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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , Introduction to Communication Unit 1, Defining Communication, , , , , , , Definition, o Transmission of messages and ideas, o Basic Elements: Sender, Message, Receiver, Etymological root of Communication is from Latin Word Communis means ‘common’., Isolation of a person from community is called Excommunication., Bee Dance: Waggle Dance :‐ Sometimes it is an 8 or an oval shape to indicate the distance, and directions of flowers. Bee dance is also known as 'Waggle Dance'., , Aristotle’s Concept of Communication, , , , , , Aristotle : Ancient Greek Scholar, Year: 2300 years ago, His famous form of Communication: Rhetoric: Public Speech., Five Elements of Communication:, a. Speaker: Sender, b. The Speech: Message, c. The Audience: Receivers, d. The Occasion : Context, e. The Effect: Consequence, f. Aristotle Model: Figure, , Lasswell formula, , , , , , Harold Dwight Lasswell: American Political Scientist and Communication Scholar., Lived between: February 13, 1902 to December 18, 1978, Communication formula formed in 1930s, He was a professor at Yale University in Law and president of American Political Science, Association.,  Famous Communication theory work: Propaganda Technique in the World War.,  It was used by Adolf Hitler during the World War,  Lasswell Formula of Communication:, a. A question format, b. Who?, c. Says What?, d. In Which Channel?, e. To Whom?, f. With What Effect?, 2. Graphical representation includes elements., a. Communicator : Sender, b. Message, c. Medium : Channel, d. Receiver, e. Effect

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , Elements of communication, The shift in communication technology over time changed the very process of communication in, various ways, adding new elements or skipping the existing ones., Communication is the expressions that we send and receive from our environment. It is a dynamic, process that involves a series of activities such as observations, actions, reactions, postures, gestures, and so on., There are certain elements inevitable in a communication process. They are:, 1. Sender, 2. Message, 3. Channel, 4. Receiver, 5. Feedback, 6. Noise, 7. Context, 8. Effect, Sender, , , , , The idea generating source of communication is called sender., He / She initiates the communication process., Sender creates messages from the ideas born in his mind. So sender is also known as the, source.,  In mass communication, the sender can be an individual or a group of people. A reporter or, a team of professionals comprising of editors, designers, artists, technicians and presenters, can be called the senders in a television broadcast.,  Encoding is the process of transferring ideas into the form of signals or messages and then, transmits them through a channel., Example of Encoding: A Writer, , , , , First he or she decides the topic for his article, He then encodes it into a language (the text), Finally transmits it by writing the content., , Message, , , Message is anything that is sent or received through the sensory channels in a, communication process.,  They can be verbal and nonverbal.,  Verbal messages are the written or spoken words in a language.,  Nonverbal messages can be the dress code, gestures, posters, tone and pitch variations of, sound, colour and space., Channel, , , , , Channel is the medium that carries the message from a sender to receiver., In a face‐to‐face situation, air is the channel., The air carries sound waves from the sender's mouth to the ears of the receivers. In mass, communication, the mass media like newspapers, radio and television work as channels.,  In the case of telephone, the telecommunication system is the channel., Receiver, , , , , Receiver is the actual recipient of messages in a communication process., After receiving the message he decodes the message., Decoding is the process of interpreting the message sent by the source.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, ,  Through decoding the meaning of the message is created in the mind of the receiver., Feedback, , , , , , Feedback is the response to the sender's message by the receiver., After interpreting the meaning of a message, the receiver encodes his response into another, message. Then it is sent to the sender through a medium., In a classroom, students raise doubts or nod their heads in agreement to what the teacher, had already communicated to them., The act of accessing one's own message is self‐feedback. That is, a speaker hears his own, words as he speaks., , Noise,  Noise in communication refers to anything that distorts or interferes with the message.,  Noise occurs in all forms of communication.,  They are also called barriers to communication., A situation to know the impact of noise on communication. You are attending a marriage party., Anything that hinders the flow of communication process may be termed as a noise or barrier., Different types of noise., Channel noise‐,  Any disturbance that occurs to the medium.,  When a weak signal may result in poor reception, it is called channel noise., Psychological noise‐,  Anything that interferes with the psyche of the participants of a communication process.,  At the time of a personal interview for a job, candidate's fear becomes a psychological noise.,  The fear can affect the flow of his talk and overall performance badly., Semantic noise‐,  Any problem related to language.,  Unfamiliar words, complex sentences, poor grammar etc. create semantic noise., Contextual noise‐,  Sometimes a situation itself is a barrier to communication.,  For example one cannot talk casually in an official meeting., Context, , , , , , Effect, , , , , , Context is the situation where a communication activity takes place., Communication always occurs within a context., The context defines the nature of every communication., It can restrict or complement your mode of communication., For example, your behaviour in a classroom will be different from that of a playground., The consequences of communication process are termed as effects., Every act of communication makes some effects on its participants., The effect may be positive or negative., A successful communication process achieves the desired effect., , Levels of communication, Depending on the number and nature of persons involved, communication attains different levels, and in some cases requires various technologies.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , The levels of communication are:, 1. Intrapersonal communication, 2. Interpersonal communication, 3. Group communication, 4. Public communication, 5. Mass communication, Intrapersonal communication, , , , , , , Communication that takes place within the self is called intrapersonal communication., The individual functions here as both source and receiver., Daydreaming, meditation and interior monologues are examples., Some may claim the experiences of conversing with the divine or invisible forces. Such, intrapersonal communication experience is called transpersonal communication.,  Intrapersonal communication involves different levels like internal discourse, solo vocal, communication and solo written communication.,  Internal discourse involves thinking, concentration and analysis.,  E.g.: to rehearse a message intended for others like practice for public speech.,  Solo vocal communication includes speaking aloud to oneself or writing not intended for, others. Example: An entry in your diary.,  The basis for intrapersonal communication is self‐awareness which defines how one sees, him/her and is viewing others.,  Our self‐awareness is based on three factors: beliefs, values and attitudes.,  Belief is our basic personal views towards what is good or bad and true or false.,  Values are deep‐rooted orientations and ideals, based on our beliefs.,  Attitudes are learned inclinations towards or against a topic.,  Ideas and actions are consistent with values.,  To be a better communicator, one must be aware of oneself., Interpersonal communication, , , , , , , , , Interpersonal communication is interaction between or among persons to exchange ideas,, feelings and thoughts through verbal and nonverbal messages., It is personal, two‐way, and intimate, and mostly face‐ to‐face, hence the most effective, one., Two or more persons or a small group may involve in interpersonal communication., If interpersonal communication occurs between two individuals it is called dyadic, communication., Interpersonal communication can be direct or indirect., Direct interpersonal communication involves a direct face‐to‐face relationship between the, sender and receiver, who are in an interdependent relationship.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , , , Mediated interpersonal communication involves technology that assists or links the sender, and receiver of messages.,  Telephonic conversation, internet chatting, and video talk are examples of mediated, interpersonal communication., Group communication, , , , , , , Group communication occurs among group members., What is a group?, Collection of individuals becomes a group when they have common goals of gathering., According to Joseph A. DeVito,, 'A group is a collection of individuals, few enough in number so that all members may, communicate with relative ease as both senders and receivers, who are related to each other, by some common purpose and with some degree of organization or structure among them'.,  The best example is your class room itself.,  In group situations, one person communicates with many persons, or many persons, communicate with one person or many persons communicate with all or many in the group.,  Group communication is effective when organized with specific agenda and enough, homework.,  It is relatively direct, intimate and effective and has room for adequate feedback., Public communication, , , In public communication, speaker or speakers address a comparatively large audience with a, relatively continuous discourse, in a face ‐ to ‐ face or mediated situation.,  General body meetings of organizations and public gatherings organized by political parties, are examples of face to face public communication.,  Speaker's social position, presentation skills, knowledge of the topic and the audience make, the communication effective.,  But, feedback is very minimal in public communication., Mass communication, , , Mass communication is disseminating information, ideas and attitudes to a large audience,, using mass media.,  The concept of mass in mass communication means large, anonymous, heterogeneous and, widely dispersed audience.,  The mass may be constituted by different unorganized societies based on language, culture,, ethnicity, profession, religion etc.,  Mass media refers to the channels of communications such as newspapers, magazines,, television, radio, film and multimedia web sites which are following the rules and regulations, of the governments., Characteristics of mass communication, , , , Any communication originated from a source and received by many people in different, places is known as mass communication., Quick and simultaneous delivery of messages to the larger audiences is the unique feature, of mass communication.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , , , , , , , , , , , , , In mass communication, the most essential component is mass medium that disseminates, messages to a large audience worldwide simultaneously in a responsible and systematic, way., Mass media system is a complex entity which involves advanced technology, rules and, regulations, codes and ethics, business interests and social responsibility., By delivering messages worldwide simultaneously, mass communication offers a public, experience ensuring everyone access to mass media, depending on his/her economic power,, literacy level and willingness., Most often we form our opinion on public issues taking ideas from mass media. Thus they, share a common understanding and experience, contributing a lot to create a global culture., In mass communication messages are not delivered directly from source to receivers, as we, see in interpersonal communication., Mass media messages are filtered by a professional team comprising reporters, editors and, regulators like censor boards. This process is called gate keeping., People consider mass media as authentic information sources. Thus mass media messages, have the power to force people to think in favour or against an idea, ideology, product,, fashion and life style., However it may be remembered that the mass media messages are perishable and exhaust, immediately after use., Immediate feedback is not possible with television anchors or newspaper editors or radio, presenters., If you write a letter to the Editor, it will take some hours to get it published in the, newspaper., You have to use some technical devices to participate in phone‐in programmes of television, or radio. It means, feedback is not easy or immediate in mass communication like the, feedback in interpersonal or group communication. However, with the development in, communication technology, feedback has been easier than ever before.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , Unit 2, Mass Media and Society, Introduction,  The basic mission of mass media is to create ties in human Society.,  Role functions of mass media: they inform, entertain, educate, set social agenda, shape, our political system from public opinion, support public demands, reveal social realities,, transmit culture, create new trends and prosper cultural values., The classification of mass media is done on the basis of their:, , , , , Physical form, Technology involved, The nature of the communication process., , Four types of Mass Media:,  Traditional Media,  Print Media,  Electronic Media,  New Media, Traditional media, , , Traditional media are the oldest of all other media and are connected with the folk art, forms of the society.,  They connect people with their rich heritage and tell the stories of the past to the, present generation.,  The folk art forms are closely related with the rituals of agrarian and marginalized, groups., These traditional art forms like songs, dances and other performance in such societies are, considered as traditional media since they inform, educate and entertain people by oral, tradition.,  The origin of rural theatre and street drama is rooted in folk art forms., Kerala has a rich collection of folk art forms. Theyyam, Thira, Chavittu Nadakam, Pulluvanpattu,, Thumbithullal, Kalampattu, Balikkalam, Kakkarassi Nadakam, Kalamezhuthu, Nagappattu,, Oppana, Kolkali, Dufmuttu, Arabanamuttu, Mudiyettu, Margamkali, Gadhiga, Parichamuttu,, Koithupattu are some of them., , Characteristics of traditional media are:, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., , Performance of traditional art is natural, known and friendly., The performers and the audience are known to each other., Content is simple and familiar., People never get tired of the traditional media., Performances are spontaneous and made on spot, Changes are possible according to the level of the audiences., A combination of different traditional and folk arts is possible to attract, audience, like combination of songs, dances and drama., , Print media,  Inventor of movable metal type printing: Johanees Guttenberg,  The main achievement of the mass productions of printed material through Johaness, Guttenberg’s movable metal form of printing is: democratization of knowledge and the, availing of education to common people.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , Major forms of print media are:, 1. Newspapers, 2. Magazines and periodicals, 3. Books, Newspapers,  Capability to be used for future reference make newspapers favourite medium of the, people.,  Diversity of Content refers to that newspapers include a rich mix of news, features,, articles, columns, cartoons, graphics, editorial etc.,  Readers can select what they want from the entire content., , Major Characteristics of newspapers:, 1. Predominance of news‐oriented content:,  There are three types of content in newspapers: news, views and advertisements.,  Of these news overshadows the others because newspapers are primarily meant, for the dissemination of news., 2. Regular periodicity:,  Newspapers may be published daily or weekly.,  Periodicity may vary but, regularity should be kept., 3. Future reference facility:,  Being a print medium, newspapers can be kept for future use.,  This archive ability makes newspapers one of the main sources of historical, research., 4. Choice of the time of use:,  Unlike television and radio, we can read newspapers at any time.,  Some read in the morning while others in the evening after work., 5. The literates' medium:,  Unlike television and radio, newspaper demands literacy from the part of the, audience., 6. Low cost:,  Newspaper is a cost effective medium.,  Anybody can afford a newspaper and use everywhere., 7. Textual medium: Text is the soul of newspapers, though they carry images and, graphics., 8. Multiple users:,  Many readers can read a copy of the newspaper simultaneously or separately., Magazines, , , , , Magazine is originally a French word which means Store House., Magazine is a collection of materials like stories, poems, and other items., The first full‐fledged magazine in English is The Spectator published by Joseph Addison, of England in 1711.,  Topics covered in a magazine include: Current affairs, business, women, children,, finance, gadgets, photography, science and technology, education, career, health,, luxury, life style, beauty, fashion, entertainment and travel.,  Magazines are considered the mass medium that spread culture and nationalism.,  Industrial growth after the industrial revolution and the market boom led to an influx of, advertisements to mass media.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, ,  Frank Munsey, an American magazine owner showed advertising could pay most of, production costs of a magazine. Its low price attracted millions. This is how magazine, industry expanded as lucrative business in media sector.,  Sensational news, private life of celebrities, novels and short stories etc were the most, favoured items in magazines in the early 20th century., , Characteristics of Magazines:, 1. Published at regular intervals. They are categorized as weekly, biweekly or fortnightly,, monthly, bi‐monthly, quarterly, half‐yearly and yearly., 2. Produced as bound volumes: not separate sheets like newspapers., 3. Meant for light readings and entertainment: Unlike serious books and newspapers for, information gathering they are simple and easy topics., 4. Magazines contain diverse contents: like poems, comics, cartoons, photo features., 5. Magazines have target audiences: They have specific and distinctive audience according to, the topics., 6. General focus on special areas like : culture, politics, current affairs, health, wealth, women, and children’s life., 7. Printed in high quality paper: Quality of paper makes it last longer than newspaper., 8. Magazines have usually single editions: Unlike newspapers and few international magazines, like News Week, Time, Forbes and Fortune magazines normally have single editions., 9. Magazines contents are prepared with in‐depth analysis: Publishers get more time for, preparing the magazine contents so it is done with maximum details., 10. Easy preservation: Magazines can be preserved better than newspaper., , Books, , , , , , , The word paper is derived from the Latin word Papyrus., The ancestors of modern book are the rolls of the Chinese., Earlier days books were hand written and were called Manuscripts., The printed books appeared in 868AD., The first book in India ‘The Spiritual Compendium of the Christian Life’ was printed in, the year 1561.,  The first book in Malayalam is Sampkshepa Vedartham.,  It was published in 1772., , Characteristics of Books:, 1. Books are portable and compact, 2. Unlike other print media, books most often deal with a single subject. Thus, we can, read books piece by piece for days or weeks with convenient intervals, without losing, concentration., 3. While newspapers and magazines get old soon due to their time limitations, books, remain afresh since they deal with subjects significant for a longer period., 4. Unlike magazines and newspapers, books are stored for longer period in public or, private libraries., 5. Content in the books is in an organized manner so that readers can have access to the, interested parts easily., 6. They have index which helps the reader some sort of navigation from one subject to, the other., 7. Books are stored for future reference., 8. They are published after adequate verification and research., 9. The language level of the books is audience specific or subject specific while, newspaper or magazine language is general in nature

