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Unit — lil, , Chapter, , , , 19900000000000000000000000OOOOOOOOO IOI OOO OIAX., , ‘Post-Industrialsation, Age, , ic “noisy” Industrial Revolution had, brought ab, , , , x, , , , OOOOLO000OC, , , , out radical changes | not only in the, economic sphere, but also in the political, social Chap ter Outline, and the cultural set up of the society, where it e Different transformations due to, had taken place.) There was no sphere of human the Industrial, activity which “oe not affected by this economic, revolution. These changes were varied in nature and had the place at different levels., , DIFFERENT TRANSFORMATIONS DUE TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, , ( The Industrial Revolution had led to the establishment of Factory System. This, system led to the Urbanization of the industrialized society, whereby + a number of new, cities had emerged, which were the centres of, production. The factories were established in, these urban ‘areas and they provided employment, to the people, and so it’attracted a large number, of people, mainly from the rural areas. \This led, to the overcrowding of the urban areas, which, put a pressure on its infrastructure. In England,, cities like Manchester and Leeds had witnessed, maximum | number of people settling over there., These different industries had employed both the, skilled as well as the unskilled labourers.) The, urban areas were looked upon as the “perennial, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , An Industrialized City, , oh . History & Political Science - X

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J, !, i, , , , , , aan, , Economic inequality had existed to a large extent, , source of employment” by the landless farmers in, the villages, who then flocked in large numbers to, the urban areas,, , The Industrial Revolution had led to the rise of, a capitalistic economy, wherein the two important, classes were the Capitalists and Labourers., , among the Capitalists, who had owned the factories, and the Labourers who had no access to the, ownership of the means of production and so worked, in the factories for low wages. The Capitalists had z :, the support of the Government, who framed the Picture of a city after Industrial, laws to protect their interest, whereas the labourers Revolution, , lived in poverty. The Capitalists in order to earn, huge profits would exploit the labourers., , : In the post-industrialized society, the family,, which was the basic unit of the society, was, adversely affected. (Due to the low wages earned, by the head of the family, all the family members, including the women and the children had to look, out for some source of income.)This left the family, shattered, as the members did not get time to spend, with each other. The children were either sent to, work or were kept alone at home by their parents., They were neglected and this led to the rise of, street children who were involved in a number of, illegal activities. A number of novels written during, this period had brought out this evil side of the, Industrial Revolution, and one of them was the, novel’ ‘Oliver Twist’ written by Charles Dicken:, The poor labourers had lived in small and dingy, houses which did not have proper ventilation or, sanitary facilities Unhygienic sanitary and housing, conditions affected their health. Most of the poor | ee, people died due to starvation and malnutrition. |}, The hardships of the labourers never seemed to, énd. (Unsafe working conditions and unhygienic, living conditions was, very common in the post- |, industrialized society., , The Industrial Revolution _had |, transformed the concept of “Leisure” in the post- |, industrialised society! Earlier, it was only the rich |, people who had ample of time at their disposal, and they involved themselves in various activities |, during this free time. In the post-industrialized \, society, due to the scientific and the technological |, developments, there was a change in the concept of |, leisure for the rich and the middle class people,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Crowded houses of the labourers, , Post-Industrialisation Age

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SR Th A a=, , Oe, , , , It was the development in the Printing, Technology which had revolutionized the reading, habit of the people. Though the Chinese had, invented the art of printing, it was the invention, of the first Printing Press by John Guttenberg, in Germany during the 15" Century, which had, transformed the concept of reading. among the, people. Earlier reading was the privilege of the, rich and the elite class, since books were rare and, expensive and only they had the required free time., In the post-industrialized society books were easily, available at cheap prices since they were printed in, large numbers. Thus even the average middle class, people were found indulging in reading., , The printing technology also promoted the, circulation of the newspapers, which became a tool, to spread and exchange ideas among the people, as well as the nations. Even in the colonies, the, newspapers which were published had carried out, the task of spreading nationalistic ideas among the, people and the leaders. For example, in India the F, newspapers had played a major role in spreading the, nationalistic ideas and it also provided a platform, for the leaders from the different Indian States to, share their views with one another and make the, people aware of the exploitation of India’s wealth, and resources. ‘Journalism in India began during, the Colonial Rule and a number of educated Indians ‘7, , , , , , , , , John Guttenberg and printing pr, , , , contributed towards its development. /The contribution of, Raja Ram Mohan Roy is noteworthy. He published three, journals in the first half of the 19 Century, and one of, them i.e. Samwad Kaumudi remained in circulation for, a long period of time! It was his publications which had, gained popularity because it contained articles which gave, the real picture of the conditions of the Indian society and, the exploitation and humiliation which the Indians had, to face in Colonial India. It thus marked the beginning of, Indian Journalism in Colonial India. |, ‘The newspapers were also used by the commercial, class~of the traders to advertise their products, which, had helped them to increase their sales because the, newspapers were read by.a large number of people and so, information of their products would reach in many homes., | The advertisements were also preferred bythe publishers, ‘because it was a source of income for them.), In the post-industrialized society, a number of, EM publishing houses were established in Europe and the other, countries. These publishing houses started publishing, , Raja Ram Mohan Roy, , , , History & Political Science - X, , ty, ®

