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wy, , Inferior, Vena Cava, , Right Kidney, , Renal Artery, , Ureter, , Urinary Bladder., , Urethra, , , , , , , Dorsal Aorta, , Adrenal Gland, , Left Kidney, , Renal Vein, , Sphincter Muscle

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- Renal column, , ‘Medullary pyramid, Calyx, , Renal Artery, , Renal Vein

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&(d, ( Human, Excretory System,, , The removal or elimination of waste products {in the form of solid, liquid or »,. :, metabolism from the body, is called excretion. a, , The major excretory products are carbon dioxide, excess water and NitrOpE nc,, compounds like ammonia, uric acid, urea, etc., , Modes of Excretion, , Depending upon the nature of excretory products. animals exhibit different Proceeses «, nitrogenous excretion. Different animals excrete different nitrogenous compounds, , Thus, there are mainly three modes of excretion, , Excrete ammonia (NH3) SY _ __77 Bxcrete urea, , \ (NH_CONH,) which, tty eae became: Modes of Excr etion| is less toric than ammonia, aquatic animals like | €.g., human, whales, seals,, Amoeba, paramecium, Vv Kangaroo, frog, toad, etc, , sycon, Hydra, Prawn, etc —, F uricotetism, , Excrete uric acid. occur in animais living in dry, Conditions to conserve water, €.g., snakes, lizard,, birds, insects, snail, etc, , , , Excretory Organ of Some Organisms, , Organisms Excretory Organ, Amceba | General body surface, contractile vacuole for osmoregulation, Coelenterates (Hydra) | General body surface, mouth (solid wastes), Cockroaches | Malpighian tubules, Spiders Coxal glands, Earttworms 9 —. Nephridia, Flatworms »)rctuy” Oe Flame cells or solenocytes, Prawns Green glands, , _Tuman beings (Mammats) Kidney

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yo, , AN EACRETORY S¥StEM, , 533, Osmoregulation, , {Ug the process of balancing the osmotic pressure between the extracel Aw fea, (blood) and intracetiular fuid ye Maintenance of saltwater balance © the huener, body. Different arumats have different organs for pecretcn These organs evctved, m the process of excretion are called excretory organs, , , , yarn excretory system includes the following Avena Gard, meutes Inferior —— — J Repah atiary, ware Ineys PeMs . _ Rena v08, (y) A pair of ureters, , jay Urinary bladder —_, (w) Urethra Comtex, , jn human beings, kidneys are the main =, aggans of excretion. Apart from kidneys, the — Ureter, , shin, lungs and liver also help in excretion,, , peactions of Different Excretory Uninary ladder, Organ: Urethra, , Liver It excretes bile, which contains bile, pigments (haem). It also excretes cholesterol, , Skin It has sweat glands, through which excretion of water, urea and salts takes place, Lungs It acts as excretory organs for removing the waste product carbon dioxide from the, , body., , LKid, , The human kidneys are the major excretory organs. They are reddish brown, bean, shaped structures of 10-12 cm length, 5-7 cm in width, 2-3cm in thickness, with average, weight of 120-170 gms. These are seen between last Thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae, on both the sides of vertebral column,, , Structure, , Fach kidney is enclosed in a thin, fibrous, Covering called capsule. The outer, surface of each kidney is convex while, the inner surface is concave having a, Nctch called hilum through which the, Supply of blocd occurs by renal artery, 2nd renal vein which pass in and out of, the kidney,, There are two zones seen in kidney, ‘ll An outer, dark, granular cortex and, (al An inner, lighter medulla, , Medulla forms medull, , , ary pyramids Ki, oie. ting into calyces (calyx) called renal =o ey *vtamid which directs inside a bag shaped cavity known as renal pelvis which projects, ‘Owards ureter., , Thus, the ureter of both sides, originates forward through renal pelvis and opens inside, unnary bladder,