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , Electronic media, , , The history of electronic media starts with the invention of Cinematographe by Lumiere, Brothers who conducted the premier show of cinema in 1895.,  Later radio was invented by Guglielmo Marconi.,  The first radio station was set up in Pittsburg, New York and Chicago in the 1920s.,  The colonial powers like Britain and France set up radio stations in Asian and African, countries in the early years of the 20 th century.,  The dramatic impact of television as a mass medium began only in 1950s.,  Parallel to these, recording industry also boomed in the western countries., The term electronic media mainly include:, 1. Film, 2. Radio, 3. Television, , Characteristics of electronic media, 1. Radio is a medium for ears but television and films are for both ears and eyes., 2. One needs to have some technical knowledge to use electronic media., 3.The technology of these media is changing at a very fast pace due to frequent, technological upgradations., 4. The programmes in radio and television are available throughout the day., 5. Radio, television and film are enjoyed by people with audio‐ visual disabilities and the, illiterates., 6. Satellite transmission makes electronic media programmes instantly available over a wide, geographical area., 7. Programmes in radio and television are ephemeral in nature., 8. Live coverage is possible on radio and television., , New media, The invention of the Internet and the World Wide Web opened up several new avenues for mass, communication., “E‐mail, websites, podcasts, e‐books, blogging, social networking sites, Internet Protocol Television,, Internet radio and the like that of online and digital means of producing, transmitting and receiving, messages are called new media.”, WWW,  The World Wide Web emerged as a powerful mass medium in 1990s.,  Web is the system that allows global linking of information modules in user‐determined, sequences.,  Basically it is a collection of sites that use HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and HTTP, (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to connect each other and that have access through browser,, which is a programme for viewing web pages.,  Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome are examples of browsers.,  Tim Berners‐Lee is the master mind behind the World Wide Web.,  His invention of hypertext materialized the dream of browsing documents on millions of, computers connected through the Internet.,  We use search engines, like Google, to find information on the Internet.,  Social networking is a major facility available in new media format.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, ,  Social networking is defined as a social structure connecting relationships between, individuals or organizations.,  A social networking site is an online platform where a user can create a profile and build a, personal network that connects him or her to other users around the world. Social, networking sites allow you to meet other Internet users directly.,  Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin and YouTube are some such sites., , Characteristics of new media, 1. The new media facilitate instant interaction between senders and receivers. They give us, the latest developments of events without any delay., 2. If internet connectivity is available, one can access new media from any part of the globe., 3. The new media contents are written in a hyper textual language, using hyperlinks. Thus,, the users are gifted with large resources of data. (For example, one can link to all sister, publications of a newspaper from its home page. Multiple pagination facility enables, websites to combine hundreds or thousands of web pages.), 4. As the content is stored in digital format, new media are highly technological and, upgraded frequently., 5. Above all, new media facilitate convergence of the various types of content like audio,, video, text, image and data on a single device. This phenomenon is called as media, convergence., , Functions of mass media, Mass media have a responsible role to play in fostering democracy, plurality and communal, harmony through the functions listed below., 1. Information and education., 2. Socialization, 3. Entertainment, 4. Political awareness, 5. Cultural transmission, 6. Catalyst to development, Information and education functions,  Gives us information which are essential for our day to day life, results, weather forecasts,, current affairs, traffic regulations, alerts, precautions, government policies etc. from mass, media.,  The core of media's information function is performed by the media content called news.,  Good media try to carry accurate, objective and complete information since biased or, incomplete reports will keep the audience away from the media.,  Mass media are mass educators too.,  Education is systematically organized information with predefined objectives.,  Members of the society depend on mass media for life‐long education.,  They provide the society with updated educational content on a wide variety of subjects at, the lowest cost.,  News based contents like reports, features, photos, cartoons and editorials and non‐news, contents like advertisements educate people about the newest trends in their surroundings.,  Mass media assist formal education system also, by publicizing information on educational, programmes, publishing special educational supplements and inspiring society to acquire, higher education.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , Educational supplements published by various Malayalam newspapers, educational television and, radio channels are examples for educational services of mass media., Education supplements Recently, mass media in Kerala directly participated in our educational, system by publishing educational supplements for school children.,  Education Plus of The Hindu,  Padippura of Malayala Manorama,  Vidhya of Mathrubhumi,  Velicham of Madhyamam,  Aksharamuttom of Deshabhimani., Moreover, we have a number of educational TV channels.,  VICTERS channel of IT @ School Project of Kerala Government,  Vyas Channel of the Consortium of Educational Communication under the University Grants, Commission,  Gyandarshan of Doordarshan,  The Gyanvani is an educational radio channel of Indira Gandhi National Open University, (IGNOU)., Socialization,  Mass media function as an agency for socialization.,  Socialization means empowering people to acquire norms and experiences of the group as a, whole, to maintain cultural consensus and communal harmony.,  It is through mass media that we know the cultural and social norms of various groups in our, society., Entertainment, , , We all need entertainment to break the monotony of our hectic, stressful life and divert our, attention from the troubles and tensions.,  All media have entertainment content.,  Newspapers publish cartoons, comics, puzzles and special weekend supplements.,  Magazine content such as short stories, novels, satires and comics are also intended to, entertain the audience.,  Movies are another big stock for entertainment.,  Broadcast media such as television and radio primarily concentrate on entertainment, function through their programmes based on sports, film, serials, music, dance, comedy,, animation and fashion shows.,  Entertainment has become a big industry comprising motion picture companies, music firms,, theatre groups and game developers., Political awareness,  If you analyze the mass media, be it television or newspapers, most of their content,, especially news, is centered on politics in our society.,  We see our leaders criticize officials and political leaders and advocate for better living, conditions during panel discussions on television.,  Journalists expose corruption, show up developments, and condemn or praise political, activities considering their merits.,  Mass media assume a key role in setting the agenda for the entire political system and policy, making by forming public opinion on various issues. This process is called agenda setting, function.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, ,  Mass media do this by highlighting some issues and avoiding the others. There are instances, in which business tycoons and political leaders misuse this agenda setting ability of media to, keep their vested interests,  Media keep themselves alert about misdoings and violations. We call the mass media as, watchdog or guardian angel of democratic society. This function is as important as that of, other estates of democracy ‐ the legislature, the bureaucracy and the judiciary. Thus the, media is regarded as the Fourth Estate of Democracy., Cultural transmission,  Mass media are the bridge between our past and present.,  They report day to day affairs which will become the history of tomorrow.,  The best records of modern history are newspapers of yester years.,  We get our cultural tradition from history and we follow the best of them.,  In keeping our culture flowing, media play a vital role. It focuses on the genuine aspects of, our culture and points out the undesirable trends.,  We all imbibe new fashions from films and fashion magazines and television programmes, Media enrich our culture in two ways:, o Transmitting culture and heritage from generation to generation and, o Introducing and spreading cultural values across various segments of the society., Catalyst to development, Positive development functions,  Mass media report problems faced by people in different walks of life and make the, administrators aware of them.,  Media also make people aware of their rights, the details of government subsidies,, development policies etc.,  They point out the merits and demerits of certain projects.,  Media support development either being the advocates of government –sponsored, development or critics of development projects which needs to be amended.,  This development oriented function of media is termed as Development Communication.,  Development Communication has been recognized as a specialized area in communication, studies and research.,  They function in a perfect manner, socially desirable acts like cooperation, tolerance,, sharing, communal harmony and patriotism will bloom in the society., Negative influences of media functions,  There are criticisms that mass media can provoke behaviours that violate the prevailing, desirable social norms. For example, some communication media carry contents featuring, pornography and violence.,  Research studies show that over exposure to media contents, especially visual media, contents, featuring violence and criminality can provoke violent behaviour in viewers,, particularly among youths and children.,  Media can reinforce sex‐role and communal stereotypes that lead to sexism and, communalism. Excessive advertising may manipulate people into buying things they don't, really want.,  Over exposure to media can have impact on our most intimate and valued relationships, since it consumes more and more of our available free time.,  Excessive use of television may reduce community involvement in various day to day issues, and too much of social networking may displace face‐to‐face relationships.,  Communication media may affect physical health also. Over watching of television is, associated with obesity in children.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, ,  Cartoons with rapidly changing images and extreme colors may cause damages to brain and, eyes.,  If children use media intelligently will it help to mould their character? We all must strive to, find answers to these questions., , Media literacy, , , Media literacy is the ability to understand how mass media work, how they produce, meanings, how they are organized and how to use them wisely.,  The goal of media literacy is to develop a literate person, who is able to read, analyze and, evaluate communications in a variety of media., Media Literacy involves:, • learning to use media wisely and effectively, • engaging in critical thinking while evaluating media messages, • evaluating the credibility of information from various sources, • recognizing media's influences on beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviours and the, democratic process, • achieving greater understanding and appreciating multiple perspectives, • learning to express one's ideas using different forms of media.,  Reputed media analyst, James Potter says that in this media rich world we live in two, worlds: the real world and the media world.,  The media world bombards us with messages, often with sublimity, that invade our real, world space. Media messages are multi‐layeredand not always what they seem to be.,  A media literate is able to unwrap these layers and choose what he/she wants to believe,, reclaiming the ability to perceive the real world.,  A critical reading of the media makes you more responsible. Responsible media foster, democracy and ensure development.,  W. James Potter is a world famous media analyst who had worked as the Professor of Media, Studies in the University of California, Indiana University and Florida State University.,  He developed Media Literacy as an integrated approach to media studies.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , Unit 3, History of Newspapers, Introduction, Even before the Birth of Christ, the Romans posted news sheets called Acta Diurna ('Daily Acts') or, government announcement bulletins, around 59 B.C., as ordered by Julius Caeser., In China, the government produced news sheets, called Tipao ., A pioneer during the Penny Press era was Benjamin H. Day, founder of the New York Sun. The Sun, was the first popular penny paper., Pulitzer introduced the techniques of sensationalism (yellow journalism) to the newspapers he, acquired 'The New York World' in 1883., In 1557, the Jesuit Fathers of Goa printed the first book from this press, Doctrina Christa, written by, St.Francis Xavier., , Bengal Gazette, , , , , James Augustus Hicky launched the first newspaper in India, the Bengal Gazette in 1780., Bengal Gazette came out on January 29, 1780, in Calcutta as a two ‐ sheet weekly., It printed stories taken from English newspapers at home, letters from local and mofussil, readers anditems of gossip and scandal of interest to the European community.,  The Gazette was in essence, a gossip newspaper for many.,  Forhis outspoken criticism of Government officials and scurrilous attacks on the Governor, General Warren Hastings and Chief Justice Elijah Impey, Hicky's press was seized in 1782.,  This was the end of Hicky's Gazette which had a life of only two years., In November 1780, India Gazette, the second newspaper in India, was published by B. Messinick, a, theatrical producer and Peter Reed, a salt merchant., , James Silk Buckingham, , , , , , , In the early years of the 19th century, Calcutta saw the emergence of the first "real", journalist, an outstanding one, James Silk Buckingham., He was the earliest champion of the Freedom of the Press in India., He came to India in 1818 as the editor of the newspaper Calcutta Chronicle., He was a friend of the native Indian Press and defended its right to exist and voice the, opinion of the Indian people., Buckingham was the inspiration behind the growth of Indian journalism., , Indian owned press in pre ‐ independent era, , , , , , In the pre – independence era, newspapers had only one agenda in their minds to further, their ideology., The story of Indian journalism at this stage is a saga of adventure, patriotism, sacrifice and, dedication., It is an exciting tale of the pen fighting along with the sword of ahimsa and non‐violence, shoulder ‐ to ‐ shoulder., This was the golden era of Indian journalism, with the glorious spirit, heroic deeds and the, vigorous energy brought about by the great writers., , Raja Rammohan Roy (1772 ‐ 1833),  Raja Rammohan Roy has been described by Jawaharlal Nehru as a founder of the Indian, Press.,  He was perhaps the first modern real Indian journalist.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, ,  He founded three journals., o Sambad Kaumudi (Moon of Intelligence) in 1821 in Calcutta. Roy also started a, newspaper in, o Persian newspaper, Mirut ‐ Ul – Akbar (Mirror of News) in 1822 for the benefit of, the Indians not conversant with English or Bengali., o A religious periodical, the Brahminical Magazine, a short ‐ lived magazine in English, to counter the Christian missionaries' propaganda.,  Rammohan Roy advocated many social reforms which helped nationalist movement like, abolition of Sati, equality before law and modern education through English medium.,  Raja Rammohan Roy was the founder and father of Indian language journalism., , Kesari and Maratta, Bal Gangadhar Tilak is popularly known as Kesari (the lion)., He began his journalism career when he and his associates started the Kesari in Marathi and Maratta, in English in 1881. The Maratta was the English counter part of Kesari., Kesari,  Kesari would deal the political and economic developments in the country and also world, events.,  It would write objectively and impartially and truth would be its watchword.,  The articles published in 'Kesari' seem apt for its name, 'Kesari (lion)'.,  The Kesari sought to educate the public and promote popular agitation.,  The Kesari became the largest circulated language paper in the country by 1882, The Maratta,  It is aimed at the educated section of the community 'who required tobe provided with, materialfor thinking intelligently on the important topics of the day.,  ' The Maratta reflected the opinion of the educated public in Maharashtra.,  Maratta was acknowledged as the leading mouthpiece of Indian political thinking in, Western India., , The Gandhian Era,  Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy at New Delhi once said, "Gandhi isthe biggest thing in India".,  Gandhiji was unique both as a leader and as a journalist.,  He was not new to journalism. Even in South Africa, he used the newspaper as an, instrument to propagate his own ideas.,  His first journalistic venture was Indian Opinion, a weekly brought out in 1904 in South, Africa.,  It was published in four languages ‐English, Gujarati, Hindi and Tamil ‐ in order to reach out, to all the major groups of the Indian population.,  During 1919 ‐ 1947, the Indian press was permeated with Gandhiji's message and his, leadership was unchallenged.,  It can be considered as the finest period of Indian Journalism and the golden era of the, Indian newspaper., Young India and Navjivan,  Soon after Gandhiji's return to India, he acquired an English and a Gujarati weekly to spread, his ideas.,  The English weekly was called the Young India and its Gujarati counterpart Navjivan.,  Gandhiji took over Young India in 1919 from Janamdas Dwarakadas of Bombay.,  The Young India had a daily circulation of about 45,000 copies.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, ,  Gandhiji took over the editorship of Navjivan which he converted from a Gujarathi monthly, into a weekly.,  His writings in Navjivan were translated and published in all the Indian language, newspapers.,  Later Navajivan was published in Hindi, as he was convinced that Hindi would be the, national language of free India.,  From 1922 to 1924, when Gandhiji was in jail, the two papers were edited by C., Rajagopalachari, Jairamdas Daulatram and George Joseph.,  The two journals Young India and Navjivan were used by him to air his views and to educate, the public on Satyagraha.,  Issue after issue of Young India and Navjivan carried earnest appeals to the government to, do what was "just and righteous".,  Both the papers ceased publication in January 1932 when Gandhi was imprisoned for a long, spell., Harijan,  In 1932, even while Gandhiji was in prison, he started the Harijan.,  This was intended to promote his campaign against untouchability and for temple entry for, the untouchables whom he called as 'Harijans' (Children of God).,  But Harijan soon became the 'Bible of Congressmen' as well as the masses who were led by, him.,  It became the biggest news source for other newspapers.,  Between 1933 and 1940, Harijan (English), Harijan Bandu (Gujarati) and Harijan Sevak (Hindi), became Gandhiji's voice to the people of India.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , Unit 4, Origin and Growth of Malayalam Journalism, Rajyasamacharam ‐1847, , , , , , , , The paper was published from Illikunnu in Thalassery in June 1847by Dr. Herman Gundert., It was printed from the litho press established in the premises of the Basel mission church at, Nettur, Illikunnu near Thalassery ., Frederic Muller edited the journal. The name of its editor was not printed in the journal., Its contents included the experiences of the different converts regarding the Christian faith, and religious discourses., The journal had eight pages and was distributed free of cost., By the time it ceased publication at the end of 1850, forty‐two issues had been published., , Paschimodayam ‐ 1847, , , , , , , , , , In October 1847, Dr. Herman Gundert embarked on another journalistic venture named, Paschimodayam., Like its predecessor the Paschimodayam too was cyclostyled., This was the second newspaper published from the state., The editor was Frederic Muller. General education of the common man was the aim of the, eight‐page news paper., The publication carried articles on geography, Kerala history, natural science, evolution of, Malayalam language, news from London and even astrology., The language was refined and this journal can be regarded as the first science magazine in, Malayalam., The annual subscription was a rupee., Paschimodayam was published only for four years and was closed down in August 1851., , Jnananikshepam 1848, , , , , , Jnananikshepam was the first printed magazine in Malayalam. Itwas started in the year, 1848., The eight page magazine was printed at the C.M.S. press in Kottayam. It was the first, illustrated journal in Malayalam printed with movable types., The types were specially designed by Rev. Benjamin Bailey. Arch Decon Koshy and, Rev.George Mathen were behind the new publication., Jnananikshepam served the dual purpose of propagation of religion and dissemination of, knowledge. As a result of this diversification, it was well circulated among the Christian,, Hindu and Muslim communities., , Vidyasamgraham 1864, , , , , , , Vidyasamgraham, a Kottayam based periodical was brought out under the auspices of the, C.M.S. College, Kottayam., The magazine started publication in 1864 and was closed down in 1867., This was the fourth journal from Kerala and the second one from Kottayam., Vidyasamgraham was the first college magazine in the state., C.M.S. College Principal Richard Collins was the patron of this venture. Rev. George Mathen, was the editor of this tri ‐ monthly., , Nasrani Deepika (Deepika)1887, , , Nasrani Deepika was started by the Roman Catholic clergy Rev. Nidheerikkal Mani Kathanar, from Mannanam near Kottayam in 1887.