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: ing, , different. subjects rangl, * es.In Europe, from the, Is of authors such as, Jonathan Swift, , novels written 0, from fiction to social them, 16" century onwards nove, Charles Dickens (Oliwer Twist),, (Gulliver's Travels), __ seg, H. G. Wells (The |, Invisible Man),, E. M. Foster (Aspects, of | Novels) were, widely read by the, people throughout, the world. Even, ' women authors like, Jane Austen (Pride and Prejudice), Emile Bronte (Wuthering |§, Heights) had become famous due to their writings, which fj, depicted the changing role of women in the society. E, ee India, the novels of, s like Bankim Chandra, Chatterjee-(Anandamath),, Mulk Raj —Anand-(Coolie), © = :, R. K. Narayan-(Malgudi Days), _ ) Outline of History, Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore E., -(Gitanjali), and many more were popularly read, These novels, depicted the conditions of the Indian Society of that period, very effectively.), , The post<industrialized society had witnessed the, emergence of new political ideas, which had stressed the, rights and the privileges of the common masses.) Writings of, the French authors like Montesquieu, Rousseau and Voltaire, had resulted in the French Revolution, which is considered, as a major event in the World History; Even in Colonial, India, writings of a number of nationalistic leaders like Tilak,, a Ram Mohan Roy, Mahatma Gandhi and many others had kept the flame, n the minds of the Indians,)/This, d played a major role in bringing, about the Nationalistic Movements in Asia and Africa., , ‘| These major transformations resulted in the emergence, hich was totally different from the societies of, the Ancient and the Medieval Ages//It was a society which, had recognized the rights and the privileges of every person, irrespective of his political, social or economic status in the, , society,/It marked the beginning of the Modern Age.|, , , , , , , Oliver Twist, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Sawarkar, Raj h, of Nationalism burning 1, intellectual awakening ha', , of a society w:, , , , Post-Industrialisation Age

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ees QUESTIONS, , ® . rnative given below, Q. 1/Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alte, each statement :, 1. _ The Industrial Revolution led to the rise of a, , , , , , (a) Socialist Economy (b) Capitalist Economy, , (©) Mixed Economy (d) _ Communist Economy, 2. The famous novel ‘Oliver Twist’ was written by, , (a) _ Charles Dickens (b) Jonathan Swift, , () H.G.Wells (a) William Shakespeare, , , , 3. The social reformers regarded as the ‘Father of Indian Journalism’ is, (a) Mahatma Jyotiba Phule (b) Lokmanya Tilak, & (©) RajaRam Mohan Roy (dq) Mahatma Gandhi, WY 4. Bakim Chandra Chatterjee wrote the famous novel, ¢ (a) Anandmath (b) Gitanjali, ot (c) Coolie (a) Godan, Q. 2¢ Answer each of the following questions in one sentence :, ~ 1. What did the factory system during Industrial Revolution lead to?, 2. Which two classes had emerged in society as a result of Industrial Revolution?, 3. Name the famous journal published by Raja Ram Mohan Roy to bring awakening among, the Indians., 4. Which development revolutionized the reading habit of the people during the Industrial, Revolution?, Q. 3. Give two reasons for each of the following statements :, gi. Newspapers were largely used by the commercial class of traders., 2. The journal “Samwad Kaumudi’ gained popularity in India, 3. Reading was the privilege of only the rich and the elite class before the Industrial, Revolution., 4. Labourers had to work for low wages in the factories,, , .@. Answer each of the following questions in four sentences;, 6) What were the consequences faced by the urban areas due to the factory system?, <:, , , , Why was the family life adversely affected in the post-industrialised society? —, Explain in brief the hardships faced by the labourers after the Industrial Revolution., , EX, ‘/Q. 5/Match the following pairs :, a, , Q, a, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , “AP “RP, 1. _ Gulliver Travels (a) RK. Narayan, zs 2. Wuthering Heights (b) _ Rabindranath Tagore, {3.__ Gitanjali (©) Emile Bronte, we 4. Malgudi Days (d) George Bernard Shown’, f\ (@)__Jonathan Swift, , , , PAD e