion, , c), , Project work Approach, , Project work is an integral part of the science learning. Students should be involved in project, work to foster self-learning of students in the both theoretical and practical contents. Students will, complete project work to have practical idea through learning by doing approach and able to, connect the theory into the real world context. It is regarded as method/ process of learning rather, than content itself. So use of project work method to facilitate any appropriate contents of this, curriculum is highly encouraged., In this approach student will conduct at least one research work, or an innovative work under, the guidance of teacher, using the knowledge and skills learnt. It could include any of the, followings;, (a) Mini research, (b) Survey, (c) Model construction, (d) Paper based work, (e) study of ethno-science, General process of research work embraces the following steps;, , , Understanding the objective of the research, , , , Planning and designing, , , , Collecting information, , , , analysis and interpretation, , , , Reporting /communicating (presentation, via visual aids, written report, graphical etc.), , General process of innovative work embraces the following steps;, , 52, , , , identification of innovative task (either assigned by teacher or proposed by student), , , , planning, , , , performing the task, Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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, , presentation of the work, , , , Record keeping of the work, , Students are free to choose any topic listed in this curriculum or a topic suggested by teacher, provided that it is within the theoretical contents of the Curriculum. However, repetition of, topic should be discouraged., Learning process matrix, Knowledge and understanding, , Scientific skills and process, , Values,, attitudes, and, application to daily life, , , , Scientific, phenomenon,, facts,, definition,, principles,, theory,, concepts, and, new, discoveries, , , , , , Responsible, , , , Spending time, investigation, , , , Scientific, vocabulary,, glossary and terminology, , , , Investigation, , , , Creative thinking, , , , Scientific tools, devises,, instruments apparatus, , , , problem solving, , , , Techniques of uses of, scientific instruments with, safety, , , , Scientific, and, technological applications, , Basic and integrated, scientific process skills, , Process, , for, , Basic Science Process Skills includes,, 1., , Observing: using senses to gather information about an object or event. It is description of, what was actually perceived., , 2., , Measuring: comparing unknown physical quantity with known quantity (standard unit) of, same type., , 3., , Inferring: formulating assumptions or possible explanations based upon observations., , 4., , Classifying: grouping or ordering objects or events into categories based upon characteristics, or defined criteria., , 5., , Predicting: guessing the most likely outcome of a future event based upon a pattern of, evidence., , 6., , Communicating: using words, symbols, or graphics to describe an object, action or event., , Integrated Science Process Skills includes,, 1., , Formulating hypotheses: determination of the proposed solutions or expected outcomes for, experiments. These proposed solutions to a problem must be testable., , 2., , Identifying of variables: Identification of the changeable factors (independent and dependent, variables) that can affect an experiment., , 3., , Defining variables operationally: explaining how to measure a variable in an experiment., , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 53

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4., , Describing relationships between variables: explaining relationships between variables in an, experiment such as between the independent and dependent variables., , 5., , Designing investigations: designing an experiment by identifying materials and describing, appropriate steps in a procedure to test a hypothesis., , 6., , Experimenting: carrying out an experiment by carefully following directions of the, procedure so the results can be verified by repeating the procedure several times., , 7., , Acquiring data: collecting qualitative and quantitative data as observations and, measurements., , 8., , Organizing data in tables and graphs: presenting collected data in tables and graphs., , 9., , Analyzing investigations and their data: interpreting data, identifying errors, evaluating the, hypothesis, formulating conclusions, and recommending further testing where necessary., , 10. Understanding cause and effect relationships: understanding what caused what to happen and, why., 11. Formulating models: recognizing patterns in data and making comparisons to familiar, objects or ideas., 7. Student Assessment, Evaluation is an integral part of learning process. Both formative and summative modes of, evaluation are emphasized. Formative evaluation will be conducted so as to provide regular, feedback for students, teachers and parents/guardians about how student learning is. Class tests,, unit tests, oral question-answer, home assignment etc. are some ways of formative evaluation., There will be separate evaluation of theoretical and practical learning. Summative evaluation, embraces theoretical examination, practical examination and evaluation of research work or, innovative work., (a) Internal Evaluation, Out of 100 full marks Internal evaluation covers 25 marks. Internal evaluation consists of Practical, work (16 marks), (b) Marks from trimester examinations (6 marks), and (c) Classroom, participation (3 marks), , , Practical Activities, , Practical work and project work should be based on list of activities mentioned in this curriculum, or designed by the teacher. Mark distribution for practical work and project work will be as, follows:, S., N., 1., , 54, , Criteria, , Elaboration of criteria, , Marks, , Laboratory, experiment, , Correctness of apparatus setup/preparation, , 2, , Observation/Experimentation, , 2, , Tabulation, , 1, , Data processing and Analysis, , 1, , Conclusion (Value of constants or prediction with, , 1, , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics)

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justification), , 2., , Viva-voce, , 3., , Practical, records, attendance, , 4, , Project work, , work, and, , Handling of errors/precaution, , 1, , Understanding of objective of the experiment, , 1, , Skills of the handling of apparatus in use, , 1, , Overall impression, , 1, , Records (number and quality), , 2, , Reports (background, objective, methodology, finding,, conclusion, , 2, , Presentation, , 1, , Total, , 16, , Note: (i) Practical examination will be conducted in the presence of internal and external, supervisors. Evaluation of laboratory experiment will focus both the product of work, and skills competencies of student in using apparatus., (ii) Project work assessment is the internal assessment of reports and presentation of, their project works either individually or group basis. In case of group presentation,, every member of the group should submit a short reflection on the presented report in, their own language. Records of project works must be attested by external supervisor., , , Marks from trimester examinations, Total of 6 marks; 3 marks from each trimester., , , , Classroom participation (3 marks), , Classroom participation includes attendance (1) and participation in learning (2)., (b) External Evaluation, Out of 100 marks theoretical evaluation covers 75 marks. The tool for external evaluation of, theoretical learning will be a written examination. Questions for the external examination will be, based on the specification grid developed by Curriculum Development Centre. Examination, question paper will be developed using various levels of revised Bloom's taxonomy including, remembering level, understanding level, application level and higher ability (such as analyzing,, evaluating, creating)., , Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 (Physics), , 55