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , , , , , , , , , , T. J. Paily was its first editor., The declared objective of the paper was the social, cultural and political upliftment of the, Christian community., Gradually included politics, literature and the well being of the general public., In 1938 it became a daily., Nasrani Deepika changed its name to Deepika in 1939 when it was shifted to Kottayam., Deepika is the oldest living news paper of Kerala in the mainstream., It is the first news paper in Malayalam to start an online edition., Deepika weekly, Kuttikalude Deepika, Karshakan, Sthreedhanam, Rastra Deepika, Business, Deepika, Deepika Digest are some of its sister publications., , Malayala Manorama 1890, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , The first issue of Malayala Manorama was published from Kottayam on March 22, 1890., It was published as a weekly., Kandathil Varghese Mappilai was its founder editor., In the beginning, the weekly was predominantly literary in nature, After the death of Kandathil Varghese Mappilai in 1904 his nephew K.C.Mammen Mappilai, edited the paper till 1953., He was essentially a renovator in journalism and under his leadership Malayala Manorama, gained reputation, circulation and influence among people., The newspaper became a daily on 16th January 1928., The misunderstanding with the Divan of Travancore Sir. C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer and the, support extended to the agitation for responsible government led to the arrest and, confinement of Mammen Mappilai in September 1938. The press was confiscated and, sealed for nine years., The paper resumed publication in November 1947., Mammen Mappilai's perseverance and hard work helped the news paper to gain good, circulation., Now it is the largest circulated Malayalam newspaper., Malayala Manorama has many sister publications: Manorama Weekly, Arogyam,, Kalikkudukka, Fast Track, Magic Pot, Tell Me Why, The Week, Balarama, Vanitha,, Karshakasree, Balarama Digest, Bashaposhini, Manorama Year Book, Manorama Comics and, Thozhil Veedi are some of them. Malayala Manorama got a total of seventeen editions in, India and abroad. It has also ventured into the Radio (Radio Mango) and TV broadcasting, recently., , Swadeshabhimani K.Ramakrishna Pillai, , , , , , , , , , K. Ramakrisha Pillai was born in 1878 at Neyyattinkara near Thiruvananthapuram., He started his journalistic career during his college days., He has edited the Keraladarpanam , the Malayali, the Keralan, the Sarada and the Vidyarthi., He was a brilliant columnist and a literary critic. K. Ramakrishna Pillai became the editor of, Swadeshabhimani newspaper in 1906., Within a few months he took the ownership of the press and shifted the paper to, Thiruvananthapuram., He used his powerful pen to expose the true nature of palace politics and the corruption and, favouritism prevalent in the corridors of power., In order to reinforce his attacks on the corrupt, he got himself elected to Sree Moolam Praja, Sabha from Neyyattinkara constituency., The Diwan issued a royal proclamation stipulating that legislators should permanently reside, in their constituencies.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , , , , , , , , , , K. Ramakrishna Pillai, a resident of Thiruvananthapuram, was thus unseated on technical, grounds. His series of articles that attacked the Diwan had further precipitated matters. The, attacks against the Diwan and the regime became more devastating. The Diwan even tried, to threaten the editor, but in vain ., At last he took the extreme step. A royal proclamation was issued on 26th September, 1910, for deporting Ramakrishna Pillai from Travancore and confiscating his press and paper ‐ a, martyrdom for a righteous journalist in the service of his countrymen. Ramakrishna Pillai, was known by another name "Swadeshabhimani"., The deported editor selected Kunnamkulam in Cochin State as the launching pad for his next, journalistic venture. This was Atmaposhni. He edited this publication till 1915., He was the author of a biography on Karl Marx in Malayalam, the first one to appear in any, Indian language., He also authored a book on journalism named Vrithantha Pathra Pravarthanam, the first of, its kind in Malayalam., In 1928, Ramakrishna Pillai died at Kannur while in exile., , Kesari A. Balakrishna Pillai (1889 ‐ 1960), , , , , , , , , Kesari A.Balakrishna Pillai started his journalistic career as the editor of Samadarshi in 1923., He revetted his attention on the corrupt bureaucracy of Travancore., Introduction of the notorious Travancore Newspaper Regulations of 1926 was the reaction, from the government., He resigned from the paper and launched a new periodical titled Prabhodakan. Within six, months of its appearance, the government banned it., Then he started the Kesari, famous among the annals of Malayalam journalism. With their, misdeeds exposed to the public through news publications, the Diwan was put in a tight, corner., Balakrishna Pillai mobilized public opinion against the government and its repressive, measures. Sensing the danger of the situation the authorities banned the Kesari., For Pillai, press was a forum for educating the public and encouraging free thought and open, discussion. So he gave equal importance to news, novels, short stories, book reviews and, science notes in its columns., , Mathrubhumi‐1923, , , , , , , The first issue came out on 18th March, 1923., At first it was published thrice a week with K. P. Kesava Menon as its editor. On April 6, 1930,, Mathrubhumi became a daily. The history of the paper is closely connected with freedom, struggle in Malabar. As the only source of information for the people of Malabar about the, developments in the national movement, its circulation base was gradually extended to the, remote villages., K. Kelappan , C.H. Kunjappa, P. Narayanan Nair, K. A. Damodara Menon and Kuroor, Neelakandan Nambudiripad took active part in the publication of this nationalist daily., Sister publications are Mathrubhumi weekly, Chithrabhumi, Balabhumi, Thozhil Vartha,, Mathrubhumi Sports , Arogya Masika, Grihalekshmi , Star & Style and so on. Mathrubhumi is, now published from 15 centres in India and abroad. The TV channel and FM Radio (Club FM), started by them is also gaining popularity., , Kerala Kaumudi ‐1911, , , Kerala Kaumudi was established as a periodical by C.V. Kunjiraman in 1911 from the, Suvarnaprakasham press at Mayyanad in Kollam district.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , , , , , , Later it was shifted to Thiruvananthapuram. Kerala Kaumudi became a daily on first, November 1940., Under the editorial guidance K Sukumaran , son of C.V Kunjiraman, Kerala Kaumudi became, a widely circulated news paper., It consistently championed the causes of backward communities., Kala Kaumudi weekly, Vellinakshathram , Flash, the evening daily are some of its sister, publications. With the launching of the Kaumudi channel, it has also ventured into the TV, arena recently., , Sahodaran ‐ 1917, , , , , , , , The Sahodaran was a weekly published from Cherayi in 1917 by the renowned social, reformer K. Ayyappan., The cry for social equality was reverberated through the columns of the Sahodaran. In the, movement for responsible government , for temple entry and for inter‐caste marriage, the, Sahodaran was always in the fore‐front. This periodical made substantial contribution to the, renaissance of Kerala., Sahodaran ceased publication in 1956. In 1933, he launched a publication The Velakkaran, and devoted it to the labour movement., He was a close associate of Sree Narayana Guru and was active in politics. He was also a poet, and a literary critic., K.Ayyappan was later known as Sahodaran Ayyappan., , Al‐ Ameen ‐ 1924, , , , , , , Mohammed Abdul Rahiman Sahib, a great nationalist leader of Malabar started Al‐ Ameen, from Kozhikode., It started publication in 1924 and turned as a daily in 1930., The pro‐ nationalist stand of the paper infuriated the authorities. On more than one, occasion the Al Ameen was discontinued as a result of the actions by the authorities. One, such closure followed by the publication of an editorial exhorting non‐ cooperation with the, war efforts of Britain., Al‐ Ameen continues to be published to this day.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , Unit 5, Media Organisations in India, Registrar of Newspapers for India (RNI), , , , , , Popularly known as RNI, came into being on July 1, 1956., RNI is established on the recommendations of the First Press Commission in 1953., The Press and Registration of Books (PRB) Act, 1867 contain the duties and functions of the RNI., As per Rule 5 of PRB Act, 1867, all newspapers and printed materials published in India should, be formally registered to the RNI.,  A newspaper means "any printed periodical work containing public news or comments on, public news"., Major functions of RNI are:, a) Title verification, b) Registration of newspapers, c) Issue of revised/duplicate certificates, d) Verification of circulation claims of newspapers and Periodicals, , The Press Information Bureau (PIB), , , The Press Information Bureau (PIB) is the nodal agency of the Government of India to, disseminate information to the print and electronic media on government policies,, programmes, initiatives and achievements.,  It functions as an interface between the Government and the media., Activities of PIB can be broadly classified into three categories:, 1. Information, education & communication (publicity),  PIB disseminates information through different modes of communication viz. press, releases, press notes, feature articles, backgrounders, photographs and database, available on Bureau’s website.,  It organizes press conferences, press briefing, interviews of the Ministers and Secretaries, and other senior officers for informing media persons on important policy initiatives of, the Government., 2. Feedback to the government,  The bureau provides ample feedback to the Government on the reaction of the people, as reflected in the media., 3. Accreditation & special services,  PIB provides accreditation to media representatives including foreign media at the, headquarters.,  PIB has its headquarters in New Delhi.,  It is headed by the Principal Director General (Media & Communication) who is assisted, by a Director General and Additional Director Generals at the headquarters.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , Press Council of India (PCI),  Press Council of India is a statutory quasi‐judicial authority mandated by the Parliament to:‐, o Preserve the freedom of the press, o Maintain and improve the standards of newspapers and the news agencies in India.,  The Council discharges its functions primarily through adjudications on complaints received, either against the Press for violation of journalistic ethics or by the Press for interference, with its freedom.,  If any professional misconduct by a newspaper or a news agency or that an editor or, working journalist the Council may warn, admonish or censure them or disapprove their, conduct.,  Similarly, the Council can act in respect of the conduct of any authority, including, Government, for interfering with the freedom of the press.,  The decisions of the Council are final and cannot be questioned in any court of law., The Council is headed by a Chairman and includes 28 members.,  Chairman :‐a sitting or retired judge of the Supreme Court of India,  20 represents various segments of the Press,  8 others overseeing the readers' interest are representatives of the two Houses of, Parliament and premier literary and legal bodies of the country(i.e. the University Grants, Commission, the Bar Council of India and Sahitya Academy.), , Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP), , , , , , , , , Is the primary multimedia advertising agency of the Central Government., It caters to the communication needs of almost all Central ministries/ departments and, autonomous bodies., Providing single window cost‐effective services is its uniqueness., It informs and educates the people, both rural and urban, about the Government's policies, and programmes., It motivates them to participate in development activities through advertising in press,, electronic media, printed booklets/ folders, exhibitions and outdoor publicity tools., Outdoor Publicity Wing uses the medium of hoardings, bus‐panels, kiosks, wall paintings,, banners, animation displays, decorative railings, cinema slides, metro display boards, metro, train inside panels, etc. to spread messages., The DAVP is headed by a Director General who is assisted by 2 Additional Director Generals, and other officials., , Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC), , , , , , , , Is a voluntary organization of publishers, advertisement agencies and advertisers., Develops audit procedures to verify the circulation data published by the member, newspapers and periodicals., Members are allowed to display ABC's emblem in the published materials regarding their, circulation. The Bureau issues ABC certificates every six months to the publishers., The ABC's certificate is considered to be authentic in publication's circulation ratings., ABC's findings are not the outcome of opinions, claims or guesswork., Advertisers rely upon the figures to decide which publication is suitable to advertise their, product or services.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , Prasar Bharati,  Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) is the Public Service Broadcaster in the, country., It is a statutory autonomous body established on November 23, 1997., o To organize and conduct public broadcasting services, o To inform, educate and entertain the public and to ensure a balanced development, of broadcasting on radio and television.,  Akashvani (All India Radio) and Doordarshan are its two constituents., The major objectives of the Prasar Bharati Corporation as laid out in the Prasar Bharati Act 1990 is as, follows:, • to uphold the unity and integrity of the country and the values enshrined in the Constitution., • to promote national integration., • to safeguard citizen's rights to be informed on all matters of public interest and presenting a, fair and balanced flow of information., • to pay special attention to the fields of education and the spread of literacy, agriculture,, rural development, environment, health and family welfare and science and technology., • to create awareness about women's issues and taking special steps to protect the interests, of children, aged and other vulnerable sections of the society., • to provide adequate coverage to the diverse cultures, sports and games and youth affairs., • to promote social justice, safeguarding the rights of working classes, minorities and tribal, communities., • to promote research and expand broadcasting facilities and development in broadcast, technology., a. All India Radio All India Radio or Akashvani,  is a part of Prasar Bharati.,  provides radio broadcasting through out the country and abroad.,  It is one of the largest broadcasting organisations in the world,  Its motto is 'Bahujana Hitaya Bahujana Sukhaya' which means 'the welfare and happiness of, the masses'.,  In 1936, the Indian State Broadcasting Service was renamed as All India Radio (AIR).,  In the year 1957, AIR got another name Akashvani.,  At the time of independence AIR has only 6 radio stations throughout the country.,  Today, it has 407 stations located across the country and reaching 99.20% of the total, population.,  AIR produces programmes in 23 languages and 146 dialects.,  To provide information, education and entertainment to the people of our country are the, prime objective of All India Radio., b. Doordarshan, , , , , , , Doordarshan is one of the main organs of Prasar Bharati., It provides television services in the country., Its motto is 'Satyam Shivam Sundaram', which can be translated as 'the truth is the God and, the God is beautiful'., The television transmission started in India on an experimental basis on 1 st November 1959, at New Delhi., The regular daily transmission began in 1965.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , , , , , After the successful completion of SITE, television transmission was separated from All India, Radio on 1 st April 1976., The name of the new organization was given as Doordarshan., During the Asian Games at New Delhi in 1982 Doordarshan started colour transmission., Today it operates 30 TV channels in 22 languages., , Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC),  The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC), set up under the Cinematograph Act, 1952,, certifies films for public exhibition in India.,  It is mandatory for public screening and to display it before screening in movie houses and, TV.,  It consists of a Chairperson and twenty‐ five other non‐official members.,  The Board has its headquarters at Mumbai and nine regional offices located at Bengaluru,, Kolkata, Chennai, Cuttack, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Mumbai, New Delhi and, Thiruvananthapuram.,  The regional offices are assisted in the examination of films by the advisory panels consisting, of persons from the different walks of life., Categories of film certification, U, , Universal, , Unrestricted Public Exhibition throughout India, suitable for all age groups. Films, under this category should not upset children over 4 years. Such films may contain, educational, social or family‐oriented themes. Films under this category may also, contain fantasy violence and/or mild bad language., , UA Parental Guidance, , All ages admitted, but it is advised that children below 12 years be accompanied by, a parent as the theme or content may be considered intense or inappropriate for, young children. Films under this category may contain mature themes, sexual, references, mild sex scenes, violence with brief gory images and/or infrequent use, of crude language., , A, , Adults Only, , Restricted to adult audiences (18 years or over). Nobody below the age of 18 may, buy/rent an A‐rated DVD, VHS, UMD or watch a film in the cinema with this rating., Films under this category may contain adult/disturbing themes, frequent crude, language, brutal violence with blood and gore, strong sex scenes and/or scenes of, drug abuse which is considered unsuitable for minors., , S, , Restricted to any, Special class of persons, , This rating signifies that the film is meant for a specialised audience, such as, doctors., , Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC),  The Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) is an autonomous centre for advanced, studies in mass communication, research and training.,  It was established in 1965.,  Its head quarters is at New Delhi.,  IIMC has four regional branches at Dhenkanal (Odisha), Kottayam (Kerala), Jhabua (MP) and, Dimapur (Nagaland).,  The Institute is fully funded by the Government of India through the Ministry of Information, and Broadcasting.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232,  IIMC conducts orientation courses for officers of the Indian Information Service, Akashvani, and Doordarshan.,  It also offers Post Graduate diploma courses in journalism, advertising and public relations., , Press Institute of India and Research Institute for Newspaper Development,  The Press Institute of India (PII) was founded in 1963.,  It is an independent, non‐profit trust, established to create and sustain high and responsible, standards of journalism.,  PII conducts training workshops for journalists on a wide range of subjects such as rural, reporting, developmental journalism, women empowerment, the panchayath movement,, fight against child labour, fight for the rights of children, national security and the reporting, and editing skills.,  The Research Institute for Newspaper Development (RIND), another organization, established in 1979 with a focus on the technical aspects relating to newspaper production, and news publishing. RIND conducts surveys on technical aspects of newspaper products, and media.,  It also conducts workshops for journalists, sensitizing them to subjects pertinent to reporting, and writing.,  In April 1990, both organizations merged to form the PII ‐ RIND., , Film and Television Institute of India, Pune (FTII),  The Film Institute of India was setup by the Government of India in 1960 under the Union, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.,  Following the addition of the Television Wing in 1947, the Institute was redesigned as Film, and Television Institute of India.,  The Institute became a Society in October 1974 under the Registration of Societies' Act,, 1860.,  The Society consists of eminent personalities connected with film, television,, communication, culture and alumni of the Institute.,  The Institute consists of two wings:Film and TV.,  The three ‐ year Diploma Courses lead to a Post Graduate Diploma in Film Direction,, Cinematography, Audiography and Film Editing.,  The Institute also offers two ‐ year Post Graduate Diploma course in Acting and two ‐ year, Post Graduate Course in Art Direction and Production Design, one ‐ year Post Graduate, Certificate Course in Feature Film Screenplay Writing, one and half year Certificate Course in, Animation and Computer Graphics.,  The Television Course offered consists of one ‐ year Post graduate 'Certificate Course in, Television' with specialization in TV Direction, Electronic Cinematography, Video Editing,, Audiography & TV Engineering.,  FTII provides the latest educational and technological experience in the art and technique of, film making and television production.,  In‐service training is provided to officers of Doordarshan.,  It is equipped with the latest digital and broadcast grade production facilities.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute (SRFTI),  Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata, was established by the Government of, India.,  It is an autonomous educational institution under the Ministry of Information and, Broadcasting. SRFTI is the second national level training institute to be established by the, Government of India.,  The institute offers three‐year post graduate diploma courses in Direction & Screenplay, Writing, Motion Picture Photography, Editing and Sound Recording.,  Also has the provision to conduct short and medium term courses on areas related to film, and television.,  Research and explorative studies in sociology, culture and technology of film and television, is another area of focus in SRFTI., , Kerala Press Academy,  Kerala Press Academy was established in 1979.,  It is a joint venture of the Government of Kerala, Kerala Union of Working Journalists and, Indian Newspaper Society.,  It aims to promote professionalism and excellence among journalists.,  The Academy offers Post Graduate Diploma courses in Journalism, Communication, Public, Relations, Advertising and TV Journalism.,  It also publishes books on journalism and a bi ‐ lingual periodical, Media.,  The Academy campus is situated at Kakkanad in Kochi.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , Unit 6, Press Codes, Ethics & Laws in Indian Journalism, Newspaper ombudsman, A newspaper ombudsman is also known as readers' advocate, public editor and reader, representative., He/she,  Handles complaints that are received or come to their attention.,  Attempts to find mutually satisfactory solutions for all parties involved.,  His/her job depends upon the feedback or complaints received from the readers.,  Represents them in matters of ethical concerns like accuracy, fairness and news‐gathering.,  His/her role is self‐regulatory.,  Responsible to build a new, open and responsive relationship with its readership or, audience., The idea of having resident ombudsmen had been around for over 50 years. It originated in the U.S., in the 1960s. Having ombudsman dedicated to listen to readers or listeners or viewers and dealing, with their concerns can make the news organization more credible and valuable., , Media and Indian constitution, Media freedom / Freedom of the press, Freedom of speech and expression is one of the highest democratic values assured by democratic, countries all over the world., In Indian Constitution, Article 19 (1) declares this freedom., The article assures the right to all citizens:, 1) to freedom of speech and expression, 2) to assemble peacefully and without arms, 3) to form associations or unions, 4) to move freely throughout the territory of India, 5) to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.,  Indian media also take privilege of the same fundamental right "the freedom of speech and, expression" to run a media organization.,  Some nations provide special value to media freedom.,  Media persons in India don't enjoy any special freedom in gathering information or in, expressing views and feelings.,  The right to freedom of speech and expression does not mean that no restriction is possible in, defending the freedom.,  The fundamental right does not allow the citizens to speak or disseminate information, irresponsibly., , Reasonable restrictions, Indian Constitution itself imposed reasonable restrictions to the freedom of speech and expression., The Article 19 (2) explains,, "law imposed restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub clause in the, interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the state, friendly relation, with foreign states, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court,, defamation or incitement to an offence".

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232,  This article of Indian Constitution clearly underlines the citizens' right to protect their privacy, and decency.,  Anybody including media has no power to violate the provision or publish news which harms, a person's privacy and decent life., , Fair trial, Indian constitution gives priority to the fundamental right to lead life with dignity in comparison to, one's right to freedom of speech and expression., Article 21 clearly states that all citizens of India have a right to protection of life and personal liberty., Media should also ponder upon these facts., The right to a fair trial is at the heart of the Indian criminal justice system., It encompasses several other rights including:‐,  the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty,  the right not to be compelled to be a witness against oneself,  the right to a public trial,  the right to legal representation,  the right to speedy trial,  the right to be present during trial and examine witnesses, , Defamation, , , Any matter spoken, written or printed which exposes a person, about whom it is published,, to hatred, to ridicule or contempt, is said to be defamatory.,  Defamation law protects an individual's reputation or feelings from unwarranted attacks.,  It is an offence with both civil and criminal aspects.,  Under the provision of Section 499 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, every person has a right, to maintain and defend his name, fame, honour, dignity and honesty., Defamation under this law implies:‐, "If anybody makes a spoken, written or printed statement using the words intended to, damage the reputation of a person or does so by signals or pictures; and he does it, deliberately with the intention of vicious slander, it attracts a defamation case against the, person making such statements or actions. Such a person can be sued in the court of law, under civil and criminal law and if it is proved, the accused person can be awarded, fine or, two years of imprisonment or both.”, , Slander and libel,  The oral defamation is called slander.,  Libel is defined as defamation by written or printed words, pictures, or in any form other than, by spoken words or gestures. The law of libel was originated in the 17th century in England.,  A radio or television broadcast, which tarnishes the reputation of a person, is considered as, a libel case in a Court of Law.,  With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of, libel., For a statement to be offensive, the offending statement must satisfy four requirements:‐,  It must be: false, written, defamatory and published., , Contempt of court, , , , , Freedom of speech and expression is a fundamental right assured by the Indian Constitution., You are free to criticise Prime minister or Chief Minister or even the President of India., The criticisms should be fair and not to be a personal attack which make them defame.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , , Contradictory to this vast and wide freedom, you are not so much free to criticize a judge or, a court order. If you do so, you will be liable for contempt of court., , There are two kinds of contempt of courts.,  civil contempt,  criminal contempt, According to the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, civil contempt,, "means willful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other process, of a Court or willful breach of an undertaking given to a Court. The criminal contempt means, the publication (whether by words‐ spoken or written or by signs or by visible, representations or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever, which:‐, 1. scandalises or tends to scandalise or lowers or tends to lower the authority of any Court; or, 2. prejudices or interferes or tends to interfere with the due course of any judicial proceeding;, or, 3. interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of, justice in any other manner; provided in this Act or in any other law., A contempt of Court may be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to six, months or with fine which may extend to two thousand rupees or with both, provided that the, accused may be discharged or the punishment awarded may be remitted on apology being made to, the satisfaction of the Court., , Copyright Act, 1957,  Have you ever noticed © symbol in the credit page of books?,  It means the right of the material is reserved for the copyright owner.,  It would be declared in the same page.,  You can see this or similar message in almost all books.,  For any formal warnings there will be a legal support.,  The legality of this statement is supported by the Copyright Act, 1957., According to the Act, "copyright" means:‐, the exclusive right to do or authorize the doing of any of the following acts in respect of a, work or any substantial part thereof in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, not, being a computer programme:, 1. to reproduce the work in any material form including the storing of it in any medium by, electronic means;, 2. to issue copies of the work to the public not being copies already in circulation;, 3. to perform the work in public or communicate it to the public;, 4. to make any cinematograph film or sound recording in respect of the work;, 5. to make any translation of the work and, 6. to make any adaptation of the work;, , , , Copyright shall subsist in any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work (other than a, photograph) published within the lifetime of the author until sixty years from the beginning of, the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies., The Copyright Act, 1957 had been so far amended six times, once each in the years 1983, 1984,, 1992, 1994, 1999 and 2012, to meet with the national and international requirements.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , , According to the Copyright Act 1957, the performer's right shall subsist until fifty years from the, beginning of the calendar year in which the performance is made. The 1999 amendment to the, Act modified the period as "twenty five years" (w. e. f. 15‐01‐2000).,  The copyright (Amendment) Act 2012, No. 27 of 2012 came into force on 7th June 2012. The, 2012 amendments make Indian Copyright Law compliant with the Internet Treaties ‐ the WIPO, Copyright Treaty (WCT) and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT).,  The copyright (Amendment) Act 2012, No. 27 of 2012 While introducing technological protection, measures, the 2012 amendment ensures that fair use survives in the digital era by providing, special fair use provisions.,  The Act have made many author‐friendly amendments, special provisions for disabled,, amendments facilitating access to works and other amendments to streamline copyright, administration., The amendments introduced through Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012 can be categorized into:, 1. amendments to rights in artistic works, cinematograph films and sound recordings, 2. WCT and WPPT related amendment to rights, 3. author‐friendly amendments on mode of Assignment and Licenses, 4. amendments facilitating Access to Works, 5. strengthening enforcement and protecting against Internet piracy, 6. reform of Copyright Board and other minor amendments and, 7. special provision for access to the disabled like compulsory license for the disabled,, fair use rights for the disabled etc., , Information Technology Act, 2000, , , , Information communication technology revolutionized the communication sector., Speed, multi‐media intervention and global reach are the major attraction of information, communication technology.,  Cyber space provides opportunity to transfer information in an anywhere any time concept.,  The data files could be in different forms like text, audio, video, animation, photographs,, illustration, painting, etc., Cyber related crimes and attacks are a reality today., , , So, to prevent cyber‐crimes, government of India took legal measures. The Information, Technology Act, 2000 is one among them.,  The act was amended in 2008 and imposed strict restrictions and punishments for cyber, crimes.,  What are cyber crimes?,  If I post or share a morphed image of another person, will I come under the purview of cyber, crime?,  The answer is yes., Let us examine some of the commonly repeated cyber‐crimes:, , Hacking, , , , A hacker is an unauthorized user who attempts to or gains access to an information system., Hacking is a crime even if there is no visible damage to the system, since it is an invasion in, to the privacy of data., Example: If you copy an information, picture or movie from your friend's computer without his/her, permission, the activity may be treated as hacking., , Cyber stalking, This crime involves use of internet to harass someone.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232,  The behavior includes false accusations, threats etc.,  Majority of cyber stalkers are men and the majority of victims are women., Example: If you send an e‐mail or social network posts to your friend or to an unknown person, threatening him/her, it will come under the purview of cyber stalking. The message may be a joke, from your part, but it will become a serious crime from the legal side., , Cyber pornography,  Women and children are victims of sexual exploitation through internet., Example: Pedophiles use the internet to send photos of illegal child pornography to targeted, children so as to attract children to such fun. Later they are sexually exploited for gains., , Phishing, , , It is a criminally fraudulent process of acquiring sensitive information such as user name,, passwords and credit card details by disguising as a trustworthy entity in an electronic, communication., , Password sniffers, , , , Password sniffers are programmes that monitor and record the user name and password of, network users as they log in, jeopardizing security of a site., Whoever installs the sniffer can impersonate an authorized user and log in to access restricted, documents., , Software piracy, , , , , It is an illegal reproduction and distribution of software for business or personal use., This is considered to be a type of infringement of copy right and a violation of a license, agreement., Since the unauthorized user is not a party to the license agreement it is difficult to find out, remedies., , Cyber terrorism, , , , The use of computer resources to intimidate or coerce government, the civilian population or, any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives is called cyber terrorism., Individuals and groups quite often try to exploit anonymous character of the internet to, threaten governments and terrorize the citizens of the country.,  These kinds of crimes are visible in India also.,  Present crime status records prove that Kerala is one of the toppers in cyber‐crimes in the, country.,  Life imprisonment and fine up to Rupees ten lakhs may be given for certain classes of cyber, crimes.,  Compensation up to Rupees five crores can be given to affected persons if damage is done, to the computer, computer system or computer network by the introduction of virus, denial, of services etc.,  Sections 65‐74 of the Act specifically deal with certain offences, which can be called Cyber, Crimes., , The Right to Information Act, 2005,  Right to information is a progressive move in every society.,  Right to information is a fundamental right assured by the Constitution of India.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232,  Article 19 of the Constitution of India recognizes the right.,  Government of India passed The Right to Information Act, 2005 and came into effect after, the President of India accorded his assent on June 15, 2005.,  The Right to Information Act, 2005 is an effective framework to implement the, constitutional right., The act defines it as, "an Act to provide for setting out the practical regime of right to information for citizens to, secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote, transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority.",  The act proposes the constitution of a Central Information Commission and State Information, Commissions.,  Subject to the provisions of this Act, all citizens shall have the right to information.,  Information means any material in any form, including records, documents, memos, advices,, press releases, circulars, orders, contracts, reports and data materials held in any electronic, form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by public authority, under any other law for the time being in force.,  A person, who desires to obtain any information under this Act, shall make a request in writing, or through electronic means along with such fee as may be prescribed. It is not required to, describe the reason for the request in the application.,  The information officer should provide information within thirty days of the receipt of the, request. The officer can reject the request if it contains matters exempted from disclosure of, information.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , Unit 7, Newspaper Organisation, Organisational structure and environment of the news desk/newsroom,  Reporters and sub editors are the two main pillars that support the newspaper.,  Chief Editor or Editor ‐in ‐chief is the head of department.,  He manages the headquarters of the newspaper., Under Chief Editor are:‐, , , , , , , , , managing editor, associate editor, assistant editor, news editor or resident editor, city editor, chief sub‐editor, a team of sub‐editors and journalist trainees., , Chief Editor, , , , , , , To become the chief editor of a reputed newspaper is the dream of every ambitious journalist., Chief Editor is described as the supreme authority of everything that is published or to be, published in a newspaper., He is responsible for editorial content‐news, articles, features, cartoons, photos and editorials., If a libel, defamation, contempt of court or legislature/ parliament privileges case is filed against, the newspaper, he has to appear and answer before the authorities., He takes decisions on important matters concerning the organisation, determine editorial policy, and guide his staff., , The duties and responsibilities of the Chief Editor or Editor‐ in ‐ Chief are:, 1. Responsibility in keeping the overall integrity of the newspaper (editorial content,, appearance, coverage, production, scheduling, staff/personnel issues and advertising)., 2. Coordination of training programmes for editors through a summer retreat or workshops., 3. Chairing the editorial board meetings, 4. Taking the managing editor into confidence in all matters regarding editorial content, 5. Ensuring submission of editorial content on time, 6. Ensuring the production and distribution of the paper, , News Editor, , , , , He is the one who selects top stories for the front page and regional pages of that edition., He conducts newsroom conference everyday in which a post‐mortem examination of the, day's newspaper vis‐a‐vis the major competiting newspapers will be done., The meeting will also discuss the strategies for making the next day's issue an excellent, production. Self‐criticism is the best policy to improve performance., , Chief Sub Editor,  He or she is popularly known as 'chief sub' and the 'captain' of desk., Chief Sub Editor’s duties can be highlighted as follows:, • distributes work among sub ‐ ordinates, • decides the treatment of stories, • keeps tab on major happenings and developments, • co‐ordinates and receives news stories from different sources

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, •, , co‐ordinates the functions between mechanical and circulation department, , Sub Editor, A subeditor is often described as 'the unsung hero' or 'the unknown soldier', behind the newspaper, production, BECAUSE,  He is not popular as a reporter who develops harmonious social relations.,  He sticks to the news desk, most of the time brooding over the copy.,  He never gets a byline or the name published along with the story which is a recognition, given by the newspaper and its readers.,  He processes the copy with utmost care to attain maximum readability.,  In a morning newspaper, he works at night and has to take shifts between evening and, morning.,  He is also called the copy reader or copy editor., News editing is defined as,, ‘the process of preparing language, image or sound for presentation through, correction, condensation and organisation.’,  A person who edits is called an editor.,  According to Oxford English Dictionary, the word editor comes from the Latin phrase, 'editus' which means to 'put forward'., The subeditor’s duty to every story can be listed as following:, • reads the story for clarity of language and meaning and rewrites if it is necessary, • checks various types of errors in the copy that may originate in spelling, grammar,, punctuation, syntax and facts and figures, • polishes the first paragraph or lead of the story, if the reporter fails to do it, • rewrites the dull unorganized story to a readable one, • boils down stories and saves space when verbosity creeps in without losing news values, • translates and rewrites wire service reports, • writes appropriate headlines for each story, • writes captions for news and feature photographs, • guard the newspaper against the legal pitfalls of libel, defamation, contempt of court,, contempt of parliament etc., • makes typographical specifications for the compositor, • removes elements of bad taste and 'editorializing'., , Reporter: Who & What, , , , , , , The reporter is the link between newspaper and its readers., Being the eyes and ears of society, what the reporters write or present should be true., There is a tacit agreement of credibility between the reader and reporter. The credibility of, newspaper or television channel is the success of that agreement., The responsibility of a reporter is not only just gathering facts and background information, from different sources and writing news stories, but to create and maintain reputation for, his/her newspaper or television channel., The reporters working in news bureau is supervised by the Chief of Bureau., , Skills & Talents of a Reporter, , , The primary quality is news sense‐ the intelligence of the reporter to distinguish what is, news or non news in terms of various news values or having a 'nose for news'.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , , , , , , , Clarity in language, accuracy in facts and figures, unbiased reporting or keeping objectivity, are other qualities., Observational skills and memory power helps him /her to practice the above mentioned, principles., Speed in doing multiple tasks and patience to wait for an interview or press conference, self, ‐ discipline to face critical situations help him to sustain in his career., The word integrity means sincerity, dedication and loyalty to the organisation he/she works., He should be a self‐starter, a leader who does not wait for others to do some assignment., He is very friendly with people and enjoys meeting and talking to everyone. This quality will, help him to cultivate sources., , Tools for Reporter, , , , , , , The basic tool of the reporter is the pen., He carries a notepad to jot down information by short hand., Modern reporter is a techie. He carries electronic notepads and recording devices to gather, information and sends it on‐line to the news desk., The hidden digital cameras and electronic pens are used to carry out 'sting operations' and, to find 'scoops' or 'exclusives'., Many journalists consider it as a genuine action to expose hidden story., , Stringer, , , , , A stringer is a part‐time reporter or correspondent., His remuneration is based on the column length and quality of the story., A liner is also a reporter working on contract basis., , News Bureau, , , , , It consists of a team of reporters assigned to collect news in that particular area., Medium or small newspapers have one or two members in its bureau in remote areas where, communication infrastructure is very poor., Organisational structure of the news bureau reveals different categories of reporters, working under the Bureau Chief and the Chief Reporter., , Editorial department or news room, , , , , , , , , The news room is the 'cross road' between mechanical and business departments., This is the place where the journalists ‐ reporters, editors along with other staff ‐ work to, gather news and edit the contents for publication in the newspaper., The newsroom is the brain of the newspaper organisation., It handles news, photographs, features, cartoons, columns, editorials and letter to the, editor., In the traditional newsroom, sub editors were seated around a horse ‐shoe shaped table or, desk to process their copies with blue pencil., The chief sub editor is at the rim and therefore he is called rim editor or slot editor., In the modern newsroom environment, sub editors sit in cubicles and they use the computer, to process on‐ line copies.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, , Qualities of a journalist,  A journalist must have many qualities in tune with his profession. The following are of prime, concern:, 9. Scepticism, 1. News sense/Nose for news, 2. Common‐sense, 10. Punctuality, 3. Objectivity, 11. Patience, 4. Accuracy, 12. Farsightedness, 5. Alertness, 13. Fearlessness, 6. Speed, 14. Frankness/ Truthfulness, 7. Calmness, 15. Integrity, 8. Curiosity, , News sense/Nose for news, , , , , , Every reporter should have an ability to recognize a news story when it comes along., The reporter must observe the incident closely and filter the news that would be of interest, to his readers., A sharp sense of observation is needed to gather relevant background information of a, story., Nose for news is an acquired quality and can be developed and improved over the years., , Commonsense, , , , , An ideal reporter, however brilliant and imaginative he may be, must maintain a sense of, responsibility., He must maintain a balance in reporting without sacrificing the public good., His over‐enthusiasm should not land him into dangerous situations., , Objectivity, , , , , A reporter should not allow personal bias or ideas to creep into a story at any circumstance., He can try to present different viewpoints but never take sides., The information he collects should be checked and rechecked., , Accuracy, , , , , Maintaining accuracy is the best way to protect credibility., In the case of dates and names the reporter should confirm the accuracy of the same from, reference materials as much as possible., It is better not to say a thing than to say it wrong., , Alertness, , , , Alertness is an unavoidable quality of a reporter., A reporter has to rise to the occasion to collect news, find scoops or exclusive stories, otherwise readers may miss the chance of getting significant information., , Speed, , , , , A person who doesn't catch up with time can't be a good reporter., While maintaining all other desirable qualities, a reporter should try to work faster., To meet deadlines, a reporter must think fast, decide fast and present fast., , Calmness, , , , Being in the field, a reporter may face many disturbing experiences. He should train himself, to overcome such situations., Self confidence and power of mind help him to overcome difficult situations.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, Curiosity, , , , Curiosity quite often leads to bigger story ideas., If a reporter shows lukewarm interest to know more about any issue of importance he may, miss an exclusive story., , Scepticism, , , , Before taking any information for granted, a reporter should be doubtful until he gets, undeniable proof., Many persons may try to plant wrong information for vested interests. A reporter with clear, sense of scepticism doesn't fall into such traps., , Punctuality, , , , , Punctuality has a direct impact on accuracy as well as credibility., A late reporter has a chance to get misinformed by the rival., A punctual reporter leaves any possibility to depend a secondary source., , Patience, , , Self control helps a reporter to endure waiting, provocation, injustice or any other, unpleasant experiences., , Farsightedness, , , , , A reporter should have an ability to think beyond., An intelligent envisioning of the future will help a reporter in a great way., Reporters should always keep an eye on socio‐ political and development issues which will, have impact on people in future., , Photo journalists: the visual reporters, Importance of Images in print media, , , , Photographs in newspapers and magazines are increasing because of the competition with, the 'most literate medium for the illiterates'‐ the television.,  Pictures have a universal language.,  Remember the Chinese proverb, "a picture is worth thousand words!" Visual communication, is the most powerful form of communication.,  In print media a picture can support the content, giving evidence, clarity and meaning to the, news story.,  There are so many other reasons why newspapers and magazines use photographs:,  to beautify the page or page make‐up,  to present as proof of reality/authenticity,  to show that the reporter was at the scene of the event,  to attract the attention of readers, Photography means, , , , , Photography is an art., Photography in technical terms is the process of forming stable or permanent images, directly or indirectly by the action of light on a sensitive surface., One needs creativity to produce good photographs.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected], 09961619232, Photo journalism is the special branch of journalism that deals with news and feature photographs., , , , , The word photojournalism is the combination of two words‐ photography & journalism., Journalism is the gathering, writing and editing of news stories., It involves collection of facts and opinions from various sources and arrange the contents, objectively and logically to make a readable story.,  Photo journalism is thus a combination of two different streams of knowledge‐photography, and journalism., Photojournalists are professionals who practise photojournalism., , , , , They are visual reporters., Their tool is not pen, but camera., There are two categories of them working in newspapers and magazines: News, photographers and Photo essayists., ,  News photographers take pictures for newspapers.,  Their duty is to take newsworthy pictures.,  Television camera crew who shoot 'live news' belongs to this group.,  Photo feature writers or essayists work for magazine section of the newspaper.,  They take photographs for features and are more creative than their newspaper, counterparts.,  They are not regular employees, but freelancers., Qualities of a photojournalist, , , , , , , A good photojournalist should be a good listener and good observer., His/her news sense, timeliness, objectivity and narrative skills make him/her able to take, newsworthy photographs., He is a master of his tool, the camera, not its slave., He has to update technical knowledge of photography and the recent trends in news, reportage., The digital photography is very advanced now and photojournalism is on the threshold of a, revolution.

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , Unit 8, Reporting news, News,  What is news?, , , "a report of recent or current event that has an impact on society or, previously unknown information".,  It is an accurate account of the event that creates interest among a large number of people., Definitions of news:,  "When dog bites man, it is not news; when man bites dog it is news".,  "North, East, West, South ‐ what comes from there makes news.",  "News is anything you didn't know yesterday.",  "News is something revealed.",  "News is something which somebody wants suppressed.",  "News is any event, idea or opinion that is timely, that interests or affects a large number of, people in a community and that is capable of being understood by them.",  "What is new is news.",  By considering and consolidating all the above observations, we can define news as an accurate, and unbiased account of significant facts of timely happening that interests people., News values, There are many incidents or events are occurring everyday across the globe but most of them are, not becoming news the next day. Why?, , , , There are some criteria called ‘news values’ that make event news., It differs from one person to another, one society to another and from one country to, another. However there are certain universally accepted norms to judge the value of news., , Let us examine those factors:, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., , Proximity, Impact, Prominence, Human Interest, Timeliness, , 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., , Money, Conflict, Novelty, Disaster, Sex, , 1. Proximity, , , , , Proximity is the nearness of an event that touches people's lives., Readers are interested in what happens closely to them., The nearer the event the more will be its news value., , 1

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , , , People are more anxious to know what happens in their neighbourhoods, in their district, in, their state and in their country., There are social, cultural and emotional proximity that determines the news worthiness., , Example: Our readers give due attention to an accident happened anywhere in Kerala than one, which occurred in New Delhi. If a group of Keralites are injured in an accident in New Delhi, we will, be eager to know the details., , 2. Prominence, , , , , People are eager to read about news of well‐known personalities, places, things and events., Ordinary activities or mishaps can become news if prominent persons are involved., That is why the events like birth, marriage, divorce, death and statements of celebrities, become news., , Example: The Red Fort (a place), the Kohinoor Diamond (a thing) and Christmas (an event) also, awaken reader's interest., , 3. Timeliness, , , , , , News must be fresh., The reader wants his news to be new., An accident that occurred an hour ago has more news value than one that happened 48, hours ago., Due to stiff competition among media organizations in this digital age, news is now instantly, reported, sometimes as it occurs in real time., , 4. Conflict, , , , , It is human nature to be interested in stories that involve conflict, tension or public debate., People like to take sides and eager to know whose stand will prevail., Conflicts, both physical and ideological, are given more attention by the readers., , Example: Disputes between two or more persons or parties or departments or states, international, conflicts such as wars, political conflicts during an election, conflicts of opinions, conflict between, sporting teams are news of interest to readers/viewers., , 5. Disaster, , , , , , Disasters may be natural or man‐made., A volcanic eruption, flood, earthquake, tsunami, etc. are considered news of natural, disasters., Man‐made disasters like road accidents, derailments of train and air crash consume more, space in newspapers and more air time in the electronic media., The involvement of a prominent figure in an accident may heighten its newsworthiness., , 6. Impact/ Consequence:, , , , A story which affects a large number of people will have news value., The greater the degree of incident, greater would be its impact., , 2

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, Example: Increase in fuel prices will badly affect thousands of people and it may lead to increase in, the prices of essential commodities that are transported from far away places., , 7. Human interest, , , , , These news stories appeal to human emotions., They are stories about the achievements, challenges, failures, hopes, fantasies, joys and, sorrows of other people., Stories of human interest are typically considered as soft news or feature‐style stories., , Example: A man who has sailed all alone around the world, an athlete who has overcome his, disability or people who have done something selfless for others are news makers., , 8. Money, , , , Every matter related to money makes news to a great extent of circulation., Incidents related to huge amount of money make news., , Examples: Price hikes, economic crisis, state and central budgets etc. are matters that directly affect, a large section of people. Corruption in government worth crores of rupees occupies a prominent, position in newspapers., , 9. Novelty, , , , One of the oldest definitions of news says that 'when a dog bites a man it is not news, but, when a man bites a dog it is news'., Unusual events, novel ideas, actions or statements that make us stop and shake our heads in, wonder are certainly newsworthy., , 10. Sex, , , , , Sometimes sex is the biggest single element in news that attracts readers the most., It ranges from front page sensational news to news involving engagements and marriages., Gossips from film world are intentionally blown up to sustain the interest of readers., , The other news values include crime, change, progress, suspense, mystery, religion, humour,, weather, food, inventions etc., , Types of news, A news story takes its form from its purpose., , , , , If the purpose is to inform people quickly about an event, the reporter writes a news story., If the purpose is to amuse or entertain people, the reporter writes a feature story., According to the purpose, news stories are generally classified into hard news and soft news., , Hard news:, , , , Hard news is essentially the routine happenings of the day., That is what you see on the front page of a newspaper or on the top of the web page and, what you hear at the start of broadcast news., 3

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, Example: an unexpected bus strike announced today by city's drivers that leaves thousands of, commuters unable to get to work is a hard news., , , , , Similarly war, politics, accident, government announcements, international relations and, crime are hard news., They are timely, controversial and have a wider impact., It is written with the purpose that the audience gets the most important information as, quickly as possible., , Soft news, , , Soft news by contrast is more interesting but less important news., , Example: the story about a world famous actor who grew up in an orphanage is a soft news., , , , , It is a story of human‐interest involving a prominent person and is an unusual story that, people are likely to discuss with friends and relatives., There is no compelling reason why it has to be published or broadcast on any particular day., The primary purpose of these stories is to draw the audiences' interest and so the story may, take longer time to get to the central point., , Example: Stories on food, health, environment and personalities with a human touch are soft news, items., , Elements of news, , , , The news elements are the "pegs" in which the story is hung., The information a reporter gathers should answer questions that are commonly known as, the five W's and one H:, Who, What, Where, When, Why and How., , Depending on the complexity of the story, the reporter might ask these questions in different ways., Who:,  Who is involved in the story?,  Who is affected by it?,  Who is the best person to tell about it?, What:,  What happened?,  What does the audience need to know from this story?,  What is the history behind the story?, , 4

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, Where:,  Where did this happen?,  Where does this story flourish next?, When:,  When did it happen?,  When did the turning points occur in this story?, Why:,  Why did it happen?,  Why do people behave like this?,  Why is the law necessary?, How:, , , , , , ,  How did it happen?,  How the story helps the community?,  How will this plan work?,  How did that prisoner escape?, Reporters look for these six elements whenever they cover a story., They provide a quick and convenient means of preparing the intro of a story., It also helps to maintain a structure for organizing the rest of the story., Journalists are forced to answer all these questions in the intro., , Inverted pyramid style,  The traditional style of news writing is known as inverted pyramid.,  The inverted pyramid structure puts the most important, information at the top, followed by other information in the, descending order of importance.,  It begins with the most newsworthy information., , Newspapers adopt inverted‐pyramid form because:, , , , , It brings into focus the main news points., It gives readers the convenience of grasping the news of the day by simply skimming, through lead paragraphs., This form allows the readers to decide whether they want to continue reading a news story, or leave it., , It has three well defined areas such as lead or intro, body and conclusion., , 5

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , Lead or intro:, , , , , , , , The lead or intro is the most important paragraph of any news story., The lead contains the essence of the story and summarizes the key points., The climax of the story is revealed by its lead., A good lead should arouse the reader's curiosity and force him to read the rest of the story., It should be precise and made up of short, simple sentences., The lead answers the five W's and one H., , Body:, , , , , The body is the part of the story that follows the lead., It explains the facts mentioned in the lead., It reveals important details of the story., , Conclusion:, , , , , Conclusion is the last part of the inverted pyramid style of news writing., It contains the least important facts relating to a story., Usually it gives the background information., , Advantages of Inverted Pyramid style, , , , , , Helps the reader to grasp details quickly, without looking into the whole story., Sub editors can easily trim the story by deleting the last part because it naturally contains, the least important facts., It saves the time of the reader and the subeditor., It saves space when a sudden flood of stories pour into the news desk at the last minute., , Disadvantages of Inverted Pyramid style, , , , , The inverted pyramid style rarely contains any surprise as the lead immediately reveals, everything., Reader is not motivated to read after intro., It spoils the spontaneous creativity of the news writer since he can adopt much novel ways, for writing than stick on to the inverted pyramid style., , News sources, The persons, organizations, books, files, papers and letters that supply news to journalists are, called news sources., , , , , They should be reliable, authentic and credible., There are many easily available sources to all reporters, such as public meetings, press, conferences and briefings., For exclusive stories, a reporter needs trustworthy sources capable of providing information., 6

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , , There are various news sources ranging from a man in the street to officially recognized, authentic sources., , Classification of sources:, Based on authenticity, the news sources are divided into three categories. They are:,  Primary sources,  Secondary sources,  Tertiary sources, , Primary sources:, , , , , Primary source is the original source that gives the first hand information about an event., It has a direct involvement in incidents or it may be the eye witness who could provide an, accurate information., They are the most reliable sources of information in the case of an incident / event., , Secondary sources:, , , , , , Secondary sources take information from the primary sources., They do not have direct involvement in the incidents., They must have been told about the event by an eye witness or the person involved., Therefore they have only second hand information of the news story., , Tertiary sources:, , , , , , Tertiary sources are those who acquired information from different sources., It may be summary or a selection of information from the primary and secondary sources., They provide you some information about the event, but it may not be complete., The facts thus gained should be checked and cross checked., , News agencies, News agencies are organizations that gather, write and distribute news to newspapers,, periodicals, radio and television broadcasting channels, government agencies and other, subscribers but it does not publish news., , , , They collect news from their staff and send it to a central news room., From this central news room, the news items are sent to those media organizations which, subscribe news from the agency., , Some of the big news agencies in the world are:, •, •, •, , Agence France Presse (AFP). Year of insertion‐ 1835, Headquarters in Paris, Reuters October. Year of insertion‐ 1851, Headquarters in London, Associated Press (A.P). Year of insertion‐ 1845, Headquarters in New York, 7

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, •, •, , United Press International (UPI). Year of insertion‐ 1907, Headquarters in, Washington DC, ITAR‐TASS. Year of insertion‐ 1904, Headquarters in Moscow, , The big news agencies in India are:, , •, •, •, , PTI (Press Trust of India) Registered in 1947 and started functioning, in 1949. Headquarters in New Delhi, UNI (United News of India). Year of insertion‐ March 1961, Headquarters in New, Delhi, Hindusthan Samachar. Year of insertion‐ 1st Dec. , Headquarters in New Delhi, Samachar Bharati. Year of insertion‐ 1st Dec. 1948, Headquarters in New Delhi, , Developmental reporting, , , Journalists have a special responsibility in the developmental needs of the country and to, educate the citizens to participate in government's major development projects., Development reporting is to support national interests for economic and social development,, national unity, stability and cultural integrity., Any reporting about development in the field of science, medicine, technology, industry etc., comes under development reporting., Development Journalism portfolio aims to draw public attention to the conditions in which, marginalized communities live, situations requiring social change and the effectiveness of, state and non‐ state action., This thematic area believes that using media and communication to effect awareness and, change is essential to any meaningful dialogue about empowerment and social issues., , , , , , , , Development Reporting should focus on:, •, •, •, •, , using the media in creative ways for promoting the concerns of the disadvantaged, developing communication initiatives that go hand in hand with the development, interventions in other thematic areas, impart orientation to journalists in the regional media on the effective coverage of, development issues, encouraging community based media initiatives., , Scoop reporting, A scoop is an exclusive news story broken by a single journalist or a group of journalists working, together., , , , Good scoops will attract a great deal of attention for the journalists and newspapers, involved. Scoops add prestige and perceived value to the Newspaper or channel., When a journalist manages to swoop in on a major story ahead of other journalists, he or, she is said to have "scooped" the competition., , 8

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , , , , , , , , Many relate to scandals and secret information as scoops because their very nature tend to, be greeted with intense interest when they are exposed as the news., Major breaking news is often a scoop., For example, the first newspaper to report on a major natural disaster may consider their, reporting to be a scoop, as will the public, which will flock to the paper for more information, while its competitors scramble to keep up., Many of the scoops are the result of legwork of a brilliant reporter., These stories appear to be normal but leave some lapses to be noted., This may be stories about the leaks, bribes, scams, scandals, crimes, deliberate denial, etc., , Examples: M.Sivaram's reports about the murder of Burmese Cabinet, Sucheta Dalal's reports of, securities scam., , Trends in journalism, , , , , In many parts of the world, newspaper sales have declined since the early 2000s and some, have opted only to have electronic versions of their publications., Developments in journalism are driven by vast economic and technological changes., Some of the new trends have profound ethical import for journalism., ,  Armchair journalism, , , , , , , , , , , , Some reporters gather news without visiting the place of the incident by contacting some, regular sources of news through their smart phones., Today many journalists are practicing to armchair journalism because every minute is a, deadline for filing stories and the amount of information they receive increase rapidly., Journalists frequently rely on the internet and the phone to compile articles or stories., It happens because editors and publishers don't want to pay the expenses of reporters who, go out in search of news., Laziness also affects the news gathering process., Sometimes the arm chair journalists are actually plagiarizing their article based on another, reporter's work. Those articles are carefully rewritten, to disguise the truth., Some reporters excellently rewrite press releases with some subjective interpretations to, make it appear like exclusive news stories. These lazy reporters hesitate to do legwork to, obtain news., Armchair reporting is a bad practice and the journalist may miss many important aspects of, a news story due to indirect sourcing and imaginative assumptions., Some newsrooms save on the costs of travelling to cover stories, where journalists write a, story depending on the opinions of others who were on the scene., ,  Penny press, , , , These newspapers were cheap with tabloid style produced in the United States during the, mid‐19th century., Penny press was the term used to describe the newspapers which were sold for one penny., 9

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , , , , , , , In 1833, when Benjamin H Day founded The Sun, a New York city newspaper., Benjamin H Day’s newspaper became popular with the American public because while other, papers were priced around six cents, they were able to sell their paper for just a penny., The labourers and the lower classes were able to purchase a paper and read the news and, thus news and journalism gained more prominence., The penny papers gave attention to tastes of the public it served. With the information from, police stations and criminal courts newspaper became more appealing to their new public., Penny papers were sold like hot cakes because they carried sensational news., The success of The Sun encouraged James Gordon Bennett, to start The Herald, another, newspaper priced at one cent., ,  Citizen Journalism, The concept of citizen journalism (also known as "public", "participatory", "democratic", "guerrilla", or "street" journalism) is based upon public citizens "playing an active role in the process of, collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information., , , , , , , , , , , Citizen journalism should not be confused with community journalism or civic journalism,, both of which are practiced by professional journalists., When private individuals do essentially what professional reporters do, i.e., reporting, information as professionals is called citizen journalism., That information can take many forms, from a podcast editorial to a report about a city, council meeting on a blog. It can include text, pictures, audio and video., It is an alternative and activist form of newsgathering and reporting that functions outside, the mainstream media by citizens., It enables a citizen to use similar journalistic practices to gather and present anything he, thinks of importance for general public., In Kerala both print and electronic media give platform for citizen journalists and urge them, to come forward with breaking news., New media technologies, such as social networking and media‐sharing websites, in addition, to the increasing prevalence of cellular phones, have made citizen journalism more, accessible to people worldwide., Due to the availability of technology, citizens can often report breaking news more quickly, than traditional media reporters., ,  Advocacy journalism, , , , , , This is journalism that advocates a cause or expresses a viewpoint., Advocacy journalism is a genre of journalism that is fact‐based but supports a specific point, of view on an issue., This is a reporting style where the writer advocates for a cause, a region, a political party or, ideology. This style is not impartial or objective., Advocacy journalists might be expected to focus on stories dealing with corporate business, practices, government policies, political corruption and social issues., , 10

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , , It is arguable that advocacy journalists serve the public interest in a way similar to, muckrakers or whistle‐blowers., ,  Embedded journalism, , , , , , , , , , The American news media started embedding reporting., Journalists travel with the U.S. military to cover wars., This practice came into being during Gulf War II at Iraq., The Pentagon established a system of "embedded" reporters, a media representative, remaining with a unit on an extended basis ‐ perhaps a period of weeks or even months., The American soldiers gave protection to the war reporters of different media around the, world on condition that they would report the war from an American perspective only., This new practice created several unprecedented difficulties for both journalists and their, readers and it was criticized severely by scholars and eminent journalists around the world, for its partiality and advocacy., The most damaging effect of embedding is to soften the brutality of any military, occupation and underplay hostile local response to it., ,  Sting operation, Sting operations are generally carried out to trap a culprit, a corrupt official or an anti‐social/national, element., , , , , , , , , , , This can be considered as another version of investigative journalism where a situation for, corruption is artificially made by the reporter and he traps the culprit with solid evidence., In journalism, the use of 'sting operation' is new, but it is a growing practice with the use of, miniaturised audio and video equipment like the pin‐hole camera, wireless recording, instrument and telephone tapping instrument., It is conducted by journalists to expose the wrongdoers., They consider the whole operation as an information gathering exercise., A news gathering operation carried out in the public interest or resulting in the interest of, the society is a positive sting operation., Example: Exposing corruption, bureaucratic hassles, anti‐social/national activities are some, of them. On the other hand, an operation not benefitting the society is a negative sting, operation., Such an operation may violate the privacy of an individual and create unnecessary, disturbances. However, drawing a demarcation line between societal benefit and private, benefit is not easy., ,  Yellow journalism, , , Yellow Journalism is a term first coined during the famous newspaper wars between William, Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer., , 11

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , , , , , Pulitzer's paper the New York World and Hearst's New York Journal changed the content of, newspapers adding more sensationalized stories and increasing the use of drawings and, cartoons., They used melodrama, romance and hyperbole to sell millions of newspapers ‐ a style that, became known as yellow journalism., This journalism is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration., ,  Paid news, Paid news or paid content are those articles in newspapers, magazines and the electronic media,, which indicate favourable conditions for the institution that has paid for it., , , , , , , , The journalists are paid by the lobbyists for promoting or popularizing a person or an, organization through a series of reports., The phenomenon of paid news goes beyond the corruption of individual journalists and, media companies., The news is much like an advertisement but without the ad tag., This kind of news has been considered a serious malpractice since it deceives the citizens,, not letting them know that the news is, in fact, an advertisement., It has become pervasive, structured and highly organized and in the process, is undermining, democracy in India., It destroys media credibility, with serious consequences to audience and advertiser, engagement and is thus of foremost concern to the media houses themselves., ,  Advertorial, It is an advertisement promoting the interests or opinions of a corporate sponsor, often presented in, such a way as to resemble an editorial content., , , , , , This is a hybrid of advertising and editorial., It is a paid advertisement disguising as news item which risks misleading readers into the, belief that they are reading a straight news story or feature rather than an advertisement., In printed publications, the advertisement is usually written in the form of an objective, article and designed to look like a legitimate and independent news story., The tone of the advertorials is usually closer to that of a press release than of an objective, news story., , 12

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , Unit 9, News Editing, Principles of news editing Accuracy, 4. Clarity, 5. Simplicity, 6. Readability, , 1. Accuracy, 2. Balance and fairness, 3. Brevity, , 1. Accuracy:, , , , Is the mantra of editor., Cross checks everything like facts and figures, , 2. Balance and fairness, , , , , , , Keep objectivity., Objectivity means presenting the story without bias or personal opinion., No editorialisation or reflecting personal views in news writing., Present both sides of the story, Fairness means truthfulness. It is earned by right observation, , 3. Brevity, , , , , , Is the soul of journalism., Telling story as it is… no beating around the bush., Saves time and space, Wins applause when consummated to perfection, , 4. Clarity, , , Simple language, choosing the right words for context and simple sentence, , 5. Simplicity, , , , , Long and complicated words should be replaced by short and clear ones., No clutter and jargon., Good quality and appeal, , 6. Readability, , , , , Should be vigilant about mistakes in language for reader., Apt words, expressions and grammar are very important for developing a good language., Readability formulae is developed by Rudolf Flesch., , Style Book, , , , , Keeps the paper's socio‐political leanings, traditions and attitudes., Establishes rules of uniformity in matters of punctuations, form of the abbreviations,, capitalization, word division, spellings, numerals and other details of expression., Considers the intellectual standard and taste of its loyal readers., ,  Popular style books are available in the internet., , , , Eg: Associated Press (AP), The Hindu and Mathrubhumi have their own style books., ,  TV channels: Eg: Times of India and India vision too have their own style books.,  Difference is that print media checks the use of written words and visual media, checks the use spoken words right pronunciation and style of presentation., , 1

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , Headline writing, Headline: is the short and catchy single line or multiple line title of the subject matter of the story, that appears above the news story.,  It is the job of the sub‐editor to write the headline of the story.,  It is a creative job.,  Headlines are windows to open news stories.,  The most important structural part of the news story.,  Helps readers to scan through the headlines and select stories which attract their attention.,  It is a summary of the story and an advertisement inviting the readers to read the story.,  Headlines highlight the main points / theme of the story, which is intelligible to the common, readers at a quick glance.,  It announces what is news and tells the readers why they should read the entire piece of, story., , Functions of headings, , , , , , , , , Sub Headline, , Summarise the story, Catch the reader’s attention, Help to organise the news on the printed page, Indicate the relative importance of the each story with the other, Grade news, Sell news, Form the elements of make up, Facilitate reading and selection of stories, ,  Sub editor write Sub headline too.,  Sub headlines are small, subsidiary headings of the body,  Sub headlines support main headlines, Kicker is a small headline that is placed above the main headline indicting the idea or theme of the, story. It is also called the eye brow., How to write headlines that attract the reader?,  Headline writing is an art,  Headline must have immediacy and urgency,  Every word counts.,  Tell your story in two or three words.,  Should have logic and order,  Must attract the reader,  Headline writing is also a craft, Points to be remembered by the sub editor while writing headlines,  Select the key words from the story,  Divide sentence in two or three lines,  Use correct verb form,  Omit “is” and “are” wherever as possible, , 2

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232,  Use present tense,  Use the infinitive to indicate future happening,  Use active verb rather than passive,  Don’t use articles,  Don’t divide words in one line,  Don’t begin with a verb,  Avoid using full stops.,  Don’t use abbreviations expect for well known,  Avoid using numbers till nine,  Use single quotation marks, How to display headlines on newspaper page?, Headline counting: The amount of space required for placing a headline is called headline counting.,  They are counted by units such as pica, points and inches., Headline schedule are: the printed sample of various available headline patterns indicating the type, faces and the unit count per column of each in the type sizes., , Types of Headlines, Headlines can be: multi deck or single deck,  A deck is a unit consisting or one or more lines.,  They may be set in bold, upper case, lower case or italics.,  A single deck is when a headline is spread over multiple columns in a single line, then is called single deck,  If there are two such units, two lines of each, the headline will be double deck, On the basis of typographic arrangement & spread, headlines are named under different label.,  Flush Left: Has one or more lines which are set flush to the left., How do you, solve a problem, like, Korea, ,  Centered : Each line of the headline type is centered on the white of the column., Give Me A Break, I’m Thinkng!,  Stepped: The first line is set flush left and the last flush right and the middle lines centered., SARAH RECTOR IS NOT A, FOREIGNER BUT AN AFRO‐AMERICAN,  Flush right: lines is pushed against the right hand margin to create a stepped effect on the left, , 3

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232,  Hanging indention: the first line is set full out and the others indented usually to the left., The first line of a paragraph is usually indented; columns are often indented to accommodate, art, logos or caps, ,  Square indention: the first line is set full out and the other indented usually right, ,  Inverted pyramid: there are three or more than three lines which are centrally set from large, to small. It resembles inverted pyramid structure, JERRY HEIDLER ESCAPED FROM, PRISON THROUGH A SPACE, NO LARGER THAN THIS,  Pyramid headline: there are three or more than three lines which are centrally set from small, to large. It resembles a triangular or pyramid structure, JUMP, STORY, or, TURN STORY,  Banner headline: spread across all columns of a page. It is associated with big news. Normally, given under the name plate or flag of the news paper on the front page. It is displayed in the, very dark bold letters and spreads across all columns from left to right., , OBAMA SETS OUT HIS DREAM FOR NATION, It is also called as the streamer when it covers the entire column and normally given on the, inside page.,  Skyline: very rare headline. Used for very exceptional and exclusive events. Given over the, name plate or flag of the news paper. Can’t be used as regular style. It means that the event is, more important than the authority of newspaper.,  Flash: A recent trend in newspapers to highlight the stories of the inside pages on the front, page, just below flag. It spread like film strip and is supported by visual. It is also called a, bumper/teaser., ,  Overline: this is also called eyebrow or strap line. Usually given over the headline. Used to, introduce the main headline, ,  Reverse kicker: it is also called hammer head line. The first line is big and second line is, smaller type and surrounded by more white space, , 4

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , Principles of Layout, The purpose of layout or design can be summarised as follows.,  To attract the potential readers with dynamic visual pattern,  To signpost various items and signal their importance,  To establish a recognizable visual character,  To make the paper easy to read,  The layout of newspaper is not same as decoration of newspaper.,  It is a scientific management of content and space., Principles used to layout are:, 1. Movement, 4. Uniformity, 2. Balance, 5. Contrast, 3. Proportion, , Elements of front page, , 5

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , Flag or name plate Flag, , , , , It is the constant element of the newspaper that never changes in its appearance., It is nameplate or title of the newspaper along with its logo, on the top of the front page., It is placed at the same space, except at the show of skyline headlines., , Ear panels, , , , These are small boxes on the left and right sides of the nameplate and are usually filled with, small advertisements or other information., Many newspapers now avoid these advertisements., , Folio, , , , It is the line of text giving the details of volume, issue, price, editions, etc., It is placed under the flag of the newspaper., , Imprint line, , , The imprint line should contain the name of the publisher, printer, owner and printing press, with complete address, place of publication with complete address and the name of the, editor., , Dateline, , , , , It is the line of text which gives the date and place of origin of the story., It is presented just before lead or the first paragraph of the story., Eg: New Delhi, March 10: ........, , Byline, , , , It is the name of the reporter or writer published along with the story., It is usually placed between headline and intro of the story,, , Credit line, , , , It is the credit given to the photographer by printing his name, usually below the, photograph., Credit line is given not only to the individual photographer, but to the news agency or wire, service which supplied the photograph., , Caption, , , , It is the text under or above a news photograph., It describes the story and provide as a link to visual images., , The other elements of layout which contribute to the aesthetics of each page are, , Type faces, Type face is the design of lettering that can include various element like extra bold, bold regular ,, italic etc., , , , , , , In newspaper we can notice the differences among the display of various items., Some headlines are very bold; some are thin; some are displayed in italics., The body text of the news stories are displayed in the same type except for a news story, given in a box or rectangle and is displayed in a separate type different from the usual body, type., An advertisement is displayed in a special font, a cool one and it appears like a decoration., , 6

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, The study of typefaces or fonts is called typography., , , , , , It is the art and style of printing., There are many typefaces and each has its own characteristic styles and sizes called fonts., Fonts are digital typefaces., Serif fonts have cross strokes that embellish the beginning and end of each letter as in, Times New Roman.,  Sans serif fonts such as Arial do not have any embellishment and are considered as more, modern approach to display of content., , White space, , , , , , , White space is an important element of page makeup when they are used to achieve, aesthetic value., It is the white background around letters, words and paragraphs that increases the visibility, of the text matter., There is a relationship between readability and white space., Readers will find a clustered page with text without any space very stressful to read., On the other hand too much white space can detract from the text as it appears light, weight., , Colour, , , , As competition in the media increases, newspapers and magazines appear in different, colour designs all calling for the attention of the readers., In different pages, stories are typeset in colour or boxed in colours not only to attract, readers but to add aesthetic value., , Pictures, , , , In newspapers and magazines, photographs and other illustrations are used to tell the story, and are also an important element in the page layout., Colour pictures are now prevalent in newspapers and draw potential readers., , Infographics, , , , , , Boxes, , , , , , , Good graphics add to the visual appeal of the newspaper and can attract reader’s attention., They become an essential ingredient of layout just like the colourful photographs., Newspaper designer Ron Reason says it is “information, not decoration”., Infographics appear in the form of charts, maps, graphs and tables to simplify complex data., In page makeup, boxes are used to separate stories, draw attention to a particular story or, for variety., Once a story is “boxed” it makes the story distinct from other stories and attracts the, attention of readers., These boxes also add variety to the items on a page., In DTP packages, text boxes are the devices to create such items., , Dashes and rules:, , , , In newspapers and magazines, dashes, rules and other signs are used to separate stories,, indicate the end of a story or simply for aesthetics., Some of the signs used to indicate the end of a story are: (‐o‐), (x x x), (‐ ‐ ‐ ‐) etc., , Alignment, , , There are four types of alignment of the text: centred, right alignment, left alignment and, justified., 7

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20.06.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Shino Varghese, HSST Journalism SGHSS Kalayanthani, [email protected],09961619232, , Editorial page, The most important page other than the front page of a newspaper is the editorial page., It usually contains:, , , , , , , , , , , Editorial, a serious article or a news feature, a light feature called middle or middle piece, letters to the editor, regular columns like religion this day in history etc., , Editorial is a column that appears on the left hand side of the editorial page of the newspaper., Its headline is displayed in large bold letters and the body type is in larger size than the normal ., The name and logo printed above the editorial on the editorial page is called masthead., In some newspapers, editorial is given under the headline Opinion., , Op‐Ed page( Opposite page to editorial page),  It is another important page in which many newspapers devote their space to serious, analytical articles, opinion columns and related illustrations.,  In some newspapers, reader’s editor column is a regular item published on this page., , 8